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Niemann B, Rohrbach S, Miller MR, Newby DE, Fuster V, Kovacic JC. Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk: Obesity, Diabetes, Smoking, and Pollution: Part 3 of a 3-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:230-251. [PMID: 28683970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs whenever the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds endogenous antioxidant capacity. In this paper, we review the specific role of several cardiovascular risk factors in promoting oxidative stress: diabetes, obesity, smoking, and excessive pollution. Specifically, the risk of developing heart failure is higher in patients with diabetes or obesity, even with optimal medical treatment, and the increased release of ROS from cardiac mitochondria and other sources likely contributes to the development of cardiac dysfunction in this setting. Here, we explore the role of different ROS sources arising in obesity and diabetes, and the effect of excessive ROS production on the development of cardiac lipotoxicity. In parallel, contaminants in the air that we breathe pose a significant threat to human health. This paper provides an overview of cigarette smoke and urban air pollution, considering how their composition and biological effects have detrimental effects on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Niemann
- Department of Adult and Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mark R Miller
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David E Newby
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Valentin Fuster
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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102
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Fröhlich E. Hemocompatibility of inhaled environmental nanoparticles: Potential use of in vitro testing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 336:158-167. [PMID: 28494303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemocompatibility testing is an important part in the evaluation of nano-based medicines. However, it is not systematically used for the assessment of environmental particles since they do not come in contact with blood immediately. Studies on human exposure to air-borne particles and pulmonary exposure of rodents have reported alterations in blood physiology. It is not clear, whether these effects are majorly caused by tissue inflammation or translocated particles in blood. This review addresses the question, if in vitro hemocompatibility testing could help in the risk evaluation of inhaled particles. Particle blood concentrations were estimated based on exposure levels, ventilation volume, deposition rate, lung surface area, and permeability of the alveolar epithelium to particles. The categories of hemocompatibility, thrombosis, coagulation, platelets, hematology, and immunology, were introduced. Also, concentrations of ultrafine particles, silver nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes that caused adverse effects in human blood samples were compared to the estimated concentrations of translocated particles. The comparison suggested that, it is unlikely for translocated nanoparticles to be the sole cause of adverse blood effects. Nevertheless, the testing of specific hemocompatibility parameters (hemolysis and clotting) in healthy blood might help to compare biological effect of inhaled particles containing different amounts of contamination. Testing of samples from healthy and diseased persons might help to identify pathological dispositions that increase the possibility of adverse reaction of nanoparticles in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Medical University of Graz, Center for Medical Research, Stiftingtalstr. 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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103
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Liu H, Tian Y, Xu Y, Zhang J. Ambient Particulate Matter Concentrations and Hospitalization for Stroke in 26 Chinese Cities. Stroke 2017; 48:2052-2059. [PMID: 28663508 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.016482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- From the Medical Informatics Center (H.L.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (Y.T.), Peking University, Beijing, China; and Department of Neurology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.X., J.Z.)
| | - Yaohua Tian
- From the Medical Informatics Center (H.L.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (Y.T.), Peking University, Beijing, China; and Department of Neurology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.X., J.Z.)
| | - Yan Xu
- From the Medical Informatics Center (H.L.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (Y.T.), Peking University, Beijing, China; and Department of Neurology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.X., J.Z.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- From the Medical Informatics Center (H.L.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (Y.T.), Peking University, Beijing, China; and Department of Neurology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.X., J.Z.)
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104
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Bourdrel T, Bind MA, Béjot Y, Morel O, Argacha JF. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 110:634-642. [PMID: 28735838 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is composed of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide and ozone. PM is classified according to size into coarse particles (PM10), fine particles (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles. We aim to provide an original review of the scientific evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies examining the cardiovascular effects of outdoor air pollution. Pooled epidemiological studies reported that a 10μg/m3 increase in long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an 11% increase in cardiovascular mortality. Increased cardiovascular mortality was also related to long-term and short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Exposure to air pollution and road traffic was associated with an increased risk of arteriosclerosis, as shown by premature aortic and coronary calcification. Short-term increases in air pollution were associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and acute heart failure. The risk was increased even when pollutant concentrations were below European standards. Reinforcing the evidence from epidemiological studies, numerous experimental studies demonstrated that air pollution promotes a systemic vascular oxidative stress reaction. Radical oxygen species induce endothelial dysfunction, monocyte activation and some proatherogenic changes in lipoproteins, which initiate plaque formation. Furthermore, air pollution favours thrombus formation, because of an increase in coagulation factors and platelet activation. Experimental studies also indicate that some pollutants have more harmful cardiovascular effects, such as combustion-derived PM2.5 and ultrafine particles. Air pollution is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases. Promotion of safer air quality appears to be a new challenge in cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bourdrel
- Radiology Department, Imaging Medical Centre Étoile-Neudorf, 67100 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Marie-Abèle Bind
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences, MA 02138-2901 Cambridge, USA
| | - Yannick Béjot
- Department of Neurology, Dijon Stroke Registry, University Hospital and Medical School of Dijon, University of Burgundy, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Olivier Morel
- Cardiology Department, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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105
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Tian Y, Xiang X, Wu Y, Cao Y, Song J, Sun K, Liu H, Hu Y. Fine Particulate Air Pollution and First Hospital Admissions for Ischemic Stroke in Beijing, China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3897. [PMID: 28634403 PMCID: PMC5478610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to assess the association between short-term changes in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and first hospital admissions for ischemic stroke. We identified 63,956 first hospital admissions for ischemic stroke from the Beijing Medical Claim Data for Employees from January 1, 2010, through June 30, 2012. A generalized additive Poisson model was applied to explore the association between PM2.5 and admissions for ischemic stroke. We also explore the effect modification of risk by age and gender. The exposure-response relationship between PM2.5 and admissions for ischemic stroke was approximately linear, with a relatively stable response at lower concentrations (<100 μg/m3) and a steeper response at higher concentrations. A 10 μg/m3 increase in the same-day PM2.5 concentration was associated with 0.31% (95% CI, 0.17-0.45%, P < 1.57 × 10-5) increase in the daily admissions for ischemic stroke. The association was also statistically significant at lag 1, 2, 3, 0-2 and 0-4 days. Subgroup analyses showed that the association was not different between patients ≥65 years and <65 years old or between males and females. In conclusion, short-term exposure to PM2.5 was positively associated with first hospital admissions for ischemic stroke in Beijing, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yaying Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
- Medical Informatics Center, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China.
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106
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Smyth E, Solomon A, Birrell MA, Smallwood MJ, Winyard PG, Tetley TD, Emerson M. Influence of inflammation and nitric oxide upon platelet aggregation following deposition of diesel exhaust particles in the airways. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2130-2139. [PMID: 28437857 PMCID: PMC5466527 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Exposure to nanoparticulate pollution has been implicated in platelet‐driven thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction. Inflammation and impairment of NO bioavailability have been proposed as potential causative mechanisms. It is unclear, however, whether airways exposure to combustion‐derived nanoparticles such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) or carbon black (CB) can augment platelet aggregation in vivo and the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. We aimed to investigate the effects of acute lung exposure to DEP and CB on platelet activation and the associated role of inflammation and endothelial‐derived NO. Experimental Approach DEP and CB were intratracheally instilled into wild‐type (WT) and eNOS−/− mice and platelet aggregation was assessed in vivo using an established model of radio‐labelled platelet thromboembolism. The underlying mechanisms were investigated by measuring inflammatory markers, NO metabolites and light transmission aggregometry. Key Results Platelet aggregation in vivo was significantly enhanced in WT and eNOS−/− mice following acute airways exposure to DEP but not CB. CB exposure, but not DEP, was associated with significant increases in pulmonary neutrophils and IL‐6 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma of WT mice. Neither DEP nor CB affected plasma nitrate/nitrite concentration and DEP‐induced human platelet aggregation was inhibited by an NO donor. Conclusions and Implications Pulmonary exposure to DEP and subsequent platelet activation may contribute to the reports of increased cardiovascular risk, associated with exposure to airborne pollution, independent of its effects on inflammation or NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smyth
- Platelet Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Solomon
- Platelet Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M J Smallwood
- Inflammation Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - P G Winyard
- Inflammation Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - T D Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Emerson
- Platelet Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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107
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Miller MR, Raftis JB, Langrish JP, McLean SG, Samutrtai P, Connell SP, Wilson S, Vesey AT, Fokkens PHB, Boere AJF, Krystek P, Campbell CJ, Hadoke PWF, Donaldson K, Cassee FR, Newby DE, Duffin R, Mills NL. Inhaled Nanoparticles Accumulate at Sites of Vascular Disease. ACS NANO 2017; 11:4542-4552. [PMID: 28443337 PMCID: PMC5444047 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of engineered nanomaterials is growing exponentially, despite concerns over their potential similarities to environmental nanoparticles that are associated with significant cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms through which inhalation of nanoparticles could trigger acute cardiovascular events are emerging, but a fundamental unanswered question remains: Do inhaled nanoparticles translocate from the lung in man and directly contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease? In complementary clinical and experimental studies, we used gold nanoparticles to evaluate particle translocation, permitting detection by high-resolution inductively coupled mass spectrometry and Raman microscopy. Healthy volunteers were exposed to nanoparticles by acute inhalation, followed by repeated sampling of blood and urine. Gold was detected in the blood and urine within 15 min to 24 h after exposure, and was still present 3 months after exposure. Levels were greater following inhalation of 5 nm (primary diameter) particles compared to 30 nm particles. Studies in mice demonstrated the accumulation in the blood and liver following pulmonary exposure to a broader size range of gold nanoparticles (2-200 nm primary diameter), with translocation markedly greater for particles <10 nm diameter. Gold nanoparticles preferentially accumulated in inflammation-rich vascular lesions of fat-fed apolipoproteinE-deficient mice. Furthermore, following inhalation, gold particles could be detected in surgical specimens of carotid artery disease from patients at risk of stroke. Translocation of inhaled nanoparticles into the systemic circulation and accumulation at sites of vascular inflammation provides a direct mechanism that can explain the link between environmental nanoparticles and cardiovascular disease and has major implications for risk management in the use of engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Miller
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Jennifer B. Raftis
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. Langrish
