101
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Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G, Simoni M. Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:549-592. [PMID: 29905829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
LH and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are glycoproteins fundamental to sexual development and reproduction. Because they act on the same receptor (LHCGR), the general consensus has been that LH and human CG (hCG) are equivalent. However, separate evolution of LHβ and hCGβ subunits occurred in primates, resulting in two molecules sharing ~85% identity and regulating different physiological events. Pituitary, pulsatile LH production results in an ~90-minute half-life molecule targeting the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and androgen synthesis. Trophoblast hCG, the "pregnancy hormone," exists in several isoforms and glycosylation variants with long half-lives (hours) and angiogenic potential and acts on luteinized ovarian cells as progestational. The different molecular features of LH and hCG lead to hormone-specific LHCGR binding and intracellular signaling cascades. In ovarian cells, LH action is preferentially exerted through kinases, phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and phosphorylated AKT (also known as protein kinase B), resulting in irreplaceable proliferative/antiapoptotic signals and partial agonism on progesterone production in vitro. In contrast, hCG displays notable cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated steroidogenic and proapoptotic potential, which is masked by estrogen action in vivo. In vitro data have been confirmed by a large data set from assisted reproduction, because the steroidogenic potential of hCG positively affects the number of retrieved oocytes, and LH affects the pregnancy rate (per oocyte number). Leydig cell in vitro exposure to hCG results in qualitatively similar cAMP/PKA and pERK1/2 activation compared with LH and testosterone. The supposed equivalence of LH and hCG has been disproved by such data, highlighting their sex-specific functions and thus deeming it an oversight caused by incomplete understanding of clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
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102
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Satué K, Marcilla M, Medica P, Ferlazzo A, Fazio E. Testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations in pregnant Spanish Purebred mare. Theriogenology 2018; 123:62-67. [PMID: 30292857 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Androgens modulate maternal ovarian activity, embryo implantation and correct placental development. The objective of this study was to establish reference values for testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations in pregnant mares. A total of 30 healthy Spanish Purebred mares with an age range of 9.33 ± 3.31 years, were studied during the 11 months of gestation. T, A4 and DHEA concentrations were determined using EIA validated specifically for equines. T increased in the 2nd and 3rd month (P < 0.05), showing a plateau between the 4th and 6th month, decreased from the 7th to the 9th month (P < 0.05) and increased in the 10th month (P < 0.05), reaching the maximum value in the last month of pregnancy (P < 0.05). A4 increased in the 2nd month (P < 0.05), reaching the maximum value in the 3rd month (P < 0.05), decreased in the 4th month, increasing in the 5th and 6th month (P < 0.05). From the 7th month the average values decreased until reaching the minimum at the end of gestation. DHEA progressively increased from the 1st to the 5th month, at which time the maximum mean value was reached (P < 0.05), after a decrease in the 6th and 7th month occurred (P < 0.05), reaching the minimum value in the last month of gestation. T, A4 and DHEA were positive and significantly correlated (P < 0.05). The androgens analyzed in this study can be used as predictive markers of pregnancy in the mare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain.
| | - María Marcilla
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pietro Medica
- Departament of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, Italy
| | - Adriana Ferlazzo
- Departament of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Departament of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, Italy
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103
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Davies W. SULFATION PATHWAYS: The steroid sulfate axis and its relationship to maternal behaviour and mental health. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T199-T210. [PMID: 29440314 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones can exist in functionally dissociable sulfated and non-sulfated (free) forms and can exert profound effects on numerous aspects of mammalian physiology; the ratio of free-to-sulfated steroids is governed by the antagonistic actions of steroid sulfatase (STS) and sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes. Here, I examine evidence from human and animal model studies, which suggests that STS and its major substrate (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, DHEAS) and product (DHEA) can influence brain function, behaviour and mental health, before summarising how the activity of this axis varies throughout mammalian pregnancy and the postpartum period. I then consider how the steroid sulfate axis might impact upon normal maternal behaviour and how its dysfunction might contribute towards risk of postpartum psychiatric illness. Understanding the biological substrates underlying normal and abnormal maternal behaviour will be important for maximising the wellbeing of new mothers and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Davies
- School of PsychologyCardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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104
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Schieve LA, Tian L, Dowling N, Croen L, Hoover-Fong J, Alexander A, Shapira SK. Associations Between the 2nd to 4th Digit Ratio and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Population-Based Samples of Boys and Girls: Findings from the Study to Explore Early Development. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:2379-2395. [PMID: 29450837 PMCID: PMC5997499 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of the index (2nd) finger to ring (4th) finger lengths (2D:4D) is a proxy for fetal testosterone and estradiol. Studies suggesting 2D:4D is inversely associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in males were limited by lack of confounder and subgroup assessments. Studies of females are sparse. We examined associations between ASD and 2D:4D among children in the Study to Explore Early Development; we considered case subgroups and numerous potential demographic and maternal-perinatal health confounders. We observed a modest inverse association between ASD and right-hand 2D:4D in males; subgroup analyses indicated associations were limited to ASD cases with birth defects/genetic syndromes or dysmorphic features. We observed a positive association between ASD and left-hand 2D:4D in females, overall and within most case subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Schieve
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-86, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Lin Tian
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-86, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Nicole Dowling
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-86, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Lisa Croen
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Julie Hoover-Fong
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aimee Alexander
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-86, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Stuart K Shapira
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-86, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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105
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Badlam JB, Austin ED. Beyond oestrogens: towards a broader evaluation of the hormone profile in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:51/6/1801058. [PMID: 29954927 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01058-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Badlam
- University of Colorado at Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric D Austin
- Dept of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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106
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Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: An individual-based pooled analysis of 21 cohorts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6300. [PMID: 29674730 PMCID: PMC5908858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that boys are born heavier and longer than girls, but it remains unclear whether birth size in twins is affected by the sex of their co-twin. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 twin cohorts in 15 countries derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins), including 67,850 dizygotic twin individuals. Linear regression analyses showed that boys having a co-twin sister were, on average, 31 g (95% CI 18 to 45) heavier and 0.16 cm (95% CI 0.045 to 0.274) longer than those with a co-twin brother. In girls, birth size was not associated (5 g birth weight; 95% CI −8 to −18 and −0.089 cm birth length; 95% CI −0.202 to 0.025) with the sex of the co-twin. Gestational age was slightly shorter in boy-boy pairs than in boy-girl and girl-girl pairs. When birth size was standardized by gestational age, the magnitude of the associations was attenuated in boys, particularly for birth weight. In conclusion, boys with a co-twin sister are heavier and longer at birth than those with a co-twin brother. However, these differences are modest and partly explained by a longer gestation in the presence of a co-twin sister.
