101
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van der Schoot JMS, Fennemann FL, Valente M, Dolen Y, Hagemans IM, Becker AMD, Le Gall CM, van Dalen D, Cevirgel A, van Bruggen JAC, Engelfriet M, Caval T, Bentlage AEH, Fransen MF, Nederend M, Leusen JHW, Heck AJR, Vidarsson G, Figdor CG, Verdoes M, Scheeren FA. Functional diversification of hybridoma-produced antibodies by CRISPR/HDR genomic engineering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw1822. [PMID: 31489367 PMCID: PMC6713500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybridoma technology is instrumental for the development of novel antibody therapeutics and diagnostics. Recent preclinical and clinical studies highlight the importance of antibody isotype for therapeutic efficacy. However, since the sequence encoding the constant domains is fixed, tuning antibody function in hybridomas has been restricted. Here, we demonstrate a versatile CRISPR/HDR platform to rapidly engineer the constant immunoglobulin domains to obtain recombinant hybridomas, which secrete antibodies in the preferred format, species, and isotype. Using this platform, we obtained recombinant hybridomas secreting Fab' fragments, isotype-switched chimeric antibodies, and Fc-silent mutants. These antibody products are stable, retain their antigen specificity, and display their intrinsic Fc-effector functions in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we can site-specifically attach cargo to these antibody products via chemoenzymatic modification. We believe that this versatile platform facilitates antibody engineering for the entire scientific community, empowering preclinical antibody research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan M. S. van der Schoot
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Felix L. Fennemann
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Valente
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yusuf Dolen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Iris M. Hagemans
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anouk M. D. Becker
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Camille M. Le Gall
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Duco van Dalen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alper Cevirgel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jaco A. C. van Bruggen
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melanie Engelfriet
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomislav Caval
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E. H. Bentlage
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Marieke F. Fransen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Nederend
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ferenc A. Scheeren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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102
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Germinality does not necessarily define mAb expression and thermal stability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7505-7518. [PMID: 31350616 PMCID: PMC6719414 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The production potential of recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) expressing cell lines depends, among other factors, on the intrinsic antibody structure determined by the amino acid sequence. In this study, we investigated the influence of somatic mutations in the V(D)J sequence of four individual, mature model mAbs on the expression potential. Therefore, we defined four couples, each consisting of one naturally occurring mAb (2G12, Ustekinumab, 4B3, and 2F5) and the corresponding germline-derived cognate mAb (353/11, 554/12, 136/63, and 236/14). For all eight mAb variants, recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were developed with mAbs expressed from a defined chromosomal locus. The presented workflow investigates critical parameters including productivity, intra- and extracellular product profile, XBP1 splicing, thermal stability, and in silico hydrophobicity. Significant differences in productivity were even observed between the germline-derived mAbs which did not undergo somatic mutagenesis. Accordingly, back-to-germline mutations of mature mAbs are not necessarily reflecting improved expression and stability but indicate opportunities and limits of mAb engineering. From our studies, we conclude that germinalization represents a potential to improve mAb properties depending on the antibody’s germline family, highlighting the fact that mAbs should be treated individually.
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103
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Herrmann A, Nagao T, Zhang C, Lahtz C, Li YJ, Yue C, Mülfarth R, Yu H. An effective cell-penetrating antibody delivery platform. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127474. [PMID: 31341104 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their well-recognized success in the clinic, antibodies generally do not penetrate cellular membranes to target intracellular molecules, many of which underlie incurable diseases. Here we show that covalently conjugating phosphorothioated DNA oligonucleotides to antibodies enabled their efficient cellular internalization. Antibody cell penetration was partially mediated by membrane potential alteration. Moreover, without an antigen to bind, intracellular levels of the modified antibodies underwent cellular clearance, which involved efflux and lysosomal degradation, enabling detection of intended intracellular molecules as tested in fibroblasts, tumor cells, and T cells. This target-dependent cellular retention of modified antibodies extended to in vivo studies. Both local and systemic administrations of low doses of modified antibodies effectively inhibited intracellular targets, such as transcription factors Myc, interferon regulatory factor 4, and tyrosine-protein kinase SRC, and expression of their downstream genes in tumors, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis and tumor growth inhibition. This simple modification enables the use of antibodies to detect and modulate intracellular molecules in both cultured living cells and in whole animals, forming the foundation for a new paradigm for antibody-based research, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA.,LACell at Sorrento Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Toshikage Nagao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Christoph Lahtz
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA.,LACell at Sorrento Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yi-Jia Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Chanyu Yue
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA.,LACell at Sorrento Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ronja Mülfarth
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
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104
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Gao Y, Zhang D, Yang C, Duan X, Li X, Zhong D. Two validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods with different pretreatments for the quantification of an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody in rat and cynomolgus monkey serum compared with an electrochemiluminescence method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 175:112792. [PMID: 31377653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Establishing reliable bioanalytical methods is essential to support pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in the preclinical and clinical evaluation of monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs. Ligand binding assay (LBA) has always been the gold standard for protein quantification, whereas LC-MS has gradually become a promising alternative method for the study of pharmacokinetics of biotherapeutics with its advantages of accuracy and rapid method development. Here, we described for the first time two liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods with different purification pretreatments, protein precipitation and immune affinity (IA) enrichment, along with one electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method for the quantification of an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody (SHR-1603) in rat and cynomolgus monkey serum. An anti-adsorption reagent was added and digestion conditions were optimized to resolve the absorption issue of hydrophobic peptide in this study. These methods were all validated according to China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines and were successfully applied to a preclinical study for the quantification of SHR-1603. The respective quantitative ranges of the three methods are respectively 250-500,000 ng/mL (protein precipitation), 100-100,000 ng/mL (IA) and 19.5-10,000 ng/mL (ECL). The two LC-MS methods were compared with ECL method respectively by the cross-validation using the Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plots. Systematic differences and proportional bias were observed between two LC-MS methods on the one hand and with the ECL method on the other hand. The drug concentrations obtained by the three methods showed good agreement in the low-dose group (ratios of drug exposure, 1.05-1.11), whereas the drug concentrations measured using the LC-MS methods were higher than those obtained by the ECL method in medium-dose and high-dose groups, which can be attributed to the forms of antibodies being determined (free and total). In conclusion, the established LC-MS methods exhibited superior accuracy, efficiency and cost-effectiveness for the PK assessment of SHR-1603 in the preclinical study. Thus, it provides a promising alternative to LBA in pre-clinical and clinical evaluation studies of mAb drugs in various matrices to facilitate the development of anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Changyong Yang
- Preclinical Department, Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, Lianyungang 222047, China
| | - Xiaotao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
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105
