101
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Fedorenko E. The early origins and the growing popularity of the individual-subject analytic approach in human neuroscience. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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102
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Wehbe L, Blank IA, Shain C, Futrell R, Levy R, von der Malsburg T, Smith N, Gibson E, Fedorenko E. Incremental Language Comprehension Difficulty Predicts Activity in the Language Network but Not the Multiple Demand Network. Cereb Cortex 2021. [PMID: 33895807 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.15.043844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
What role do domain-general executive functions play in human language comprehension? To address this question, we examine the relationship between behavioral measures of comprehension and neural activity in the domain-general "multiple demand" (MD) network, which has been linked to constructs like attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and selection, and implicated in diverse goal-directed behaviors. Specifically, functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected during naturalistic story listening are compared with theory-neutral measures of online comprehension difficulty and incremental processing load (reading times and eye-fixation durations). Critically, to ensure that variance in these measures is driven by features of the linguistic stimulus rather than reflecting participant- or trial-level variability, the neuroimaging and behavioral datasets were collected in nonoverlapping samples. We find no behavioral-neural link in functionally localized MD regions; instead, this link is found in the domain-specific, fronto-temporal "core language network," in both left-hemispheric areas and their right hemispheric homotopic areas. These results argue against strong involvement of domain-general executive circuits in language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Wehbe
- Carnegie Mellon University, Machine Learning Department PA 15213, USA
| | - Idan Asher Blank
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology CA 90095, USA
| | - Cory Shain
- Ohio State University, Department of Linguistics OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard Futrell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA
- University of California Irvine, Department of Linguistics CA 92697, USA
| | - Roger Levy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Linguistics CA 92161, USA
| | - Titus von der Malsburg
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Linguistics, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Smith
- University of California San Diego, Department of Linguistics CA 92161, USA
| | - Edward Gibson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchMA 02139, USA
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103
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Wehbe L, Blank IA, Shain C, Futrell R, Levy R, von der Malsburg T, Smith N, Gibson E, Fedorenko E. Incremental Language Comprehension Difficulty Predicts Activity in the Language Network but Not the Multiple Demand Network. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4006-4023. [PMID: 33895807 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
What role do domain-general executive functions play in human language comprehension? To address this question, we examine the relationship between behavioral measures of comprehension and neural activity in the domain-general "multiple demand" (MD) network, which has been linked to constructs like attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and selection, and implicated in diverse goal-directed behaviors. Specifically, functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected during naturalistic story listening are compared with theory-neutral measures of online comprehension difficulty and incremental processing load (reading times and eye-fixation durations). Critically, to ensure that variance in these measures is driven by features of the linguistic stimulus rather than reflecting participant- or trial-level variability, the neuroimaging and behavioral datasets were collected in nonoverlapping samples. We find no behavioral-neural link in functionally localized MD regions; instead, this link is found in the domain-specific, fronto-temporal "core language network," in both left-hemispheric areas and their right hemispheric homotopic areas. These results argue against strong involvement of domain-general executive circuits in language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Wehbe
- Carnegie Mellon University, Machine Learning Department PA 15213, USA
| | - Idan Asher Blank
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA.,University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology CA 90095, USA
| | - Cory Shain
- Ohio State University, Department of Linguistics OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard Futrell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA.,University of California Irvine, Department of Linguistics CA 92697, USA
| | - Roger Levy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA.,University of California San Diego, Department of Linguistics CA 92161, USA
| | - Titus von der Malsburg
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA.,University of Stuttgart, Institute of Linguistics, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Smith
- University of California San Diego, Department of Linguistics CA 92161, USA
| | - Edward Gibson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MA 02139, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchMA 02139, USA
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104
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Zhao L, Zhang T, Guo L, Liu T, Jiang X. Gyral-sulcal contrast in intrinsic functional brain networks across task performances. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1483-1498. [PMID: 32700255 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional mechanism of the brain and its relationship with the brain structural substrate have been an interest for multiple disciplines for centuries. Recently, gyri and sulci, two basic cortical folding patterns, have been demonstrated to act different functional roles. Specifically, a variety of functional MRI (fMRI) studies have consistently suggested that gyri represent a global functional center while sulci serve as a local functional unit under either resting state or task stimulus, which are further supported by brain structural analysis reporting that gyri have thicker cortex and denser long-distance axonal fibers. However, the consistency of such gyral-sulcal functional difference across different task stimuli, as well as its association with task conditions, remains to be explored. To this end, we used intrinsic networks as the testbed for cross-task comparison, and adopted a computational framework of dictionary learning and sparse representation of whole-brain fMRI signals to systematically examine the potential gyral-sulcal difference in signal representation residual (SRR) which reflected the degree of global functional communication. Using all seven task-based fMRI datasets in Human Connectome Project Q1 release, we found that within the intrinsic functional networks, the fMRI SRR was significantly smaller on gyral regions than on sulcal regions across different task stimuli, indicating that gyral regions were more involved in global functions of the brain and interregional communications. Moreover, the magnitudes of such gyral-sulcal difference varied across task conditions and intrinsic networks. Our work adds novel explanation and insight to the existing knowledge of functional differences between gyri and sulci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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105
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Patra A, Kaur H, Chaudhary P, Asghar A, Singal A. Morphology and Morphometry of Human Paracentral Lobule: An Anatomical Study with its Application in Neurosurgery. Asian J Neurosurg 2021; 16:349-354. [PMID: 34268163 PMCID: PMC8244697 DOI: 10.4103/ajns.ajns_505_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The human paracentral lobule (PCL) is the medial continuation of the precentral and postcentral gyri. It has important functional area related to the lower limb and perineum. Its visible surface that corresponds to magnetic resonance imaging scout images varies in morphology, so it requires exact data. Studies related to such data are rare. With such a facile, we studied the morphology and morphometry of PCL. Materials and Methods: Fifty formalin-fixed adult human brains dissected in the midsagittal plane were used in this study. First, the morphological types of PCL and its boundary were determined, followed by morphometry of its extrasulcal surface using digital vernier calipers. Measurements were done along the anteroposterior axis (length) and vertical axis (height). In addition to that, the extent of motor and sensory area into PCL was also measured. Results: Three distinct morphological types of PCL were found: continuous (2%), partially segmented (91%), and completely segmented type (7%). In completely segmented type, a short transitional lobulolimbic gyrus was also found in three cases. The mean extrasulcal surface of the left PCL was significantly larger, both in males (left 10.67 cm2 vs. right 8.80 cm2) and in females (left 8.80 cm2 vs. right 6.99 cm2). Irrespective of gender and sidedness, motor area was significantly larger than the sensory area. Conclusion: Reported data will be useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the human PCL. Variations in the distribution of sensorimotor cortex over PCL may help further assessment of hemispheric lateralization and the location of central sulcus as a reliable indicator of cytoarchitectonic borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Patra
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harsimarjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Priti Chaudhary
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Adil Asghar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anjali Singal
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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106
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Kusano T, Kurashige H, Nambu I, Moriguchi Y, Hanakawa T, Wada Y, Osu R. Wrist and finger motor representations embedded in the cerebral and cerebellar resting-state activation. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2307-2319. [PMID: 34236531 PMCID: PMC8354910 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that resting-state brain activity consists of multiple components, each corresponding to the spatial pattern of brain activity induced by performing a task. Especially in a movement task, such components have been shown to correspond to the brain activity pattern of the relevant anatomical region, meaning that the voxels of pattern that are cooperatively activated while using a body part (e.g., foot, hand, and tongue) also behave cooperatively in the resting state. However, it is unclear whether the components involved in resting-state brain activity correspond to those induced by the movement of discrete body parts. To address this issue, in the present study, we focused on wrist and finger movements in the hand, and a cross-decoding technique trained to discriminate between the multi-voxel patterns induced by wrist and finger movement was applied to the resting-state fMRI. We found that the multi-voxel pattern in resting-state brain activity corresponds to either wrist or finger movements in the motor-related areas of each hemisphere of the cerebrum and cerebellum. These results suggest that resting-state brain activity in the motor-related areas consists of the components corresponding to the elementary movements of individual body parts. Therefore, the resting-state brain activity possibly has a finer structure than considered previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kusano
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kurashige
- Research and Information Center, Tokai University, 2-3-23 Takanawa, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8619, Japan.
| | - Isao Nambu
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan.
| | - Yoshiya Moriguchi
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.,Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Rieko Osu
- The Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, 2-2-2 Hikaridai Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
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107
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Razavi MJ, Liu T, Wang X. Mechanism Exploration of 3-Hinge Gyral Formation and Pattern Recognition. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab044. [PMID: 34377991 PMCID: PMC8343593 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-hinge gyral folding is the conjunction of gyrus crest lines from three different orientations. Previous studies have not explored the possible mechanisms of formation of such 3-hinge gyri, which are preserved across species in primate brains. We develop a biomechanical model to mimic the formation of 3-hinge patterns on a real brain and determine how special types of 3-hinge patterns form in certain areas of the model. Our computational and experimental imaging results show that most tertiary convolutions and exact locations of 3-hinge patterns after growth and folding are unpredictable, but they help explain the consistency of locations and patterns of certain 3-hinge patterns. Growing fibers within the white matter is posited as a determining factor to affect the location and shape of these 3-hinge patterns. Even if the growing fibers do not exert strong enough forces to guide gyrification directly, they still may seed a heterogeneous growth profile that leads to the formation of 3-hinge patterns in specific locations. A minor difference in initial morphology between two growing model brains can lead to distinct numbers and locations of 3-hinge patterns after folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Jalil Razavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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108
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Convolutional neural networks for cytoarchitectonic brain mapping at large scale. Neuroimage 2021; 240:118327. [PMID: 34224853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brain atlases provide spatial reference systems for data characterizing brain organization at different levels, coming from different brains. Cytoarchitecture is a basic principle of the microstructural organization of the brain, as regional differences in the arrangement and composition of neuronal cells are indicators of changes in connectivity and function. Automated scanning procedures and observer-independent methods are prerequisites to reliably identify cytoarchitectonic areas, and to achieve reproducible models of brain segregation. Time becomes a key factor when moving from the analysis of single regions of interest towards high-throughput scanning of large series of whole-brain sections. Here we present a new workflow for mapping cytoarchitectonic areas in large series of cell-body stained histological sections of human postmortem brains. It is based on a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which is trained on a pair of section images with annotations, with a large number of un-annotated sections in between. The model learns to create all missing annotations in between with high accuracy, and faster than our previous workflow based on observer-independent mapping. The new workflow does not require preceding 3D-reconstruction of sections, and is robust against histological artefacts. It processes large data sets with sizes in the order of multiple Terabytes efficiently. The workflow was integrated into a web interface, to allow access without expertise in deep learning and batch computing. Applying deep neural networks for cytoarchitectonic mapping opens new perspectives to enable high-resolution models of brain areas, introducing CNNs to identify borders of brain areas.