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G. McLean
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Pawitrabhorn Samutrtai
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shea P. Connell
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Wilson
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex T. Vesey
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H. B. Fokkens
- National
Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A. John F. Boere
- National
Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Krystek
- Department
of Environment and Health, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin J. Campbell
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W. F. Hadoke
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Donaldson
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Flemming R. Cassee
- National
Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David E. Newby
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rodger Duffin
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas L. Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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108
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Hunter AL, Shah ASV, Langrish JP, Raftis JB, Lucking AJ, Brittan M, Venkatasubramanian S, Stables CL, Stelzle D, Marshall J, Graveling R, Flapan AD, Newby DE, Mills NL. Fire Simulation and Cardiovascular Health in Firefighters. Circulation 2017; 135:1284-1295. [PMID: 28373523 PMCID: PMC5377985 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.025711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of myocardial infarction in firefighters are increased during fire suppression duties, and are likely to reflect a combination of factors including extreme physical exertion and heat exposure. We assessed the effects of simulated fire suppression on measures of cardiovascular health in healthy firefighters. METHODS In an open-label randomized crossover study, 19 healthy firefighters (age, 41±7 years; 16 males) performed a standardized training exercise in a fire simulation facility or light duties for 20 minutes. After each exposure, ex vivo thrombus formation, fibrinolysis, platelet activation, and forearm blood flow in response to intra-arterial infusions of endothelial-dependent and -independent vasodilators were measured. RESULTS After fire simulation training, core temperature increased (1.0±0.1°C) and weight reduced (0.46±0.14 kg, P<0.001 for both). In comparison with control, exposure to fire simulation increased thrombus formation under low-shear (73±14%) and high-shear (66±14%) conditions (P<0.001 for both) and increased platelet-monocyte binding (7±10%, P=0.03). There was a dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow with all vasodilators (P<0.001), which was attenuated by fire simulation in response to acetylcholine (P=0.01) and sodium nitroprusside (P=0.004). This was associated with a rise in fibrinolytic capacity, asymptomatic myocardial ischemia, and an increase in plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations (1.4 [0.8-2.5] versus 3.0 [1.7-6.4] ng/L, P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to extreme heat and physical exertion during fire suppression activates platelets, increases thrombus formation, impairs vascular function, and promotes myocardial ischemia and injury in healthy firefighters. Our findings provide pathogenic mechanisms to explain the association between fire suppression activity and acute myocardial infarction in firefighters. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01812317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Hunter
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Anoop S V Shah
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Jeremy P Langrish
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Jennifer B Raftis
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Andrew J Lucking
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Mairi Brittan
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Sowmya Venkatasubramanian
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Catherine L Stables
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Dominik Stelzle
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - James Marshall
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Richard Graveling
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Andrew D Flapan
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - David E Newby
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.).
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109
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Claeys MJ, Rajagopalan S, Nawrot TS, Brook RD. Climate and environmental triggers of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:955-960. [PMID: 27106953 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, a growing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence has led to heightened concerns about the potential short- and long-term deleterious effects of the environment on cardiovascular health, including the risk for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This review highlights the increased risk of AMI caused by exposure to air pollution and cold temperatures. These factors should be considered modifiable risk factors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The current body of knowledge about the biological mechanisms linking environmental changes to atherothrombotic events and the impact of climate change on cardiovascular health are discussed. Finally, recommendations for prevention and public policy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Claeys
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, MI, USA
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110
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Burroughs Peña MS, Rollins A. Environmental Exposures and Cardiovascular Disease: A Challenge for Health and Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Cardiol Clin 2017; 35:71-86. [PMID: 27886791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures in low- and middle-income countries lie at the intersection of increased economic development and the rising public health burden of cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence suggests an association of exposure to ambient air pollution, household air pollution from biomass fuel, lead, arsenic, and cadmium with multiple cardiovascular disease outcomes, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. Although populations in low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately exposed to environmental pollution, evidence linking these exposures to cardiovascular disease is derived from populations in high-income countries. More research is needed to further characterize the extent of environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Burroughs Peña
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, 11th Floor, Room 1180D, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Allman Rollins
- Department of Medicine, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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111
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Vieira JL, Macedo FY, Benjo AM, Guimarães GV, Contreras JP, Bocchi EA. Systemic effects of controlled exposure to diesel exhaust: a meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials. Ann Med 2017; 49:165-175. [PMID: 27763780 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1252054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ambient air pollution is associated with adverse cardiovascular events. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the short-term association between air pollution and cardiovascular effects on healthy volunteers. METHODS We searched databases to identify randomized trials with controlled human exposures to either of two models for studying ambient particulate matter: diesel-exhaust or concentrated ambient particles. Estimates of size effect were performed using standardized mean difference (SMD). Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics. Outcomes were vascular function estimated by forearm blood flow (FBF), blood pressure, heart rate, and blood analysis. RESULTS Database searches yielded 17 articles (n = 342) with sufficient information for meta-analyses. High levels of heterogeneity for the some outcomes were analyzed using random-effects model. The pooled effect estimate showed that short-term exposure to air pollution impaired FBF response from 2.7 to 2.5 mL/100 mL tissue/min (SMD 0.404; p = .006). There was an increase in 5000 platelet/mm3 following pollution exposure (SMD 0.390; p = .050) but no significant differences for other outcomes. CONCLUSION Controlled human exposures to air pollution are associated with the surrogates of vascular dysfunction and increase in platelet count, which might be related to adverse cardiovascular events. Given the worldwide prevalence of exposure to air pollution, these findings are relevant for public health. KEY MESSAGES Controlled exposure to air pollution impairs vasomotor response, which is a surrogate for adverse cardiovascular events. This is the first meta-analysis from randomized clinical trials showing short-term association between air pollution and cardiovascular effects on healthy volunteers. Given the worldwide prevalence of exposure to air pollution, this finding is important for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Luis Vieira
- a Department of Heart Failure , Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilherme V Guimarães
- a Department of Heart Failure , Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Johanna Paola Contreras
- d Department of Cardiology , Heart and Failure Transplant, Mount Sinai Hospital , New York , NY , USA
| | - Edimar A Bocchi
- a Department of Heart Failure , Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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112
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Gouveia-Figueira S, Karimpour M, Bosson JA, Blomberg A, Unosson J, Pourazar J, Sandström T, Behndig AF, Nording ML. Mass spectrometry profiling of oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and N-acylethanolamines in human lung lavage fluids reveals responsiveness of prostaglandin E2 and associated lipid metabolites to biodiesel exhaust exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2967-2980. [PMID: 28235994 PMCID: PMC5366178 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of petrodiesel exhaust exposure on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are well recognized. While biofuels such as rapeseed methyl ester (RME) biodiesel may have ecological advantages, the exhaust generated may cause adverse health effects. In the current study, we investigated the responses of bioactive lipid mediators in human airways after biodiesel exhaust exposure using lipidomic profiling methods. Lipid mediator levels in lung lavage were assessed following 1-h biodiesel exhaust (average particulate matter concentration, 159 μg/m3) or filtered air exposure in 15 healthy individuals in a double-blinded, randomized, controlled, crossover study design. Bronchoscopy was performed 6 h post exposure and lung lavage fluids, i.e., bronchial wash (BW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), were sequentially collected. Mass spectrometry methods were used to detect a wide array of oxylipins (including eicosanoids), endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines, and related lipid metabolites in the collected BW and BAL samples. Six lipids in the human lung lavage samples were altered following biodiesel exhaust exposure, three from BAL samples and three from BW samples. Of these, elevated levels of PGE2, 12,13-DiHOME, and 13-HODE, all of which were found in BAL samples, reached Bonferroni-corrected significance. This is the first study in humans reporting responses of bioactive lipids following biodiesel exhaust exposure and the most pronounced responses were seen in the more peripheral and alveolar lung compartments, reflected by BAL collection. Since the responsiveness and diagnostic value of a subset of the studied lipid metabolites were established in lavage fluids, we conclude that our mass spectrometry profiling method is useful to assess effects of human exposure to vehicle exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny A Bosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon Unosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annelie F Behndig
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Malin L Nording
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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113
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Huang F, Luo Y, Tan P, Xu Q, Tao L, Guo J, Zhang F, Xie X, Guo X. Gaseous Air Pollution and the Risk for Stroke Admissions: A Case-Crossover Study in Beijing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020189. [PMID: 28216595 PMCID: PMC5334743 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Though increasing evidence supports association between gaseous air pollution and stroke, it remains unclear whether the effects differ in season, sex and age. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of gaseous air pollution with stroke admissions in Beijing, 2013–2014 in different subgroups. Methods: Case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression were used to perform the analyses. We examined the exposure-response relationship between air pollution and stroke. Stratified analyses were performed in different seasons, sex, and age groups. Results: There were 147,624 stroke admissions during the study period. In the whole study period, percent changes of stroke admissions were 0.82% (95% CI: 0.52% to 1.13%) and 0.73% (95% CI: 0.44% to 1.03%) per 10 μg/m3 increase in the same day conentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The positive associations were higher in warm seasons and with patients >65 years (p < 0.05). Contrary effects of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone on stroke admissions were observed in different seasons. Conclusions: NO2 and SO2 were positively associated with stroke admissions, with stronger effects in warm seasons and with patients >65 years. The associations of CO and ozone with stroke admissions differed across seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Huang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yanxia Luo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Peng Tan
- Beijing Public Health Information Center, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Qin Xu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lixin Tao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jin Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xueqin Xie
- Beijing Public Health Information Center, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China.