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Huang IH, Wu PC, Lin EY, Chen CY, Kang YN. Effects of Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide for Migraines: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3527. [PMID: 31323828 PMCID: PMC6678090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the response rate of migraines by using anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (anti-CGRP) for patients with migraines. We searched three main medical databases up to 29 March 2019. No restriction on language and publication time were applied. Eligible trials included randomized clinical trials investigating a 50%, 75%, and 100% response rate of migraine patients after anti-CGRP intervention. The collected data were dichotomous, and risk ratios (RRs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to present the quantitative synthesis results. The systematic review identified 16 eligible randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with 9439 patients. Eight of the 16 trials with 2516 patients reported a 50% response rate, and the pooled results showed a significant benefit from anti-CGRP. However, the effects seem to gradually reduce from the first month (RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.59 to 2.49) to the third month (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.75) of treatment. The magnitude of effect was influenced by the type of anti-CGRP, according to the test for differences between subgroups (I-square = 53%). The funnel plots and Egger's tests did not show serious small study effects in the results. In conclusion, the current evidences confirmed that anti-CGRP treatment can reduce migraine pain in the short term (within three months), but the long-term effect should be investigated in the future. Moreover, its effects may be influenced by the type and dose of anti-CGRP. Therefore, future studies should make direct comparisons among anti-CGRP medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsin Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chien Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - En-Yuan Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-No Kang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
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106
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Bajaj G, Suryawanshi S, Roy A, Gupta M. Evaluation of covariate effects on pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies in oncology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:2045-2058. [PMID: 31140642 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires an understanding of the interindividual variability (IIV) in pharmacokinetics (PK) at the population level facilitated by population PK (PopPK) modelling. However, there is no clear rationale for selecting which covariates to screen during PopPK model development. Here, we compare the effect of covariates on PK parameters for mAbs in oncology and identify the most commonly used covariates affecting PK parameters. METHODS All 25 mAbs approved for therapeutic use in oncology until December 2017 by the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency were selected for study. Literature searches revealed 23 available PopPK models for these mAbs. To understand the magnitude and types of covariate effect on PK parameters, all covariates included in the final PopPK model for each mAb were summarized. RESULTS The most commonly identified covariates were baseline body weight (BW; 17 mAbs), baseline serum albumin (8 mAbs), and sex (7 mAbs) on clearance; and BW (16 mAbs) and sex (12 mAbs) on central volume of distribution. A reduced PopPK model was developed for nivolumab and ipilimumab using these covariates, and the percentage of explained IIV from the reduced model (20.3% and 16.8%, respectively) was compared with that from the full model (24.5% and 27.9%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This analysis provides a uniform platform for selecting covariates and suggests that the effect of BW, albumin and sex should be included during the development of PopPK models for mAbs in oncology. The reduced model was able to explain IIV to a similar extent as the full model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amit Roy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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107
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Zhu Y, Ahluwalia D, Chen Y, Belakavadi M, Katiyar A, Das TK. Characterization of therapeutic antibody fragmentation using automated capillary western blotting as an orthogonal analytical technique. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2888-2898. [PMID: 31271455 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation in protein-based molecules continues to be a challenge during manufacturing and storage, and requires an appropriate control strategy to ensure purity and integrity of the drug product. Electrophoretic and chromatographic methods are commonly used for monitoring the fragments. However, size-exclusion chromatography often suffers from low resolution of low molecular weight fragments. Electrophoretic methods like CE-SDS are not compatible with enriching fragments for additional characterization tests such as MS. These limitations may result in inadequate control strategy for monitoring and characterizing fragments for protein-based molecules. Capillary western blotting was used in this study as an orthogonal method for characterization of fragments in an IgG1 antibody under reduced conditions. To achieve a comprehensive mapping of various fragments generated by thermal stress, capillary western profiles were generated using recognition antibodies for IgG kappa (κ) light chain, Fc, and Fab regions that enabled unambiguous fragment identification. Additionally, three different enzymatic digestion methods (IdeS, PNGase F, and IgdE) were applied coupled with capillary western blotting for clip identifications. Finally, complementary data collected using traditional chromatographic and electrophoretic methods allowed to establish a comparison of analytical profiles with an added benefit of fragment identification offered by capillary western profiling. In addition to various Fc and Fab-related low molecular weight fragments, a non-reducible thio-ether linked 75 kDa HL fragment was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhu
- Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Deepti Ahluwalia
- Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Yingchen Chen
- Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Madesh Belakavadi
- Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, USA.,Analytical and Formulation Sciences, Patheon, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tapan K Das
- Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, USA
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108
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Dietrich S, Gross AW, Becker S, Hock B, Stadlmayr G, Rüker F, Wozniak-Knopp G. Constant domain-exchanged Fab enables specific light chain pairing in heterodimeric bispecific SEED-antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140250. [PMID: 31295556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bispecific antibodies promise to broadly expand the clinical utility of monoclonal antibody technology. Several approaches for heterodimerization of heavy chains have been established to produce antibodies with two different Fab arms, but promiscuous pairing of heavy and light chains remains a challenge for their manufacturing. METHODS We have designed a solution in which the CH1 and CL domain pair in one of the Fab fragments is replaced with a CH3-domain pair and heterodimerized to facilitate correct modified Fab-chain pairing in bispecific heterodimeric antibodies based on a strand-exchange engineered domain (SEED) scaffold with specificity for epithelial growth factor receptor and either CD3 or CD16 (FcγRIII). RESULTS Bispecific antibodies retained binding to their target antigens and redirected primary T cells or NK cells to induce potent killing of target cells. All antibodies were expressed at a high yield in Expi293F cells, were detected as single sharp symmetrical peaks in size exclusion chromatography and retained high thermostability. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed specific heavy-to-light chain pairing for the bispecific SEED antibodies as well as for one-armed SEED antibodies co-expressed with two different competing light chains. CONCLUSION Incorporation of a constant domain-exchanged Fab fragment into a SEED antibody yields functional molecules with favorable biophysical properties. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that the novel engineered bispecific SEED antibody scaffold with an incorporated Fab fragment with CH3-exchanged constant domains is a promising tool for the generation of complete heterodimeric bispecific antibodies with correct light chain pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Dietrich
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Antibody Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alec W Gross
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Stadlmayr
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Rüker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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109
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Innovative next-generation monoclonal antibody purification using activated carbon: A challenge for flow-through and column-free processes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1121:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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110
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Utility of High Resolution NMR Methods to Probe the Impact of Chemical Modifications on Higher Order Structure of Monoclonal Antibodies in Relation to Antigen Binding. Pharm Res 2019; 36:130. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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111
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Abstract
Therapeutic protein drugs have significantly improved the management of many severe and chronic diseases. However, their development and optimal clinical application are complicated by the induction of unwanted immune responses. Therapeutic protein-induced antidrug antibodies can alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics leading to impaired efficacy and occasionally serious safety issues. There has been a growing interest over the past decade in developing methods to assess the risk of unwanted immunogenicity during preclinical drug development, with the aim to mitigate the risk during the molecular design phase, clinical development and when products reach the market. Here, we discuss approaches to therapeutic protein immunogenicity risk assessment, with attention to assays and in vivo models used to mitigate this risk.