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109
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Sprung-Much T, Petrides M. Morphology and Spatial Probability Maps of the Horizontal Ascending Ramus of the Lateral Fissure. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1586-1602. [PMID: 31667522 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The horizontal ascending ramus of the lateral fissure (half) is a characteristic sulcus of the ventrolateral frontal cortex that forms the morphological boundary between the pars triangularis and the pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus. The present study examined the morphology of this sulcus to provide a means of identifying it accurately with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxels within the half were labeled in 50 in vivo MRI volumes (1.5 T) that had been linearly registered to the Montreal Neurological Institute stereotaxic space and the morphology of the half was categorized based on relations with neighboring sulci. The spatial variability and extent of the half were then quantified across subjects using volumetric (MINC Toolkit) and surface (FreeSurfer) spatial probability maps. The half could be identified in 95% of hemispheres, and the main morphological patterns were classified into three categories: Types I, II, and III. There were no statistically significant interhemispheric differences in the frequency of the half or its morphological patterns. Understanding the details of the sulcal morphology of this ventrolateral region is critical for an accurate interpretation of the location of activation peaks generated in functional neuroimaging studies investigating language, working memory, and other cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisanna Sprung-Much
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1G1
| | - Michael Petrides
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1G1
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110
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Myelo- and cytoarchitectonic microstructural and functional human cortical atlases reconstructed in common MRI space. Neuroimage 2021; 239:118274. [PMID: 34146709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The parcellation of the brain's cortical surface into anatomically and/or functionally distinct areas is a topic of ongoing investigation and interest. We provide digital versions of six classical human brain atlases in common MRI space. The cortical atlases represent a range of modalities, including cyto- and myeloarchitecture (Campbell, Smith, Brodmann and Von Economo), myelogenesis (Flechsig), and mappings of symptomatic information in relation to the spatial location of brain lesions (Kleist). Digital reconstructions of these important cortical atlases widen the range of modalities for which cortex-wide imaging atlases are currently available and offer the opportunity to compare and combine microstructural and lesion-based functional atlases with in-vivo imaging-based atlases.
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111
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Schellekens W, Thio M, Badde S, Winawer J, Ramsey N, Petridou N. A touch of hierarchy: population receptive fields reveal fingertip integration in Brodmann areas in human primary somatosensory cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2099-2112. [PMID: 34091731 PMCID: PMC8354965 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Several neuroimaging studies have shown the somatotopy of body part representations in primary somatosensory cortex (S1), but the functional hierarchy of distinct subregions in human S1 has not been adequately addressed. The current study investigates the functional hierarchy of cyto-architectonically distinct regions, Brodmann areas BA3, BA1, and BA2, in human S1. During functional MRI experiments, we presented participants with vibrotactile stimulation of the fingertips at three different vibration frequencies. Using population Receptive Field (pRF) modeling of the fMRI BOLD activity, we identified the hand region in S1 and the somatotopy of the fingertips. For each voxel, the pRF center indicates the finger that most effectively drives the BOLD signal, and the pRF size measures the spatial somatic pooling of fingertips. We find a systematic relationship of pRF sizes from lower-order areas to higher-order areas. Specifically, we found that pRF sizes are smallest in BA3, increase slightly towards BA1, and are largest in BA2, paralleling the increase in visual receptive field size as one ascends the visual hierarchy. Additionally, we find that the time-to-peak of the hemodynamic response in BA3 is roughly 0.5 s earlier compared to BA1 and BA2, further supporting the notion of a functional hierarchy of subregions in S1. These results were obtained during stimulation of different mechanoreceptors, suggesting that different afferent fibers leading up to S1 feed into the same cortical hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schellekens
- Department of Radiology, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Q101.132, P.O.Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M Thio
- Department of Radiology, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Q101.132, P.O.Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Badde
- Department of Psychology and Center of Neural Science, NYU, New York, USA
| | - J Winawer
- Department of Psychology and Center of Neural Science, NYU, New York, USA
| | - N Ramsey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Petridou
- Department of Radiology, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Q101.132, P.O.Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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112
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Rushmore RJ, Bouix S, Kubicki M, Rathi Y, Rosene DL, Yeterian EH, Makris N. MRI-based Parcellation and Morphometry of the Individual Rhesus Monkey Brain: the macaque Harvard-Oxford Atlas (mHOA), a translational system referencing a standardized ontology. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1589-1621. [PMID: 32960419 PMCID: PMC8608281 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain have shed light on the function and organization of the primate brain at a scale and resolution not yet possible in humans. A cornerstone of the linkage between non-human primate and human studies of the brain is magnetic resonance imaging, which allows for an association to be made between the detailed structural and physiological analysis of the non-human primate and that of the human brain. To further this end, we present a novel parcellation method and system for the rhesus monkey brain, referred to as the macaque Harvard-Oxford Atlas (mHOA), which is based on the human Harvard-Oxford Atlas (HOA) and grounded in an ontological and taxonomic framework. Consistent anatomical features were used to delimit and parcellate brain regions in the macaque, which were then categorized according to functional systems. This system of parcellation will be expanded with advances in technology and, like the HOA, will provide a framework upon which the results from other experimental studies (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), physiology, connectivity, graph theory) can be interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jarrett Rushmore
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yogesh Rathi
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward H Yeterian
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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113
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Li X, Wang W, Wang P, Hao C, Li Z. Atypical sulcal pattern in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4362-4371. [PMID: 34057775 PMCID: PMC8356996 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are often accompanied by disrupted cortical folding. We applied a quantitative sulcal pattern analysis technique using graph structures to study the atypical cortical folding at the lobar level in ADHD brains in this study. A total of 183 ADHD patients and 167 typical developmental controls matched according to age and gender were enrolled. We first constructed sulcal graphs at the brain lobar level and then investigated their similarity to the typical sulcal patterns. The within‐group variability and interhemispheric similarity in sulcal patterns were also compared between the ADHD and TDC groups. The results showed that, compared with controls, the left frontal, right parietal, and temporal lobes displayed altered similarities to the typical sulcal patterns in patients with ADHD. Moreover, the sulcal patterns in ADHD seem to be more heterogeneous than those in controls. The results also identified the disruption of the typical asymmetric sulcal patterns in the frontal lobe between the ADHD and control groups. Taken together, our results revealed the atypical sulcal pattern in boys with ADHD and provide new insights into the neuroanatomical mechanisms of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Li
- Chongqing Post-doctoral Research Station of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Digital Medical Equipment and Systems, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Digital Medical Equipment and Systems, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Panyu Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenru Hao
- Department of Medical Physics, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- Chongqing Post-doctoral Research Station of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Digital Medical Equipment and Systems, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
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114
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Besson P, Parrish T, Katsaggelos AK, Bandt SK. Geometric deep learning on brain shape predicts sex and age. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2021; 91:101939. [PMID: 34082280 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2021.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex relationship between the shape and function of the human brain remains elusive despite extensive studies of cortical folding over many decades. The analysis of cortical gyrification presents an opportunity to advance our knowledge about this relationship, and better understand the etiology of a variety of pathologies involving diverse degrees of cortical folding abnormalities. Hypothesis-driven surface-based approaches have been shown to be particularly efficient in their ability to accurately describe unique features of the folded sheet topology of the cortical ribbon. However, the utility of these approaches has been blunted by their reliance on manually defined features aiming to capture the relevant geometric properties of cortical folding. In this paper, we propose an entirely novel, data-driven deep-learning based method to analyze the brain's shape that eliminates this reliance on manual feature definition. This method builds on the emerging field of geometric deep-learning and uses traditional convolutional neural network architecture uniquely adapted to the surface representation of the cortical ribbon. This method is a complete departure from prior brain MRI CNN investigations, all of which have relied on three dimensional MRI data and interpreted features of the MRI signal for prediction. MRI data from 6410 healthy subjects obtained from 11 publicly available data repositories were used for analysis. Ages ranged from 6 to 89 years. Both inner and outer cortical surfaces were extracted using Freesurfer and then registered into MNI space. For purposes of method development, both a classification and regression challenge were introduced for network learning including sex and age prediction, respectively. Two independent graph convolutional neural networks (gCNNs) were trained, the first of which to predict subject's self-identified sex, the second of which to predict subject's age. Class Activation Maps (CAM) and Regression Activation Maps (RAM) were constructed respectively to map the topographic distribution of the most influential brain regions involved in the decision process for each gCNN. Using this approach, the gCNN was able to predict a subject's sex with an average accuracy of 87.99 % and achieved a Person's coefficient of correlation of 0.93 with an average absolute error 4.58 years when predicting a subject's age. We believe this shape-based convolutional classifier offers a novel, data-driven approach to define biomedically relevant features from the brain at both the population and single subject levels and therefore lays a critical foundation for future precision medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Besson
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago IL, United States
| | - Todd Parrish
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aggelos K Katsaggelos
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Northwestern University, McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - S Kathleen Bandt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago IL, United States.
