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Lenzen M, Li M, Malik A, Pomponi F, Sun YY, Wiedmann T, Faturay F, Fry J, Gallego B, Geschke A, Gómez-Paredes J, Kanemoto K, Kenway S, Nansai K, Prokopenko M, Wakiyama T, Wang Y, Yousefzadeh M. Global socio-economic losses and environmental gains from the Coronavirus pandemic. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235654. [PMID: 32645023 PMCID: PMC7347123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
On 3 April 2020, the Director-General of the WHO stated: "[COVID-19] is much more than a health crisis. We are all aware of the profound social and economic consequences of the pandemic (WHO, 2020)". Such consequences are the result of counter-measures such as lockdowns, and world-wide reductions in production and consumption, amplified by cascading impacts through international supply chains. Using a global multi-regional macro-economic model, we capture direct and indirect spill-over effects in terms of social and economic losses, as well as environmental effects of the pandemic. Based on information as of May 2020, we show that global consumption losses amount to 3.8$tr, triggering significant job (147 million full-time equivalent) and income (2.1$tr) losses. Global atmospheric emissions are reduced by 2.5Gt of greenhouse gases, 0.6Mt of PM2.5, and 5.1Mt of SO2 and NOx. While Asia, Europe and the USA have been the most directly impacted regions, and transport and tourism the immediately hit sectors, the indirect effects transmitted along international supply chains are being felt across the entire world economy. These ripple effects highlight the intrinsic link between socio-economic and environmental dimensions, and emphasise the challenge of addressing unsustainable global patterns. How humanity reacts to this crisis will define the post-pandemic world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Lenzen
- Integrated Sustainability Analysis, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mengyu Li
- Integrated Sustainability Analysis, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arunima Malik
- Integrated Sustainability Analysis, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Accounting, School of Business, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesco Pomponi
- Resource Efficient Built Environment Lab, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ya-Yen Sun
- Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Wiedmann
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Futu Faturay
- Fiscal Policy Agency, Ministry of Finance of The Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jacob Fry
- Integrated Sustainability Analysis, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Blanca Gallego
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arne Geschke
- Integrated Sustainability Analysis, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jorge Gómez-Paredes
- School of Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Steven Kenway
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Keisuke Nansai
- Integrated Sustainability Analysis, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mikhail Prokopenko
- Centre for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Takako Wakiyama
- Integrated Sustainability Analysis, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Moslem Yousefzadeh
- Integrated Sustainability Analysis, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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102
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Zheng Z, Yao Z, Wu K, Zheng J. The diagnosis of pandemic coronavirus pneumonia: A review of radiology examination and laboratory test. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104396. [PMID: 32438256 PMCID: PMC7189856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), epidemic prevention strategies have been implemented worldwide. For the sake of controlling the infectious coronavirus pneumonia, early diagnosis and quarantine play an imperative role. Currently, the mainstream diagnostic methods are imaging and laboratory diagnosis, which differ in their efficacy of diagnosis. To compare the detection rate, we reviewed numerous literature on pneumonia caused by coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2) and analyzed two different ways of diagnosis. The results showed that the detection rate of computed tomography (CT) diagnosis was significantly higher than that of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (P = 0.00697). Still, clinicians should combine radiology and laboratory methods to achieve a higher detection rate, so that instant isolation and treatment could be effectively conducted to curb the rampant spread of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- Department of Evidence-based Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Medical Aid Team in Wuhan, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixian Yao
- Department of Evidence-based Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Medical Aid Team in Wuhan, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Evidence-based Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Medical Aid Team in Wuhan, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junhua Zheng
- Department of Evidence-based Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Medical Aid Team in Wuhan, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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103
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Lassandro G, Palladino V, Amoruso A, Palmieri VV, Russo G, Giordano P. Children in Coronaviruses' Wonderland: What Clinicians Need to Know. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2020; 12:e2020042. [PMID: 32670520 PMCID: PMC7340228 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) commonly cause mild upper-respiratory tract illnesses but can lead to more severe and diffusive diseases. A variety of signs and symptoms may be present, and infections can range in severity from the common cold and sore throat to more serious laryngeal or tracheal infections, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Among the seven coronaviruses that affect humans (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent potential life-threatening diseases worldwide. In adults, they may cause severe pneumonia that evolves in respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure with a high mortality rate. Children appear to be less susceptible to develop severe clinical disease and present usually with mild and aspecific symptoms similar to other respiratory infections typical of childhood. However, some children, such as infants, adolescents, or those with underlying diseases may be more at-risk categories and require greater caution from clinicians. Available data on pediatric coronavirus infections are rare and scattered in the literature. The purpose of this review is to provide to clinicians a complete and updated panel useful to recognize and characterize the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of coronavirus infections in the pediatric age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lassandro