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112
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Alpaugh M, Cicchetti F. A brief history of antibody-based therapy. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104504. [PMID: 31216439 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Active and passive immunization have been used to treat human disease for hundreds of years and improvements in technology and knowledge is only increasing the number of therapeutic applications. The current and future use of immunization to treat neurodegenerative diseases are briefly described herein to serve as an introduction to this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alpaugh
- Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neuroscience, T2-50, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - F Cicchetti
- Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neuroscience, T2-50, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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113
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Winters A, McFadden K, Bergen J, Landas J, Berry KA, Gonzalez A, Salimi-Moosavi H, Murawsky CM, Tagari P, King CT. Rapid single B cell antibody discovery using nanopens and structured light. MAbs 2019; 11:1025-1035. [PMID: 31185801 PMCID: PMC6748590 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1624126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accelerated development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) tool reagents is an essential requirement for the successful advancement of therapeutic antibodies in today’s fast-paced and competitive drug development marketplace. Here, we describe a direct, flexible, and rapid nanofluidic optoelectronic single B lymphocyte antibody screening technique (NanOBlast) applied to the generation of anti-idiotypic reagent antibodies. Selectively enriched, antigen-experienced murine antibody secreting cells (ASCs) were harvested from spleen and lymph nodes. Subsequently, secreted mAbs from individually isolated, single ASCs were screened directly using a novel, integrated, high-content culture, and assay platform capable of manipulating living cells within microfluidic chip nanopens using structured light. Single-cell polymerase chain reaction–based molecular recovery on select anti-idiotypic ASCs followed by recombinant IgG expression and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) characterization resulted in the recovery and identification of a diverse and high-affinity panel of anti-idiotypic reagent mAbs. Combinatorial ELISA screening identified both capture and detection mAbs, and enabled the development of a sensitive and highly specific ligand binding assay capable of quantifying free therapeutic IgG molecules directly from human patient serum, thereby facilitating important drug development decision-making. The ASC import, screening, and export discovery workflow on the chip was completed within 5 h, while the overall discovery workflow from immunization to recombinantly expressed IgG was completed in under 60 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Winters
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - Karyn McFadden
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - John Bergen
- b Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Julius Landas
- b Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Burnaby , Canada.,c Department of Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Kelly A Berry
- b Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Anthony Gonzalez
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - Hossein Salimi-Moosavi
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA.,c Department of Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | | | - Philip Tagari
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - Chadwick T King
- b Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Burnaby , Canada
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Yasunaga M. Antibody therapeutics and immunoregulation in cancer and autoimmune disease. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:1-12. [PMID: 31181267 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and autoimmune disease are closely related, and many therapeutic antibodies are widely used in clinics for the treatment of both diseases. Among them, the anti-CD20 antibody has proven to be effective against both lymphoid malignancy and autoimmune disease. Moreover, immune checkpoint blockade using the anti-PD1/PD-L1/CTLA4 antibody has improved the prognosis of patients with refractory solid tumors. At the same time, however, over-enhancement of immunoreaction can induce autoimmune reaction. Although anti-TNF antibody therapies represent a breakthrough in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, optimal management is required to control the serious associated issues, including development and progression of cancer, and it is becoming more and more important to control the immunoreaction. In addition, next-generation antibody therapeutics such as antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies, are anticipated to treat uncontrolled cancer and autoimmune disease. IL-7R signaling plays an important role in the development and progression of both lymphoid malignancy and autoimmune disease. In addition, abnormal homing activity and steroid resistance caused by IL-7R signaling may worsen prognosis. Therefore, anti-IL-7R targeting antibody therapies that enable suppression of such pathophysiological status have the potential to be beneficial for the treatment of both diseases. In this review, we discuss current antibody therapeutics in cancer and autoimmune disease, and describe a new therapeutic strategy for immunoregulation including IL-7R targeting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yasunaga
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, EPOC, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
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Ancau M, Berthele A, Hemmer B. CD20 monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: up-to-date. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:829-843. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1611778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Ancau
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, München,
Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, München,
Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, München,
Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich,
Germany
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A Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Approach for Determining Antibody-Receptor Occupancy In Vivo. iScience 2019; 15:439-451. [PMID: 31121469 PMCID: PMC6529791 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating receptor occupancy (RO) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a crucial step in characterizing the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs. However, the in vivo assessment of RO, particularly within peripheral tissues, is greatly limited by current technologies. In the present study, we developed a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based system that leverages the large signal:noise ratio and stringent energy donor-acceptor distance dependency to measure antibody RO in a highly selective and temporal fashion. This versatile and minimally invasive system enables longitudinal monitoring of the in vivo antibody-receptor engagement over several days. As a proof of principle, we quantified cetuximab-epidermal growth factor receptor binding kinetics using this system and assessed cetuximab RO in a tumor xenograft model. Incomplete ROs were observed, even at a supratherapeutic dose of 50 mg/kg, indicating that fractional target accessibility is achieved. The BRET-based imaging approach enables quantification of antibody in vivo RO and provides critical information required to optimize therapeutic mAb efficacy. Nano-BRET was used to longitudinally quantify cetuximab-binding kinetics to EGFR Incomplete EGFR occupancy in solid tumors was observed even at supratherapeutic doses A kinetic disassociation exists between plasma antibody and bound targets in tumors
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117
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Aoyama M, Hashii N, Tsukimura W, Osumi K, Harazono A, Tada M, Kiyoshi M, Matsuda A, Ishii-Watabe A. Effects of terminal galactose residues in mannose α1-6 arm of Fc-glycan on the effector functions of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2019; 11:826-836. [PMID: 30990348 PMCID: PMC6601563 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1608143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical crystallizable fragment (Fc) glycans attached to the CH2 domain in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are core-fucosylated and asialo-biantennary complex-type glycans, e.g., G2F (full galactosylation), G1aF (terminal galactosylation on the Man α1-6 arm), G1bF (terminal galactosylation on the Man α1-3 arm), and G0F (non-galactosylation). Terminal galactose (Gal) residues of Fc-glycans are known to influence effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), but the impact of the G1F isomers (G1aF and G1bF) on the effector functions has not been reported. Here, we prepared four types of glycoengineered anti-CD20 mAbs bearing homogeneous G2F, G1aF, G1bF, or G0F (G2F mAb, G1aF mAb, G1bF mAb, or G0F mAb, respectively), and evaluated their biological activities. Interestingly, G1aF mAb showed higher C1q- and FcγR-binding activities, CDC activity, and FcγR-activation property than G1bF mAb. The activities of G1aF mAb and G1bF mAb were at the same level as G2F mAb and G0F mAb, respectively. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange/mass spectrometry analysis of dynamic structures of mAbs revealed the greater involvement of the terminal Gal residue on the Man α1-6 arm in the structural stability of the CH2 domain. Considering that mAbs interact with FcγR and C1q via their hinge proximal region in the CH2 domain, the structural stabilization of the CH2 domain by the terminal Gal residue on the Man α1-6 arm of Fc-glycans may be important for the effector functions of mAbs. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the impact of G1F isomers on the effector functions and dynamic structure of mAbs. Abbreviations: ABC, ammonium bicarbonate solution; ACN, acetonitrile; ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; C1q, complement component 1q; CDC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CQA, critical quality attribute; Endo, endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase; FA, formic acid; Fc, crystallizable fragment; FcγR, Fcγ receptors; Fuc, fucose; Gal, galactose; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; GST, glutathione S-transferase; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HDX, hydrogen–deuterium exchange; HILIC, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; HLB-SPE, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance–solid-phase extraction; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; mAb, monoclonal antibody; Man, mannose; MS, mass spectrometry; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; SGP, hen egg yolk sialylglycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Aoyama