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115
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Kujala T, Sihvonen AJ, Thiede A, Palo-Oja P, Virtala P, Numminen J, Laasonen M. Voxel and surface based whole brain analysis shows reading skill associated grey matter abnormalities in dyslexia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10862. [PMID: 34035329 PMCID: PMC8149879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with a substantial negative influence on the individual's academic achievement and career. Research on its neuroanatomical origins has continued for half a century, yielding, however, inconsistent results, lowered total brain volume being the most consistent finding. We set out to evaluate the grey matter (GM) volume and cortical abnormalities in adult dyslexic individuals, employing a combination of whole-brain voxel- and surface-based morphometry following current recommendations on analysis approaches, coupled with rigorous neuropsychological testing. Whilst controlling for age, sex, total intracranial volume, and performance IQ, we found both decreased GM volume and cortical thickness in the left insula in participants with DD. Moreover, they had decreased GM volume in left superior temporal gyrus, putamen, globus pallidus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Higher GM volumes and cortical thickness in these areas correlated with better reading and phonological skills, deficits of which are pivotal to DD. Crucially, total brain volume did not influence our results, since it did not differ between the groups. Our findings demonstrating abnormalities in brain areas in individuals with DD, which previously were associated with phonological processing, are compatible with the leading hypotheses on the neurocognitive origins of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teija Kujala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Aleksi J Sihvonen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Thiede
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Palo-Oja
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Virtala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Numminen
- Department of Radiology, Töölö Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Laasonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Phoniatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Humanities, Philosophical Faculty, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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116
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Ghai S, Maso FD, Ogourtsova T, Porxas AX, Villeneuve M, Penhune V, Boudrias MH, Baillet S, Lamontagne A. Neurophysiological Changes Induced by Music-Supported Therapy for Recovering Upper Extremity Function after Stroke: A Case Series. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050666. [PMID: 34065395 PMCID: PMC8161385 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Music-supported therapy (MST) follows the best practice principles of stroke rehabilitation and has been proven to instigate meaningful enhancements in motor recovery post-stroke. The existing literature has established that the efficacy and specificity of MST relies on the reinforcement of auditory-motor functional connectivity in related brain networks. However, to date, no study has attempted to evaluate the underlying cortical network nodes that are key to the efficacy of MST post-stroke. In this case series, we evaluated changes in connectivity within the auditory-motor network and changes in upper extremity function following a 3-week intensive piano training in two stroke survivors presenting different levels of motor impairment. Connectivity was assessed pre- and post-training in the α- and the β-bands within the auditory-motor network using magnetoencephalography while participants were passively listening to a standardized melody. Changes in manual dexterity, grip strength, movement coordination, and use of the upper extremity were also documented in both stroke survivors. After training, an increase in the clinical measures was accompanied by enhancements in connectivity between the auditory and motor network nodes for both the α- and the β-bands, especially in the affected hemisphere. These neurophysiological changes associated with the positive effects of post-stroke MST on motor outcomes delineate a path for a larger scale clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Ghai
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada; (T.O.); (M.-H.B.); (A.L.)
- Feil & Oberfeld Research Centre of the Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital–CISSS Laval, A Research Site of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Laval, QC H7V 1R2, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabien Dal Maso
- Laboratory of Simulation and Movement Modelling, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l’Apprentissage, Montréal, QC H7N 0A5, Canada
| | - Tatiana Ogourtsova
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada; (T.O.); (M.-H.B.); (A.L.)
- Feil & Oberfeld Research Centre of the Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital–CISSS Laval, A Research Site of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Laval, QC H7V 1R2, Canada;
| | - Alba-Xifra Porxas
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada;
| | - Myriam Villeneuve
- Feil & Oberfeld Research Centre of the Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital–CISSS Laval, A Research Site of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Laval, QC H7V 1R2, Canada;
| | - Virginia Penhune
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada;
- Laboratory for Brain Music and Sound (BRAMS), Centre for Research in Brain, Language and Music, Montreal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Boudrias
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada; (T.O.); (M.-H.B.); (A.L.)
- Feil & Oberfeld Research Centre of the Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital–CISSS Laval, A Research Site of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Laval, QC H7V 1R2, Canada;
| | - Sylvain Baillet
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada;
| | - Anouk Lamontagne
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada; (T.O.); (M.-H.B.); (A.L.)
- Feil & Oberfeld Research Centre of the Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital–CISSS Laval, A Research Site of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Laval, QC H7V 1R2, Canada;
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117
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Xu F, Liu M, Kim SY, Ge X, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Lin X, Toga AW, Liu S, Kim H. Morphological Development Trajectory and Structural Covariance Network of the Human Fetal Cortical Plate during the Early Second Trimester. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4794-4807. [PMID: 34017979 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the early second trimester, the cortical plate, or "the developing cortex", undergoes immensely complex and rapid development to complete its major complement of neurons. However, morphological development of the cortical plate and the precise patterning of brain structural covariance networks during this period remain unexplored. In this study, we used 7.0 T high-resolution magnetic resonance images of brain specimens ranging from 14 to 22 gestational weeks to manually segment the cortical plate. Thickness, area expansion, and curvature (i.e., folding) across the cortical plate regions were computed, and correlations of thickness values among different cortical plate regions were measured to analyze fetal cortico-cortical structural covariance throughout development of the early second trimester. The cortical plate displayed significant increases in thickness and expansions in area throughout all regions but changes of curvature in only certain major sulci. The topological architecture and network properties of fetal brain covariance presented immature and inefficient organizations with low degree of integration and high degree of segregation. Altogether, our results provide novel insight on the developmental patterning of cortical plate thickness and the developmental origin of brain network architecture throughout the early second trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Steven Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mengting Liu
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Steven Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sharon Y Kim
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Steven Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xinting Ge
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Steven Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zhonghe Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yuchun Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangtao Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Steven Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hosung Kim
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Steven Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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118
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Kieliba P, Clode D, Maimon-Mor RO, Makin TR. Robotic hand augmentation drives changes in neural body representation. Sci Robot 2021; 6:eabd7935. [PMID: 34043536 PMCID: PMC7612043 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abd7935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans have long been fascinated by the opportunities afforded through augmentation. This vision not only depends on technological innovations but also critically relies on our brain's ability to learn, adapt, and interface with augmentation devices. Here, we investigated whether successful motor augmentation with an extra robotic thumb can be achieved and what its implications are on the neural representation and function of the biological hand. Able-bodied participants were trained to use an extra robotic thumb (called the Third Thumb) over 5 days, including both lab-based and unstructured daily use. We challenged participants to complete normally bimanual tasks using only the augmented hand and examined their ability to develop hand-robot interactions. Participants were tested on a variety of behavioral and brain imaging tests, designed to interrogate the augmented hand's representation before and after the training. Training improved Third Thumb motor control, dexterity, and hand-robot coordination, even when cognitive load was increased or when vision was occluded. It also resulted in increased sense of embodiment over the Third Thumb. Consequently, augmentation influenced key aspects of hand representation and motor control. Third Thumb usage weakened natural kinematic synergies of the biological hand. Furthermore, brain decoding revealed a mild collapse of the augmented hand's motor representation after training, even while the Third Thumb was not worn. Together, our findings demonstrate that motor augmentation can be readily achieved, with potential for flexible use, reduced cognitive reliance, and increased sense of embodiment. Yet, augmentation may incur changes to the biological hand representation. Such neurocognitive consequences are crucial for successful implementation of future augmentation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kieliba
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Danielle Clode
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
- Dani Clode design, 40 Hillside Road, London SW2 3HW, UK
| | - Roni O Maimon-Mor
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
- WIN Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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119
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Matarasso AK, Rieke JD, White K, Yusufali MM, Daly JJ. Combined real-time fMRI and real time fNIRS brain computer interface (BCI): Training of volitional wrist extension after stroke, a case series pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250431. [PMID: 33956845 PMCID: PMC8101762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pilot testing of real time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) and real time functional near infrared spectroscopy (rt-fNIRS) as brain computer interface (BCI) neural feedback systems combined with motor learning for motor recovery in chronic severely impaired stroke survivors. APPROACH We enrolled a four-case series and administered three sequential rt-fMRI and ten rt-fNIRS neural feedback sessions interleaved with motor learning sessions. Measures were: Arm Motor Assessment Tool, functional domain (AMAT-F; 13 complex functional tasks), Fugl-Meyer arm coordination scale (FM); active wrist extension range of motion (ROM); volume of activation (fMRI); and fNIRS HbO concentration. Performance during neural feedback was assessed, in part, using percent successful brain modulations during rt-fNIRS. MAIN RESULTS Pre-/post-treatment mean clinically significant improvement in AMAT-F (.49 ± 0.22) and FM (10.0 ± 3.3); active wrist ROM improvement ranged from 20° to 50°. Baseline to follow-up change in brain signal was as follows: fMRI volume of activation was reduced in almost all ROIs for three subjects, and for one subject there was an increase or no change; fNIRS HbO was within normal range, except for one subject who increased beyond normal at post-treatment. During rt-fNIRS neural feedback training, there was successful brain signal modulation (42%-78%). SIGNIFICANCE Severely impaired stroke survivors successfully engaged in spatially focused BCI systems, rt-fMRI and rt-fNIRS, to clinically significantly improve motor function. At the least, equivalency in motor recovery was demonstrated with prior long-duration motor learning studies (without neural feedback), indicating that no loss of motor improvement resulted from substituting neural feedback sessions for motor learning sessions. Given that the current neural feedback protocol did not prevent the motor improvements observed in other long duration studies, even in the presence of fewer sessions of motor learning in the current work, the results support further study of neural feedback and its potential for recovery of motor function in stroke survivors. In future work, expanding the sophistication of either or both rt-fMRI and rt-fNIRS could hold the potential for further reducing the number of hours of training needed and/or the degree of recovery. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02856035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi K. Matarasso
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jake D. Rieke
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Keith White
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - M. Minhal Yusufali
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- J. Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Janis J. Daly
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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120