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Palladino
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Amoruso
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Valeria Palmieri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Russo
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology-Pediatric Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” Bari, Italy
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104
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Arisan ED, Uysal-Onganer P, Lange S. Putative Roles for Peptidylarginine Deiminases in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4662. [PMID: 32629995 PMCID: PMC7370447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of calcium-regulated enzymes that are phylogenetically conserved and cause post-translational deimination/citrullination, contributing to protein moonlighting in health and disease. PADs are implicated in a range of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, in the regulation of extracellular vesicle (EV) release, and their roles in infection and immunomodulation are known to some extent, including in viral infections. In the current study we describe putative roles for PADs in COVID-19, based on in silico analysis of BioProject transcriptome data (PRJNA615032 BioProject), including lung biopsies from healthy volunteers and SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, as well as SARS-CoV-2-infected, and mock human bronchial epithelial NHBE and adenocarcinoma alveolar basal epithelial A549 cell lines. In addition, BioProject Data PRJNA631753, analysing patients tissue biopsy data (n = 5), was utilised. We report a high individual variation observed for all PADI isozymes in the patients' tissue biopsies, including lung, in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, while PADI2 and PADI4 mRNA showed most variability in lung tissue specifically. The other tissues assessed were heart, kidney, marrow, bowel, jejunum, skin and fat, which all varied with respect to mRNA levels for the different PADI isozymes. In vitro lung epithelial and adenocarcinoma alveolar cell models revealed that PADI1, PADI2 and PADI4 mRNA levels were elevated, but PADI3 and PADI6 mRNA levels were reduced in SARS-CoV-2-infected NHBE cells. In A549 cells, PADI2 mRNA was elevated, PADI3 and PADI6 mRNA was downregulated, and no effect was observed on the PADI4 or PADI6 mRNA levels in infected cells, compared with control mock cells. Our findings indicate a link between PADI expression changes, including modulation of PADI2 and PADI4, particularly in lung tissue, in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. PADI isozyme 1-6 expression in other organ biopsies also reveals putative links to COVID-19 symptoms, including vascular, cardiac and cutaneous responses, kidney injury and stroke. KEGG and GO pathway analysis furthermore identified links between PADs and inflammatory pathways, in particular between PAD4 and viral infections, as well as identifying links for PADs with a range of comorbidities. The analysis presented here highlights roles for PADs in-host responses to SARS-CoV-2, and their potential as therapeutic targets in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Damla Arisan
- Gebze Technical University, Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey;
| | - Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
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105
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Ahmad T, Haroon, Dhama K, Sharun K, Khan FM, Ahmed I, Tiwari R, Musa TH, Khan M, Bonilla-Aldana DK, J Rodriguez-Morales A, Hui J. Biosafety and biosecurity approaches to restrain/contain and counter SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid-review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 44:132-145. [PMID: 32595350 PMCID: PMC7314504 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases pose significant public health risks that are continuously haunting human civilization in the past several decades. Such emerging pathogens should be considered as a high threat to humans, animals, and environmental health. The year 2020 was welcomed by another significant virus from family Coronaviridae called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease was first reported in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Within a short time, this disease attained the status of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Presently, COVID-19 has spread to more than 150 countries, therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) called it a pandemic. The Chinese government, along with WHO, other health agencies, and many nations, are monitoring the current situation closely to analyze the impact of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 on humans, animals, and environmental health. In the context of the current situation, biosafety and biosecurity measure that focus on One Health aspects of the disease outbreaks and the SARS-CoV-2 spread are of great importance to restrain this pathogen. Along with these efforts, standard precaution and control measures should also be taken at personal and community level to prevent the spreading of any contagion diseases, including COVID-19. Researchers are putting their very high efforts to develop suitable vaccines and therapeutics/drugs to combat COVID-19. This review aims to highlight the importance of biosafety, biosecurity, One Health approach, and focusing on recent developments and the ways forward to prevent and control COVID-19 in a useful way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing China
| | - Haroon
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xian China
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Fazal Mehmood Khan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Government Postgraduate College, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute, Mathura India
| | - Taha Hussien Musa
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing China
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda Colombia.,Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira Colombia.,Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda Colombia