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Harazono
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | | | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
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Lacoma A, Mateo L, Blanco I, Méndez MJ, Rodrigo C, Latorre I, Villar-Hernandez R, Domínguez J, Prat C. Impact of Host Genetics and Biological Response Modifiers on Respiratory Tract Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1013. [PMID: 31134083 PMCID: PMC6513887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Host susceptibility to respiratory tract infections (RTI) is dependent on both genetic and acquired risk factors. Repeated bacterial and viral RTI, such as pneumonia from encapsulated microorganisms, respiratory tract infections related to respiratory syncytial virus or influenza, and even the development of bronchiectasis and asthma, are often reported as the first symptom of primary immunodeficiencies. In the same way, neutropenia is a well-known risk factor for invasive aspergillosis, as well as lymphopenia for Pneumocystis, and mycobacterial infections. However, in the last decades a better knowledge of immune signaling networks and the introduction of next generation sequencing have increased the number and diversity of known inborn errors of immunity. On the other hand, the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha has revealed new risk groups for infections, such as tuberculosis. The use of biological response modifiers has spread to almost all medical specialties, including inflammatory diseases and neoplasia, and are being used to target different signaling networks that may mirror some of the known immune deficiencies. From a clinical perspective, the individual contribution of genetics, and/or targeted treatments, to immune dysregulation is difficult to assess. The aim of this article is to review the known and newly described mechanisms of impaired immune signaling that predispose to RTI, including new insights into host genetics and the impact of biological response modifiers, and to summarize clinical recommendations regarding vaccines and prophylactic treatments in order to prevent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Lacoma
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateo
- Servei de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling Program, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Méndez
- Servei de Pediatria, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació GermansTrias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodrigo
- Servei de Pediatria, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Facultat de Medicina, Unitat Docent Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Latorre
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Villar-Hernandez
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Domínguez
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Prat
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
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119
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Martineau P, Watier H, Pèlegrin A, Turtoi A. Targets for MAbs: innovative approaches for their discovery & validation, LabEx MAbImprove 6 th antibody industrial symposium, June 25-26, 2018, Montpellier, France. MAbs 2019; 11:812-825. [PMID: 31043141 PMCID: PMC6601567 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1612691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the treatment landscape in many disciplines of human medicine. To continue this exciting trend, sustained identification of new, validated and preferably functional targets are needed. However, this is the precise bottleneck in today's development of the next generation of therapeutic mAbs. Failures in translating a target into a successful therapeutic mAb are much more frequent than successes. Labex MAbImprove is a French-led consortium of academic laboratories jointly working on several aspects of the development of next-generation mAbs. The network organizes annual international meetings gathering academia and industry to discuss the different challenges faced in the therapeutic mAbs field. The 2018 symposium (also called AIS2018 and co-organized with MabDesign, the immunotherapy French industrial sector) focused on the discovery and validation of new targets for therapeutic mAbs. Key players from industry and academia outlined a number of exciting contributions, notably dealing with new innovations in the target discovery area, but also lessons learned from failures in the past. This report summarizes the talks presented at the AIS2018. We aim at broad dissemination of the most relevant, unpublished findings presented during the meeting, and hope to inspire all the contributors in this field to take new directions and bring about improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Martineau
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194 , Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Hervé Watier
- b EA7501 GICC, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Andre Pèlegrin
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194 , Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194 , Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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120
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Yang N, Xu MC, Yao Z. Evaluation of Weight Thresholds for Pediatric Patients to Use Adult Dosage of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59:1309-1318. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Yang
- University of PennsylvaniaVagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management Philadelphia PA USA
| | | | - Zhenling Yao
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House PA USA
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121
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Modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in vivo. Biologicals 2019; 59:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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122
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Lim CC, Choong YS, Lim TS. Cognizance of Molecular Methods for the Generation of Mutagenic Phage Display Antibody Libraries for Affinity Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1861. [PMID: 30991723 PMCID: PMC6515083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies leverage on their unique architecture to bind with an array of antigens. The strength of interaction has a direct relation to the affinity of the antibodies towards the antigen. In vivo affinity maturation is performed through multiple rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection in the germinal centre. This unique process involves intricate sequence rearrangements at the gene level via molecular mechanisms. The emergence of in vitro display technologies, mainly phage display and recombinant DNA technology, has helped revolutionize the way antibody improvements are being carried out in the laboratory. The adaptation of molecular approaches in vitro to replicate the in vivo processes has allowed for improvements in the way recombinant antibodies are designed and tuned. Combinatorial libraries, consisting of a myriad of possible antibodies, are capable of replicating the diversity of the natural human antibody repertoire. The isolation of target-specific antibodies with specific affinity characteristics can also be accomplished through modification of stringent protocols. Despite the ability to screen and select for high-affinity binders, some 'fine tuning' may be required to enhance antibody binding in terms of its affinity. This review will provide a brief account of phage display technology used for antibody generation followed by a summary of different combinatorial library characteristics. The review will focus on available strategies, which include molecular approaches, next generation sequencing, and in silico approaches used for antibody affinity maturation in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Chiu Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Yee Siew Choong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
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123
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Kaleli NE, Karadag M, Kalyoncu S. Phage display derived therapeutic antibodies have enriched aliphatic content: Insights for developability issues. Proteins 2019; 87:607-618. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Eda Kaleli
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center Izmir Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University Izmir Turkey
| | - Murat Karadag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center Izmir Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University Izmir Turkey
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124
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Walsh
- Industrial Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
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125
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Monoclonal Antibody Combinations Prevent Serotype A and Serotype B Inhalational Botulism in a Guinea Pig Model. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040208. [PMID: 30959899 PMCID: PMC6520708 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of the most toxic proteins known, with a human LD50 of ~1 ng/kg. Equine antitoxin has a half-life in circulation of less than 1 day and is limited to a treatment rather than a prevention indication. The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may represent an alternative therapeutic option that can be produced at high quantities and of high quality and with half-lives of >10 days. Two different three mAb combinations are being developed that specifically neutralize BoNT serotypes A (BoNT/A) and B (BoNT/B). We investigated the pharmacokinetics of the anti-BoNT/A and anti-BoNT/B antibodies in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and their ability to protect guinea pigs against an aerosol challenge of BoNT/A1 or BoNT/B1. Each antibody exhibited dose-dependent exposure and reached maximum circulating concentrations within 48 h post intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection. A single intramuscular dose of the three mAb combination protected guinea pigs against an aerosol challenge dose of 93 LD50 of BoNT/A1 and 116 LD50 of BoNT/B1 at 48 h post antibody administration. These mAbs are effective in preventing botulism after an aerosol challenge of BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1 and may represent an alternative to vaccination to prevent type A or B botulism in those at risk of BoNT exposure.