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107
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A constitutive model description of the in vivo material properties of lower birth canal tissue during the first stage of labor. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 79:213-218. [PMID: 29310074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable changes must occur in the pelvic floor muscles and tissues comprising the birth canal to allow vaginal delivery. Despite these preparatory adaptations, approximately 13% of women who deliver vaginally for the first time (nulliparas) sustain tears near the origin of the pubovisceral muscle (PVM) which can result in pelvic organ prolapse later in life. To investigate why these tears occur, it is necessary to quantify the viscoelastic behavior of the term pregnant human birth canal. The goal of this study was to quantify the in vivo material properties of the human birth canal, in situ, during the first stage of labor and compare them to published animal data. The results show that pregnant human, ovine and squirrel monkey birth canal tissue can be characterized by the same set of constitutive relations; the interspecies differences were primarily explained by the long time constant, τ2, with its values of 555s, 1110s, and 2777s, respectively. Quantification of these viscoelastic properties should allow for improved accuracy of computer models aimed at understanding birth-related injuries.
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108
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Reyes L, Phillips P, Wolfe B, Golos TG, Walkenhorst M, Progulske-Fox A, Brown M. Porphyromonas gingivalis and adverse pregnancy outcome. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 10:1374153. [PMID: 29291034 PMCID: PMC5646603 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1374153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium considered to be an important pathogen of periodontal disease that is also implicated in adverse pregnancy outcome (APO). Until recently, our understanding of the role of P. gingivalis in APO has been limited and sometimes contradictory. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of past and current research on P. gingivalis that addresses some of the controversies concerning the role of this organism in the pathogenesis of APO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Priscilla Phillips
- Microbiology & Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Bryce Wolfe
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Molly Walkenhorst
- Microbiology & Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Ann Progulske-Fox
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary Brown
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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109
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Liu T, Zhao H, Wang J, Shu X, Gao Y, Mu X, Gao F, Liu H. The role of fructose‑1,6‑bisphosphatase 1 in abnormal development of ovarian follicles caused by high testosterone concentration. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6489-6498. [PMID: 28901488 PMCID: PMC5865816 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) signaling pathway within normal follicle development and in hyperandrogenism-induced abnormal follicle growth. To achieve this, murine primary follicles, granulosa cells (GCs) and theca-interstitial cells (TICs) were isolated, cultured in vitro and treated with a high concentration of androgens. A concentration of 1×10−5 mol/l testosterone was considerable to induce hyperandrogenism by MTT assay. All cells were divided into four groups, as follows: Control group, testosterone group, androgen receptor antagonist-flutamide group and flutamide + testosterone group. Flutamide was used in the present study as it blocks the effects of the androgen receptor. The mRNA expression levels of FBP1 were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels and localization of FBP1 were analyzed by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The experimental results demonstrated that androgen presence stimulated follicle development, whereas excessive testosterone inhibited development. FBP1 was identified as being mainly expressed in follicles; FBP1 protein was significantly expressed in GCs of the 14-day-cultured follicle, as well as in the cytoplasm and nuclei of GCs and TICs in vitro. Testosterone increased FBP1 expression during a specific range of testosterone concentrations. Testosterone increased the expression of FBP1 within GCs. Furthermore, FBP1 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) mRNA expression was increased in GCs treated with testosterone, whereas forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the testosterone group. In TICs, testosterone and flutamide inhibited the mRNA expression levels of FOXO1 and glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme, and promoted the expression of PCK1. These results suggested that the FBP1 signaling pathway may serve an important role in normal follicle growth and hyperandrogenism-induced abnormal development, which may be associated with abnormal glucose metabolism induced by high concentrations of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Han Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Shu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Mu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
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110
