101
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Fortification of blackcurrant juice with crowberry: Impact on polyphenol composition, urinary phenolic metabolites, and postprandial glycemic response in healthy subjects. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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102
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Kim HJ, Xu L, Chang KC, Shin SC, Chung JI, Kang D, Kim SH, Hur JA, Choi TH, Kim S, Choi J. Anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat on the keratinocytes and ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flaps. Microsurgery 2012; 32:563-70. [PMID: 22821773 DOI: 10.1002/micr.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that occurs when tissues are subjected to ischemia for a variable period of time, and then reperfused. Inflammatory reaction has been implicated as one of the most important mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat on keratinocytes in vitro and ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. We investigated the inhibition, by anthocyanins, of the expression of various inflammatory genes associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-treated (TNF-α) immortalized epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). We also investigated the effects of anthocyanins on the survival of skin flaps after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rats. According to Western blot analysis and a luciferase activity assay, anthocyanins inhibited TNF-α-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels through the NF-κB-dependent pathway. Administration of anthocyanins (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly improved the flap area survival in the 10-hour ischemic model from 62% to 74.5% and 83%, respectively (P = 0.001). The related cytokines in skin flap also changed as the same pattern as in vitro. Our results indicate that anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat had anti-inflammatory effects on the HaCaT cell line and increase the survival of skin flaps through anti-inflammatory properties against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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103
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Anthocyanins block ischemia-induced apoptosis in the perfused heart and support mitochondrial respiration potentially by reducing cytosolic cytochrome c. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:23-9. [PMID: 22842532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anthocynanins, found in fruits and vegetables, have a variety of protective properties, which have generally been attributed to their antioxidant capacity. However, antioxidants are generally strong reductants, and some reductants have been found to block apoptosis by reducing cytosolic cytochrome c, which prevents caspase activation. We tested the ability of various anthocyanins: to reduce cytochrome c, to support cytochrome c-induced mitochondrial respiration and to inhibit apoptosis induced by heart ischemia. Anthocyanins such as delphinidin-3-glucoside (Dp3G) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G) were able to reduce cytochrome c directly and rapidly, whereas pelargonidin-3-glucoside (Pg3G), malvinidin-3-glucoside (Mv3G) and peonidin-3-glucoside (Pn3G) had relatively low cytochrome c reducing activities. Dp3G and Cy3G but not Pg3G supported mitochondrial state 4 respiration in the presence of exogenous cytochrome c. Pre-perfusion of hearts with 20 μM Cy3G but not Pg3G prevented ischemia-induced caspase activation. This suggests that the ability of anthocyanins to block caspase activation may be due to their ability to reduce cytosolic cytochrome c. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Bioenergetic dysfunction, adaptation and therapy.
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104
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Preconditioning and acute effects of flavonoids in protecting cardiomyocytes from oxidative cell death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:782321. [PMID: 22829963 PMCID: PMC3399417 DOI: 10.1155/2012/782321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While flavonoids can reportedly protect against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, the relative effectiveness of different flavonoids and the mechanisms involved are unclear. We compared protection by different flavonoids using rat embryonic ventricular H9c2 cells subjected to simulated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-buOOH). Characterization of the IR model showed the relative contributions of glucose, serum, and oxygen deprivation to cell death. With long-term (2-3 day) pretreatment before IR the best protection was given by catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, proanthocyanidins, and ascorbate, which protected at all doses. Quercetin protected (34%) at 5 μM but was cytotoxic at higher doses. Cyanidin protected mildly (10-15%) at 5 and 20 μM, while delphinidin had no effect at 5 μM and was cytotoxic at higher doses. Comparing long-term and acute protection by catechin, a higher concentration was needed for benefit with acute (1 hr) pretreatment. With a pure oxidative stress (t-buOOH) only quercetin significantly protected with 3-day pretreatment, while with short-term (1 h) pretreatments protection was best with quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate. The results suggest catechins to be especially useful as IR preconditioning agents, while quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate may be the most protective acutely in situations of oxidative stress.
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105
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Wine polyphenols: potential agents in neuroprotection. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:805762. [PMID: 22829964 PMCID: PMC3399511 DOI: 10.1155/2012/805762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous studies indicating that a moderate consumption of red wine provides certain health benefits, such as the protection against neurodegenerative diseases. This protective effect is most likely due to the presence of phenolic compounds in wine. Wine polyphenolic compounds are well known for the antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress is involved in many forms of cellular and molecular deterioration. This damage can lead to cell death and various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases. Extensive investigations have been undertaken to determine the neuroprotective effects of wine-related polyphenols. In this review we present the neuroprotective abilities of the major classes of wine-related polyphenols.