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Dhamala E, Jamison KW, Jaywant A, Dennis S, Kuceyeski A. Distinct functional and structural connections predict crystallised and fluid cognition in healthy adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3102-3118. [PMID: 33830577 PMCID: PMC8193532 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter pathways between neurons facilitate neuronal coactivation patterns in the brain. Insight into how these structural and functional connections underlie complex cognitive functions provides an important foundation with which to delineate disease‐related changes in cognitive functioning. Here, we integrate neuroimaging, connectomics, and machine learning approaches to explore how functional and structural brain connectivity relate to cognition. Specifically, we evaluate the extent to which functional and structural connectivity predict individual crystallised and fluid cognitive abilities in 415 unrelated healthy young adults (202 females) from the Human Connectome Project. We report three main findings. First, we demonstrate functional connectivity is more predictive of cognitive scores than structural connectivity, and, furthermore, integrating the two modalities does not increase explained variance. Second, we show the quality of cognitive prediction from connectome measures is influenced by the choice of grey matter parcellation, and, possibly, how that parcellation is derived. Third, we find that distinct functional and structural connections predict crystallised and fluid abilities. Taken together, our results suggest that functional and structural connectivity have unique relationships with crystallised and fluid cognition and, furthermore, studying both modalities provides a more comprehensive insight into the neural correlates of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keith W Jamison
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Abhishek Jaywant
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Dennis
- Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York, USA
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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121
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Ngo GN, Haak KV, Beckmann CF, Menon RS. Mesoscale hierarchical organization of primary somatosensory cortex captured by resting-state-fMRI in humans. Neuroimage 2021; 235:118031. [PMID: 33836270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) plays a key role in the processing and integration of afferent somatosensory inputs along an anterior-to-posterior axis, contributing towards necessary human function. It is believed that anatomical connectivity can be used to probe hierarchical organization, however direct characterization of this principle in-vivo within humans remains elusive. Here, we use resting-state functional connectivity as a complement to anatomical connectivity to investigate topographical principles of human S1. We employ a novel approach to examine mesoscopic variations of functional connectivity, and demonstrate a topographic organisation spanning the region's hierarchical axis that strongly correlates with underlying microstructure while tracing along architectonic Brodmann areas. Our findings characterize anatomical hierarchy of S1 as a 'continuous spectrum' with evidence supporting a functional boundary between areas 3b and 1. The identification of this topography bridges the gap between structure and connectivity, and may be used to help further current understanding of sensorimotor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey N Ngo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koen V Haak
- Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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122
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Benitez-Andonegui A, Lührs M, Nagels-Coune L, Ivanov D, Goebel R, Sorger B. Guiding functional near-infrared spectroscopy optode-layout design using individual (f)MRI data: effects on signal strength. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:025012. [PMID: 34155480 PMCID: PMC8211086 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.2.025012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Designing optode layouts is an essential step for functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiments as the quality of the measured signal and the sensitivity to cortical regions-of-interest depend on how optodes are arranged on the scalp. This becomes particularly relevant for fNIRS-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), where developing robust systems with few optodes is crucial for clinical applications. Aim: Available resources often dictate the approach researchers use for optode-layout design. We investigated whether guiding optode layout design using different amounts of subject-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data affects the fNIRS signal quality and sensitivity to brain activation when healthy participants perform mental-imagery tasks typically used in fNIRS-BCI experiments. Approach: We compared four approaches that incrementally incorporated subject-specific MRI information while participants performed mental-calculation, mental-rotation, and inner-speech tasks. The literature-based approach (LIT) used a literature review to guide the optode layout design. The probabilistic approach (PROB) employed individual anatomical data and probabilistic maps of functional MRI (fMRI)-activation from an independent dataset. The individual fMRI (iFMRI) approach used individual anatomical and fMRI data, and the fourth approach used individual anatomical, functional, and vascular information of the same subject (fVASC). Results: The four approaches resulted in different optode layouts and the more informed approaches outperformed the minimally informed approach (LIT) in terms of signal quality and sensitivity. Further, PROB, iFMRI, and fVASC approaches resulted in a similar outcome. Conclusions: We conclude that additional individual MRI data lead to a better outcome, but that not all the modalities tested here are required to achieve a robust setup. Finally, we give preliminary advice to efficiently using resources for developing robust optode layouts for BCI and neurofeedback applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Benitez-Andonegui
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht University, Laboratory for Cognitive Robotics and Complex Self-Organizing Systems, Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Lührs
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Brain Innovation B.V., Research Department, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurien Nagels-Coune
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimo Ivanov
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Brain Innovation B.V., Research Department, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Sorger
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Molfese PJ, Glen D, Mesite L, Cox RW, Hoeft F, Frost SJ, Mencl WE, Pugh KR, Bandettini PA. The Haskins pediatric atlas: a magnetic-resonance-imaging-based pediatric template and atlas. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:628-639. [PMID: 33211184 PMCID: PMC7981247 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial normalization plays an essential role in multi-subject MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) experiments by facilitating a common space in which group analyses are performed. Although many prominent adult templates are available, their use for pediatric data is problematic. Generalized templates for pediatric populations are limited or constructed using older methods that result in less ideal normalization. OBJECTIVE The Haskins pediatric templates and atlases aim to provide superior registration and more precise accuracy in labeling of anatomical and functional regions essential for all fMRI studies involving pediatric populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Haskins pediatric templates and atlases were generated with nonlinear methods using structural MRI from 72 children (age range 7-14 years, median 10 years), allowing for a detailed template with corresponding parcellations of labeled atlas regions. The accuracy of these templates and atlases was assessed using multiple metrics of deformation distance and overlap. RESULTS When comparing the deformation distances from normalizing pediatric data between this template and both the adult templates and other pediatric templates, we found significantly less deformation distance for the Haskins pediatric template (P<0.0001). Further, the correct atlas classification was higher using the Haskins pediatric template in 74% of regions (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION The Haskins pediatric template results in more accurate correspondence across subjects because of lower deformation distances. This correspondence also provides better accuracy in atlas locations to benefit structural and functional imaging analyses of pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Molfese
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St., Suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Glen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Mesite
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St., Suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Robert W. Cox
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St., Suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,Brain Imaging Research Center (BIRC), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Stephen J. Frost
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St., Suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - W. Einar Mencl
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St., Suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Pugh
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St., Suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Peter A. Bandettini
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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124
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Oblak E, Lewis-Peacock J, Sulzer J. Differential neural plasticity of individual fingers revealed by fMRI neurofeedback. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1720-1734. [PMID: 33788634 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00509.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity patterns associated with individual fingers can be shifted by temporary impairment of the hand. Here, we investigated whether these neural activity patterns could be modulated endogenously and whether any behavioral changes result from this modulation. We used decoded neurofeedback in healthy individuals to encourage participants to shift the neural activity pattern in sensorimotor cortex of the middle finger toward the index finger, and the ring finger toward the little finger. We first mapped the neural activity patterns for all fingers of the right hand in an fMRI pattern localizer session. Then, in three subsequent neurofeedback sessions, participants were rewarded after middle/ring finger presses according to their activity pattern overlap during each trial. A force-sensitive keyboard was used to ensure that participants were not altering their physical finger coordination patterns. We found evidence that participants could learn to shift the activity pattern of the ring finger but not of the middle finger. Increased variability of these activity patterns during the localizer session was associated with the ability of participants to modulate them using neurofeedback. Participants also showed an increased preference for the ring finger but not for the middle finger in a postneurofeedback motor task. Our results show that neural activity and behaviors associated with the ring finger are more readily modulated than those associated with the middle finger. These results have broader implications for rehabilitation of individual finger movements, which may be limited or enhanced by individual finger plasticity after neurological injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It may be possible to remobilize fingers after neurological injury by altering neural activity patterns. Toward this end, we examined whether finger-related neural activity patterns could be modified in healthy individuals without physical intervention, using fMRI neurofeedback. Our findings show that greater variability of neural patterns at baseline predicted a participant's ability to successfully shift these patterns. Because neural variability is common in individuals poststroke, this illustrates a potential clinical benefit of this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Oblak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - James Sulzer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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125
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Khan H, Beck C, Kunze A. Multi-curvature micropatterns unveil distinct calcium and mitochondrial dynamics in neuronal networks. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1164-1174. [PMID: 33543185 PMCID: PMC7990709 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01205j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tangential curvatures are a key geometric feature of tissue folds in the human cerebral cortex. In the brain, these smoother and firmer bends are called gyri and sulci and form distinctive curved tissue patterns imposing a mechanical stimulus on neuronal networks. This stimulus is hypothesized to be essential for proper brain cell function but lacks in most standard neuronal cell assays. A variety of soft lithographic micropatterning techniques can be used to integrate round geometries in cell assays. Most microfabricated patterns, however, focus only on a small set of defined curvatures. In contrast, curvatures in the brain span a wide physical range, leaving it unknown which precise role distinct curvatures may play on neuronal cell signaling. Here we report a hydrogel-based multi-curvature design consisting of over twenty bands of distinct parallel curvature ranges to precisely engineer neuronal networks' growth and signaling under patterns of arcs. Monitoring calcium and mitochondrial dynamics in primary rodent neurons grown over two weeks in the multi-curvature patterns, we found that static calcium signaling was locally attenuated under higher curvatures (k > 0.01 μm-1). In contrast, to randomize growth, transient calcium signaling showed higher synchronicity when neurons formed networks in confined multi-curvature patterns. Additionally, we found that mitochondria showed lower motility under high curvatures (k > 0.01 μm-1) than under lower curvatures (k < 0.01 μm-1). Our results demonstrate how sensitive neuronal cell function may be linked and controlled through specific curved geometric features. Furthermore, the hydrogel-based multi-curvature design possesses high compatibility with various surfaces, allowing a flexible integration of geometric features into next-generation neuro devices, cell assays, tissue engineering, and implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Khan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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126