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126
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Cao X, Flagg SC, Li X, Chennamsetty N, Balakrishnan G, Das TK. Quadrupole Dalton-Based Controlled Proteolysis Method for Characterization of Higher Order Protein Structure. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5339-5345. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Shannon C. Flagg
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Xue Li
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Tapan K. Das
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
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127
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Saito H, Gasser A, Bolamperti S, Maeda M, Matthies L, Jähn K, Long CL, Schlüter H, Kwiatkowski M, Saini V, Pajevic PD, Bellido T, van Wijnen AJ, Mohammad KS, Guise TA, Taipaleenmäki H, Hesse E. TG-interacting factor 1 (Tgif1)-deficiency attenuates bone remodeling and blunts the anabolic response to parathyroid hormone. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1354. [PMID: 30902975 PMCID: PMC6430773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is caused by increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Intermittent administration of a fragment of Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates osteoblast-mediated bone formation and is used in patients with severe osteoporosis. However, the mechanisms by which PTH elicits its anabolic effect are not fully elucidated. Here we show that the absence of the homeodomain protein TG-interacting factor 1 (Tgif1) impairs osteoblast differentiation and activity, leading to a reduced bone formation. Deletion of Tgif1 in osteoblasts and osteocytes decreases bone resorption due to an increased secretion of Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), an osteoclast-inhibiting factor. Tgif1 is a PTH target gene and PTH treatment failed to increase bone formation and bone mass in Tgif1-deficient mice. Thus, our study identifies Tgif1 as a novel regulator of bone remodeling and an essential component of the PTH anabolic action. These insights contribute to a better understanding of bone metabolism and the anabolic function of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Saito
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Gasser
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simona Bolamperti
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miki Maeda
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Levi Matthies
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Jähn
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Courtney L Long
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kwiatkowski
- Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vaibhav Saini
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, School of Dental Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Khalid S Mohammad
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana School of Medicine, 545 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Theresa A Guise
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana School of Medicine, 545 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric Hesse
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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128
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Saito S, Namisaki H, Hiraishi K, Takahashi N, Iida S. A stable engineered human IgG3 antibody with decreased aggregation during antibody expression and low pH stress. Protein Sci 2019; 28:900-909. [PMID: 30834577 PMCID: PMC6459999 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human IgG comprises four subclasses with different biological functions. The IgG3 subclass has a unique character, exhibiting high effector function and Fab arm flexibility. However, it is not used as a therapeutic drug owing to an enhanced susceptibility to proteolysis. Antibody aggregation control is also important for therapeutic antibody development. To date, there have been few reports of IgG3 aggregation during protein expression and the low pH conditions needed for purification and virus inactivation. This study explored the potential of IgG3 antibody for therapeutics using anti‐CD20 IgG3 as a model to investigate aggregate formation. Initially, anti‐CD20 IgG3 antibody showed substantial aggregate formation during expression and low pH treatment. To circumvent this phenomenon, we systematically exchanged IgG3 constant domains with those of IgG1, a stable IgG. IgG3 antibody with the IgG1 CH3 domain exhibited reduced aggregate formation during expression. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of individual amino acid substitutions revealed that two amino acid mutations in the CH3 domain, N392K and M397V, reduced aggregation and increased CH3 transition temperature. The engineered human IgG3 antibody was further improved by additional mutations of R435H to obtain IgG3KVH to achieve protein A binding and showed similar antigen binding as wild‐type IgG3. IgG3KVH also exhibited high binding activity for FcγRIIIa and C1q. In summary, we have successfully established an engineered human IgG3 antibody with reduced aggregation during bioprocessing, which will contribute to the better design of therapeutic antibodies with high effector function and Fab arm flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Saito
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Namisaki
- Open Innovation Department, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
| | - Keiko Hiraishi
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takahashi
- Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iida
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
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Willeman T, Jourdil JF, Gautier-Veyret E, Bonaz B, Stanke-Labesque F. A multiplex liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of seven therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: Application for adalimumab therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with Crohn's disease. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1067:63-70. [PMID: 31047150 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is steadily increasing. Previous studies have reported the clinical interest of mAb therapeutic-drug monitoring (TDM), including that of adalimumab, for patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Proof of concept mAb-quantification studies by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have been published, but a specific and reliable routine-suited multiplex quantification method is still needed to facilitate mAb TDM. We describe an electrospray ionization LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of seven mAbs (adalimumab, cetuximab, infliximab, rituximab, secukinumab, tocilizumab, and trastuzumab) in human plasma. Sample preparation was performed using protein-G purification and trypsin digestion to obtain proteotypic peptides. We retrospectively measured the adalimumab concentration in 65 plasma samples from 56 CD patients and determined the adalimumab therapeutic cut-off concentration associated with biological remission. Calibration curves were linear from 1 to 100 μg mL-1, except for rituximab (5-100 μg mL-1). This method was reproducible, repeatable, and accurate (coefficient of variation and bias < 20%), with no cross contamination. Adalimumab concentrations were significantly higher (p = 0.0198) for patients with biological remission (median: 11.3 μg mL-1 [4.6; 18.3]) than that for patients without a biological response (9.5 μg mL-1 [3.94;17.0]). An adalimumab cut-off concentration of 8.0 μg mL-1 correctly discriminated patients with or without biological remission (sensitivity: 74.1%, specificity: 57.9%). This validated LC-MS/MS routine-suited method is the first allowing simultaneous quantification of up to seven mAbs acting against different pharmacological targets. It opens the field of TDM to numerous mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Willeman
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-François Jourdil
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Elodie Gautier-Veyret
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, F-38043, Grenoble, France; INSERM U1042, HP2, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Bonaz
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital Grenoble-Alpes, F-38043, France
| | - Françoise Stanke-Labesque
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, F-38043, Grenoble, France; INSERM U1042, HP2, F-38041, Grenoble, France.
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130
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De Groof TWM, Bobkov V, Heukers R, Smit MJ. Nanobodies: New avenues for imaging, stabilizing and modulating GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:15-24. [PMID: 30690070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the largest class of membrane proteins and an important drug target due to their role in many (patho)physiological processes. Besides small molecules, GPCRs can be targeted by biologicals including antibodies and antibody fragments. This review describes the use of antibodies and in particular antibody fragments from camelid-derived heavy chain-only antibodies (nanobodies/VHHs/sdAbs) for detecting, stabilizing, modulating and therapeutically targeting GPCRs. Altogether, it becomes increasingly clear that the small size, structure and protruding antigen-binding loops of nanobodies are favorable features for the development of selective and potent GPCRs-binding molecules. This makes them attractive tools to modulate GPCR activity but also as targeting modalities for GPCR-directed therapeutics. In addition, these antibody-fragments are important tools in the stabilization of particular conformations of these receptors. Lastly, nanobodies, in contrast to conventional antibodies, can also easily be expressed intracellularly which render nanobodies important tools for studying GPCR function. Hence, GPCR-targeting nanobodies are ideal modalities to image, stabilize and modulate GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Bobkov
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; QVQ Holding B.V., Yalelaan 1, 3484 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the following review is to summarize the most recent understanding of migraine pathophysiology, as well as of basic and clinical science pharmacologic literature regarding the development of calcitonin gene receptor peptide (CGRP) antagonists as a novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of migraine headaches. A review is provided of erenumab, the first of its class FDA approved CGRP antagonist. RECENT FINDINGS Despite its high prevalence, the occurrence and treatment of migraine headaches is poorly understood. Erenumab and CGRP antagonists as a whole significantly reduce the average number of migraine days experienced in migraine sufferers. CGRP antagonists appear to significantly improve treatment outcomes in patients who suffer from episodic and chronic migraines. Erenumab is the first CGRP antagonist to be FDA approved for public use; however, further development of biologics in this class is underway.