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106
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Sankhari JM, Thounaojam MC, Jadeja RN, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Anthocyanin-rich red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) extract attenuates cardiac and hepatic oxidative stress in rats fed an atherogenic diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1688-1693. [PMID: 22228433 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the aetiology of several diseases including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Anthocyanin-rich extracts have been shown to possess a variety of therapeutic roles, including antioxidant, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties. The present inventory was undertaken to evaluate the protective role of anthocyanin-rich red cabbage extract (ARCE) on an atherogenic (ATH) diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia and related cardiac and, hepatic oxidative stress in rats. RESULTS ARCE (100 mg kg(-1) body weight) treatment of rats fed the ATH diet significantly prevented elevation in serum and tissue lipids, circulating levels of cardiac and hepatic damage markers, and resulted in excretion of lipids through faeces. Also, the ARCE extract significantly attenuated alterations in the cardiac and hepatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation, and histopathological changes in cardiac and hepatic tissue. CONCLUSION Thus, the present study provides the first scientific evidence for a protective role of ARCE against ATH diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia and cardiac and hepatic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta M Sankhari
- Division of Phytotherapeutics and Metabolic Endocrinology, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat, India
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107
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de Lorgeril M, Salen P. New insights into the health effects of dietary saturated and omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. BMC Med 2012; 10:50. [PMID: 22613931 PMCID: PMC3394202 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and cancers are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Reducing dietary saturated fat and replacing it with polyunsaturated fat is still the main dietary strategy to prevent cardiovascular diseases, although major flaws have been reported in the analyses supporting this approach. Recent studies introducing the concept of myocardial preconditioning have opened new avenues to understand the complex interplay between the various lipids and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The optimal dietary fat profile includes a low intake of both saturated and omega-6 fatty acids and a moderate intake of omega-3 fatty acids. This profile is quite similar to the Mediterranean diet. On the other hand, recent studies have found a positive association between omega-6 and breast cancer risk. In contrast, omega-3 fatty acids do have anticancer properties. It has been shown that certain (Mediterranean) polyphenols significantly increase the endogenous synthesis of omega-3 whereas high intake of omega-6 decreases it. Finally, epidemiological studies suggest that a high omega-3 to omega-6 ratio may be the optimal strategy to decrease breast cancer risk. Thus, the present high intake of omega-6 in many countries is definitely not the optimal strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancers. A moderate intake of plant and marine omega-3 in the context of the traditional Mediterranean diet (low in saturated and omega-6 fatty acids but high in plant monounsaturated fat) appears to be the best approach to reduce the risk of both cardiovascular diseases and cancers, in particular breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel de Lorgeril
- Laboratoire Cœur & Nutrition, TIMC-IMAG, Université Joseph Fourier-CNRS, Faculté de Médecine, Grenoble, France.
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108
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Rosales-Soto MU, Powers JR, Alldredge JR. Effect of mixing time, freeze-drying and baking on phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of raspberry juice during processing of muffins. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1511-1518. [PMID: 22228299 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of baked products constitutes an important part of a daily breakfast considering that people are continually grabbing meals on the go. Among baked products, muffins rank third in breakfast products and attract a broad range of consumers. Incorporation of red raspberry juice into muffins can add value to the product while preserving health benefits to the consumer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mixing time, freeze-drying and baking on the phenolic and anthocyanin contents and antioxidant capacity of raspberry juice during the preparation of muffins. RESULTS Freeze-drying of raspberry batters reduced their phenolic content and antioxidant capacity regardless of mixing time. Non-freeze-dried raspberry batter mixed for 5 min had the highest phenolic content (0.88 mg gallic acid equivalent g(-1) dry matter (DM)). Non-freeze-dried raspberry muffins had the highest antioxidant capacity (0.041 µmol Trolox equivalent g(-1) DM). Freeze-dried raspberry batters mixed for 5 and 10 min had the highest anthocyanin content (0.065 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside g(-1) DM). Baking reduced the anthocyanin content of both non-freeze-dried and freeze-dried raspberry muffins. CONCLUSION Despite the reduction in valuable compounds, muffin is a vehicle for the delivery of these compounds.