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Riskin-Jones HH, Kashanian A, Sparks H, Tsolaki E, Pouratian N. Increased structural connectivity of thalamic stimulation sites to motor cortex relates to tremor suppression. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102628. [PMID: 33773164 PMCID: PMC8024765 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinically weighted tractography reveals key patterns of therapeutic brain stimulation. Thalamic stimulation for tremor preferentially connects to precentral gyrus and cerebellum. Thalamic DBS of areas most connected to motor cortex results in superior outcomes. Acute and chronic therapeutic outcomes demonstrate converging connectivity patterns.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM-DBS) is a highly successful treatment for medication-refractory essential tremor (ET). Clinical outcomes are dependent on accurate targeting. Here, we aim to develop a framework for connectivity-guided DBS targeting by evaluating probabilistic tractography and clinical response at both initial programming (IP) and clinical follow-up (CF). Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical outcomes were evaluated in 23 ET patients who were treated by VIM-DBS at the University of California Los Angeles (20 at IP, 18 at CF, 14 at both). Lead-DBS was used to model the volume of tissue activated tissue (VTA) based on programming configurations at both IP and CF. Probabilistic tractography, calculated in FSL, was used to evaluate 1) clinically weighted whole brain connectivity of VTA; 2) connectivity between VTA and freesurfer-derived target regions of interest (ROI) including primary motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortices, and cerebellum; and 3) volume of intersection between VTA and probabilistic tractography-based segmentation of the thalamus. At IP, individual contacts were scored as high or low efficacy based on acute tremor improvement. At CF, clinical response was measured by percent of change of the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) compared to preoperative scores. Contributions from each target ROI to clinical response was measured using logistic regression for IP and linear regression for CF. The clinically weighted map of whole brain connectivity of VTA shows preferential connectivity to precentral gyrus and brainstem/cerebellum. The volume of intersection between VTA and thalamic segmentation map based on probabilistic connectivity to primary motor cortex was a significant predictor of contact efficacy at IP (OR = 2.26 per 100 mm3 of overlap, p = .04) and percent change in CRST at CF (β = 14.67 per 100 mm3 of overlap, p = .003). Targeting DBS to the area of thalamus most connected to primary motor cortex based on probabilistic tractography is associated with superior outcomes, providing a potential guide not only for lead targeting but also therapeutic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Riskin-Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, 300 UCLA Stein Plaza, Suite 562, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alon Kashanian
- Department of Neurosurgery, 300 UCLA Stein Plaza, Suite 562, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hiro Sparks
- Department of Neurosurgery, 300 UCLA Stein Plaza, Suite 562, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Evangelia Tsolaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, 300 UCLA Stein Plaza, Suite 562, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nader Pouratian
- Department of Neurosurgery, 300 UCLA Stein Plaza, Suite 562, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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127
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Ahtam B, Turesky TK, Zöllei L, Standish J, Grant PE, Gaab N, Im K. Intergenerational Transmission of Cortical Sulcal Patterns from Mothers to their Children. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:1888-1897. [PMID: 33230560 PMCID: PMC7945013 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intergenerational effects are described as the genetic, epigenetic, as well as pre- and postnatal environmental influence parents have on their offspring's behavior, cognition, and brain. During fetal brain development, the primary cortical sulci emerge with a distinctive folding pattern that are under strong genetic influence and show little change of this pattern throughout postnatal brain development. We examined intergenerational transmission of cortical sulcal patterns by comparing primary sulcal patterns between children (N = 16, age 5.5 ± 0.81 years, 8 males) and their biological mothers (N = 15, age 39.72 ± 4.68 years) as well as between children and unrelated adult females. Our graph-based sulcal pattern comparison method detected stronger sulcal pattern similarity for child-mother pairs than child-unrelated pairs, where higher similarity between child-mother pairs was observed mostly for the right lobar regions. Our results also show that child-mother versus child-unrelated pairs differ for daughters and sons with a trend toward significance, particularly for the left hemisphere lobar regions. This is the first study to reveal significant intergenerational transmission of cortical sulcal patterns, and our results have important implications for the study of the heritability of complex behaviors, brain-based disorders, the identification of biomarkers, and targets for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Ahtam
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ted K Turesky
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Julianna Standish
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kiho Im
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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128
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Jiang X, Zhang T, Zhang S, Kendrick KM, Liu T. Fundamental functional differences between gyri and sulci: implications for brain function, cognition, and behavior. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2021; 1:23-41. [PMID: 38665307 PMCID: PMC10939337 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Folding of the cerebral cortex is a prominent characteristic of mammalian brains. Alterations or deficits in cortical folding are strongly correlated with abnormal brain function, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, a precise mapping between the anatomy and function of the brain is critical to our understanding of the mechanisms of brain structural architecture in both health and diseases. Gyri and sulci, the standard nomenclature for cortical anatomy, serve as building blocks to make up complex folding patterns, providing a window to decipher cortical anatomy and its relation with brain functions. Huge efforts have been devoted to this research topic from a variety of disciplines including genetics, cell biology, anatomy, neuroimaging, and neurology, as well as involving computational approaches based on machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. However, despite increasing progress, our understanding of the functional anatomy of gyro-sulcal patterns is still in its infancy. In this review, we present the current state of this field and provide our perspectives of the methodologies and conclusions concerning functional differentiation between gyri and sulci, as well as the supporting information from genetic, cell biology, and brain structure research. In particular, we will further present a proposed framework for attempting to interpret the dynamic mechanisms of the functional interplay between gyri and sulci. Hopefully, this review will provide a comprehensive summary of anatomo-functional relationships in the cortical gyro-sulcal system together with a consideration of how these contribute to brain function, cognition, and behavior, as well as to mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Center for Brain and Brain-Inspired Computing Research, School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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129
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Härtner J, Strauss S, Pfannmöller J, Lotze M. Tactile acuity of fingertips and hand representation size in human Area 3b and Area 1 of the primary somatosensory cortex. Neuroimage 2021; 232:117912. [PMID: 33652142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracortical mapping in monkeys revealed a full body map in all four cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1), as well as positive associations between spatio-tactile acuity performance of the fingers and their representation field size especially within cytoarchitectonic Area 3b and Area 1. Previous non-invasive investigations on these associations in humans assumed a monotonous decrease of representation field size from index finger to little finger although the field sizes are known to change in response to training or in disease. Recent developments improved noninvasive functional mapping of S1 by a) adding a cognitive task during repetitive stimulation to decrease habituation to the stimuli, b) smaller voxel size of fMRI-sequences, c) surface-based analysis accounting for cortical curvature, and d) increase of spatial specificity for fMRI data analysis by avoidance of smoothing, partial volume effects, and pial vein signals. We here applied repetitive pneumatic stimulation of digit 1 (D1; thumb) and digit 5 (D5; little finger) on both hands to investigate finger/hand representation maps in the complete S1, but also in cytoarchitectonic Areas 1, 2, 3a, and 3b separately, in 21 healthy volunteers using 3T fMRI. The distances between activation maxima of D1 and D5 were evaluated by two independent raters, blinded for performance parameters. The fingertip representations showed a somatotopy and were localized in the transition region between the crown and the anterior wall of the post central gyrus agreeing with Area 1 and 3b. Participants were comprehensively tested for tactile performance using von Freyhair filaments to determine cutaneous sensory thresholds (CST) as well as grating orientation thresholds (GOT) and two-point resolution (TPD) for spatio-tactile acuity testing. Motor performance was evaluated with pinch grip performance (Roeder test). We found bilateral associations of D1-D5 distance for GOT thresholds and partially also for TPD in Area 3b and in Area 1, but not if using the complete S1 mask. In conclusion, we here demonstrate that 3T fMRI is capable to map associations between spatio-tactile acuity and the fingertip representation in Area 3b and Area 1 in healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Härtner
- Functional Imaging Unit, Center for Diagnostic Radiology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str.46, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Strauss
- Functional Imaging Unit, Center for Diagnostic Radiology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str.46, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany; Neurology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Pfannmöller
- Functional Imaging Unit, Center for Diagnostic Radiology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str.46, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - M Lotze
- Functional Imaging Unit, Center for Diagnostic Radiology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str.46, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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130
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Zajac L, Killiany R. Activity Strength within Optic Flow-Sensitive Cortical Regions Is Associated with Visual Path Integration Accuracy in Aged Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020245. [PMID: 33669177 PMCID: PMC7919670 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation is a cognitive skill fundamental to successful interaction with our environment, and aging is associated with weaknesses in this skill. Identifying mechanisms underlying individual differences in navigation ability in aged adults is important to understanding these age-related weaknesses. One understudied factor involved in spatial navigation is self-motion perception. Important to self-motion perception is optic flow–the global pattern of visual motion experienced while moving through our environment. A set of optic flow-sensitive (OF-sensitive) cortical regions was defined in a group of young (n = 29) and aged (n = 22) adults. Brain activity was measured in this set of OF-sensitive regions and control regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants performed visual path integration (VPI) and turn counting (TC) tasks. Aged adults had stronger activity in RMT+ during both tasks compared to young adults. Stronger activity in the OF-sensitive regions LMT+ and RpVIP during VPI, not TC, was associated with greater VPI accuracy in aged adults. The activity strength in these two OF-sensitive regions measured during VPI explained 42% of the variance in VPI task performance in aged adults. The results of this study provide novel support for global motion processing as a mechanism underlying visual path integration in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zajac
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street (L 1004), Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ronald Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street (L 1004), Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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131
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Cash RFH, Cocchi L, Lv J, Wu Y, Fitzgerald PB, Zalesky A. Personalized connectivity-guided DLPFC-TMS for depression: Advancing computational feasibility, precision and reproducibility. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4155-4172. [PMID: 33544411 PMCID: PMC8357003 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an established treatment for refractory depression, however, therapeutic outcomes vary. Mounting evidence suggests that clinical response relates to functional connectivity with the subgenual cingulate cortex (SGC) at the precise DLPFC stimulation site. Critically, SGC-related network architecture shows considerable interindividual variation across the spatial extent of the DLPFC, indicating that connectivity-based target personalization could potentially be necessary to improve treatment outcomes. However, to date accurate personalization has not appeared feasible, with recent work indicating that the intraindividual reproducibility of optimal targets is limited to 3.5 cm. Here we developed reliable and accurate methodologies to compute individualized connectivity-guided stimulation targets. In resting-state functional MRI scans acquired across 1,000 healthy adults, we demonstrate that, using this approach, personalized targets can be reliably and robustly pinpointed, with a median accuracy of ~2 mm between scans repeated across separate days. These targets remained highly stable, even after 1 year, with a median intraindividual distance between coordinates of only 2.7 mm. Interindividual spatial variation in personalized targets exceeded intraindividual variation by a factor of up to 6.85, suggesting that personalized targets did not trivially converge to a group-average site. Moreover, personalized targets were heritable, suggesting that connectivity-guided rTMS personalization is stable over time and under genetic control. This computational framework provides capacity for personalized connectivity-guided TMS targets to be robustly computed with high precision and has the flexibly to advance research in other basic research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F H Cash