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132
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Al-Afif KAM, Buraik MA, Buddenkotte J, Mounir M, Gerber R, Ahmed HM, Tallman AM, Steinhoff M. Understanding the Burden of Atopic Dermatitis in Africa and the Middle East. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2019; 9:223-241. [PMID: 30850961 PMCID: PMC6522619 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-019-0285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by intensely pruritic lesions. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is increasing in developing regions, including Africa and the Middle East. However, these regions are underrepresented in the dermatology literature, and a better understanding of the growing burden of atopic dermatitis in Africa and the Middle East is necessary. Herein, we summarize current knowledge on atopic dermatitis epidemiology, disease burden, and treatment options in Africa and the Middle East, highlighting the unmet needs of patients in these regions. With these needs in mind, we provide clinical recommendations for appropriate management of atopic dermatitis in Africa and the Middle East. FUNDING: Pfizer Inc. Plain language summary available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Ali Buraik
- Department of Dermatology, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology and HMC Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Mounir
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunology and Emerging Markets, Pfizer Inc, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Robert Gerber
- Departments of Outcomes and Evidence and Statistics, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Haytham Mohamed Ahmed
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunology and Emerging Markets, Pfizer Inc, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and HMC Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department Of Dermatology, Weill Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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133
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Li F, Ulrich ML, Shih VFS, Cochran JH, Hunter JH, Westendorf L, Neale J, Benjamin DR. Mouse Strains Influence Clearance and Efficacy of Antibody and Antibody-Drug Conjugate Via Fc-FcγR Interaction. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:780-787. [PMID: 30824607 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To provide a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics relationships of antibody-based drugs, we analyzed several chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies or antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) for PK and efficacy among four strains of mice. Notably, antibodies and ADCs displayed a dose-dependent drug disposition profile in the plasma of NSG mice. The increased clearance rate in NSG mice resulted in the reduction of antitumor activity of ADCs. Furthermore, we identified that the abnormal clearance was mediated by Fc-FcγR interaction by comparing antibodies that lack FcγR binding capacity. We also found a high percentage of FcγR-expressing macrophages in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver of NSG mice, which may be responsible for the abnormal distribution of antibodies. Overall, these findings suggest that preclinical evaluation of efficacy and pharmacokinetics of antibodies and ADCs need to consider mouse strain-induced variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li
- Research, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Neale
- Translational Science, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington
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134
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Yang B, Li W, Zhao H, Wang A, Lei Y, Xie Q, Xiong S. Discovery and characterization of CHO host cell protease-induced fragmentation of a recombinant monoclonal antibody during production process development. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1112:1-10. [PMID: 30836312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) fragmentation is a widespread issue of protein stability that needs to be carefully monitored for critical mAb quality control during the production process development. This study describes here the discovery and characterization of CHO host cell protease-induced fragmentation of a therapeutic mAb-X in the formulation samples from an early production process. The fragmentation was observed in the sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis (CE-SDS) analysis of mAb-X formulation samples incubated at elevated temperature. Size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) was used to analyze and collect these cleaved fragments derived from mAb-X. Reversed phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-LC-MS) and tandem mass (MS/MS) analysis demonstrated that the fragment was generated mainly due to the hinge region cleavage of mAb-X. The fragmentation rate was characterized in the mAb-X formulation samples at pH from 4.0 to 6.0 using CE-SDS and SDS-PAGE analysis. The percentage of the main fragment increased dramatically from 2.8% to 31.2% as pH decreased from 6.0 to 4.0 at 40 °C for 28 days, which indicated the fragmentation was highly pH-dependent. The SDS-PAGE analysis further verified the pH-dependent property of the framentation of mAb-X. Moreover, the fragmentation was characterized in the presence and absence of pepstatin A, an inhibitor of acidic proteases. Significant inhibition of mAb-X fragmentation was observed with the addition of pepstatin A to mAb-X formulation samples. These results suggested residual acidic host cell protease(s) in the formulation samples from an early production process caused the fragmentation of mAb-X. To prove evidence, we developed an optimized protein A chromatography to enhance the residual host cell protease(s) removal capability of mAb-X purification process and consequently eliminate the above described cleaved fragment of mAb-X, which further supported the hypothesis that the fragmentation of mAb-X was catalyzed by the residual host cell protease(s) in the formulation samples from the early production process. This case study reiterated that residual host cell protease is a critical quality attribute (CQA) that should be carefully controlled and evaluated to guarantee successful manufacture processes for mAb products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, F/7, 2nd Building of Science & Technology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523867, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, F/7, 2nd Building of Science & Technology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Anling Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, F/7, 2nd Building of Science & Technology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Yuanjun Lei
- Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, F/7, 2nd Building of Science & Technology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Qiuling Xie
- Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, F/7, 2nd Building of Science & Technology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Sheng Xiong
- Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, F/7, 2nd Building of Science & Technology, 601 W Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China.
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135
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Beck A, D’Atri V, Ehkirch A, Fekete S, Hernandez-Alba O, Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, François Y, Guillarme D, Cianférani S. Cutting-edge multi-level analytical and structural characterization of antibody-drug conjugates: present and future. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:337-362. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1578215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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136
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Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins: Biopharmaceuticals with immunomodulatory properties for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 141:67-91. [PMID: 30201522 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines have long been used for therapeutic applications in cancer patients. Substantial side effects and unfavorable pharmacokinetics limit their application and may prevent dose escalation to therapeutically active regimens. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (often referred to as immunocytokines) may help localize immunomodulatory cytokine payloads to the tumor, thereby activating anticancer immune responses. A variety of formats (e.g., intact IgGs or antibody fragments), molecular targets (e.g., extracellular matrix components and cell membrane antigens) and cytokine payloads have been considered for the development of this novel class of biopharmaceuticals. This review presents the basic concepts on the design and engineering of immunocytokines, reviews their potential limitations, points out emerging opportunities and summarizes key features of preclinical and clinical-stage products.