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109
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Ziberna L, Tramer F, Moze S, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F, Passamonti S. Transport and bioactivity of cyanidin 3-glucoside into the vascular endothelium. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1750-9. [PMID: 22387282 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are dietary components involved in decreasing oxidative stress in the vascular endothelium and thus the risk of endothelial dysfunction. However, their very low concentrations in plasma place this role in doubt. Thus, a relationship between the effective intracellular concentration of flavonoids and their bioactivity needs to be assessed. This study examined the uptake of physiological concentrations of cyanidin 3-glucoside, a widespread dietary flavonoid, into human vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, the involvement of the membrane transporter bilitranslocase (TC No. 2.A.65.1.1) as the key underlying molecular mechanism for membrane transport was investigated by using purified anti-sequence antibodies binding at the extracellular domain of the protein. The experimental observations were carried out in isolated plasma membrane vesicles and intact endothelial cells from human endothelial cells (EA.hy926) and on an ischemia-reperfusion model in isolated rat hearts. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was transported via bilitranslocase into endothelial cells, where it acted as a powerful intracellular antioxidant and a cardioprotective agent in the reperfusion phase after ischemia. These findings suggest that dietary flavonoids, despite their limited oral bioavailability and very low postabsorption plasma concentrations, may provide protection against oxidative stress-based cardiovascular diseases. Bilitranslocase, by mediating the cellular uptake of some flavonoids, is thus a key factor in their protective activity on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovro Ziberna
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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110
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarise our present knowledge on the Mediterranean diet in secondary prevention of CHD. DESIGN Review of literature. SETTING Adult coronary patients. SUBJECTS CHD patients at high risk of cardiac death. RESULTS The two main causes of death in these patients are sudden cardiac death (SCD) and chronic heart failure (CHF). The main mechanism underlying recurrent cardiac events is coronary thrombosis resulting from atherosclerotic plaque erosion or ulceration. The occurrence of thrombosis is usually associated with plaque weakness in relation to high lipid content of the lesion where cholesterol only represents a very small part compared with other lipids (i.e. fatty acids). Thus, the three main aims of the preventive strategy are to prevent coronary thrombosis, malignant ventricular arrhythmia and the development of left ventricular dysfunction (and CHF) and finally to minimise the risk of plaque erosion and ulceration. There is now a consensus about recommending the Mediterranean diet pattern for the secondary prevention of CHD because no other dietary pattern has been successfully tested so far in these patients. The most important aspect, in contrast with the pharmacological prevention of CHD (including cholesterol lowering), is that the Mediterranean diet results in a striking effect on survival. CONCLUSIONS The traditional Mediterranean diet is effective in reducing both coronary atherosclerosis/thrombosis and the risk of fatal complications such as SCD and heart failure.
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111
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Flores G, Dastmalchi K, Paulino S, Whalen K, Dabo AJ, Reynertson KA, Foronjy RF, D'Armiento JM, Kennelly EJ. Anthocyanins from Eugenia brasiliensis edible fruits as potential therapeutics for COPD treatment. Food Chem 2012; 134:1256-62. [PMID: 25005941 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nine anthocyanins (1-9) from the edible fruits of Eugenia brasiliensis were identified by HPLC-PDA and LC-MS, and seven of these are described for the first time in this Brazilian fruit. Two of the major anthocyanins, delphinidin (8) and cyanidin (9), were studied for their inhibitory activity against chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) production before and after cigarette smoke extract (CSE) treatment of cells. In non-treated cells the amount of IL-8 was unchanged following treatment with cyanidin and delphinidin in concentrations 0.1-10 μM. Both delphinidin (8) and cyanidin (9) decreased the production of IL-8 in treated cells, at 1 and 10 μM, respectively. Delphinidin (8) demonstrated IL-8 inhibition in the CSE treated cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Keyvan Dastmalchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States
| | - Sturlainny Paulino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States
| | - Kathleen Whalen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 9-449, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Abdoulaye J Dabo
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 9-449, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Kurt A Reynertson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 9-449, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Jeanine M D'Armiento
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 9-449, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States
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112