| | - Jin Hui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing China
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106
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Sanders W, Fritch EJ, Madden EA, Graham RL, Vincent HA, Heise MT, Baric RS, Moorman NJ. Comparative analysis of coronavirus genomic RNA structure reveals conservation in SARS-like coronaviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.06.15.153197. [PMID: 32587967 PMCID: PMC7310623 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.15.153197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 the etiological agent of COVID-19 disease, have caused multiple epidemic and pandemic outbreaks in the past 20 years1-3. With no vaccines, and only recently developed antiviral therapeutics, we are ill equipped to handle coronavirus outbreaks4. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate coronavirus replication and pathogenesis is needed to guide the development of new antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. RNA secondary structures play critical roles in multiple aspects of coronavirus replication, but the extent and conservation of RNA secondary structure across coronavirus genomes is unknown5. Here, we define highly structured RNA regions throughout the MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 genomes. We find that highly stable RNA structures are pervasive throughout coronavirus genomes, and are conserved between the SARS-like CoV. Our data suggests that selective pressure helps preserve RNA secondary structure in coronavirus genomes, suggesting that these structures may play important roles in virus replication and pathogenesis. Thus, disruption of conserved RNA secondary structures could be a novel strategy for the generation of attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for use against the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wes Sanders
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, NC, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, NC, USA
| | - Ethan J Fritch
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, NC, USA
| | - Emily A Madden
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, NC, USA
| | - Rachel L Graham
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Genetics, NC, USA, USA
| | - Heather A Vincent
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, NC, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, NC, USA
| | - Mark T Heise
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, NC, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Genetics, NC, USA, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, NC, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health, NC
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, NC, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, NC, USA
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107
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D'Cruz RJ, Currier AW, Sampson VB. Laboratory Testing Methods for Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:468. [PMID: 32582718 PMCID: PMC7287038 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first reports of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) by China to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 31st December 2019, more than 4,302,774 novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) cases have been reported by authorities in 212 countries and territories by 12th May 2020. The outbreak and spread of COVID-19 worldwide, highlights the critical need for developing rapid and accurate diagnostic testing methods for emerging human coronavirus (CoV) infections. Testing is crucial to track the spread of disease during a pandemic, and to swiftly permit public health interventions including isolation, quarantine, and appropriate clinical management of afflicted individuals. The key components of viral diagnostic tests are (1) collection of the appropriate sample (blood, nasal swab, and throat swab), (2) availability of the genetic and proteomic sequences of the novel virus for analysis, and (3) rapid and accurate laboratory testing methods. The current gold standard for the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the qualitative and quantitative detection of viral nucleic acids. Other relevant laboratory methods include enzyme-linked immunoassays (EIA) for viral antibody and antigen detection, and serum viral neutralization (SVN) assays for antibody neutralization determination. The challenges faced in developing a diagnostic test for a novel pathogen are the ability to measure low viral loads for early detection, to provide low or no cross-reactivity with other viral strains and to deliver results rapidly. Several point-of-care molecular devices are currently being integrated for fast and accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This review discusses the current laboratory methods available to test for coronaviruses by focusing on the present COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan J D'Cruz
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Arthur W Currier
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Valerie B Sampson
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
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108
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Pokhrel R, Chapagain P, Siltberg-Liberles J. Potential RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors as prospective therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:864-873. [PMID: 32469301 PMCID: PMC7451031 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has taken humanity off guard. Following an outbreak of SARS-CoV in 2002, and MERS-CoV about 10 years later, SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus in less than 20 years to cross the species barrier and start spreading by human-to-human transmission. It is the most infectious of the three, currently causing the COVID-19 pandemic. No treatment has been approved for COVID-19. We previously proposed targets that can serve as binding sites for antiviral drugs for multiple coronaviruses, and here we set out to find current drugs that can be repurposed as COVID-19 therapeutics.Aim. To identify drugs against COVID-19, we performed an in silico virtual screen with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), a critical enzyme for coronavirus replication.Methodology. Initially, no RdRP structure of SARS-CoV-2 was available. We performed basic sequence and structural analysis to determine if RdRP from SARS-CoV was a