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luca Cocchi
- Clinical Brain Networks Group, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jinglei Lv
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yumeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Epworth Centre for Innovation and Mental Health, Epworth Healthcare and the Monash University Central Clinical School, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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132
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Hajizadeh A, Matysiak A, Brechmann A, König R, May PJC. Why do humans have unique auditory event-related fields? Evidence from computational modeling and MEG experiments. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13769. [PMID: 33475173 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Auditory event-related fields (ERFs) measured with magnetoencephalography (MEG) are useful for studying the neuronal underpinnings of auditory cognition in human cortex. They have a highly subject-specific morphology, albeit certain characteristic deflections (e.g., P1m, N1m, and P2m) can be identified in most subjects. Here, we explore the reason for this subject-specificity through a combination of MEG measurements and computational modeling of auditory cortex. We test whether ERF subject-specificity can predominantly be explained in terms of each subject having an individual cortical gross anatomy, which modulates the MEG signal, or whether individual cortical dynamics is also at play. To our knowledge, this is the first time that tools to address this question are being presented. The effects of anatomical and dynamical variation on the MEG signal is simulated in a model describing the core-belt-parabelt structure of the auditory cortex, and with the dynamics based on the leaky-integrator neuron model. The experimental and simulated ERFs are characterized in terms of the N1m amplitude, latency, and width. Also, we examine the waveform grand-averaged across subjects, and the standard deviation of this grand average. The results show that the intersubject variability of the ERF arises out of both the anatomy and the dynamics of auditory cortex being specific to each subject. Moreover, our results suggest that the latency variation of the N1m is largely related to subject-specific dynamics. The findings are discussed in terms of how learning, plasticity, and sound detection are reflected in the auditory ERFs. The notion of the grand-averaged ERF is critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Hajizadeh
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Research Group Comparative Neuroscience, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Artur Matysiak
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Research Group Comparative Neuroscience, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - André Brechmann
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard König
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Research Group Comparative Neuroscience, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick J C May
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Research Group Comparative Neuroscience, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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133
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Myelin development in visual scene-network tracts beyond late childhood: A multimethod neuroimaging study. Cortex 2021; 137:18-34. [PMID: 33588130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The visual scene-network-comprising the parahippocampal place area (PPA), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and occipital place area (OPA)-shows a prolonged functional development. Structural development of white matter that underlies the scene-network has not been investigated despite its potential influence on scene-network function. The key factor for white matter maturation is myelination. However, research on myelination using the gold standard method of post-mortem histology is scarce. In vivo alternatives diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and myelin water imaging (MWI) so far report broad-scale findings that prohibit inferences concerning the scene-network. Here, we combine MWI, DWI tractography, and fMRI to investigate myelination in scene-network tracts in middle childhood, late childhood, and adulthood. We report increasing myelin from middle childhood to adulthood in right PPA-OPA, and trends towards increases in the left and right RSC-OPA tracts. Investigating tracts to regions highly connected with the scene-network, such as early visual cortex and the hippocampus, did not yield any significant age group differences. Our findings indicate that structural development coincides with functional development in the scene-network, possibly enabling structure-function interactions.
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134
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High-resolution connectomic fingerprints: Mapping neural identity and behavior. Neuroimage 2021; 229:117695. [PMID: 33422711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Connectomes are typically mapped at low resolution based on a specific brain parcellation atlas. Here, we investigate high-resolution connectomes independent of any atlas, propose new methodologies to facilitate their mapping and demonstrate their utility in predicting behavior and identifying individuals. Using structural, functional and diffusion-weighted MRI acquired in 1000 healthy adults, we aimed to map the cortical correlates of identity and behavior at ultra-high spatial resolution. Using methods based on sparse matrix representations, we propose a computationally feasible high-resolution connectomic approach that improves neural fingerprinting and behavior prediction. Using this high-resolution approach, we find that the multimodal cortical gradients of individual uniqueness reside in the association cortices. Furthermore, our analyses identified a striking dichotomy between the facets of a person's neural identity that best predict their behavior and cognition, compared to those that best differentiate them from other individuals. Functional connectivity was one of the most accurate predictors of behavior, yet resided among the weakest differentiators of identity; whereas the converse was found for morphological properties, such as cortical curvature. This study provides new insights into the neural basis of personal identity and new tools to facilitate ultra-high-resolution connectomics.
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135
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Yun HJ, Perez JDR, Sosa P, Valdés JA, Madan N, Kitano R, Akiyama S, Skotko BG, Feldman HA, Bianchi DW, Grant PE, Tarui T, Im K. Regional Alterations in Cortical Sulcal Depth in Living Fetuses with Down Syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:757-767. [PMID: 32940649 PMCID: PMC7786357 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of developmental disabilities. Advanced analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to find brain abnormalities and their relationship to neurocognitive impairments in children and adolescents with DS. Because genetic factors affect brain development in early fetal life, there is a growing interest in analyzing brains from living fetuses with DS. In this study, we investigated regional sulcal folding depth as well as global cortical gyrification from fetal brain MRIs. Nine fetuses with DS (29.1 ± 4.24 gestational weeks [mean ± standard deviation]) were compared with 17 typically developing [TD] fetuses (28.4 ± 3.44). Fetuses with DS showed lower whole-brain average sulcal depths and gyrification index than TD fetuses. Significant decreases in sulcal depth were found in bilateral Sylvian fissures and right central and parieto-occipital sulci. On the other hand, significantly increased sulcal depth was shown in the left superior temporal sulcus, which is related to atypical hemispheric asymmetry of cortical folding. Moreover, these group differences increased as gestation progressed. This study demonstrates that regional sulcal depth is a sensitive marker for detecting alterations of cortical development in DS during fetal life, which may be associated with later neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Jin Yun
- Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Juan David Ruiz Perez
- Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patricia Sosa
- Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Alejandro Valdés
- Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neel Madan
- Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Rie Kitano
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Shizuko Akiyama
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brian G Skotko
- Down Syndrome Program, Genetics, Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Henry A Feldman
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana W Bianchi
- Prenatal Genomics and Fetal Therapy Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tomo Tarui
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kiho Im
- Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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136
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Frankford SA, Nieto-Castañón A, Tourville JA, Guenther FH. Reliability of single-subject neural activation patterns in speech production tasks. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 212:104881. [PMID: 33278802 PMCID: PMC7781091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Speech neuroimaging research targeting individual speakers could help elucidate differences that may be crucial to understanding speech disorders. However, this research necessitates reliable brain activation across multiple speech production sessions. In the present study, we evaluated the reliability of speech-related brain activity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging data from twenty neuro-typical subjects who participated in two experiments involving reading aloud simple speech stimuli. Using traditional methods like the Dice and intraclass correlation coefficients, we found that most individuals displayed moderate to high reliability. We also found that a novel machine-learning subject classifier could identify these individuals by their speech activation patterns with 97% accuracy from among a dataset of seventy-five subjects. These results suggest that single-subject speech research would yield valid results and that investigations into the reliability of speech activation in people with speech disorders are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul A Frankford
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Alfonso Nieto-Castañón
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason A Tourville
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Frank H Guenther
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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137
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Arcaro MJ, Mautz T, Berezovskii VK, Livingstone MS. Anatomical correlates of face patches in macaque inferotemporal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32667-32678. [PMID: 33277435 PMCID: PMC7768718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018780117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate brains typically have regions within the ventral visual stream that are selectively responsive to faces. In macaques, these face patches are located in similar parts of inferotemporal cortex across individuals although correspondence with particular anatomical features has not been reported previously. Here, using high-resolution functional and anatomical imaging, we show that small "bumps," or buried gyri, along the lower bank of the superior temporal sulcus are predictive of the location of face-selective regions. Recordings from implanted multielectrode arrays verified that these bumps contain face-selective neurons. These bumps were present in monkeys raised without seeing faces and that lack face patches, indicating that these anatomical landmarks are predictive of, but not sufficient for, the presence of face selectivity. These bumps are found across primate species that span taxonomy lines, indicating common evolutionary developmental mechanisms. The bumps emerge during fetal development in macaques, indicating that they arise from general developmental mechanisms that result in the regularity of cortical folding of the entire brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Arcaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
| | - Theodora Mautz
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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138
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Meeker TJ, Veldhuijzen DS, Keaser ML, Gullapalli RP, Greenspan JD. Menstrual Cycle Variations in Gray Matter Volume, White Matter Volume and Functional Connectivity: Critical Impact on Parietal Lobe. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:594588. [PMID: 33414702 PMCID: PMC7783210 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.594588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of gonadal hormones in neural plasticity remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of naturally fluctuating hormone levels over the menstrual cycle in healthy females. Gray matter, functional connectivity (FC) and white matter changes over the cycle were assessed by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), resting state fMRI, and structural MRIs, respectively, and associated with serum gonadal hormone levels. Moreover, electrocutaneous sensitivity was evaluated in 14 women in four phases of their menstrual cycle (menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal). Electrocutaneous sensitivity was greater during follicular compared to menstrual phase. Additionally, pain unpleasantness was lower in follicular phase than other phases while pain intensity ratings did not change over the cycle. Significant variations in cycle phase effects on gray matter volume were found in the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) using voxel-based morphometry. Subsequent Freesurfer analysis revealed greater thickness of left IPL during the menstrual phase when compared to other phases. Also, white matter volume fluctuated across phases in left IPL. Blood estradiol was positively correlated with white matter volume both in left parietal cortex and whole cortex. Seed-driven FC between left IPL and right secondary visual cortex was enhanced during ovulatory phase. A seed placed in right IPL revealed enhanced FC between left and right IPL during the ovulatory phase. Additionally, we found that somatosensory cortical gray matter was thinner during follicular compared to menstrual phase. We discuss these results in the context of likely evolutionary pressures selecting for enhanced perceptual sensitivity across modalities specifically during ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Meeker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dieuwke S. Veldhuijzen