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Lavola A, Karjalainen R, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Bioactive polyphenols in leaves, stems, and berries of Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) cultivars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1020-1027. [PMID: 22220589 DOI: 10.1021/jf204056s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Saskatoon berry is currently cultivated in many parts of the world for its suitability for various food products and due to its high content of nutrients and polyphenols. To determine the phytochemical profile of a Saskatoon plant, polyphenols from leaves, stems, and berries were screened from four cultivars grown in Finland using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI/MS. The phenolic composition and concentrations varied among plant parts and cultivars. The main berry components were cyanidin-based anthocyanins (63% of the phenols), quercetin-derived flavonol glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The total anthocyanin content varied between 258.7 and 517.9 mg/100 fresh weight among cultivars. Protocatechuic acid was found for the first time in Saskatoon berries. The leaves consisted of quercetin- and kaempferol-derived glycosides (41% of the phenols), hydroxycinnamic acids (36%), catechins, and some neolignans. Quercetin 3-galactoside and 3-glucoside, (-)-epicatechin, and chlorogenic acid were the main phenolics in the leaves of all cultivars. The stem components were flavanone and flavonol glycosides (55% of the phenols), catechins (38%), and hydroxybenzoic acids. Concentrations of the main compound, eriodictyol 7-glucoside, varied among cultivars from 3.3 to 6.5 mg/g of stem dry weight. Very high proanthocyanidin contents were found in stems and leaves (10-14% of dry biomass), whereas berries contained a low amount of proanthocyanidins (3% of dry biomass). The findings reveal that leaves and stems of Saskatoon cultivars possess high amounts of various phenolic compounds that may offer new functional raw materials for a wide range of food and health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Lavola
- Department of Biology, Natural Product Research Laboratories, Joensuu, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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113
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Abstract
The kinetics of anthocyanin metabolism was investigated in a human feeding trial. Volunteers (n 12) consumed purple carrots containing five anthocyanin forms: cyanidin-3-(xylose-glucose-galactoside), cyanidin-3-(xylose-galactoside), cyanidin-3-(xylose-sinapoyl-glucose-galactoside), cyanidin-3-(xylose-feruloyl-glucose-galactoside) and cyanidin-3-(xylose-coumuroyl-glucose-galactoside). The purple carrots were served as three different treatments in a crossover design with a 3-week washout between treatments. Purple carrot treatments were 250 g raw carrots, 250 g cooked carrots and 500 g cooked carrots. Serial blood and urine samples were collected for 8 and 24 h after the dose, respectively, and analysed for anthocyanins. Of the anthocyanin forms ingested, four were detected in plasma and urine: cyanidin-3-(xylose-glucose-galactoside), cyanidin-3-(xylose-galactoside), cyanidin-3-(xylose-sinapoyl-glucose-galactoside) and cyanidin-3-(xylose-feruloyl-glucose-galactoside). The time courses of plasma and urine anthocyanin contents were evaluated with compartmental modelling. Results showed that absorption, gastrointestinal transit and plasma elimination are dependent on anthocyanin structure. Absorption efficiencies of acylated compounds (cyanidin-3-(xylose-sinapoyl-glucose-galactoside) and cyanidin-3-(xylose-feruloyl-glucose-galactoside)) were less than those for non-acylated anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-(xylose-glucose-galactoside) and cyanidin-3-(xylose-galactoside)). The acylated anthocyanins exhibited a shorter half-life for gastrointestinal absorption than the non-acylated anthocyanins. Fractional elimination of non-acylated compounds was slower than that for acylated anthocyanins. These results provide the first information about the kinetics of individual anthocyanins in human beings.
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114
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Min J, Yu SW, Baek SH, Nair KM, Bae ON, Bhatt A, Kassab M, Nair MG, Majid A. Neuroprotective effect of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside anthocyanin in mice with focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:157-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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115
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Abstract
Anthocyanins are a group of abundant and widely consumed flavonoid constituents that occur ubiquitously in the plant kingdom, providing the bright red-orange to blue-violet colors present in many fruit- and vegetable-based food products. Their intake has been estimated to be up to 9-fold higher than that of other dietary flavonoids. Anthocyanins have become increasingly important to the food industry as their use as natural alternatives to artificial colors has become widespread and knowledge of their health-promoting properties has become more evident. Epidemiological studies suggest that increased consumption of anthocyanins lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the most common cause of mortality among men and women. Anthocyanins frequently interact with other phytochemicals, exhibiting synergistic biological effects but making contributions from individual components difficult to decipher. Over the past 2 decades, many peer-reviewed publications have demonstrated that in addition to their noted in vitro antioxidant activity, anthocyanins may regulate different signaling pathways involved in the development of CVD. This review summarizes the latest developments on the bioavailability/bioactivity and CVD preventative activities of anthocyanins, including results from in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal model systems as related to their multiple proposed mechanisms of action. Limited yet promising data from epidemiological studies and human clinical trials are also presented. Future studies aimed at enhancing the absorption of anthocyanins and characterizing their metabolic and/or breakdown products are necessary to ultimately evaluate their use for protection/prevention against the development of CVD.