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Shao X, Liu Y, Liu M, Wang Y, Yan L, Wang H, Ma L, Li YX, Zhao Y, Wang YL. Testosterone Represses Estrogen Signaling by Upregulating miR-22. Hypertension 2017; 69:721-730. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia, a multisystem syndrome occurring during mid- to late gestation in humans, is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Patients usually present with high circulating testosterone and reduced estradiol production, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Revealing the mechanism that modulating the imbalance of testosterone and estradiol in preeclampsia is of great value in understanding the cause of the disease. The placenta is the predominant source of steroid hormone production during gestation, and we observed markedly increased 17β-HSD3 (17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3) levels and downregulated aromatase expression, the key enzymes responsible for synthesis of testosterone and estradiol, respectively, in preeclamptic placentas compared with controls. Furthermore, we found a significant upregulation of microRNA (miR)-22 in preeclamptic placentas. In a trophoblast cell line, JEG-3 cells, testosterone repressed the expression of aromatase and estrogen receptor α and the production of estradiol while promoting miR-22 expression. miR-22 directly targeted and inhibited estrogen receptor α expression while indirectly decreasing aromatase expression and estradiol production by interfering with estrogen receptor α signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-22 expression significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of testosterone on de novo estradiol synthesis in human trophoblastic cells. The findings reveal a mechanism underlying the balanced production of androgen and estrogen modulated by miR-22 in the human placenta and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of preeclampsia from the aspect of endocrine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
| | - Yanlei Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
| | - Ming Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
| | - Yongqing Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
| | - Liying Yan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
| | - Hao Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
| | - Liyang Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
| | - Yu-xia Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
| | - Yan-ling Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (X.S., Y.L., M.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-x.L., Y.-l. W.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.W., L.Y., Y.Z.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., L.M., Y.-l. W)
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111
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Blazkova J, Gupta S, Liu Y, Gaudilliere B, Ganio EA, Bolen CR, Saar-Dover R, Fragiadakis GK, Angst MS, Hasni S, Aghaeepour N, Stevenson D, Baldwin N, Anguiano E, Chaussabel D, Altman MC, Kaplan MJ, Davis MM, Furman D. Multicenter Systems Analysis of Human Blood Reveals Immature Neutrophils in Males and During Pregnancy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:2479-2488. [PMID: 28179497 PMCID: PMC5337813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite clear differences in immune system responses and in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases between males and females, there is little understanding of the processes involved. In this study, we identified a gene signature of immature-like neutrophils, characterized by the overexpression of genes encoding for several granule-containing proteins, which was found at higher levels (up to 3-fold) in young (20-30 y old) but not older (60 to >89 y old) males compared with females. Functional and phenotypic characterization of peripheral blood neutrophils revealed more mature and responsive neutrophils in young females, which also exhibited an elevated capacity in neutrophil extracellular trap formation at baseline and upon microbial or sterile autoimmune stimuli. The expression levels of the immature-like neutrophil signature increased linearly with pregnancy, an immune state of increased susceptibility to certain infections. Using mass cytometry, we also find increased frequencies of immature forms of neutrophils in the blood of women during late pregnancy. Thus, our findings show novel sex differences in innate immunity and identify a common neutrophil signature in males and in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blazkova
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Systems Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, 26999 Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarthak Gupta
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yudong Liu
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Edward A Ganio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christopher R Bolen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ron Saar-Dover
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gabriela K Fragiadakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Martin S Angst
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Systems Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, 26999 Doha, Qatar
| | - Matthew C Altman
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation of Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David Furman
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Systems Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, 26999 Doha, Qatar;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation of Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
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112
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Role of Estrogens in the Size of Neuronal Somata of Paravaginal Ganglia in Ovariectomized Rabbits. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2089645. [PMID: 28316975 PMCID: PMC5339489 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2089645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the role of estrogens in modulating the size of neuronal somata of paravaginal ganglia. Rabbits were allocated into control (C), ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX treated with estradiol benzoate (OVX + EB) groups to evaluate the neuronal soma area; total serum estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels; the percentage of immunoreactive (ir) neurons anti-aromatase, anti-estrogen receptor (ERα, ERβ) and anti-androgen receptor (AR); the intensity of the immunostaining anti-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the GDNF family receptor alpha type 1 (GFRα1); and the number of satellite glial cells (SGCs) per neuron. There was a decrease in the neuronal soma size for the OVX group, which was associated with low T, high percentages of aromatase-ir and neuritic AR-ir neurons, and a strong immunostaining anti-GDNF and anti-GFRα1. The decrease in the neuronal soma size was prevented by the EB treatment that increased the E2 without affecting the T levels. Moreover, there was a high percentage of neuritic AR-ir neurons, a strong GDNF immunostaining in the SGC, and an increase in the SGCs per neuron. Present findings show that estrogens modulate the soma size of neurons of the paravaginal ganglia, likely involving the participation of the SGC.