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114
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Biomarkers of endothelial activation and thrombosis in tunnel construction workers exposed to airborne contaminants. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 90:309-317. [PMID: 28124139 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims were to study biomarkers of systemic inflammation, platelet/endothelial activation and thrombosis in tunnel construction workers (TCW). METHODS Biomarkers and blood fatty acids were measured in blood of 90 TCW and 50 referents before (baseline) and towards the end (follow-up) of a 12 days work period. They had been absent from work for 9 days at baseline. Air samples were collected by personal sampling. RESULTS Personal thoracic air samples showed geometric mean (GM) particulate matter and α-quartz concentrations of 604 and 74 µg/m3, respectively. The arithmetic mean (AM) concentration of elemental carbon was 51 µg/m3. The GM (and 95% confidence interval) concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α decreased from 2.2 (2.0-2.4) at baseline to 2.0 pg/mL (1.8-2.2) (p = 0.02) at follow-up among the TCW. Also the platelet activation biomarkers P-selectin and CD40L decreased significantly [25.4 (24.1-26.6) to 24.4 (22.9-26.0)] ng/mL, p = 0.04 and 125 (114-137) to 105 (96-115) pg/mL, p < 0.001, respectively. ICAM-1 concentrations increased from 249 (238-260) to 254 (243-266) ng/mL (p = 0.02). No significant alterations were observed among the referents when assessed by paired sample t test. Unbeneficial alterations in blood fatty acid composition were observed between baseline and follow-up, mainly among referents. CONCLUSIONS TCW had slightly reduced systemic inflammation and platelet activation although highly exposed to particulate matter, α-quarz and diesel exhaust, which might be due to increased physical activity during the exposure period. The slightly increased ICAM-1 may indicate monocyte recruitment to the lungs. The diet was substantially altered towards a less beneficial fatty acid profile.
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115
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Kobza J, Geremek M. Do the pollution related to high-traffic roads in urbanised areas pose a significant threat to the local population? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:33. [PMID: 28012083 PMCID: PMC5182246 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many large neighbourhoods are located near heavy-traffic roads; therefore, it is necessary to control the levels of air pollution near road exposure. The primary air pollutants emitted by motor vehicles are CO, NO2 and PM. Various investigations identify key health outcomes to be consistently associated with NO2 and CO. The objective of this study was the measurement-based assessment for determining whether by high-traffic roads, such as motorways and express ways, and the concentrations of CO and NO2 are within normal limits and do not pose threat to the local population. Average daily values (arithmetic values calculated for 1-h values within 24 h or less, depending on result availability) were measured for concentrations of NO2 and CO by automatic stations belonging to the Voivodship Environmental Protection Inspectorate in Katowice, in areas with similar dominant source of pollutant emission. The measurements were made in three sites: near the motorway and expressway, where the average daily traffic intensity is 100983 and 35414 of vehicles relatively. No evidence was found of exceeding average daily values equal to the maximum allowable NO2 concentration due to the protection of human health in the measurement area of the stations. No daily average values exceeding the admissible CO concentration (8-h moving average) were noted in the examined period. The results clearly show lack of hazards for general population health in terms of increased concentrations of CO and NO2 compounds that are closely related to high intensity car traffic found on selected motorways and speedways located near the city centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kobza
- Public Health Department, School of Public Health, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902, Bytom, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Geremek
- Public Health Department, School of Public Health, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902, Bytom, Poland
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116
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Vieira JL, Guimaraes GV, de Andre PA, Cruz FD, Saldiva PHN, Bocchi EA. Respiratory Filter Reduces the Cardiovascular Effects Associated With Diesel Exhaust Exposure: A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Controlled Study of Heart Failure: The FILTER-HF Trial. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2016; 4:55-64. [PMID: 26738952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to test the effects of a respiratory filter intervention (filter) during controlled pollution exposure. BACKGROUND Air pollution is considered a risk factor for heart failure (HF) decompensation and mortality. METHODS This study was a double-blind, randomized to order, controlled, 3-way crossover, single-center clinical trial. It enrolled 26 patients with HF and 15 control volunteers. Participants were exposed in 3 separate sessions to clean air, unfiltered diesel exhaust exposure (DE), or filtered DE. Endpoints were endothelial function assessed by using the reactive hyperemia index (RHi), arterial stiffness, serum biomarkers, 6-min walking distance, and heart rate variability. RESULTS In patients with HF, DE was associated with a worsening in RHi from 2.17 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.8 to 2.5) to 1.72 (IQR: 1.5 to 2.2; p = 0.002) and an increase in B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) from 47.0 pg/ml (IQR: 17.3 to 118.0 pg/ml) to 66.5 pg/ml (IQR: 26.5 to 155.5 pg/ml; p = 0.004). Filtration reduced the particulate concentration (325 ± 31 μg/m(3) vs. 25 ± 6 μg/m(3); p < 0.001); in the group with HF, filter was associated with an improvement in RHi from 1.72 (IQR: 1.5 to 2.2) to 2.06 (IQR: 1.5 to 2.6; p = 0.019) and a decrease in BNP from 66.5 pg/ml (IQR: 26.5 to 155.5 pg/ml) to 44.0 pg/ml (IQR: 20.0 to 110.0 pg/ml; p = 0.015) compared with DE. In both groups, DE decreased the 6-min walking distance and arterial stiffness, although filter did not change these responses. DE had no effect on heart rate variability or exercise testing. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this trial is the first to show that a filter can reduce both endothelial dysfunction and BNP increases in patients with HF during DE. Given these potential benefits, the widespread use of filters in patients with HF exposed to traffic-derived air pollution may have beneficial public health effects and reduce the burden of HF. (Effects of Air Pollution Exposure Reduction by Filter Mask on Heart Failure; NCT01960920).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson L Vieira
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Paulo A de Andre
- Air Pollution Laboratory, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fátima D Cruz
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edimar A Bocchi
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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117
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Tattersall MC, Barnet JH, Korcarz CE, Hagen EW, Peppard PE, Stein JH. Late-Onset Asthma Predicts Cardiovascular Disease Events: The Wisconsin Sleep Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003448. [PMID: 27559071 PMCID: PMC5079014 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome with different clinical subtypes that is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that the late-onset subtype of asthma is associated with a higher risk of incident CVD. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort free of CVD at baseline were followed for a mean (SD) of 13.9 (5.9) years for development of CVD (myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, coronary revascularization, heart failure, or CVD death). Late-onset asthma was defined as physician-diagnosed asthma at age ≥18 years. Multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, and CVD risk factors were used to assess associations of late-onset asthma and incident CVD. The 1269 participants were 47.3 (8.0) years old; 166 participants had asthma (111 late-onset, 55 early-onset). Participants with late-onset asthma compared to nonasthmatics were more likely to be female (67% versus 44%) and to have a higher body-mass index (32.2 versus 29.4 kg/m(2)) (P<0.05). Mean age of asthma diagnosis in the late-onset group was 39.5 (9.6) years versus 8.9 (5.7) years in the early-onset group (P<0.0001). Late-onset asthmatics had a higher adjusted risk of incident CVD than nonasthmatics (hazard ratio 1.57, 95% CI 1.01-2.45, P=0.045). There was no interaction between body-mass index and age of asthma diagnosis on incident CVD (P=0.83). CONCLUSIONS In a large cohort study of adults followed prospectively for over a decade, late-onset asthmatics had an increased risk of incident CVD events that persisted after adjustment for age, sex, and CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Tattersall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Jodi H Barnet
- Department of Population Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Claudia E Korcarz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Erika W Hagen
- Department of Population Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Paul E Peppard
- Department of Population Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - James H Stein
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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118
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Potential Harmful Effects of PM2.5 on Occurrence and Progression of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Prevention Measures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13080748. [PMID: 27463723 PMCID: PMC4997434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The harmful effects of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 µm (PM2.5) and its association with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has gained increased attention in recent years. Significant associations between PM2.5 and ACS have been found in most studies, although sometimes only observed in specific subgroups. PM2.5-induced detrimental effects and ACS arise through multiple mechanisms, including endothelial injury, an enhanced inflammatory response, oxidative stress, autonomic dysfunction, and mitochondria damage as well as genotoxic effects. These effects can lead to a series of physiopathological changes including coronary artery atherosclerosis, hypertension, an imbalance between energy supply and demand to heart tissue, and a systemic hypercoagulable state. Effective strategies to prevent the harmful effects of PM2.5 include reducing pollution sources of PM2.5 and population exposure to PM2.5, and governments and organizations publicizing the harmful effects of PM2.5 and establishing air quality standards for PM2.5. PM2.5 exposure is a significant risk factor for ACS, and effective strategies with which to prevent both susceptible and healthy populations from an increased risk for ACS have important clinical significance in the prevention and treatment of ACS.