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116
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Toufektsian MC, Salen P, Laporte F, Tonelli C, de Lorgeril M. Dietary flavonoids increase plasma very long-chain (n-3) fatty acids in rats. J Nutr 2011; 141:37-41. [PMID: 21068183 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.127225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids probably contribute to the health benefits associated with the consumption of fruit and vegetables. However, the mechanisms by which they exert their effects are not fully elucidated. PUFA of the (n-3) series also have health benefits. Epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested that wine flavonoids may interact with the metabolism of (n-3) PUFA and increase their blood and cell levels. The present studies in rats were designed to assess whether flavonoids actually increase plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the main very long-chain (n-3) PUFA. Rats were fed a corn-derived anthocyanin (ACN)-rich (ACN-rich) or ACN-free diet with constant intakes of plant and marine (n-3) PUFA for 8 wk (Expt. 1). Plasma fatty acids were measured by GC. The ACN-rich diet contained ~0.24 ± 0.01 mg of ACN/g pellets. There were no significant differences between groups in the main saturated, monounsaturated, and (n-6) fatty acids. In contrast, plasma EPA and DHA were greater in the ACN-rich diet group than in the ACN-free diet group (P < 0.05). We obtained similar results in 2 subsequent experiments in which rats were administered palm oil (80 μL/d) and consumed the ACN-rich or ACN-free diet (Expt. 2) or were supplemented with fish oil (60 mg/d, providing 35 mg DHA and 12 mg EPA) and consumed the ACN-rich or ACN-free diet (Expt. 3). In both experiments, plasma EPA and DHA were significantly greater in the ACN-rich diet group. These studies demonstrate that the consumption of flavonoids increases plasma very long-chain (n-3) PUFA levels. These data confirm previous clinical and epidemiological studies and provide new insights into the health benefits of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Toufektsian
- Laboratoire Cœur et Nutrition, TIMC-IMAG CNRS UMR 5525, Faculté de Médecine, Université Joseph Fourier, 38000 Grenoble, France
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117
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Zeghichi-Hamri S, de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Chibane M, de Leiris J, Boucher F, Laporte F. Protective effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on myocardial resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Nutr Res 2010; 30:849-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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118
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Pilu R, Cassani E, Sirizzotti A, Petroni K, Tonelli C. Effect of flavonoid pigments on the accumulation of fumonisin B1 in the maize kernel. J Appl Genet 2010; 52:145-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-010-0014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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119
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Kim DS, Kwon DY, Kim MS, Kim HK, Lee YC, Park SJ, Yoo WH, Chae SW, Chung MJ, Kim HR, Chae HJ. The involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in flavonoid-induced protection on cardiac cell death caused by ischaemia/reperfusion. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:197-204. [PMID: 20487199 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.02.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have investigated whether endoplasmic reticulum stress and Bcl-2 proteins were linked to the protective effect exerted by flavonoids on ischaemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac damage. METHODS Cell viability and immunoblotting were performed. KEY FINDINGS H9c2 cardiac muscle cells were exposed to flavonoids such as biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, luteolin, quercetin and rutin, followed by ischaemia 12 h/reperfusion 4 h. The flavonoids protected against cell death induced by ischaemia/reperfusion. Flavonoid treatment significantly increased the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, but decreased that of the proapoptotic protein, Bax. The flavonoids down-regulated the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins, glucose-regulated protein-78, activating transcription factor 6alpha, X-box binding protein 1, inositol-requiring protein-1, phosphor-eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha, and C/EBP-homologous protein. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the protective mechanisms of flavonoids included regulation of Bcl-2/Bax proteins as well as the endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Sung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Jeonju, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
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120
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Berry flavonoids and phenolics: bioavailability and evidence of protective effects. Br J Nutr 2010; 104 Suppl 3:S67-90. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510003958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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121
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Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G. Prevention of cardiovascular risk by moderate alcohol consumption: epidemiologic evidence and plausible mechanisms. Intern Emerg Med 2010; 5:291-7. [PMID: 20127425 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-010-0346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An inverse association between moderate alcohol intake and cardiovascular risk, in particular coronary disease and ischemic stroke, has been shown in many epidemiologic studies. In addition, several other diseases are also known to occur less frequently in moderate drinkers than in non-drinkers, whereas excess of drinking is invariably harmful. However, some concern has been recently raised about the possibility that at all dosages the harm of alcohol could overcome its beneficial effects. We present here the epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence to support the protective effect of moderate alcohol intake against cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Di Castelnuovo