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137
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Alves NJ. Antibody conjugation and formulation. Antib Ther 2019; 2:33-39. [PMID: 33928219 PMCID: PMC7990145 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era where ultra-high antibody concentrations, high viscosities, low volumes, auto-injectors and long storage requirements are already complex problems with the current unconjugated monoclonal antibodies on the market, the formulation demands for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are significant. Antibodies have historically been administered at relatively low concentrations through intravenous (IV) infusion due to their large size and the inability to formulate for oral delivery. Due to the high demands associated with IV infusion and the development of novel antibody targets and unique antibody conjugates, more accessible routes of administration such as intramuscular and subcutaneous are being explored. This review will summarize various site-specific and non-site-specific antibody conjugation techniques in the context of ADCs and the demands of formulation for high concentration clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Alves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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138
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Ashoor DN, Ben Khalaf N, Bourguiba-Hachemi S, Marzouq MH, Fathallah MD. Engineering of the upper hinge region of human IgG1 Fc enhances the binding affinity to FcγIIIa (CD16a) receptor isoform. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 31:205-212. [PMID: 30299461 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between antibodies and Immune cells surface FcγRIIIa (CD16a) receptor triggers a variety of immune responses including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody neutralization, phagocytosis, inflammation and tissue injury. Recent studies showed that IgG1 upper hinge region and FcγRs polymorphism play a major role in the interaction with Fcγ receptors and in the stability of the immune complex hence, in mounting strong inflammatory response. To further investigate this issue, we developed a tool box of IgG1 Fc isoforms to depict the affinity between mutated IgG1 Fc regions and extracellular domain variants (V158F) of CD16a. Our strategy consisted of designing different random upper-hinge mutated variants of IgG1 Fc domain, reproducing the naturally occurring two variants of CD16a and producing all of them as recombinant fusion proteins in Pichia Pastoris. The interactions were assayed using the Surface Plasmon Resonance (Biacore) method along with an in silico analysis to identify the major interaction and key residues that underline the affinity between the Fc region and CD16a variants. Our data showed that the affinity of the Fc region to the CD16a is strongly correlated to polar interactions. This molecular engineering approach yielded an IgG1Fc mutant with enhanced binding affinity to CD16a F158 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana N Ashoor
- Health Biotechnology Program, Department of Life Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Noureddine Ben Khalaf
- Health Biotechnology Program, Department of Life Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Sonia Bourguiba-Hachemi
- Health Biotechnology Program, Department of Life Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Maryam H Marzouq
- Health Biotechnology Program, Department of Life Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - M Dahmani Fathallah
- Health Biotechnology Program, Department of Life Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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139
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Chen S, Li L, Zhang F, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhao L. Immunoglobulin Gamma-Like Therapeutic Bispecific Antibody Formats for Tumor Therapy. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4516041. [PMID: 30886871 PMCID: PMC6388348 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4516041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are a sort of dual functional proteins with specific binding to two distinct targets, which have become a focus of interest in antibody engineering and drug development research and have a promising future for wide applications in cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune disease. The key of clinical application and commercial-scale manufacturing of BsAbs is the amenability to assembly and purification of desired heterodimers. Advances in genetic engineering technology had resulted in the development of diverse BsAbs. Multiple recombinant strategies have been used to solve the mispairing problem between light and heavy chains, as well as to enforce accurate dimerization of heterologous heavy chains. There are 23 platforms available to generate 62 BsAbs which can be further divided into IgG-like ones and fragment-based ones, and more than 50 molecules are undergoing clinical trials currently. BsAbs with IgG-like architecture exhibit superior advantages in structure (similar to natural antibodies), pharmacokinetics, half-life, FcR-mediated function, and biological activity. This review considers various IgG-like BsAb generation approaches, summarizes the clinical applications of promising new BsAbs, and describes the mechanism of BsAbs in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixue Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical of School & Graduate School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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140
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Arslan M, Karadağ D, Kalyoncu S. Protein engineering approaches for antibody fragments: directed evolution and rational design approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:1-12. [PMID: 30930630 PMCID: PMC6426644 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1809-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The number of therapeutic antibodies in preclinical, clinical, or approved phases has been increasing exponentially, mostly due to their known successes. Development of antibody engineering methods has substantially hastened the development of therapeutic antibodies. A variety of protein engineering techniques can be applied to antibodies to improve their afinity and/or biophysical properties such as solubility and stability. Antibody fragments (where all or some parts of constant regions are eliminated while the essential antigen binding region is preserved) are more suitable for protein engineering techniques because there are many in vitro screening technologies available for antibody fragments but not full-length antibodies. Improvement of biophysical characteristics is important in the early development phase because most antibodies fail at the later stage of development and this leads to loss of resources and time. Here, we review directed evolution and rational design methods to improve antibody properties. Recent developments in rational design approaches and antibody display technologies, and especially phage display, which was recently awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize, are discussed to be used in antibody research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Arslan
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center , İzmir , Turkey.,İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University , İzmir , Turkey
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141
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Di Mambro T, Guerriero I, Aurisicchio L, Magnani M, Marra E. The Yin and Yang of Current Antifungal Therapeutic Strategies: How Can We Harness Our Natural Defenses? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:80. [PMID: 30804788 PMCID: PMC6370704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have aroused much interest over the last years because of their involvement in several human diseases. Immunocompromission due to transplant-related therapies and malignant cancer treatments are risk factors for invasive fungal infections, but also aggressive surgery, broad-spectrum antibiotics and prosthetic devices are frequently associated with infectious diseases. Current therapy is based on the administration of antifungal drugs, but the occurrence of resistant strains to the most common molecules has become a serious health-care problem. New antifungal agents are urgently needed and it is essential to identify fungal molecular targets that could offer alternatives for development of treatments. The fungal cell wall and plasma membrane are the most important structures that offer putative new targets which can be modulated in order to fight microbial infections. The development of monoclonal antibodies against new targets is a valid therapeutic strategy, both to solve resistance problems and to support the immune response, especially in immunocompromised hosts. In this review, we summarize currently used antifungal agents and propose novel therapeutic approaches, including new fungal molecular targets to be considered for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Di Mambro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.,Diatheva s.r.l., Cartoceto, Italy
| | - Ilaria Guerriero
- Takis s.r.l., Rome, Italy.,Veterinary Immunotherapy and Translational Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Aurisicchio
- Takis s.r.l., Rome, Italy.,Veterinary Immunotherapy and Translational Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.,Diatheva s.r.l., Cartoceto, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marra
- Takis s.r.l., Rome, Italy.,Veterinary Immunotherapy and Translational Research, Rome, Italy
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142
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Collaborative Study for Analysis of Subvisible Particles Using Flow Imaging and Light Obscuration: Experiences in Japanese Biopharmaceutical Consortium. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:832-841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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143
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Bas M, Terrier A, Jacque E, Dehenne A, Pochet-Béghin V, Beghin C, Dezetter AS, Dupont G, Engrand A, Beaufils B, Mondon P, Fournier N, de Romeuf C, Jorieux S, Fontayne A, Mars LT, Monnet C. Fc Sialylation Prolongs Serum Half-Life of Therapeutic Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1582-1594. [PMID: 30683704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The long serum t 1/2 of IgGs is ensured by their interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which salvages IgG from intracellular degradation. Fc glycosylation is thought not to influence FcRn binding and IgG longevity in vivo. In this article, we demonstrate that hypersialylation of asparagine 297 (N297) enhances IgG serum persistence. This polarized glycosylation is achieved using a novel Fc mutation, a glutamate residue deletion at position 294 (Del) that endows IgGs with an up to 9-fold increase in serum lifespan. The strongest impact was observed when the Del was combined with Fc mutations improving FcRn binding (Del-FcRn+). Enzymatic desialylation of a Del-FcRn+ mutant or its production in a cell line unable to hypersialylate reduced the in vivo serum t 1/2 of the desialylated mutants to that of native FcRn+ mutants. Consequently, our study proves that sialylation of the N297 sugar moiety has a direct impact on human IgG serum persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bas