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113
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Hakim C, Padmanabhan V, Vyas AK. Gestational Hyperandrogenism in Developmental Programming. Endocrinology 2017; 158:199-212. [PMID: 27967205 PMCID: PMC5413081 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen excess (hyperandrogenism) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. The potential causes of androgen excess in women include polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), adrenal tumors, and racial disparity among many others. During pregnancy, luteoma, placental aromatase deficiency, and fetal CAH are additional causes of gestational hyperandrogenism. The present report reviews the various phenotypes of hyperandrogenism during pregnancy and its origin, pathophysiology, and the effect of hyperandrogenism on the fetal developmental trajectory and offspring consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hakim
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and
| | - Arpita K. Vyas
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Permian Basin Campus, Odessa, Texas 79763
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114
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Nair RR, Verma P, Singh K. Immune-endocrine crosstalk during pregnancy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 242:18-23. [PMID: 26965955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The success of pregnancy depends mostly on a synchronized immune-endocrine crosstalk at the maternal-fetal interface. Hormones are important in terms of maintaining the suitable environment and sufficient nutrition for the developing fetus. They also play a major role during the process of parturition and lactation. Maternal immunomodulation is important for the tolerance of semiallogeneic fetus. This is achieved in concert with a variety of endocrine stimulation. Estrogen, progesterone, and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin play a major role in immune modulation during pregnancy. Hormones modulate B cells, dendritic cells, uterine natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils to adopt fetal friendly immune phenotypes. Recently the use of hormones in assisted reproductive technology has been found to improve the pregnancy outcome. The present review focuses on the pregnancy-related hormones, their role in immunomodulation for successful pregnancy outcome. This also shed light on the immune-endocrine crosstalk at maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini R Nair
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele University and Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kiran Singh
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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115
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Edelstein RS, Chopik WJ, Saxbe DE, Wardecker BM, Moors AC, LaBelle OP. Prospective and dyadic associations between expectant parents' prenatal hormone changes and postpartum parenting outcomes. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 59:77-90. [PMID: 27604815 PMCID: PMC5313241 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the transition to parenthood, both men and women experience hormone changes that are thought to promote parental care. Yet very few studies have explicitly tested the hypothesis that prenatal hormone changes are associated with postpartum parenting behavior. In a longitudinal study of 27 first-time expectant couples, we assessed whether prenatal hormone changes were moderated by self- and partner-reported parenting outcomes at 3 months postpartum. Expectant fathers showed prenatal declines in testosterone and estradiol, and larger declines in these hormones were associated with greater contributions to household and infant care tasks postpartum. Women whose partners showed larger testosterone declines also reported receiving more support and more help with household tasks. Expectant mothers showed prenatal increases in testosterone and estradiol, and larger increases in these hormones were associated with lower partner-rated support. Together, our findings provide some of the first evidence that prenatal hormone changes may indeed be functional and that the implications of these changes may be detectable by co-parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S Edelstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William J Chopik
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Darby E Saxbe
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Amy C Moors
- National Center for Institutional Diversity and Department of Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Onawa P LaBelle
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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116
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Western AG, Bekvalac JJ. Hyperostosis frontalis interna in female historic skeletal populations: Age, sex hormones and the impact of industrialization. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 162:501-515. [PMID: 27901271 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This analysis aims to investigate the impact of industrialization on the prevalence of Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna (HFI), focusing on the roles of age and parity to examine the claim that longevity and changing reproductive patterns have led to increased rates in modern populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 138 individuals from two documented London skeletal assemblages of the Industrial period were analyzed employing macroscopic observation, digital radiography and MicroCT scanning to establish the prevalence rates of HFI according to modern clinical standards. Statistical analysis was also undertaken on a sub-sample of 51 females of post-menopausal age to identify any relationship between parity and HFI. RESULTS The majority of cases of HFI were found in older females, reflecting clinical observations. The prevalence rates of HFI corresponded well to those predicted from the proportion of old age females present within populations. Age was therefore shown to be a predominant factor in HFI presence. A plateau in HFI prevalence was noted from the age of 50-59 years onwards. No statistically significant relationship was found between parity and HFI. DISCUSSION When recorded consistently, HFI was positively correlated with age and longevity but had also increased among old age females over time. Our results suggest that nulliparity co-occurs with HFI but is not a primary factor in its pathogenesis. Key factors in HFI presence in females are likely to be increased androgens and the dysregulation of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Western
- Centre for Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of London, London, England
| | - J J Bekvalac
- Centre for Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of London, London, England
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117