- RE ARTU Research Laboratories, John Paul II Centre For High Technology Research and Education in Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University, Largo Gemelli 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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Akhlaghi M, Bandy B. Dietary green tea extract increases phase 2 enzyme activities in protecting against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Nutr Res 2010; 30:32-9. [PMID: 20116658 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Green tea catechins are dietary antioxidant compounds that have been shown to protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Considering reports that catechins can induce phase 2 enzymes in cultured cells and some organs, we hypothesized that part of the protection to heart against IR injury may involve elevation of phase 2 enzyme activities. Rats were fed for 10 days with either control diet (sham and control groups) or the diet mixed with 0.25% green tea extract. At the end of 10 days, hearts were excised and subjected to global ischemia for 20 min followed by reperfusion for 2 hours. The hearts were compared for indices of cell death, oxidative stress, and phase 2 enzyme activities. Hearts from the green tea group had a 65% to 85% decrease in markers of apoptosis, a tendency to higher total glutathione, and higher activities of the phase 2 enzymes glutamate cysteine ligase and quinone reductase. The results support a possible involvement of phase 2 enzymes in the protection by green tea catechins against myocardial IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- School of Health and Nutrition, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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123
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de Pascual-Teresa S, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C. Flavanols and anthocyanins in cardiovascular health: a review of current evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1679-703. [PMID: 20480037 PMCID: PMC2871133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is accepted that natural flavonoids present in fruits and plant-derived-foods are relevant, not only for technological reasons and organoleptic properties, but also because of their potential health-promoting effects, as suggested by the available experimental and epidemiological evidence. The beneficial biological effects of these food bioactives may be driven by two of their characteristic properties: their affinity for proteins and their antioxidant activity. Over the last 15 years, numerous publications have demonstrated that besides their in vitro antioxidant capacity, certain phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, catechins, proanthocyanidins, and other non coloured flavonoids, may regulate different signaling pathways involved in cell survival, growth and differentiation. In this review we will update the knowledge on the cardiovascular effects of anthocyanins, catechins and proanthocyanidins, as implied by the in vitro and clinical studies on these compounds. We also review the available information on the structure, distribution and bioavailability of flavanols (monomeric catechins and proanthocyanidins) and anthocyanins, data necessary in order to understand their role in reducing risk factors and preventing cardiovascular health problems through different aspects of their bioefficacy on vascular parameters (platelet agregation, atherosclerosis, blood pressure, antioxidant status, inflammation-related markers, etc.), myocardial conditions, and whole-body metabolism (serum biochemistry, lipid profile), highlighting the need for better-designed clinical studies to improve the current knowledge on the potential health benefits of these flavonoids to cardiovascular and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism & Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, CSIC, Madrid E-28040, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Diego A. Moreno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, Murcia E-30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Cristina García-Viguera
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, Murcia E-30100, Spain; E-Mail:
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124
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Badone FC, Cassani E, Landoni M, Doria E, Panzeri D, Lago C, Mesiti F, Nielsen E, Pilu R. The low phytic acid1-241 (lpa1-241) maize mutation alters the accumulation of anthocyanin pigment in the kernel. PLANTA 2010; 231:1189-1199. [PMID: 20191364 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The lpa1 mutations in maize are caused by lesions in the ZmMRP4 (multidrug resistance-associated proteins 4) gene. In previous studies (Raboy et al. in Plant Physiol 124:355-368, 2000; Pilu et al. in Theor Appl Genet 107:980-987, 2003a; Shi et al. Nat Biotechnol 25:930-937, 2007), several mutations have been isolated in this locus causing a reduction of phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, or InsP(6)) content and an equivalent increasing of free phosphate. In particular, the lpa1-241 mutation causes a reduction of up to 90% of phytic acid, associated with strong pleiotropic effects on the whole plant. In this work, we show, for the first time to our knowledge, an interaction between the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in the kernel and the lpa mutations. In fact the lpa1-241 mutant accumulates a higher level of anthocyanins as compared to wild type either in the embryo (about 3.8-fold) or in the aleurone layer (about 0.3-fold) in a genotype able to accumulate anthocyanin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these pigments are mislocalised in the cytoplasm, conferring a blue pigmentation of the scutellum, because of the neutral/basic pH of this cellular compartment. As a matter of fact, the propionate treatment, causing a specific acidification of the cytoplasm, restored the red pigmentation of the scutellum in the mutant and expression analysis showed a reduction of ZmMRP3 anthocyanins' transporter gene expression. On the whole, these data strongly suggest a possible interaction between the lpa mutation and anthocyanin accumulation and compartmentalisation in the kernel.