suitable replacement. We performed molecular dynamics simulations to generate multiple starting conformations that were used for the in silico virtual screen. During this work, a structure of RdRP from SARS-CoV-2 became available and was also included in the in silico virtual screen.Results. The virtual screen identified several drugs predicted to bind in the conserved RNA tunnel of RdRP, where many of the proposed targets were located. Among these candidates, quinupristin is particularly interesting because it is expected to bind across the RNA tunnel, blocking access from both sides and suggesting that it has the potential to arrest viral replication by preventing viral RNA synthesis. Quinupristin is an antibiotic that has been in clinical use for two decades and is known to cause relatively minor side effects.Conclusion. Quinupristin represents a potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic. At present, we have no evidence that this drug is effective against SARS-CoV-2 but expect that the biomedical community will expeditiously follow up on our in silico findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudramani Pokhrel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Prem Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jessica Siltberg-Liberles
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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109
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Shchelkanov MY, Popova AY, Dedkov VG, Akimkin VG, Maleyev VV. History of investigation and current classification of coronaviruses ( Nidovirales: Coronaviridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-hoi-1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Yu. Shchelkanov
- International Scientific and Educational Center for Biological Security of Rospotrebnadzor; Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of RAS; Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Primorsky Territory
| | - A. Yu. Popova
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor); Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | | | - V. G. Akimkin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor
| | - V. V. Maleyev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor
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110
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Arora NK, Mishra J. COVID-19 and importance of environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2020; 3:117-119. [PMID: 38624321 PMCID: PMC7220565 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-020-00107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Arora
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025 India
| | - Jitendra Mishra
- DST-CPR, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025 India
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111
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Yan J, Liu A, Huang J, Wu J, Fan H. Research Progress of Drug Treatment in Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:130. [PMID: 32405780 PMCID: PMC7220569 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As of March 10, 2020, more than 100,000 novel coronavirus pneumonia cases have been confirmed globally. With the continuous spread of the new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic in even the world, prevention and treatment of the disease have become urgent tasks. The drugs currently being developed are not adequate to deal with this critical situation. In addition to being controlled through effective isolation, we need a rapid response from the healthcare and biotechnology industries to accelerate drug treatment research. By reviewing the currently available literature published at home and abroad, we summarize the current research progress of drug treatment during the epidemic period. At present, the drugs that can be used for treatment mainly include antiviral drugs, antimalarials, glucocorticoids, plasma therapy, biological agents, and traditional Chinese medicine. The effectiveness and safety of drug therapy need to be confirmed by more clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Yan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anran Liu
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Huang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Wu
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
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112
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Kang S, Peng W, Zhu Y, Lu S, Zhou M, Lin W, Wu W, Huang S, Jiang L, Luo X, Deng M. Recent progress in understanding 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) associated with human respiratory disease: detection, mechanisms and treatment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105950. [PMID: 32234465 PMCID: PMC7118423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) always pose a severe threat to people. First identified in late December 2019, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2) has affected many provinces in China and multiple countries worldwide. The viral outbreak has aroused panic and a public-health emergency around the world, and the number of infections continues to rise. However, the causes and consequences of the pneumonia remain unknown. To effectively implement epidemic prevention, early identification and diagnosis are critical to disease control. Here we scrutinise a series of available studies by global scientists on the clinical manifestations, detection methods and treatment options for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and also propose potential strategies for preventing the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntong Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wenyao Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yuhao Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Shiyao Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wenfang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Shu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Hunan Yuanpin Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410100, China
| | - Meichun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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113
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Torres-Roman JS, Kobiak IC, Valcarcel B, Diaz-Velez C, La Vecchia C. The reproductive number R0 of COVID-19 in Peru: An opportunity for effective changes. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101689. [PMID: 32325120 PMCID: PMC7194686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilia Cabos Kobiak
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan Valcarcel