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119
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Debia M, Neesham-Grenon E, Mudaheranwa OC, Ragettli MS. Diesel exhaust exposures in port workers. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:549-557. [PMID: 26891343 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1153802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel engine exhaust has been linked to increased cancer risk and cardiopulmonary diseases. Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture of chemical substances, including a particulate fraction mainly composed of ultrafine particles, resulting from the incomplete combustion of fuel. Diesel trucks are known to be an important source of diesel-related air pollution, and areas with heavy truck traffic are associated with higher air pollution levels and increased public health problems. Several indicators have been proposed as surrogates for estimating exposures to diesel exhaust but very few studies have focused specifically on monitoring the ultrafine fraction through the measurement of particle number concentrations. The aim of this study is to assess occupational exposures of gate controllers at the port of Montreal, Canada, to diesel engine emissions from container trucks by measuring several surrogates through a multimetric approach which includes the assessment of both mass and number concentrations and the use of direct reading devices. A 10-day measurement campaign was carried out at two terminal checkpoints at the port of Montreal. Respirable elemental and organic carbon, PM1, PM2.5, PMresp (PM4), PM10, PMtot (inhalable fraction), particle number concentrations, particle size distributions, and gas concentrations (NO2, NO, CO) were monitored. Gate controllers were exposed to concentrations of contaminants associated with diesel engine exhaust (elemental carbon GM = 1.6 µg/m(3); GSD = 1.6) well below recommended occupational exposure limits. Average daily particle number concentrations ranged from 16,544-67,314 particles/cm³ (GM = 32,710 particles/cm³; GSD = 1.6). Significant Pearson correlation coefficients were found between daily elemental carbon, PM fractions and particle number concentrations, as well as between total carbon, PM fractions and particle number concentrations. Significant correlation coefficients were found between particle number concentrations and the number of trucks and wind speed (R(2) = 0.432; p < 0.01). The presence of trucks with cooling systems and older trucks with older exhaust systems was associated with peak concentrations on the direct reading instruments. The results highlight the relevance of direct reading instruments in helping to identify sources of exposure and suggest that monitoring particle number concentrations improves understanding of workers' exposures to diesel exhaust. This study, by quantifying workers' exposure levels through a multimetric approach, contributes to the further understanding of occupational exposures to diesel engine exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Debia
- a Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Eve Neesham-Grenon
- a Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Oliver C Mudaheranwa
- a Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Martina S Ragettli
- a Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada
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Song X, Liu Y, Hu Y, Zhao X, Tian J, Ding G, Wang S. Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070642. [PMID: 27367707 PMCID: PMC4962183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to assess the transient association between air pollution and cardiac arrhythmia. Five databases were searched for studies investigating the association between daily increases in air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone) and arrhythmia hospitalization or arrhythmia mortality. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Outcomes were analyzed via a random-effects model and reported as relative risk and 95% confidence interval. 25 studies satisfied our inclusion criteria and 23 contributed to the meta-analysis. Arrhythmia hospitalization or mortality were associated with increases in PM2.5 (RR = 1.015 per 10 μg/m³, 95% CI: 1.006-1.024), PM10 (RR = 1.009 per 10 μg/m³, 95% CI: 1.004-1.014), carbon monoxide (RR = 1.041 per 1 ppm, 95% CI: 1.017-1.065), nitrogen dioxide (RR = 1.036 per 10 ppb, 95% CI: 1.020-1.053), and sulfur dioxide (RR = 1.021 per 10 ppb, 95% CI: 1.003-1.039), but not ozone (RR = 1.012 per 10 ppb, 95% CI: 0.997-1.027). Both particulate and gaseous components, with the exception of ozone, have a temporal association with arrhythmia hospitalization or mortality. Compared with Europe and North America, a stronger association was noted in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Song
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Center for Meteorological Environment and Human Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yuling Hu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Center for Meteorological Environment and Human Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Center for Meteorological Environment and Human Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jinhui Tian
- Evidence Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Guowu Ding
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shigong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Center for Meteorological Environment and Human Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China.
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Nemmar A, Beegam S, Yuvaraju P, Yasin J, Tariq S, Attoub S, Ali BH. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles acutely promote thrombosis and cardiac oxidative stress and DNA damage in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:22. [PMID: 27138375 PMCID: PMC4852430 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) are being developed for several biomedical applications including drug delivery and imaging. However, little is known about their possible adverse effects on thrombosis and cardiac oxidative and DNA damage. METHODS Presently, we investigated the acute (1 h) effect of intravenously (i.v.) administered USPIO in mice (0.4, 2 and 10 μg/kg). Diesel exhaust particles (DEP; 400 μg/kg) were used as positive control. RESULTS USPIO induced a prothrombotic effect in pial arterioles and venules in vivo and increased the plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Both thrombogenicity and PAI-1 concentration were increased by DEP. The direct addition of USPIO (0.008, 0.04 and 0.2 μg/ml) to untreated mouse blood dose-dependently induced in vitro platelet aggregation. USPIO caused a shortening of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT). Similarly, DEP administration (1 μg/ml) triggered platelet aggregation in vitro in whole blood. DEP also reduced PT and aPTT. The plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and troponin-I were increased by USPIO. DEP induced a significant increase of CK-MB, LDH and troponin I levels in plasma. The cardiac levels of markers of oxidative stress including lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutase activity were increased by USPIO. Moreover, USPIO caused DNA damage in the heart. Likewise, DEP increased the markers of oxidative stress and induced DNA damage in the heart. CONCLUSION We conclude that acute i.v. administration of USPIO caused thrombosis and cardiac oxidative stress and DNA damage. These findings provide novel insight into the pathophysiological effects of USPIO on cardiovascular homeostasis, and highlight the need for a thorough evaluation of their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Nemmar
- Departments of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sumaya Beegam
- Departments of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Priya Yuvaraju
- Departments of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Javed Yasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samir Attoub
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Badreldin H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat 123, Al-Khod, Sultanate of Oman
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Surowiec I, Karimpour M, Gouveia-Figueira S, Wu J, Unosson J, Bosson JA, Blomberg A, Pourazar J, Sandström T, Behndig AF, Trygg J, Nording ML. Multi-platform metabolomics assays for human lung lavage fluids in an air pollution exposure study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4751-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shaw CA, Mortimer GM, Deng ZJ, Carter ES, Connell SP, Miller MR, Duffin R, Newby DE, Hadoke PWF, Minchin RF. Protein corona formation in bronchoalveolar fluid enhances diesel exhaust nanoparticle uptake and pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:981-91. [PMID: 27027807 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2016.1155672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In biological fluids nanoparticles bind a range of molecules, particularly proteins, on their surface. The resulting protein corona influences biological activity and fate of nanoparticle in vivo. Corona composition is often determined by the biological milieu encountered at the entry portal into the body, and, can therefore, depend on the route of exposure to the nanoparticle. For environmental nanoparticles where exposure is by inhalation, this will be lung lining fluid. This study examined plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) protein binding to engineered and environmental nanoparticles. We hypothesized that protein corona on nanoparticles would influence nanoparticle uptake and subsequent pro-inflammatory biological response in macrophages. All nanoparticles bound plasma and BALF proteins, but the profile of bound proteins varied between nanoparticles. Focusing on diesel exhaust nanoparticles (DENP), we identified proteins bound from plasma to include fibrinogen, and those bound from BALF to include albumin and surfactant proteins A and D. The presence on DENP of a plasma-derived corona or one of purified fibrinogen failed to evoke an inflammatory response in macrophages. However, coronae formed in BALF increased DENP uptake into macrophages two fold, and increased nanoparticulate carbon black (NanoCB) uptake fivefold. Furthermore, a BALF-derived corona increased IL-8 release from macrophages in response to DENP from 1720 ± 850 pg/mL to 5560 ± 1380 pg/mL (p = 0.014). These results demonstrate that the unique protein corona formed on nanoparticles plays an important role in determining biological reactivity and fate of nanoparticle in vivo. Importantly, these findings have implications for the mechanism of detrimental properties of environmental nanoparticles since the principle route of exposure to such particles is via the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Shaw
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Gysell M Mortimer
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Zhou J Deng
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Edwin S Carter
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Shea P Connell
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- c MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David E Newby
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Becerra AZ, Georas S, Brenna JT, Hopke PK, Kane C, Chalupa D, Frampton MW, Block R, Rich DQ. Increases in ambient particulate matter air pollution, acute changes in platelet function, and effect modification by aspirin and omega-3 fatty acids: A panel study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:287-98. [PMID: 27029326 PMCID: PMC4919023 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1157539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Increased particulate matter (PM) air pollutant concentrations have been associated with platelet activation. It was postulated that elevated air pollutant concentrations would be associated with increases in measures of platelet function and that responses would be blunted when taking aspirin and/or fish oil. Data from a sequential therapy trial (30 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus), with 4 clinic visits (first: no supplements, second: aspirin, third: omega-3 fatty acid supplements, fourth: aspirin and omega-3 fatty acids) per subject, were utilized. Using linear mixed models, adjusted for relative humidity, temperature, visit number, and season, changes in three platelet function measures including (1) aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), (2) aggregation induced by collagen, and (3) thromboxane B2 production were associated with interquartile range (IQR) increases in mean concentrations of ambient PM2.5, black carbon, ultrafine particles (UFP; 10-100 nm), and accumulation mode particles (AMP; 100-500 nm) in the previous 1-96 h. IQR increases in mean UFP and AMP concentrations were associated with significant decreases in platelet response, with the largest being a -0.43 log(pg/ml) decrease in log(thromboxane B2) (95% CI = -0.8, -0.1) associated with each 582-particles/cm(3) increase in AMP, and a -1.7 ohm reduction in collagen-induced aggregation (95% CI = -3.1, -0.3) associated with each 2097-particles/cm(3) increase in UFP in the previous 72 h. This UFP effect on thromboxane B2 was significantly muted in diabetic subjects taking aspirin (-0.01 log[pg/ml]; 95% CI = -0.4, 0.3). The reason for this finding remains unknown, and needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adan Z. Becerra