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Wang Y, Gu X, Tao L, Zhao Y. Co-morbidity of cervical incompetence with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) negatively impacts prognosis: A retrospective analysis of 178 patients. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:308. [PMID: 27733131 PMCID: PMC5062886 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical incompetence is an important cause of miscarriage and premature birth and polycystic ovary syndrome is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder that is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility and eugonadotrophic hypogonadism. By now, it is still debated whether women with PCOS have an increased risk of miscarriage and there have been no studies about the pregnancy outcomes of cervical incompetence patients with PCOS. Methods The following clinical data of cervical incompetence patients with/without PCOS who were treated between September 2006 and September 2013 were retrospectively analysed: onset gestational age, termination gestational age, pregnancy outcome, co-morbid insulin resistance (IR) in PCOS patients, the influence of IR, co-morbid hyperandrogenism (HA) in PCOS patients, and the influence of HA. The independent samples t-test and chi-square trend test were used to analyse the data. Results A total of 178 singleton pregnancy cases with cervical incompetence were identified. The average onset gestational age was 23.9 ± 4.3 weeks, and the average termination gestational age was 32.5 ± 5.5 weeks. Of these 178 singleton pregnancy cases, 40 (22.5 %) ended in miscarriage, 82 (46.1 %) ended in preterm birth, and 56 (31.5 %) ended in term birth. Eighty cases (44.9 %) exhibited PCOS co-morbidity, and those cases had an average onset gestational age of 22.3 ± 3.8 weeks and an average termination gestational age of 31.2 ± 5.7 weeks, which were both significantly different from those of the non-PCOS group (both P < 0.001). Compared with the non-PCOS group (15.3 % miscarriage, 48.0 % preterm birth, and 36.7 % term birth), the PCOS group exhibited worse pregnancy outcomes (31.3 % miscarriage, 43.8 % preterm birth, and 25 % term birth) (P = 0.01). Among the 80 PCOS patients, 45 (56.3 %) exhibited co-morbid IR, and the IR group exhibited significantly worse pregnancy outcomes than the non-IR group (P = 0.03). Among the 80 PCOS patients, 54 cases (67.5 %) exhibited co-morbid HA, and there was no statistical difference on the pregnancy outcomes between the two groups. The multivariate logistic regression model revealed that PCOS was significantly correlated with miscarriage (OR: 3.72, 95 % CI: 1.37–10.13). Conclusions The cervical incompetence patients with co-morbid PCOS exhibited earlier onset gestational ages, earlier termination gestational ages and worse pregnancy outcomes. For patients with co-morbid insulin resistance, the pregnancy outcomes were worse than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Wang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xunke Gu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liyuan Tao
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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118
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Palomba S, Santagni S, Gibbins K, La Sala GB, Silver RM. Pregnancy complications in spontaneous and assisted conceptions of women with infertility and subfertility factors. A comprehensive review. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 33:612-628. [PMID: 27591135 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the literature, there is growing evidence that assisted reproductive techniques increase the risk of pregnancy complications in subfertile couples. Moreover, many concomitant preconception risk factors for subfertility are frequently present in the same subject and increase the risk of pregnancy complications. This review aimed to summarize in a systematic fashion the best current evidence regarding the effects of preconception maternal factors on maternal and neonatal outcomes. A literature search up to March 2016 was performed in IBSS, SocINDEX, Institute for Scientific Information, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. An evidence-based hierarchy was used to determine which articles to include and analyse. Available data show that the risk of pregnancy complications in spontaneous and assisted conceptions is likely multifactorial, and the magnitude of this risk is probably very different according specific subgroups of patients. Notwithstanding the only moderate level and quality of the available evidence, available data suggest that the presence and the treatment of specific preconception cofactors of subfertility should be always taken into account both in clinical practice and for scientific purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palomba
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova (ASMN), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Susanna Santagni
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova (ASMN), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Karen Gibbins
- Division of Matenal-Fetal Medicine, Utah University, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Giovanni Battista La Sala
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova (ASMN), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Reggio Emilia, Italy; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Robert M Silver
- Division of Matenal-Fetal Medicine, Utah University, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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119
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Shetelig Løvvik T, Stridsklev S, Carlsen SM, Salvesen Ø, Vanky E. Cervical Length and Androgens in Pregnant Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Has Metformin Any Effect? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2325-31. [PMID: 26835542 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have increased risk of preterm delivery. Shortening of the cervix is a sign of preterm delivery. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate potential effect of metformin on cervical length and whether androgen levels correlate with cervical length in PCOS pregnancies. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a sub-study of a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study (The PregMet study) performed at 11 secondary or tertiary centers from 2005 to 2009. PARTICIPANTS Two-hundred sixty-one pregnancies of 245 women with PCOS, age 18-42 years participated. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to metformin or placebo from first trimester to delivery. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS We compared cervical length and androgen levels in metformin and placebo groups at gestational weeks 19 and 32. We also explored whether cervical length correlated with androgen levels. RESULTS We found no difference in cervical length between the metformin and the placebo groups at gestational week 19 and 32. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) tended to be higher in the metformin group. There were no correlations between androgens and cervical length at week 19. At gestational week 32, androstenedione (P = .02) and DHEAS (P = .03) showed a trend toward negative correlation to cervical length. High androstenedione level correlated with shortening of cervical length from week 19 to 32 when adjusted for confounders (P = .003). T (P = .03), DHEAS (P = .02), and free testosterone index (P = .03) showed a similar trend. CONCLUSION Metformin in pregnancy did not affect cervical length in women with PCOS. High maternal androgen levels correlated with cervical shortening from the second to the third trimester of pregnancy, as a sign of cervical ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Shetelig Løvvik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Endocrinology (S.M.C.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine (S.M.D.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and Department of Public Health and General Practice (Ø.S.), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Solhild Stridsklev