- LFB Biotechnologies, 59011 Lille Cedex, France.,INSERM UMR995, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation and Multiple Sclerosis, F-59000 Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille Center of Excellence in Neurodegenerative Diseases (LICEND), F-59000 Lille, France; and
| | | | - Emilie Jacque
- LFB Biotechnologies, 91958 Courtaboeuf Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lennart T Mars
- INSERM UMR995, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation and Multiple Sclerosis, F-59000 Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille Center of Excellence in Neurodegenerative Diseases (LICEND), F-59000 Lille, France; and
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144
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145
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Litvak-Greenfeld D, Vaks L, Dror S, Nahary L, Benhar I. "BIClonals": Production of Bispecific Antibodies in IgG Format in Transiently Transfected Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:431-454. [PMID: 30539485 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are antibodies with two binding sites directed at different antigens, enabling therapeutic strategies not possible with conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Since bispecific antibodies are regarded as promising therapeutic agents, many different bispecific design modalities have been evaluated. Many of these are based on antibody fragments or on inclusion of non-antibody components. For some therapeutic applications, full-size, native IgG-like bsAbs may be the optimal format.To prepare bsAbs in IgG format, two challenges should be met. One is that each heavy chain will only pair with the heavy chain of the second specificity and that heavy chain homodimerization will be prevented. The second is that each heavy chain will only pair with the light chain of its own specificity and that pairing with the light chain of the second specificity will be prevented. The first solution to the first criterion (known as knobs into holes, KIH) was presented in 1996 by Genentech and additional solutions were presented more recently. However, until recently, out of >120 published formats, only a handful of solutions for the second criterion that make it possible to produce a bispecific IgG by a single expressing cell were suggested.Here, we present a protocol for preparing bsAbs in IgG format in transfected mammalian cells. For heavy chain dimerization we use KIH while as a solution for the second challenge-correct pairing of heavy and light chains of bispecific IgGs we present our "BIClonals" technology; an engineered (artificial) disulfide bond between the antibodies' variable domains that asymmetrically replaces the natural disulfide bond between CH1 and CL.During our studies of bsAbs we found that H-L chain pairing seems to be driven by VH-VL interfacial interactions that differ between different antibodies; hence, there is no single optimal solution for effective and precise assembly of bispecific IgGs that suits every antibody sequence, making it necessary to carefully evaluate the optimal solution for each new antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Litvak-Greenfeld
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Lilach Vaks
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Stav Dror
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Nahary
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
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146
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Maso K, Grigoletto A, Vicent MJ, Pasut G. Molecular platforms for targeted drug delivery. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 346:1-50. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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147
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General Principles of Immunotherapy in Neurological Diseases. CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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148
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Jin Y, Lin Z, Xu Q, Fu C, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Pritts WA, Ge Y. Comprehensive characterization of monoclonal antibody by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. MAbs 2019; 11:106-115. [PMID: 30230956 PMCID: PMC6343775 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1525253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry's interest in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their derivatives has spurred rapid growth in the commercial and clinical pipeline of these effective therapeutics. The complex micro-heterogeneity of mAbs requires in-depth structural characterization for critical quality attribute assessment and quality assurance. Currently, mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods are the gold standard in mAb analysis, primarily with a bottom-up approach in which immunoglobulins G (IgGs) and their variants are digested into peptides to facilitate the analysis. Comprehensive characterization of IgGs and the micro-variants remains challenging at the proteoform level. Here, we used both top-down and middle-down MS for in-depth characterization of a human IgG1 using ultra-high resolution Fourier transform MS. Our top-down MS analysis provided characteristic fingerprinting of the IgG1 proteoforms at unit mass resolution. Subsequently, the tandem MS analysis of intact IgG1 enabled the detailed sequence characterization of a representative IgG1 proteoform at the intact protein level. Moreover, we used the middle-down MS analysis to characterize the primary glycoforms and micro-variants. Micro-variants such as low-abundance glycoforms, C-terminal glycine clipping, and C-terminal proline amidation were characterized with bond cleavages higher than 44% at the subunit level. By combining top-down and middle-down analysis, 76% of bond cleavage (509/666 amino acid bond cleaved) of IgG1 was achieved. Taken together, we demonstrated the combination of top-down and middle-down MS as powerful tools in the comprehensive characterization of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qingge Xu
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cexiong Fu
- Process Analytical, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhaorui Zhang
- Process Analytical, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qunying Zhang
- Process Analytical, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wayne A. Pritts
- Process Analytical, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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149
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Kara E, Dupuy L, Bouillon C, Casteret S, Maurel MC. Modulation of Gonadotropins Activity by Antibodies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:15. [PMID: 30833928 PMCID: PMC6387920 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropins are essential for reproduction control in humans as well as in animals. They are widely used all over the world for ovarian stimulation in women, spermatogenesis stimulation in men, and ovulation induction and superovulation in animals. Despite the availability of many different preparations, all are made of the native hormones. Having different ligands with a wide activity range for a given receptor helps better understand its molecular and cellular signaling mechanisms as well as its physiological functions, and thus helps the development of more specific and adapted medicines. One way to control the gonadotropins' activity could be the use of modulating antibodies. Antibodies are powerful tools that were largely used to decipher gonadotropins' actions and they have shown their utility as therapeutics in several other indications such as cancer. In this review, we summarize the inhibitory and potentiating antibodies to gonadotropins, and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Céline Bouillon
- Igyxos SA, Nouzilly, France
- Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- Biologie Intégrative de l'Ovaire, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
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150
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Finlay WJ, Coleman JE, Edwards JS, Johnson KS. Anti-PD1 'SHR-1210' aberrantly targets pro-angiogenic receptors and this polyspecificity can be ablated by paratope refinement. MAbs 2019; 11:26-44. [PMID: 30541416 PMCID: PMC6343799 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1550321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1) antibodies are successful cancer therapeutics, but it is not well understood why individual antibodies should have idiosyncratic side-effects. As the humanized antibody SHR-1210 causes capillary hemangioma in patients, a unique toxicity amongst anti-PD1 antibodies, we performed human receptor proteome screening to identify nonspecific interactions that might drive angiogenesis. This screen identified that SHR-1210 mediated aberrant, but highly selective, low affinity binding to human receptors such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), frizzled class receptor 5 and UL16 binding protein 2 (ULBP2). SHR-1210 was found to be a potent agonist of human VEGFR2, which may thereby drive hemangioma development via vascular endothelial cell activation. The v-domains of SHR-1210's progenitor murine monoclonal antibody 'Mab005' also exhibited off-target binding and agonism of VEGFR2, proving that the polyspecificity was mediated by the original mouse complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), and had survived the humanization process. Molecular remodelling of SHR-1210 by combinatorial CDR mutagenesis led to deimmunization, normalization of binding affinity to human and cynomolgus PD1, and increased potency in PD1/PD-L1 blockade. Importantly, CDR optimization also ablated all off-target binding, rendering the resulting antibodies fully PD1-specific. As the majority of changes to the paratope were found in the light chain CDRs, the germlining of this domain drove the ablation of off-target binding. The combination of receptor proteome screening and optimization of the antibody binding interface therefore succeeded in generating novel, higher-potency, specificity-enhanced therapeutic IgGs from a single, clinically sub-optimal progenitor. This study showed that highly-specific off-target binding events might be an under-appreciated phenomenon in therapeutic antibody development, but that these unwanted properties can be fully ameliorated by paratope refinement.
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