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steve Georas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Philip K. Hopke
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | - Cathleen Kane
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David Chalupa
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mark W. Frampton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Robert Block
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David Q. Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Tabor CM, Shaw CA, Robertson S, Miller MR, Duffin R, Donaldson K, Newby DE, Hadoke PWF. Platelet activation independent of pulmonary inflammation contributes to diesel exhaust particulate-induced promotion of arterial thrombosis. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:6. [PMID: 26857113 PMCID: PMC4746929 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated thrombus formation induced by exposure to combustion-derived air pollution has been linked to alterations in endogenous fibrinolysis and platelet activation in response to pulmonary and systemic inflammation. We hypothesised that mechanisms independent of inflammation contribute to accelerated thrombus formation following exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP). METHODS Thrombosis in rats was assessed 2, 6 and 24 h after administration of DEP, carbon black (CB; control carbon nanoparticle), DQ12 quartz microparticles (to induce pulmonary inflammation) or saline (vehicle) by either intra-tracheal instillation (0.5 mg, except Quartz; 0.125 mg) or intravenous injection (0.5 mg/kg). Thrombogenicity was assessed by carotid artery occlusion, fibrinolytic variables and platelet-monocyte aggregates. Measures of inflammation were determined in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 were measured following direct in vitro exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to DEP (10-150 μg/mL). RESULTS Instillation of DEP reduced the time to thrombotic occlusion in vivo, coinciding with the peak of DEP-induced pulmonary inflammation (6 h). CB and DQ12 produced greater inflammation than DEP but did not alter time to thrombotic occlusion. Intravenous DEP produced an earlier (2 h) acceleration of thrombosis (as did CB) without pulmonary or systemic inflammation. DEP inhibited t-PA and PAI-1 release from HUVECs, and reduced the t-PA/PAI-1 ratio in vivo; similar effects in vivo were seen with CB and DQ12. DEP, but not CB or DQ12, increased platelet-monocyte aggregates. CONCLUSION DEP accelerates arterial thrombus formation through increased platelet activation. This effect is dissociated from pulmonary and systemic inflammation and from impaired fibrinolytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Tabor
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Catherine A Shaw
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Sarah Robertson
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Mark R Miller
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Universiyt of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Ken Donaldson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Universiyt of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - David E Newby
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Miller MR, Mills NL, Newby DE. Road Repairs: Does Exposure to Traffic Affect Mechanisms of Vascular Injury and Repair? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 35:2266-8. [PMID: 26490275 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Miller
- From the University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- From the University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David E Newby
- From the University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Pettit AP, Kipen H, Laumbach R, Ohman-Strickland P, Kelly-McNeill K, Cepeda C, Fan ZH, Amorosa L, Lubitz S, Schneider S, Gow A. Disrupted Nitric Oxide Metabolism from Type II Diabetes and Acute Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144250. [PMID: 26656561 PMCID: PMC4682772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes is an established cause of vascular impairment. Particulate air pollution is known to exacerbate cardiovascular and respiratory conditions, particularly in susceptible populations. This study set out to determine the impact of exposure to traffic pollution, with and without particle filtration, on vascular endothelial function in Type II diabetes. Endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO) has previously been linked to vascular health. Reactive hyperemia induces a significant increase in plasma nitrite, the proximal metabolite of NO, in healthy subjects, while diabetics have a lower and more variable level of response. Twenty type II diabetics and 20 controls (ages 46-70 years) were taken on a 1.5 hr roadway traffic air pollution exposure as passengers. We analyzed plasma nitrite, as a measure of vascular function, using forearm ischemia to elicit a reactive hyperemic response before and after exposure to one ride with and one without filtration of the particle components of pollution. Control subjects displayed a significant increase in plasma nitrite levels during reactive hyperemia. This response was no longer present following exposure to traffic air pollution, but did not vary with whether or not the particle phase was filtered out. Diabetics did not display an increase in nitrite levels following reactive hyperemia. This response was not altered following pollution exposure. These data suggest that components of acute traffic pollution exposure diminish vascular reactivity in non-diabetic individuals. It also confirms that type II diabetics have a preexisting diminished ability to appropriately respond to a vascular challenge, and that traffic pollution exposure does not cause a further measureable acute change in plasma nitrite levels in Type II diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P. Pettit
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States of America
| | - Howard Kipen
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States of America
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ,08854, United States of America
| | - Robert Laumbach
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States of America
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ,08854, United States of America
| | | | - Kathleen Kelly-McNeill
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ,08854, United States of America
| | - Clarimel Cepeda
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ,08854, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Hua Fan
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States of America
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ,08854, United States of America
| | - Louis Amorosa
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States of America
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, United States of America
| | - Sara Lubitz
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States of America
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, United States of America
| | - Stephen Schneider
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States of America
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, United States of America
| | - Andrew Gow
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ,08854, United States of America
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ni L, Chuang CC, Zuo L. Fine particulate matter in acute exacerbation of COPD. Front Physiol 2015; 6:294. [PMID: 26557095 PMCID: PMC4617054 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common airway disorder. In particular, acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) can significantly reduce pulmonary function. The majority of AECOPD episodes are attributed to infections, although environmental stress also plays a role. Increasing urbanization and associated air pollution, especially in developing countries, have been shown to contribute to COPD pathogenesis. Elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) in polluted air are strongly correlated with the onset and development of various respiratory diseases. In this review, we have conducted an extensive literature search of recent studies of the role of PM2.5 (fine PM) in AECOPD. PM2.5 leads to AECOPD via inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), immune dysfunction, and altered airway epithelial structure and microbiome. Reducing PM2.5 levels is a viable approach to lower AECOPD incidence, attenuate COPD progression and decrease the associated healthcare burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ni
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA ; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Pudong Meteorological Service Shanghai, China
| | - Chia-Chen Chuang
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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Wauters A, Vicenzi M, De Becker B, Riga JP, Esmaeilzadeh F, Faoro V, Vachiéry JL, van de Borne P, Argacha JF. At high cardiac output, diesel exhaust exposure increases pulmonary vascular resistance and decreases distensibility of pulmonary resistive vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H2137-44. [PMID: 26497960 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00149.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution has recently been associated with the development of acute decompensated heart failure, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. A pulmonary vasoconstrictor effect of air pollution, combined with its systemic effects, may precipitate decompensated heart failure. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) on pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) under resting and stress conditions but also to determine whether air pollution may potentiate acquired pulmonary hypertension. Eighteen healthy male volunteers were exposed to ambient air (AA) or dilute DE with a particulate matter of <2.5 μm concentration of 300 μg/m(3) for 2 h in a randomized, crossover study design. The effects of DE on PVR, on the coefficient of distensibilty of pulmonary vessels (α), and on right and left ventricular function were evaluated at rest (n = 18), during dobutamine stress echocardiography (n = 10), and during exercise stress echocardiography performed in hypoxia (n = 8). Serum endothelin-1 and fractional exhaled nitric oxide were also measured. At rest, exposure to DE did not affect PVR. During dobutamine stress, the slope of the mean pulmonary artery pressure-cardiac output relationship increased from 2.8 ± 0.5 mmHg · min · l (-1) in AA to 3.9 ± 0.5 mmHg · min · l (-1) in DE (P < 0.05) and the α coefficient decreased from 0.96 ± 0.15 to 0.64 ± 0.12%/mmHg (P < 0.01). DE did not further enhance the hypoxia-related upper shift of the mean pulmonary artery pressure-cardiac output relationship. Exposure to DE did not affect serum endothelin-1 concentration or fractional exhaled nitric oxide. In conclusion, acute exposure to DE increased pulmonary vasomotor tone by decreasing the distensibility of pulmonary resistive vessels at high cardiac output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Wauters
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marco Vicenzi
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Physiology and Physiopathology, Université Libre de Bruxellesm, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Benjamin De Becker
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Philippe Riga
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fatemeh Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vitalie Faoro
- Laboratory of Physiology and Physiopathology, Université Libre de Bruxellesm, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Jean-Luc Vachiéry
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe van de Borne
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Argacha
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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131
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Abstract
Environmental exposure is an important but underappreciated risk factor contributing to the development and severity of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The heart and vascular system are highly vulnerable to a number of environmental agents--ambient air pollution and the metals arsenic, cadmium, and lead are widespread and the most-extensively studied. Like traditional risk factors, such as smoking and diabetes mellitus, these exposures advance disease and mortality via augmentation or initiation of pathophysiological processes associated with CVD, including blood-pressure control, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, vascular function, and atherogenesis. Although residence in highly polluted areas is associated with high levels of cardiovascular risk, adverse effects on cardiovascular health also occur at exposure levels below current regulatory standards. Considering the widespread prevalence of exposure, even modest contributions to CVD risk can have a substantial effect on population health. Evidence-based clinical and public-health strategies aimed at reducing environmental exposures from current levels could substantially lower the burden of CVD-related death and disability worldwide.