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Endocrinology (S.M.C.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine (S.M.D.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and Department of Public Health and General Practice (Ø.S.), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sven M Carlsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Endocrinology (S.M.C.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine (S.M.D.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and Department of Public Health and General Practice (Ø.S.), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Salvesen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Endocrinology (S.M.C.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine (S.M.D.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and Department of Public Health and General Practice (Ø.S.), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eszter Vanky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Endocrinology (S.M.C.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (T.S.L., S.S., E.V.) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine (S.M.D.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and Department of Public Health and General Practice (Ø.S.), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Simitsidellis I, Gibson DA, Cousins FL, Esnal-Zufiaurre A, Saunders PTK. A Role for Androgens in Epithelial Proliferation and Formation of Glands in the Mouse Uterus. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2116-28. [PMID: 26963473 PMCID: PMC4870887 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endometrium consists of stromal and epithelial compartments (luminal and glandular) with distinct functions in the regulation of uterine homeostasis. Ovarian sex steroids, namely 17β-estradiol and progesterone, play essential roles in modulating uterine cell proliferation, stromal-epithelial cross-talk and differentiation in preparation for pregnancy. The effect of androgens on uterine function remains poorly understood. The current study investigated the effect of the non-aromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on mouse endometrial function. Ovx female mice were given a single sc injection (short treatment) or 7 daily injections (long treatment) of vehicle alone (5% ethanol, 0.4% methylcellulose) or vehicle with the addition of 0.2 mg DHT (n=8/group) and a single injection of bromodeoxyuridine 2 hours prior to tissue recovery. Treatment with DHT increased uterine weight, the area of the endometrial compartment and immunoexpression of the androgen receptor in the luminal and glandular epithelium. Treatment-dependent proliferation of epithelial cells was identified by immunostaining for MKi67 and bromodeoxyuridine. Real-time PCR identified significant DHT-dependent changes in the concentrations of mRNAs encoded by genes implicated in the regulation of the cell cycle (Wee1, Ccnd1, Rb1) and stromal-epithelial interactions (Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt7a, Cdh1, Vcl, Igf1, Prl8, Prlr) as well as a striking effect on the number of endometrial glands. This study has revealed a novel role for androgens in regulating uterine function with an effect on the glandular compartment of the endometrium. This previously unrecognized role for androgens has implications for our understanding of the role of androgens in regulation of endometrial function and fertility in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Simitsidellis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas A Gibson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona L Cousins
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arantza Esnal-Zufiaurre
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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121
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Joseph JF, Parr MK. Synthetic androgens as designer supplements. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:89-100. [PMID: 26074745 PMCID: PMC4462045 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210224756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are some of the most common performance
enhancing drugs (PED) among society. Despite the broad spectrum of adverse effects and legal
consequences, AAS are illicitly marketed and distributed in many countries. To circumvent existing
laws, the chemical structure of AAS is modified and these designer steroids are sold as nutritional
supplements mainly over the Internet. Several side effects are linked with AAS abuse. Only little is
known about the pharmacological effects and metabolism of unapproved steroids due to the absence
of clinical studies. The large number of designer steroid findings in dietary supplements and the
detection of new compounds combined with legal loopholes for their distribution in many countries
show that stricter regulations and better information policy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Pre-induction cervical ripening is an important part of the labor induction process in women with an unfavorable cervix. This can be achieved either by pharmacologic or mechanical methods of cervical ripening. While the Foley catheter is the most commonly used mechanical method for labor induction, other mechanical methods are also available. This article reviews the safety profiles of osmotic dilators, extra-amniotic saline infusion, double-balloon catheters, and also compares their efficacy to that of other mechanical and pharmacologic cervical ripening methods. While mechanical methods have been shown to be safe and effective for cervical ripening, none of these alternatives has been shown to be superior to the Foley catheter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Durie
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Department of Obestetrics and Gynecology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA.
| | - Aminatu Lawal
- Department of Obestetrics and Gynecology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA
| | - Phillip Zegelbone
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
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Vannuccini S, Clifton VL, Fraser IS, Taylor HS, Critchley H, Giudice LC, Petraglia F. Infertility and reproductive disorders: impact of hormonal and inflammatory mechanisms on pregnancy outcome. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 22:104-15. [PMID: 26395640 PMCID: PMC7289323 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive disorders and infertility are associated with the risk of obstetric complications and have a negative impact on pregnancy outcome. Affected patients often require assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to conceive, and advanced maternal age is a further confounding factor. The challenge is to dissect causation, correlation and confounders in determining how infertility and reproductive disorders individually or together predispose women to poor pregnancy outcomes. METHODS The published literature, to June 2015, was searched using PubMed, summarizing all evidences concerning the perinatal outcome of women with infertility and reproductive disorders and the potential mechanisms that may influence poor pregnancy outcome. RESULTS Reproductive disorders (endometriosis, adenomyosis, polycystic ovary syndrome and uterine fibroids) and unexplained infertility share inflammatory pathways, hormonal aberrations, decidual senescence and vascular abnormalities that may impair pregnancy success through common mechanisms. Either in combination or alone, these disorders results in an increased risk of preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental pathologies and hypertensive disorders. Systemic hormonal aberrations, and inflammatory and metabolic factors acting on endometrium, myometrium, cervix and placenta are all associated with an aberrant milieu during implantation and pregnancy, thus contributing to the genesis of obstetric complications. Some of these features have been also described in placentas from ART. CONCLUSIONS Reproductive disorders are common in women of childbearing age and rarely occur in isolation. Inflammatory, endocrine and metabolic mechanisms associated with these disorders are responsible for an increased incidence of obstetric complications. These patients should be recognized as 'high risk' for poor pregnancy outcomes and monitored with specialized follow-up. There is a real need for development of evidence-based recommendations about clinical management and specific obstetric care pathways for the introduction of prompt preventative care measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vannuccini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vicki L Clifton