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
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114
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Schnettler WT, Al Ahwel Y, Suhag A. Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in coronavirus disease 2019-infected pregnancy: obstetric and intensive care considerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2020; 2:100120. [PMID: 32363337 PMCID: PMC7194528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 has been associated with severe morbidity and mortality and has left world governments, healthcare systems, and providers caring for vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women, wrestling with the optimal management strategy. Unique physiologic and ethical considerations negate a one-size-fits-all approach when caring for critically ill pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019, and few resources exist to guide the multidisciplinary team through decisions regarding optimal maternal-fetal surveillance, intensive care procedures, and delivery timing. We present a case of rapid clinical decompensation and development of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in a woman at 31 weeks’ gestation to highlight these unique considerations and present an algorithmic approach to the diagnosis and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Schnettler
- Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, TriHealth-Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Yousef Al Ahwel
- Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, TriHealth-Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Anju Suhag
- Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, TriHealth-Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH
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115
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Khan SA, Zia K, Ashraf S, Uddin R, Ul-Haq Z. Identification of chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 via integrated computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2607-2616. [PMID: 32238094 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1751298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the world has witnessed outbreak of a novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which initially emerged in Wuhan, China has now made its way to a large part of the world, resulting in a public emergency of international concern. The functional importance of Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) in viral replication and maturation turns it into an attractive target for the development of effective antiviral drugs against SARS and other coronaviruses. At present, there is no standard drug regime nor any vaccine available against the infection. The rapid development and identification of efficient interventions against SARS-CoV-2 remains a major challenge. Based on the available knowledge of closely related coronavirus and their safety profiles, repurposing of existing antiviral drugs and screening of available databases is considered a near term strategic and economic way to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Herein, we applied computational drug design methods to identify Chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors from FDA approved antiviral drugs and our in-house database of natural and drug-like compounds of synthetic origin. As a result three FDA approved drugs (Remdesivir, Saquinavir and Darunavir) and two natural compounds (. flavone and coumarine derivatives) were identified as promising hits. Further, MD simulation and binding free energy calculations were performed to evaluate the dynamic behavior, stability of protein-ligand contact, and binding affinity of the hit compounds. Our results indicate that the identified compounds can inhibit the function of Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) of Coronavirus. Considering the severity of the spread of coronavirus, the current study is in-line with the concept of finding the new inhibitors against the vital pathway of the corona virus to expedite the process of drug discovery.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ali Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Komal Zia
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sajda Ashraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Reaz Uddin
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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116
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COVID-19, an Emerging Coronavirus Infection: Current Scenario and Recent Developments – An Overview. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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117
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Seah I, Agrawal R. Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Affect the Eyes? A Review of Coronaviruses and Ocular Implications in Humans and Animals. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 28:391-395. [PMID: 32175797 PMCID: PMC7103678 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1738501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (CoV) epidemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus - 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from China. This virus causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since then, there have been anecdotal reports of ocular infection. The ocular implications of human CoV infections have not been widely studied. However, CoVs have been known to cause various ocular infections in animals. Clinical entities such as conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, retinitis, and optic neuritis have been documented in feline and murine models. In this article, the current evidence suggesting possible human CoV infection of ocular tissue is reviewed. The review article will also highlight animal CoVs and their associated ocular infections. We hope that this article will serve as a start for further research into the ocular implications of human CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Seah
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NHS Foundation Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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118
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Santos CN, Rezende KM, Oliveira Neto NFD, Okay TS, Braz-Silva PH, Bönecker M. Saliva: an important alternative for screening and monitoring of COVID-19 in children. Braz Oral Res 2020; 34:e0125. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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