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132
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Yeung ENW, Treskes P, Martin SF, Manning JR, Dunbar DR, Rogers SM, Le Bihan T, Lockman KA, Morley SD, Hayes PC, Nelson LJ, Plevris JN. Fibrinogen production is enhanced in an in-vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an isolated risk factor for cardiovascular events? Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:86. [PMID: 26256740 PMCID: PMC4529985 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of excess mortality in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to investigate the individual contribution of NAFLD to CVD risk factors in the absence of pathogenic influences from other comorbidities often found in NAFLD patients, by using an established in-vitro model of hepatic steatosis. Methods Histopathological events in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were recapitulated by focused metabolic nutrient overload of hepatoblastoma C3A cells, using oleate-treated-cells and untreated controls for comparison. Microarray and proteomic data from cell culture experiments were integrated into a custom-built systems biology database and proteogenomics analysis performed. Candidate genes with significant dysregulation and concomitant changes in protein abundance were identified and STRING association and enrichment analysis performed to identify putative pathogenic pathways. Results The search strategy yielded 3 candidate genes that were specifically and significantly up-regulated in nutrient-overloaded cells compared to untreated controls: fibrinogen alpha chain (2.2 fold), fibrinogen beta chain (2.3 fold) and fibrinogen gamma chain (2.1 fold) (all rank products pfp <0.05). Fibrinogen alpha and gamma chain also demonstrated significant concomitant increases in protein abundance (3.8-fold and 2.0-fold, respectively, p <0.05). Conclusions In-vitro modelling of NAFLD and reactive oxygen species formation in nutrient overloaded C3A cells, in the absence of pathogenic influences from other comorbidities, suggests that NAFLD is an isolated determinant of CVD. Nutrient overload-induced up-regulation of all three fibrinogen component subunits of the coagulation cascade provides a possible mechanism to explain the excess CVD mortality observed in NAFLD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0069-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N W Yeung
- Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Philipp Treskes
- Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Sarah F Martin
- Kinetic Parameter Facility, SynthSys, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JD, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Manning
- Bioinformatics Team, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Donald R Dunbar
- Bioinformatics Team, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Sophie M Rogers
- Kinetic Parameter Facility, SynthSys, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JD, UK.
| | - Thierry Le Bihan
- Kinetic Parameter Facility, SynthSys, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JD, UK.
| | - K Ann Lockman
- Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Steven D Morley
- Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Peter C Hayes
- Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - John N Plevris
- Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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133
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Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:631-49. [PMID: 26040976 PMCID: PMC4516868 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite past improvements in air quality, very large parts of the population in urban areas breathe air that does not meet European standards let alone the health-based World Health Organisation Air Quality Guidelines. Over the last 10 years, there has been a substantial increase in findings that particulate matter (PM) air pollution is not only exerting a greater impact on established health endpoints, but is also associated with a broader number of disease outcomes. Data strongly suggest that effects have no threshold within the studied range of ambient concentrations, can occur at levels close to PM2.5 background concentrations and that they follow a mostly linear concentration-response function. Having firmly established this significant public health problem, there has been an enormous effort to identify what it is in ambient PM that affects health and to understand the underlying biological basis of toxicity by identifying mechanistic pathways-information that in turn will inform policy makers how best to legislate for cleaner air. Another intervention in moving towards a healthier environment depends upon the achieving the right public attitude and behaviour by the use of optimal air pollution monitoring, forecasting and reporting that exploits increasingly sophisticated information systems. Improving air quality is a considerable but not an intractable challenge. Translating the correct scientific evidence into bold, realistic and effective policies undisputedly has the potential to reduce air pollution so that it no longer poses a damaging and costly toll on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Kelly
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK,
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134
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Ciriello F, Gualtieri M, Longhin E, Ruffo R, Camatini M, Parenti P. A new method and tool for detection and quantification of PM oxidative potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12469-12478. [PMID: 25903194 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) contains several quinones, which are able to generate reactive oxygen species impacting on cell viability. A method able to detect and quantify PM oxidative potential, based on the cytochrome c (cyt-c) reduction by means of superoxide anion produced through quinones redox cycling in the presence of reducing agents, is here described. Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine resulted to be the most efficient reducing agent among the ones tested. The procedure included rapid particles extraction, followed by two alternative analytical methods, a spectrophotometric assay based on the initial rate of cyt-c reduction at 550 nm, and an amperometric assay, based on self-assembled monolayers modified gold electrodes. The smallest amount of PM needed to obtain an evaluable signal is 2 μg. The described procedure may represent a starting point to develop devices for PM measurements in polluted atmospheric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciriello
- Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dellaScienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy,
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135
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Choi BY, Kobayashi L, Pathania S, Miller CB, Locke ER, Stearns BC, Hudepohl NJ, Patefield SS, Suner S, Williams KA, Machan JT, Jay GD. Detection and Measurement of Unhealthy, Environment-Derived Aerosol Materials in an Emergency Department. HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2015; 9:34-53. [PMID: 26163569 DOI: 10.1177/1937586715592634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure unhealthy aerosol materials in an Emergency Department (ED) and identify their sources for mitigation efforts. BACKGROUND Based on pilot findings of elevated ED particulate matter (PM) levels, investigators hypothesized that unhealthy aerosol materials derive from exogenous (vehicular) sources at ambulance receiving entrances. METHODS The Aerosol Environmental Toxicity in Healthcare-related Exposure and Risk program was conducted as an observational study. Calibrated sensors monitored PM and toxic gases at Ambulance Triage Exterior (ATE), Ambulance Triage Desk (ATD), and control Public Triage Desk (PTD) on a 3/3/3-day cycle. Cassette sampling characterized PM; meteorological and ambulance traffic data were logged. Descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses assessed for interactions between aerosol material levels, location, temporal variables, ambulance activity, and meteorological factors. RESULTS Sensors acquired 93,682 PM0.3, 90,250 PM2.5, and 93,768 PM5 measurements over 366 days to generate a data set representing at least 85.6% of planned measurements. PM0.3, PM2.5, and PM5 mean counts were lowest in PTD; 56%, 224%, and 223% higher in ATD; and 996%, 200%, and 63% higher in ATE, respectively (all p < .001). Qualitative analyses showed similar PM compositions in ATD and ATE. On multiple linear regression analysis, PM0.3 counts correlated primarily with location; PM2.5 and PM5 counts correlated most strongly with location and ambulance presence. PM < 2.5 and toxic gas concentrations at ATD and PTD patient care areas did not exceed hazard levels; PM0.3 counts did not have formal safety thresholds for comparison. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of PM were linked with ED ambulance areas, although their health impact is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Y Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Leo Kobayashi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Lifespan Medical Simulation Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shivany Pathania
- Emergency Department, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Emma R Locke
- Emergency Department, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Nathan J Hudepohl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Scott S Patefield
- Facilities and Emergency Management, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Selim Suner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kenneth A Williams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jason T Machan
- Research Administration/Biostatistics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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136
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Liu Y, Goodson JM, Zhang B, Chin MT. Air pollution and adverse cardiac remodeling: clinical effects and basic mechanisms. Front Physiol 2015; 6:162. [PMID: 26042051 PMCID: PMC4438225 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution has long been known to trigger cardiovascular events, primarily through activation of local and systemic inflammatory pathways that affect the vasculature. Detrimental effects of air pollution exposure on heart failure and cardiac remodeling have also been described in human populations. Recent studies in both human subjects and animal models have provided insights into the basic physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms that play a role in adverse cardiac remodeling. This review will give a brief overview of the relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular disease, describe the clinical effects of air pollution exposure on cardiac remodeling, describe the basic mechanisms that affect remodeling as described in human and animal systems and will discuss future areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jamie M Goodson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael T Chin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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137
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The role of oxidative stress in the cardiovascular actions of particulate air pollution. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1006-11. [PMID: 25109994 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been estimated to be responsible for several millions of deaths worldwide per year, the majority of which have been attributed to cardiovascular causes. The particulate matter in air pollution has been shown impair vascular function, increase blood pressure, promote thrombosis and impair fibrinolysis, accelerate the development of atherosclerosis, increase the extent of myocardial ischaemia, and increase susceptibility to myocardial infarction. The pathways underlying these effects are complex and poorly understood; however, particulate-induced oxidative stress repeatedly emerges as a potential mechanism in all of these detrimental cardiovascular actions. The present mini-review will use diesel exhaust as an example of a pollutant rich in combustion-derived nanoparticles, to describe the potential by which oxidative stress could drive the cardiovascular effects of air pollution.