- Institute of Psychology, Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michael L. Keaser
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rao P. Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Imaging, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joel D. Greenspan
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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139
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Tan B, Shishegar R, Poudel GR, Fornito A, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Cortical morphometry and neural dysfunction in Huntington's disease: a review. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:1406-1419. [PMID: 33210786 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous neuroimaging techniques have been used to identify biomarkers of disease progression in Huntington's disease (HD). To date, the earliest and most sensitive of these is caudate volume; however, it is becoming increasingly evident that numerous changes to cortical structures, and their interconnected networks, occur throughout the course of the disease. The mechanisms by which atrophy spreads from the caudate to these cortical regions remains unknown. In this review, the neuroimaging literature specific to T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is summarized and new strategies for the investigation of cortical morphometry and the network spread of degeneration in HD are proposed. This new avenue of research may enable further characterization of disease pathology and could add to a suite of biomarker/s of disease progression for patient stratification that will help guide future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Tan
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosita Shishegar
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Govinda R Poudel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sydney Imaging, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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140
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Profant O, Škoch A, Tintěra J, Svobodová V, Kuchárová D, Svobodová Burianová J, Syka J. The Influence of Aging, Hearing, and Tinnitus on the Morphology of Cortical Gray Matter, Amygdala, and Hippocampus. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:553461. [PMID: 33343328 PMCID: PMC7746808 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.553461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a natural process represented by elevated auditory thresholds and decreased speech intelligibility, especially in noisy conditions. Tinnitus is a phantom sound that also potentially leads to cortical changes, with its highest occurrence coinciding with the clinical onset of presbycusis. The aim of our project was to identify age, hearing loss and tinnitus related structural changes, within the auditory system and associated structures. Groups of subjects with presbycusis and tinnitus (22 subjects), with only presbycusis (24 subjects), young tinnitus patients with normal hearing (10 subjects) and young controls (17 subjects), underwent an audiological examination to characterize hearing loss and tinnitus. In addition, MRI (3T MR system, analysis in Freesurfer software) scans were used to identify changes in the cortical and subcortical structures. The following areas of the brain were analyzed: Heschl gyrus (HG), planum temporale (PT), primary visual cortex (V1), gyrus parahippocampus (PH), anterior insula (Ins), amygdala (Amg), and hippocampus (HP). A statistical analysis was performed in R framework using linear mixed-effects models with explanatory variables: age, tinnitus, laterality and hearing. In all of the cortical structures, the gray matter thickness decreased significantly with aging without having an effect on laterality (differences between the left and right hemispheres). The decrease in the gray matter thickness was faster in the HG, PT and Ins in comparison with the PH and V1. Aging did not influence the surface of the cortical areas, however there were differences between the surface size of the reported regions in the left and right hemispheres. Hearing loss caused only a borderline decrease of the cortical surface in the HG. Tinnitus was accompanied by a borderline decrease of the Ins surface and led to an increase in the volume of Amy and HP. In summary, aging is accompanied by a decrease in the cortical gray matter thickness; hearing loss only has a limited effect on the structure of the investigated cortical areas and tinnitus causes structural changes which are predominantly within the limbic system and insula, with the structure of the auditory system only being minimally affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Profant
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Antonín Škoch
- MR Unit, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Tintěra
- MR Unit, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Svobodová
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Diana Kuchárová
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Svobodová Burianová
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Syka
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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141
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Xue A, Kong R, Yang Q, Eldaief MC, Angeli PA, DiNicola LM, Braga RM, Buckner RL, Yeo BTT. The detailed organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity within the individual. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:358-384. [PMID: 33427596 PMCID: PMC7948146 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00561.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct regions of the cerebellum connect to separate regions of the cerebral cortex forming a complex topography. Although cerebellar organization has been examined in group-averaged data, study of individuals provides an opportunity to discover features that emerge at a higher spatial resolution. Here, functional connectivity MRI was used to examine the cerebellum of two intensively sampled individuals (each scanned 31 times). Connectivity to somatomotor cortex showed the expected crossed laterality and topography of the body maps. A surprising discovery was connectivity to the primary visual cortex along the vermis with evidence for representation of the central field. Within the hemispheres, each individual displayed a hierarchical progression from the inverted anterior lobe somatomotor map through to higher-order association zones. The hierarchy ended at Crus I/II and then progressed in reverse order through to the upright somatomotor map in the posterior lobe. Evidence for a third set of networks was found in the most posterior extent of the cerebellum. Detailed analysis of the higher-order association networks revealed robust representations of two distinct networks linked to the default network, multiple networks linked to cognitive control, as well as a separate representation of a language network. Although idiosyncratic spatial details emerged between subjects, each network could be detected in both individuals, and seed regions placed within the cerebellum recapitulated the full extent of the spatially specific cerebral networks. The observation of multiple networks in juxtaposed regions at the Crus I/II apex confirms the importance of this zone to higher-order cognitive function and reveals new organizational details.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Stable, within-individual maps of cerebellar organization reveal orderly macroscale representations of the cerebral cortex with local juxtaposed zones representing distinct networks. In addition, individuals reveal idiosyncratic organizational features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihuiping Xue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ru Kong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark C Eldaief
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Peter A Angeli
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren M DiNicola
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rodrigo M Braga
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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142
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Zhang T, Li X, Jiang X, Ge F, Zhang S, Zhao L, Liu H, Huang Y, Wang X, Yang J, Guo L, Hu X, Liu T. Cortical 3-hinges could serve as hubs in cortico-cortical connective network. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 14:2512-2529. [PMID: 31950404 PMCID: PMC7647986 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mapping the relation between cortical convolution and structural/functional brain architectures could provide deep insights into the mechanisms of brain development, evolution and diseases. In our previous studies, we found a unique gyral folding pattern, termed a 3-hinge, which was defined as the conjunction of three gyral crests. The uniqueness of the 3-hinge was evidenced by its thicker cortex and stronger fiber connections than other gyral regions. However, the role that 3-hinges play in cortico-cortical connective architecture remains unclear. To this end, we conducted MRI studies by constructing structural cortico-cortical connective networks based on a fine-granular cortical parcellation, the parcels of which were automatically labeled as 3-hinge, 2-hinge (ordinary gyrus) or sulcus. On human brains, 3-hinges possess significantly higher degrees, strengths and betweennesses than 2-hinges, suggesting that 3-hinges could serve more like hubs in the cortico-cortical connective network. This hypothesis gains supports from human functional network analyses, in which 3-hinges are involved in more global functional networks than ordinary gyri. In addition, 3-hinges could serve as 'connector' hubs rather than 'provincial' hubs and they account for a dominant proportion of nodes in the high-level 'backbone' of the network. These structural results are reproduced on chimpanzee and macaque brains, while the roles of 3-hinges as hubs become more pronounced in higher order primates. Our new findings could provide a new window to the relation between cortical convolution, anatomical connection and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, #127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, #127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfei Ge
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, #127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, #127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, #127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Radiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, #127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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143
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Del Maschio N, Sulpizio S, Abutalebi J. Thinking outside the box: The brain-bilingualism relationship in the light of early neurobiological variability. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2020; 211:104879. [PMID: 33080496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bilingualism represents a distinctive way to investigate the interplay between brain and behaviour, and an elegant model to study the role of environmental factors in shaping this relationship. Past neuroimaging research has mainly focused on how bilingualism influences brain structure, and how eventually the brain accommodates a second language. In this paper, we discuss a more recent contribution to the field which views bilingualism as lens to understand brain-behaviour mappings from a different perspective. It has been shown, in contexts not related to bilingualism, that cognitive performance across several domains can be predicted by neuroanatomical variants determined prenatally and largely impervious to postnatal changes. Here, we discuss novel findings indicating that bilingualism modulates the predictive role of these variants on domain-specific cognition. The repercussions of these findings are potentially far-reaching on multiple levels, and highlight the need to shape more complex questions for progress in cognitive neuroscience approaches to bilingualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Del Maschio
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Faculty of Psychology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Sulpizio
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Faculty of Psychology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Jubin Abutalebi
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Faculty of Psychology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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144
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Popal H, Quimby M, Hochberg D, Dickerson BC, Collins JA. Altered functional connectivity of cortical networks in semantic variant Primary Progressive Aphasia. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102494. [PMID: 33395985 PMCID: PMC7708956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As their illness progresses, patients with the semantic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (svPPA) frequently exhibit peculiar behaviors indicative of altered visual attention or an increased interest in artistic endeavors. In the present study, we examined changes within and between large-scale functional brain networks that may explain this altered visual behavior. We first examined the connectivity of the visual association network, the dorsal attention network, and the default mode network in healthy young adults (n = 89) to understand the typical architecture of these networks in the healthy brain. We then compared the large-scale functional connectivity of these networks in a group of svPPA patients (n = 12) to a group of age-matched cognitively normal controls (n = 30). Our results showed that the between-network connectivity of the dorsal attention and visual association networks was elevated in svPPA patients relative to controls. We further showed that this heightened between-network connectivity was associated with a decrease in the within-network connectivity of the default mode network, possibly due to progressive degeneration of the anterior temporal lobes in svPPA. These results suggest that focal neurodegeneration can lead to the reorganization of large-scale cognitive networks beyond the primarily affected network(s), possibly contributing to cognitive or behavioral changes that are commonly present as part of the clinical phenotype of svPPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Popal
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan Quimby
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daisy Hochberg
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jessica A Collins
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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145