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125
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Lin-Wang K, Bolitho K, Grafton K, Kortstee A, Karunairetnam S, McGhie TK, Espley RV, Hellens RP, Allan AC. An R2R3 MYB transcription factor associated with regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Rosaceae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:50. [PMID: 20302676 PMCID: PMC2923524 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of plant anthocyanin accumulation is via transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding the biosynthetic enzymes. A key activator appears to be an R2R3 MYB transcription factor. In apple fruit, skin anthocyanin levels are controlled by a gene called MYBA or MYB1, while the gene determining fruit flesh and foliage anthocyanin has been termed MYB10. In order to further understand tissue-specific anthocyanin regulation we have isolated orthologous MYB genes from all the commercially important rosaceous species. RESULTS We use gene specific primers to show that the three MYB activators of apple anthocyanin (MYB10/MYB1/MYBA) are likely alleles of each other. MYB transcription factors, with high sequence identity to the apple gene were isolated from across the rosaceous family (e.g. apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, raspberries, rose, strawberry). Key identifying amino acid residues were found in both the DNA-binding and C-terminal domains of these MYBs. The expression of these MYB10 genes correlates with fruit and flower anthocyanin levels. Their function was tested in tobacco and strawberry. In tobacco, these MYBs were shown to induce the anthocyanin pathway when co-expressed with bHLHs, while over-expression of strawberry and apple genes in the crop of origin elevates anthocyanins. CONCLUSIONS This family-wide study of rosaceous R2R3 MYBs provides insight into the evolution of this plant trait. It has implications for the development of new coloured fruit and flowers, as well as aiding the understanding of temporal-spatial colour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen Bolitho
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karryn Grafton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne Kortstee
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Postbus 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sakuntala Karunairetnam
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roger P Hellens
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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126
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Calvenzani V, Martinelli M, Lazzeri V, Giuntini D, Dall'Asta C, Galaverna G, Tonelli C, Ranieri A, Petroni K. Response of wild-type and high pigment-1 tomato fruit to UV-B depletion: flavonoid profiling and gene expression. PLANTA 2010; 231:755-65. [PMID: 20033231 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The tomato high pigment-1 (hp-1) mutant is characterised by exaggerated photoresponsiveness and increased fruit pigmentation, and carries a mutation in the HP1/LeDDB1 gene, encoding the tomato homologue of the negative regulator of the light signal transduction DDB1a from Arabidopsis. Here, we investigated the molecular events underlying flavonoid accumulation in flesh and peel of wild-type and hp-1 fruits in presence or absence of UV-B light. In hp-1 peel, a twofold higher level of rutin and an earlier accumulation of flavonoids than in wild-type were observed, which correlated to the earlier activation of most flavonoid biosynthetic genes compared to wild-type. In hp-1 flesh, flavonoid content was up to 8.5-fold higher than in wild-type and correlated to the higher transcript level of flavonoid genes compared to wild-type. In both tissues, the expression of flavonoid genes was correlated with the anticipated and/or enhanced activation of the light signal transduction genes: LeCOP1LIKE, LeCOP1 and LeHY5. In wild-type, flavonoid content was severely reduced by UV-B depletion mostly in peel, whereas in hp-1 it was significantly increased in flesh. The activation of flavonoid and light signal transduction genes was UV-B dependent mostly at the mature green stage, whereas LeDDB1 expression was not regulated by UV-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Calvenzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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127
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Chen G, Luo J. Anthocyanins: are they beneficial in treating ethanol neurotoxicity? Neurotox Res 2010; 17:91-101. [PMID: 19590929 PMCID: PMC4992359 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heavy alcohol exposure produces profound damage to the developing central nervous system (CNS) as well as the adult brain. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and neurological impairments. FASD currently represents the leading cause of mental retardation. Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) and neurodegeneration in the adult brain. Although the cellular/molecular mechanism underlying ethanol's neurotoxicity has not been fully understood, it is generally believed that oxidative stress plays an important role. Identification of neuroprotective agents that can ameliorate ethanol neurotoxicity is an important step for developing preventive/therapeutic strategies. Targeting ethanol-induced oxidative stress using natural antioxidants is an attractive approach. Anthocyanins, a large subgroup of flavonoids present in many vegetables and fruits, are safe and potent antioxidants. They exhibit diverse potential health benefits including cardioprotection, anti-atherosclerotic activity, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammation properties. Anthocyanins can cross the blood-brain barrier and distribute in the CNS. Recent studies indicate that anthocyanins represent novel neuroprotective agents and may be beneficial in ameliorating ethanol neurotoxicity. In this review, we discuss the evidence and potential of anthocyanins in alleviating ethanol-induced damage to the CNS. Furthermore, we discuss possible underlying mechanisms as well as future research approaches necessary to establish the therapeutic role of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 124C Combs Research Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 124C Combs Research Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Felgines C, Texier O, Garcin P, Besson C, Lamaison JL, Scalbert A. Tissue distribution of anthocyanins in rats fed a blackberry anthocyanin-enriched diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:1098-103. [PMID: 19653220 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural dietary pigments that could be involved in various health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of anthocyanins to various organs (bladder, prostate, testes, heart and adipose tissue) in rats fed with a blackberry anthocyanin-enriched diet for 12 days. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins were carried out by HPLC-DAD. The urinary excretion of total anthocyanins (native anthocyanins and their metabolites) was low (0.20 +/- 0.03%, n = 8). Proportions of anthocyanin derivatives (methylated anthocyanins and glucurono-conjugated derivatives) differed according to the organ considered. The bladder contained the highest levels of anthocyanins followed by the prostate. Prostate, testes and heart contained native cyanidin 3-glucoside and a small proportion of cyanidin monoglucuronide. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and methylated derivatives were present in adipose tissue. Thus, anthocyanin feeding in rats resulted in a wide distribution of anthocyanin derivatives to several organs. Identification of target tissues of anthocyanins may then help to understand the mechanisms of action of anthocyanins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Felgines
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Université Clermont 1, UFR Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
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Abstract
There is now a consensus about recommending the Mediterranean diet pattern for the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer. The most important aspect of this treatment decision, in contrast with the pharmacologic prevention of CHD (including cholesterol lowering), is that the Mediterranean diet has a striking effect on survival. The main explanation for this is that the Mediterranean diet is protective not only against CHD and cancers but also against other various chronic diseases. Furthermore, the Mediterranean diet appears to be effective at reducing atherosclerosis and the risk of fatal complications (ie, sudden cardiac death and heart failure) of atherosclerosis. Finally, unlike drug therapies, no harmful side effect has been reported following the adoption of this dietary pattern. Many micro- and macronutrients characteristic of the Mediterranean diet interact in a synergistic way to induce states of resistance to chronic diseases. More research is required to understand these complex interplays.
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130
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Espley RV, Brendolise C, Chagné D, Kutty-Amma S, Green S, Volz R, Putterill J, Schouten HJ, Gardiner SE, Hellens RP, Allan AC. Multiple repeats of a promoter segment causes transcription factor autoregulation in red apples. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:168-83. [PMID: 19151225 PMCID: PMC2648084 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.059329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding for either the biosynthetic or transcriptional regulation of the anthocyanin pathway have been linked to color phenotypes. Generally, this is a loss of function resulting in a reduction or a change in the distribution of anthocyanin. Here, we describe a rearrangement in the upstream regulatory region of the gene encoding an apple (Malus x domestica) anthocyanin-regulating transcription factor, MYB10. We show that this modification is responsible for increasing the level of anthocyanin throughout the plant to produce a striking phenotype that includes red foliage and red fruit flesh. This rearrangement is a series of multiple repeats, forming a minisatellite-like structure that comprises five direct tandem repeats of a 23-bp sequence. This MYB10 rearrangement is present in all the red foliage apple varieties and species tested but in none of the white fleshed varieties. Transient assays demonstrated that the 23-bp sequence motif is a target of the MYB10 protein itself, and the number of repeat units correlates with an increase in transactivation by MYB10 protein. We show that the repeat motif is capable of binding MYB10 protein in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Taken together, these results indicate that an allelic rearrangement in the promoter of MYB10 has generated an autoregulatory locus, and this autoregulation is sufficient to account for the increase in MYB10 transcript levels and subsequent ectopic accumulation of anthocyanins throughout the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard V Espley
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
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Mechanisms of flavonoid protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 46:309-17. [PMID: 19133271 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids have long been acknowledged for their unique antioxidant properties, and possess other activities that may be relevant to heart ischemia-reperfusion. They may prevent production of oxidants (e.g. by inhibition of xanthine oxidase and chelation of transition metals), inhibit oxidants from attacking cellular targets (e.g. by electron donation and scavenging activities), block propagation of oxidative reactions (by chain-breaking antioxidant activity), and reinforce cellular antioxidant capacity (through sparing effects on other antioxidants and inducing expression of endogenous antioxidants). Flavonoids also possess anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation effects through inhibiting relevant enzymes and signaling pathways, resulting ultimately in lower oxidant production and better re-establishment of blood in the ischemic zone. Finally, flavonoids are vasodilatory through a variety of mechanisms, one of which is likely interaction with ion channels. These multifaceted activities of flavonoids raise their utility as possible therapeutic interventions to ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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132
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Butelli E, Titta L, Giorgio M, Mock HP, Matros A, Peterek S, Schijlen EGWM, Hall RD, Bovy AG, Luo J, Martin C. Enrichment of tomato fruit with health-promoting anthocyanins by expression of select transcription factors. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:1301-8. [PMID: 18953354 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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