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138
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Nieto PJG, Antón JCÁ, Vilán JAV, García-Gonzalo E. Air quality modeling in the Oviedo urban area (NW Spain) by using multivariate adaptive regression splines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6642-6659. [PMID: 25414030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research work is to build a regression model of air quality by using the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) technique in the Oviedo urban area (northern Spain) at a local scale. To accomplish the objective of this study, the experimental data set made up of nitrogen oxides (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and dust (PM10) was collected over 3 years (2006-2008). The US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) establishes the limit values of the main pollutants in the atmosphere in order to ensure the health of healthy people. Firstly, this MARS regression model captures the main perception of statistical learning theory in order to obtain a good prediction of the dependence among the main pollutants in the Oviedo urban area. Secondly, the main advantages of MARS are its capacity to produce simple, easy-to-interpret models, its ability to estimate the contributions of the input variables, and its computational efficiency. Finally, on the basis of these numerical calculations, using the MARS technique, conclusions of this research work are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J García Nieto
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oviedo, 33007, Oviedo, Spain,
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139
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Shah ASV, Lee KK, McAllister DA, Hunter A, Nair H, Whiteley W, Langrish JP, Newby DE, Mills NL. Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2015; 350:h1295. [PMID: 25810496 PMCID: PMC4373601 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the evidence for the short term association between air pollution and stroke. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, Global Health, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science searched to January 2014 with no language restrictions. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies investigating the short term associations (up to lag of seven days) between daily increases in gaseous pollutants (carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone) and particulate matter (<2.5 µm or <10 µm diameter (PM2.5 and PM10)), and admission to hospital for stroke or mortality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Admission to hospital and mortality from stroke. RESULTS From 2748 articles, 238 were reviewed in depth with 103 satisfying our inclusion criteria and 94 contributing to our meta-estimates. This provided a total of 6.2 million events across 28 countries. Admission to hospital for stroke or mortality from stroke was associated with an increase in concentrations of carbon monoxide (relative risk 1.015 per 1 ppm, 95% confidence interval 1.004 to 1.026), sulphur dioxide (1.019 per 10 ppb, 1.011 to 1.027), and nitrogen dioxide (1.014 per 10 ppb, 1.009 to 1.019). Increases in PM2.5 and PM10 concentration were also associated with admission and mortality (1.011 per 10 μg/m(3) (1.011 to 1.012) and 1.003 per 10 µg/m(3) (1.002 to 1.004), respectively). The weakest association was seen with ozone (1.001 per 10 ppb, 1.000 to 1.002). Strongest associations were observed on the day of exposure with more persistent effects observed for PM(2·5). CONCLUSION Gaseous and particulate air pollutants have a marked and close temporal association with admissions to hospital for stroke or mortality from stroke. Public and environmental health policies to reduce air pollution could reduce the burden of stroke. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO-CRD42014009225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop S V Shah
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Kuan Ken Lee
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David A McAllister
- Centre of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda Hunter
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Whiteley
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy P Langrish
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David E Newby
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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140
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Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Linking ambient particulate matter pollution effects with oxidative biology and immune responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1340:84-94. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health; Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine; King's College; London United Kingdom
| | - Julia C. Fussell
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health; Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine; King's College; London United Kingdom
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141
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Indoor and outdoor exposure to ultrafine, fine and microbiologically derived particulate matter related to cardiovascular and respiratory effects in a panel of elderly urban citizens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:1667-86. [PMID: 25648225 PMCID: PMC4344687 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120201667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To explore associations of exposure to ambient and indoor air particulate and bio-aerosol pollutants with cardiovascular and respiratory disease markers, we utilized seven repeated measurements from 48 elderly subjects participating in a 4-week home air filtration study. Microvascular function (MVF), lung function, blood leukocyte counts, monocyte adhesion molecule expression, C-reactive protein, Clara cell protein (CC16) and surfactant protein-D (SPD) were examined in relation to exposure preceding each measurement. Exposure assessment included 48-h urban background monitoring of PM10, PM2.5 and particle number concentration (PNC), weekly measurements of PM2.5 in living- and bedroom, 24-h measurements of indoor PNC three times, and bio-aerosol components in settled dust on a 2-week basis. Statistically significant inverse associations included: MVF with outdoor PNC; granulocyte counts with PM2.5; CD31 expression with dust fungi; SPD with dust endotoxin. Significant positive associations included: MVF with dust bacteria; monocyte expression of CD11 with PM2.5 in the bedroom and dust bacteria and endotoxin, CD31 expression with dust serine protease; serum CC16 with dust NAGase. Multiple comparisons demand cautious interpretation of results, which suggest that outdoor PNC have adverse effects on MVF, and outdoor and indoor PM2.5 and bio-aerosols are associated with markers of inflammation and lung cell integrity.
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142
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Newby DE, Mannucci PM, Tell GS, Baccarelli AA, Brook RD, Donaldson K, Forastiere F, Franchini M, Franco OH, Graham I, Hoek G, Hoffmann B, Hoylaerts MF, Künzli N, Mills N, Pekkanen J, Peters A, Piepoli MF, Rajagopalan S, Storey RF. Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:83-93b. [PMID: 25492627 PMCID: PMC6279152 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David E Newby
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pier M Mannucci
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Cà Granda Foundation Maggiore Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Grethe S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ken Donaldson
- Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Massimo Franchini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Carlo Poma, Mantova, Italy
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ian Graham
- Department of Cardiology, Charlemont Cardiology, Charlemont Mall, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc F Hoylaerts
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Mills
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Cardiovacular Disease Research (DZHK), Munich-Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Massimo F Piepoli
- Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology, G da Saliceto Hospital, AUSL Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Robert F Storey
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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143
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Di Ciaula A, Bilancia M. Relationships between mild PM10 and ozone urban air levels and spontaneous abortion: clues for primary prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2015; 25:640-55. [PMID: 25609560 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2014.1003041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of environmental pollution on spontaneous abortion (SAB) are still unclear. Records of SAB were collected from five cities (514,996 residents) and correlated with PM10, NO(2) and ozone levels. Median pollutant concentrations were below legal limits. Monthly SABs positively correlated with PM10 and ozone levels but not with NO(2) levels. The mean monthly SAB rate increase was estimated equal to 19.7 and 33.6 % per 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM10 or ozone concentration, respectively. Higher values of PM10 and SABs were evident in cities with- than in those without pollutant industries, with a number of SABs twofolds higher in the former group. In conclusion, SAB occurrence is affected by PM10 (particularly if industrial areas are present) and ozone concentrations, also at levels below the legal limits. Thus, SAB might be considered, at least in part, a preventable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Bisceglie (ASL BAT), International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE) , Italy
| | - Massimo Bilancia
- b Ionic Department in Legal and Economic System of Mediterranean: Society, Environment, Culture , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
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144
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Abstract
Air pollution is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although the epidemiologic association between air pollution exposures and exacerbation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well established, the mechanisms by which these exposures promote CVD are incompletely understood. This review provides an overview of the components of air pollution, an overview of the cardiovascular effects of air pollution exposure, and a review of the basic mechanisms that are activated by exposure to promote CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Chin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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145
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Roy A, Gong J, Thomas DC, Zhang J, Kipen HM, Rich DQ, Zhu T, Huang W, Hu M, Wang G, Wang Y, Zhu P, Lu SE, Ohman-Strickland P, Diehl SR, Eckel SP. The cardiopulmonary effects of ambient air pollution and mechanistic pathways: a comparative hierarchical pathway analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114913. [PMID: 25502951 PMCID: PMC4264846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated the associations between exposure to ambient air pollution and biomarkers of physiological pathways, yet little has been done on the comparison across biomarkers of different pathways to establish the temporal pattern of biological response. In the current study, we aim to compare the relative temporal patterns in responses of candidate pathways to different pollutants. Four biomarkers of pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress, five biomarkers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, ten parameters of autonomic function, and three biomarkers of hemostasis were repeatedly measured in 125 young adults, along with daily concentrations of ambient CO, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, EC, OC, and sulfate, before, during, and after the Beijing Olympics. We used a two-stage modeling approach, including Stage I models to estimate the association between each biomarker and pollutant over each of 7 lags, and Stage II mixed-effect models to describe temporal patterns in the associations when grouping the biomarkers into the four physiological pathways. Our results show that candidate pathway groupings of biomarkers explained a significant amount of variation in the associations for each pollutant, and the temporal patterns of the biomarker-pollutant-lag associations varied across candidate pathways (p<0.0001) and were not linear (from lag 0 to lag 3: p = 0.0629, from lag 3 to lag 6: p = 0.0005). These findings suggest that, among this healthy young adult population, the pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress pathway is the first to respond to ambient air pollution exposure (within 24 hours) and the hemostasis pathway responds gradually over a 2-3 day period. The initial pulmonary response may contribute to the more gradual systemic changes that likely ultimately involve the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Duncan C. Thomas
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Howard M. Kipen
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David Q. Rich
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Public Health Sciences. Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tong Zhu
- Peking University, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and the Center for Environment and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Peking University, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Hu
- Peking University, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and the Center for Environment and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Guangfa Wang
- Peking University First Hospital, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuedan Wang
- Peking University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Peking University First Hospital, Department of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-En Lu
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Pamela Ohman-Strickland
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Diehl