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ian S Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Center for Women's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hilary Critchley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, 550 16th Street, Floor 7, Box 0132, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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124
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Mistry HD, Eisele N, Escher G, Dick B, Surbek D, Delles C, Currie G, Schlembach D, Mohaupt MG, Gennari-Moser C. Gestation-specific reference intervals for comprehensive spot urinary steroid hormone metabolite analysis in normal singleton pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:101. [PMID: 26337185 PMCID: PMC4559160 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal pregnancy depends on pronounced adaptations in steroid hormone concentrations. Although in recent years, the understanding of these hormones in pregnancy has improved, the interpretation is hampered by insufficient reference values. Our aim was to establish gestation-specific reference intervals for spot urinary steroid hormone levels in normal singleton pregnancies and 6 weeks postpartum. METHODS Cross-sectional multicentre observational study. Women recruited between 2008 and 2013 at 3 University Hospitals in Switzerland (Bern), Scotland (Glasgow) and Austria (Graz). Spot urine was collected from healthy women undergoing a normal pregnancy (age, 16-45 years; mean, 31 years) attending routine antenatal clinics at gestation weeks 11, 20, and 28 and approximately 6 weeks postpartum. Urine steroid hormone levels were analysed using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. Creatinine was also measured by routine analysis and used for normalisation. RESULTS From the results, a reference interval was calculated for each hormone metabolite at each trimester and 6 weeks postpartum. Changes in these concentrations between trimesters and postpartum were also observed for several steroid hormones and followed changes proposed for index steroid hormones. CONCLUSIONS Normal gestation-specific reference values for spot urinary steroid hormones throughout pregnancy and early postpartum are now available to facilitate clinical management and research approaches to steroid hormone metabolism in pregnancy and the early postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiten D Mistry
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Eisele
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Escher
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Surbek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bern, 3010, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Delles
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gemma Currie
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dietmar Schlembach
- Vivantes Clinic Berlin-Neukölln, Department of Obstetrics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus G Mohaupt
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Berne, Switzerland.
- Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010, Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Carine Gennari-Moser
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Berne, Switzerland
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125
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Palomba S, de Wilde MA, Falbo A, Koster MP, La Sala GB, Fauser BC. Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:575-592. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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126
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Maliqueo M, Echiburú B, Crisosto N. Perinatal androgen exposure and adipose tissue programming: is there an impact on body weight fate? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:533-544. [PMID: 30298761 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1077695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major concern in public health because it is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-transmissible chronic diseases. The fact that there is a clear sex dimorphism in normal body fat distribution points out the role of sex steroids as key factors in the regulation and function of the adipose cell. Androgens affect adipogenesis and fat metabolism in the adipose tissue of males and females. Hormonal disorders during pregnancy may affect the fetal tissues, with long-term implications leading to the development of pathologies during adult life. Obesity and metabolic disease are among these. In this regard, animal models have demonstrated an abnormal fat distribution and modifications in the size and function of adipose cells in the female and male offspring of mothers exposed to androgen excess during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Echiburú
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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127
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Silove D, Rees S, Tam N, Mohsin M, Tay AK, Tol W. Prevalence and correlates of explosive anger among pregnant and post-partum women in post-conflict Timor-Leste. BJPsych Open 2015; 1:34-41. [PMID: 27703721 PMCID: PMC4995583 DOI: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about explosive anger as a response pattern among pregnant and post-partum women in conflict-affected societies. AIMS To investigate the prevalence and correlates of explosive anger among this population in Timor-Leste. METHOD We assessed traumatic events, intimate partner violence, an index of adversity, explosive anger, psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder among 427 women (257 in the second trimester of pregnancy, 170 who were 3-6 months post-partum) residing in two districts of Timor-Leste (response >99%). RESULTS Two-fifths (43.6%) had explosive anger. Levels of functional impairment were related to frequency of explosive anger episodes. Explosive anger was associated with age (>35 years), being married, low levels of education, being employed, traumatic event count, ongoing adversity and intimate partner violence. CONCLUSIONS A combination of social programmes and novel psychological therapies may assist in reducing severe anger among pregnant and post-partum women in conflict-affected countries such as Timor-Leste. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None. COPYRIGHT AND USAGE © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2015. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Silove
- , MB ChB, FRANZCP, MD, Professor and Director, Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit and Ingham Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan Rees
- , PhD, MSocPol, Senior Lecturer, Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, University of New South Wales and Ingham Institute, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natalino Tam
- , In Country Project Manager, Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohammed Mohsin
- , PhD, Senior Research Officer, Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, Southwest Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alvin Kuowei Tay
- , MForPsych, Senior Research Officer, Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, Southwest Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wietse Tol
- , PhD, Dr Ali & Rose Kawi Assistant Professor, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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128