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Lumaca M, Dietz MJ, Hansen NC, Quiroga-Martinez DR, Vuust P. Perceptual learning of tone patterns changes the effective connectivity between Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:941-952. [PMID: 33146455 PMCID: PMC7856650 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning of complex auditory sequences such as music can be thought of as optimizing an internal model of regularities through unpredicted events (or “prediction errors”). We used dynamic causal modeling (DCM) and parametric empirical Bayes on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to identify modulation of effective brain connectivity that takes place during perceptual learning of complex tone patterns. Our approach differs from previous studies in two aspects. First, we used a complex oddball paradigm based on tone patterns as opposed to simple deviant tones. Second, the use of fMRI allowed us to identify cortical regions with high spatial accuracy. These regions served as empirical regions‐of‐interest for the analysis of effective connectivity. Deviant patterns induced an increased blood oxygenation level‐dependent response, compared to standards, in early auditory (Heschl's gyrus [HG]) and association auditory areas (planum temporale [PT]) bilaterally. Within this network, we found a left‐lateralized increase in feedforward connectivity from HG to PT during deviant responses and an increase in excitation within left HG. In contrast to previous findings, we did not find frontal activity, nor did we find modulations of backward connections in response to oddball sounds. Our results suggest that complex auditory prediction errors are encoded by changes in feedforward and intrinsic connections, confined to superior temporal gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Lumaca
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin J Dietz
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Chr Hansen
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David R Quiroga-Martinez
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
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146
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Wengler K, Goldberg AT, Chahine G, Horga G. Distinct hierarchical alterations of intrinsic neural timescales account for different manifestations of psychosis. eLife 2020; 9:e56151. [PMID: 33107431 PMCID: PMC7591251 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical perceptual-inference models of psychosis may provide a holistic framework for understanding psychosis in schizophrenia including heterogeneity in clinical presentations. Particularly, hypothesized alterations at distinct levels of the perceptual-inference hierarchy may explain why hallucinations and delusions tend to cluster together yet sometimes manifest in isolation. To test this, we used a recently developed resting-state fMRI measure of intrinsic neural timescale (INT), which reflects the time window of neural integration and captures hierarchical brain gradients. In analyses examining extended sensory hierarchies that we first validated, we found distinct hierarchical INT alterations for hallucinations versus delusions in the auditory and somatosensory systems, thus providing support for hierarchical perceptual-inference models of psychosis. Simulations using a large-scale biophysical model suggested local elevations of excitation-inhibition ratio at different hierarchical levels as a potential mechanism. More generally, our work highlights the robustness and utility of INT for studying hierarchical processes relevant to basic and clinical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Wengler
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - George Chahine
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Guillermo Horga
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkUnited States
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147
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Structure of Population Activity in Primary Motor Cortex for Single Finger Flexion and Extension. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9210-9223. [PMID: 33087474 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0999-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How is the primary motor cortex (M1) organized to control fine finger movements? We investigated the population activity in M1 for single finger flexion and extension, using 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in female and male human participants and compared these results to the neural spiking patterns recorded in two male monkeys performing the identical task. fMRI activity patterns were distinct for movements of different fingers, but were quite similar for flexion and extension of the same finger. In contrast, spiking patterns in monkeys were quite distinct for both fingers and directions, which is similar to what was found for muscular activity patterns. The discrepancy between fMRI and electrophysiological measurements can be explained by two (non-mutually exclusive) characteristics of the organization of finger flexion and extension movements. Given that fMRI reflects predominantly input and recurrent activity, the results can be explained by an architecture in which neural populations that control flexion or extension of the same finger produce distinct outputs, but interact tightly with each other and receive similar inputs. Additionally, neurons tuned to different movement directions for the same finger (or combination of fingers) may cluster closely together, while neurons that control different finger combinations may be more spatially separated. When measuring this organization with fMRI at a coarse spatial scale, the activity patterns for flexion and extension of the same finger would appear very similar. Overall, we suggest that the discrepancy between fMRI and electrophysiological measurements provides new insights into the general organization of fine finger movements in M1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The primary motor cortex (M1) is important for producing individuated finger movements. Recent evidence shows that movements that commonly co-occur are associated with more similar activity patterns in M1. Flexion and extension of the same finger, which never co-occur, should therefore be associated with distinct representations. However, using carefully controlled experiments and multivariate analyses, we demonstrate that human fMRI activity patterns for flexion or extension of the same finger are highly similar. In contrast, spiking patterns measured in monkey M1 are clearly distinct. This suggests that populations controlling opposite movements of the same finger, while producing distinct outputs, may cluster together and share inputs and local processing. These results provide testable hypotheses about the organization of hand control in M1.
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148
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Andelin AK, Olavarria JF, Fine I, Taber EN, Schwartz D, Kroenke CD, Stevens AA. The Effect of Onset Age of Visual Deprivation on Visual Cortex Surface Area Across-Species. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4321-4333. [PMID: 30561529 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blindness early in life induces permanent alterations in brain anatomy, including reduced surface area of primary visual cortex (V1). Bilateral enucleation early in development causes greater reductions in primary visual cortex surface area than at later times. However, the time at which cortical surface area expansion is no longer sensitive to enucleation is not clearly established, despite being an important milestone for cortical development. Using histological and MRI techniques, we investigated how reductions in the surface area of V1 depends on the timing of blindness onset in rats, ferrets and humans. To compare data across species, we translated ages of all species to a common neuro-developmental event-time (ET) scale. Consistently, blindness during early cortical expansion induced large (~40%) reductions in V1 surface area, in rats and ferrets, while blindness occurring later had diminishing effects. Longitudinal measurements on ferrets confirmed that early enucleation disrupted cortical expansion, rather than inducing enhanced pruning. We modeled the ET associated with the conclusion of the effect of blindness on surface area at maturity (ETc), relative to the normal conclusion of visual cortex surface area expansion, (ETdev). A final analysis combining our data with extant published data confirmed that ETc occurred well before ETdev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K Andelin
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jaime F Olavarria
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ione Fine
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin N Taber
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Schwartz
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christopher D Kroenke
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alexander A Stevens
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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149
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Fedorenko E, Blank IA, Siegelman M, Mineroff Z. Lack of selectivity for syntax relative to word meanings throughout the language network. Cognition 2020; 203:104348. [PMID: 32569894 DOI: 10.1101/477851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To understand what you are reading now, your mind retrieves the meanings of words and constructions from a linguistic knowledge store (lexico-semantic processing) and identifies the relationships among them to construct a complex meaning (syntactic or combinatorial processing). Do these two sets of processes rely on distinct, specialized mechanisms or, rather, share a common pool of resources? Linguistic theorizing, empirical evidence from language acquisition and processing, and computational modeling have jointly painted a picture whereby lexico-semantic and syntactic processing are deeply inter-connected and perhaps not separable. In contrast, many current proposals of the neural architecture of language continue to endorse a view whereby certain brain regions selectively support syntactic/combinatorial processing, although the locus of such "syntactic hub", and its nature, vary across proposals. Here, we searched for selectivity for syntactic over lexico-semantic processing using a powerful individual-subjects fMRI approach across three sentence comprehension paradigms that have been used in prior work to argue for such selectivity: responses to lexico-semantic vs. morpho-syntactic violations (Experiment 1); recovery from neural suppression across pairs of sentences differing in only lexical items vs. only syntactic structure (Experiment 2); and same/different meaning judgments on such sentence pairs (Experiment 3). Across experiments, both lexico-semantic and syntactic conditions elicited robust responses throughout the left fronto-temporal language network. Critically, however, no regions were more strongly engaged by syntactic than lexico-semantic processing, although some regions showed the opposite pattern. Thus, contra many current proposals of the neural architecture of language, syntactic/combinatorial processing is not separable from lexico-semantic processing at the level of brain regions-or even voxel subsets-within the language network, in line with strong integration between these two processes that has been consistently observed in behavioral and computational language research. The results further suggest that the language network may be generally more strongly concerned with meaning than syntactic form, in line with the primary function of language-to share meanings across minds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Fedorenko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Idan Asher Blank
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Siegelman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zachary Mineroff
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence & Educational Innovation, CMU, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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150
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Fedorenko E, Blank IA, Siegelman M, Mineroff Z. Lack of selectivity for syntax relative to word meanings throughout the language network. Cognition 2020; 203:104348. [PMID: 32569894 PMCID: PMC7483589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To understand what you are reading now, your mind retrieves the meanings of words and constructions from a linguistic knowledge store (lexico-semantic processing) and identifies the relationships among them to construct a complex meaning (syntactic or combinatorial processing). Do these two sets of processes rely on distinct, specialized mechanisms or, rather, share a common pool of resources? Linguistic theorizing, empirical evidence from language acquisition and processing, and computational modeling have jointly painted a picture whereby lexico-semantic and syntactic processing are deeply inter-connected and perhaps not separable. In contrast, many current proposals of the neural architecture of language continue to endorse a view whereby certain brain regions selectively support syntactic/combinatorial processing, although the locus of such "syntactic hub", and its nature, vary across proposals. Here, we searched for selectivity for syntactic over lexico-semantic processing using a powerful individual-subjects fMRI approach across three sentence comprehension paradigms that have been used in prior work to argue for such selectivity: responses to lexico-semantic vs. morpho-syntactic violations (Experiment 1); recovery from neural suppression across pairs of sentences differing in only lexical items vs. only syntactic structure (Experiment 2); and same/different meaning judgments on such sentence pairs (Experiment 3). Across experiments, both lexico-semantic and syntactic conditions elicited robust responses throughout the left fronto-temporal language network. Critically, however, no regions were more strongly engaged by syntactic than lexico-semantic processing, although some regions showed the opposite pattern. Thus, contra many current proposals of the neural architecture of language, syntactic/combinatorial processing is not separable from lexico-semantic processing at the level of brain regions-or even voxel subsets-within the language network, in line with strong integration between these two processes that has been consistently observed in behavioral and computational language research. The results further suggest that the language network may be generally more strongly concerned with meaning than syntactic form, in line with the primary function of language-to share meanings across minds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Fedorenko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Idan Asher Blank
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Siegelman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zachary Mineroff
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence & Educational Innovation, CMU, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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