- Rutgers School of Dentistry, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Complex Disease, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sandrah P. Eckel
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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146
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Hunter AL, Unosson J, Bosson JA, Langrish JP, Pourazar J, Raftis JB, Miller MR, Lucking AJ, Boman C, Nyström R, Donaldson K, Flapan AD, Shah ASV, Pung L, Sadiktsis I, Masala S, Westerholm R, Sandström T, Blomberg A, Newby DE, Mills NL. Effect of wood smoke exposure on vascular function and thrombus formation in healthy fire fighters. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:62. [PMID: 25487196 PMCID: PMC4338635 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death in fire fighters and has been linked with exposure to air pollution and fire suppression duties. We therefore investigated the effects of wood smoke exposure on vascular vasomotor and fibrinolytic function, and thrombus formation in healthy fire fighters. METHODS In a double-blind randomized cross-over study, 16 healthy male fire fighters were exposed to wood smoke (~1 mg/m³ particulate matter concentration) or filtered air for one hour during intermittent exercise. Arterial pressure and stiffness were measured before and immediately after exposure, and forearm blood flow was measured during intra-brachial infusion of endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilators 4-6 hours after exposure. Thrombus formation was assessed using the ex vivo Badimon chamber at 2 hours, and platelet activation was measured using flow cytometry for up to 24 hours after the exposure. RESULTS Compared to filtered air, exposure to wood smoke increased blood carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations (1.3% versus 0.8%; P < 0.001), but had no effect on arterial pressure, augmentation index or pulse wave velocity (P > 0.05 for all). Whilst there was a dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow with each vasodilator (P < 0.01 for all), there were no differences in blood flow responses to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside or verapamil between exposures (P > 0.05 for all). Following exposure to wood smoke, vasodilatation to bradykinin increased (P = 0.003), but there was no effect on bradykinin-induced tissue-plasminogen activator release, thrombus area or markers of platelet activation (P > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Wood smoke exposure does not impair vascular vasomotor or fibrinolytic function, or increase thrombus formation in fire fighters. Acute cardiovascular events following fire suppression may be precipitated by exposure to other air pollutants or through other mechanisms, such as strenuous physical exertion and dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Hunter
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jon Unosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jenny A Bosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jeremy P Langrish
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Mark R Miller
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Andrew J Lucking
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Christoffer Boman
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Robin Nyström
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Andrew D Flapan
- Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Anoop S V Shah
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Louis Pung
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Silvia Masala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - David E Newby
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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147
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Pan A, Clark ML, Ang LW, Yu MC, Yuan JM, Koh WP. Incense use and cardiovascular mortality among Chinese in Singapore: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:1279-84. [PMID: 25127437 PMCID: PMC4256695 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incense burning is common in many parts of the world. Although it is perceived that particulate matter from incense smoke is deleterious to health, there is no epidemiologic evidence linking domestic exposure to cardiovascular mortality. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between exposure to incense burning and cardiovascular mortality in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. METHODS We enrolled a total of 63,257 Singapore Chinese 45-74 years of age during 1993-1998. All participants were interviewed in person to collect information about lifestyle behaviors, including the practice of burning incense at home. We identified cardiovascular deaths via record linkage with the nationwide death registry through 31 December 2011. RESULTS In this cohort, 76.9% were current incense users, and most of the current users (89.9%) had burned incense daily for ≥ 20 years. Relative to noncurrent users, current users had a 12% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality [multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.20]. The HR was 1.19 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.37) for mortality due to stroke and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.21) for mortality due to coronary heart disease. The association between current incense use and cardiovascular mortality appeared to be limited to participants without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.26) but not linked to those with a history (HR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.17). In addition, the association was stronger in never-smokers (HR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.23) and former smokers (HR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.42) than in current smokers (HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.22). CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to incense burning in the home environment was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Pan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, and
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148
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Karottki DG, Bekö G, Clausen G, Madsen AM, Andersen ZJ, Massling A, Ketzel M, Ellermann T, Lund R, Sigsgaard T, Møller P, Loft S. Cardiovascular and lung function in relation to outdoor and indoor exposure to fine and ultrafine particulate matter in middle-aged subjects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:372-81. [PMID: 25233101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between exposure to airborne indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular and respiratory health in a population-based sample of 58 residences in Copenhagen, Denmark. Over a 2-day period indoor particle number concentrations (PNC, 10-300 nm) and PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter<2.5 μm) were monitored for each of the residences in the living room, and outdoor PNC (10-280 nm), PM2.5 and PM10 (aerodynamic diameter<10 μm) were monitored at an urban background station in Copenhagen. In the morning, after the 2-day monitoring period, we measured microvascular function (MVF) and lung function and collected blood samples for biomarkers related to inflammation, in 78 middle-aged residents. Bacteria, endotoxin and fungi were analyzed in material from electrostatic dust fall collectors placed in the residences for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using linear regression with the generalized estimating equation approach. Statistically significant associations were found between indoor PNC, dominated by indoor use of candles, and lower lung function, the prediabetic marker HbA1c and systemic inflammatory markers observed as changes in leukocyte differential count and expression of adhesion markers on monocytes, whereas C-reactive protein was significantly associated with indoor PM2.5. The presence of indoor endotoxin was associated with lower lung function and expression of adhesion markers on monocytes. An inverse association between outdoor PNC and MVF was also statistically significant. The study suggests that PNC in the outdoor environment may be associated with decreased MVF, while PNC, mainly driven by candle burning, and bioaerosols in the indoor environment may have a negative effect on lung function and markers of systemic inflammation and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Gabriela Karottki
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Zorana Jovanovic Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ellermann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rikke Lund
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health - Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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149
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Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM, Ko S, Kelly-McNeil K, Cepeda C, Pettit A, Ohman-Strickland P, Zhang L, Zhang J, Gong J, Veleeparambil M, Gow AJ. A controlled trial of acute effects of human exposure to traffic particles on pulmonary oxidative stress and heart rate variability. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:45. [PMID: 25361615 PMCID: PMC4236446 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For many individuals, daily commuting activities on roadways account for a substantial proportion of total exposure, as well as peak-level exposures, to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPS) including ultrafine particles, but the health impacts of these exposures are not well-understood. We sought to determine if exposure to TRAPs particles during commuting causes acute oxidative stress in the respiratory tract or changes in heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic activity. Methods We conducted a randomized, cross-over trial in which twenty-one young adults took two 1.5-hr rides in a passenger vehicle in morning rush-hour traffic. The subjects wore a powered-air-purifying respirator, and were blinded to high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration during one of the rides. At time points before and after the rides, we measured HRV and markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) including nitrite, the sum of nitrite and nitrate, malondialdehyde, and 8-isoprostane. We used mixed linear models to evaluate the effect of exposure on EBC and HRV outcomes, adjusting for pre-exposure response levels. We used linear models to examine the effects of particle concentrations on EBC outcomes at post-exposure time points. Results Mean EBC nitrite and the sum of nitrite and nitrate were increased from baseline at immediately post-exposure comparing unfiltered to filtered rides (2.11 μM vs 1.70 μM, p = 0.02 and 19.1 μM vs 10.0 μM, p = 0.02, respectively). Mean EBC malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were about 10% greater following the unfiltered vs. filtered exposures, although this result was not statistically significant. We found no significant associations between exposure to traffic particles and HRV outcomes at any of the time points. At immediately post-exposure, an interquartile range increase in particle number concentration was associated with statistically significant increases in nitrite (99.4%, 95% CI 32.1% to 166.7%) and nitrite + nitrate (75.7%, 95% CI 21.5% to 130.0%). Conclusions Increases in markers of oxidative stress in EBC may represent early biological responses to widespread exposures to TRAPs particles that affect passengers in vehicles on heavily trafficked roadways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Laumbach
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Howard M Kipen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Susan Ko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Kathie Kelly-McNeil
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Clarimel Cepeda
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Ashley Pettit
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Manoj Veleeparambil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Pharmacy and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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150
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Habert C, Garnier R. [Health effects of diesel exhaust: a state of the art]. Rev Mal Respir 2014; 32:138-54. [PMID: 25765120 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review presents the state of knowledge regarding the acute and chronic toxicity of diesel engine exhaust in humans. STATE OF ART The health effects of diesel engine exhaust, which is a complex mixture of gas and particulate matter (ultrafine and fine particles), are mainly irritation of the respiratory tract and carcinogenicity. They may also facilitate the development of respiratory allergies. A recent reassessment by the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there is sufficient evidence of a causal association between exposure to diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer. PERSPECTIVES The epidemiologic data collected during the last two decades also show limited evidence of increased risks of bladder cancer, as well as of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in diesel engine exhaust exposed workers. Both experimental and epidemiological studies have involved the effect of emissions from traditional diesel engine technology. Major developments in this technology have occurred recently and the toxicity of emissions from these new engines is still to be characterized. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to explore the link between diesel engine exhaust exposure and the risks of bladder cancer, as well as of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory allergies. Research is also needed to get more information about the toxicity of the new diesel technology emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Habert
- Société nationale des chemins de fer, cellule de toxicologie, département prévention et santé, 44, rue de Rome, 75008 Paris, France.
| | - R Garnier
- Société nationale des chemins de fer, cellule de toxicologie, département prévention et santé, 44, rue de Rome, 75008 Paris, France; Centre antipoison de Paris, groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Saint Louis, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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