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Vaikkinen A, Rejšek J, Vrkoslav V, Kauppila TJ, Cvačka J, Kostiainen R. Feasibility of desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to monitor urinary steroid metabolites during pregnancy. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 880:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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129
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Maliqueo M, Sundstrom Poromaa I, Vanky E, Fornes R, Benrick A, Akerud H, Stridsklev S, Labrie F, Jansson T, Stener-Victorin E. Placental STAT3 signaling is activated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:692-700. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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130
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Li L, Yang J, Jiang Y, Tu J, Schust DJ. Activation of decidual invariant natural killer T cells promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm birth. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:369-81. [PMID: 25589517 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are crucial for host defense against a variety of microbial pathogens, but the underlying mechanisms of iNKT cells activation by microbes are not fully explained. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of iNKT cell activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated preterm birth using an adoptive transfer system and diverse neutralizing antibodies (Abs) and inhibitors. We found that adoptive transfer of decidual iNKT cells to LPS-stimulated iNKT cell deficient Jα18(-/-) mice that lack invariant Vα14Jα281T cell receptor (TCR) expression significantly decreased the time to delivery and increased the percentage of decidual iNKT cells. Neutralizing Abs against Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), CD1d, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18, and inhibitors blocking the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) significantly reduced in vivo percentages of decidual iNKT cells, their intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ production and surface CD69 expression. In vitro, in the presence of the same Abs and inhibitors used as in vivo, decidual iNKT cells co-cultured with LPS-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) showed significantly decreased extracellular and intracellular IFN-γ secretion and surface CD69 expression. Our data demonstrate that the activation of decidual iNKT cells plays an important role in inflammation-induced preterm birth. Activation of decidual iNKT cells also requires TLR4-mediated NF-κB, MAPK p38 and ERK pathways, the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-18, and endogenous glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Jiaoqin Tu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Danny J Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Ravanos K, Dagklis T, Petousis S, Margioula-Siarkou C, Prapas Y, Prapas N. Factors implicated in the initiation of human parturition in term and preterm labor: a review. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:679-83. [PMID: 26303116 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1076783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After accommodating the pregnancy for an average of 40 weeks, the uterus expels the fetus, the placenta and the membranes through the birth canal in a process named parturition. The absolute sequence of events that trigger and sustain human parturition are not yet fully clarified. Evidence suggests that spontaneous preterm and term labor seem to share a common inflammatory pathway. However, there are several other factors being involved in the initiation of human parturition. Placental corticotropin releasing hormone production seems to serve as a placental clock that might be set to ring earlier or later determining the duration of pregnancy and timing of labor. Estrogens do not cause contractions but their properties seem to capacitate uterus to coordinate and enhance contractions. Cytokines, prostaglandins, nitric oxide and steroids seem also to induce ripening by mediating remodeling of the extracellular matrix and collagen. Infection and microbe invasion resulting in chorioamnionitis also represents a common cause of early preterm labour. This review provides an overview of all these factors considered to be implicated in the initiation of human parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yannis Prapas
- a IAKENTRO, Infertility Treatment Center , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Nikolaos Prapas
- a IAKENTRO, Infertility Treatment Center , Thessaloniki , Greece
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Mumm H, Jensen DM, Sørensen JA, Andersen LLT, Ravn P, Andersen M, Glintborg D. Hyperandrogenism and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome are not associated with differences in obstetric outcomes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2014; 94:204-11. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Mumm
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Dorte Møller Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Jens Aage Sørensen
- Department ofGynecology and Obstetrics; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | | | - Pernille Ravn
- Department ofGynecology and Obstetrics; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Marianne Andersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Dorte Glintborg
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
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133
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Prenatal hormones in first-time expectant parents: Longitudinal changes and within-couple correlations. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:317-25. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Abstract
This review is intended to summarize the current knowledge from basic science and clinical medical literature cited within PubMed that pertain to gender-related factors and affect those individuals with hereditary ocular disorders. We consider gender-related biological factors that (a) affect disease onset and progression, (b) gender differences for major X-linked ocular disorders, (c) gender-specific conditions, (d) medications that may influence genetic eye disorders, and finally, (e) gender-related issues that influence the management and quality of life of these patients. Several studies have demonstrated the manner in which sex-related hormones in animal models are capable of influencing cell pathway and survival that are likely to affect hereditary eye disorders. There are very few clinical studies that provide compelling evidence for gender differences in human ocular conditions, other than for a number of X-linked disorders. Disease expression for X-linked disorders may be impacted by genetic mechanisms such as lyonization or uniparental disomy. Clinical evidence regarding the impact of gender-related medical conditions and therapies on eye conditions is extremely limited and primarily based on anecdotal evidence. Gender-specific factors may play a major role in the underlying biological pathways that influence the onset, rate of progression, and clinical findings associated with ocular genetic conditions. Clinicians need to be aware of the variable phenotypes observed in female carriers of X-linked disorders of gender specific issues, many of which are inadequately addressed in the current literature. Clinicians need to be sensitive to gender differences in social, cultural, and religious systems and they should also be aware of how their own gender biases may influence how they counsel patients. Finally, it is clear that the lack of effective clinical studies in this area creates an opportunity for future research that will have real benefits for these patients.
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