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Budd WT, Weaver DE, Anderson J, Zehner ZE. microRNA dysregulation in prostate cancer: network analysis reveals preferential regulation of highly connected nodes. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:857-67. [PMID: 22589088 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs shown to contribute to a number of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. MiRNAs regulate gene expression of their targets post-transcriptionally by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), causing translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. Dysregulation of miRNA expression can promote cancer formation and progression. Research has largely focused on the function and expression of single miRNAs. However, complex physiological processes require the interaction, regulation and coordination of many molecules including miRNAs and proteins. Highly connected molecules often serve important roles in the cell. A protein-protein interaction network of established miRNA targets confirmed these proteins to be highly connected and essential to the cell, affecting tumorigenesis, cell growth/proliferation, cellular death, cell assembly, and maintenance pathways. This analysis showed that miRNAs contribute to the overall health of the prostate, and their aberrant expression destabilized homeostatic balance. This integrative network approach can reveal important miRNAs and proteins in prostate cancer that will be useful to identify specific disease biomarkers, which may be used as targets for therapeutics or drugs in themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Budd
- Doctoral Program in Integrative Life Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 842030, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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102
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Pérez-Martínez FC, Carrión B, Lucío MI, Rubio N, Herrero MA, Vázquez E, Ceña V. Enhanced docetaxel-mediated cytotoxicity in human prostate cancer cells through knockdown of cofilin-1 by carbon nanohorn delivered siRNA. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8152-9. [PMID: 22858003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a non-viral delivery system (f-CNH3) for small interfering RNA (siRNA) by anchoring a fourth-generation polyamidoamine dendrimer (G4-PAMAM) to carbon nanohorns (CNHs). Using this new compound, we delivered a specific siRNA designed to knockdown cofilin-1, a key protein in the regulation of cellular cytoskeleton, to human prostate cancer (PCa) cells. The carbon nanohorn (CNH) derivative was able to bind siRNA and release it in the presence of an excess of the polyanion heparin. Moreover, this hybrid nanomaterial protected the siRNA from RNAse-mediated degradation. Synthetic siRNA delivered to PCa cells by f-CNH3 decreased the cofilin-1 mRNA and protein levels to about 20% of control values. Docetaxel, the drug of choice for the treatment of PCa, produced a concentration-dependent activation of caspase-3, an increase in cell death assessed by lactate dehydrogenase release to the culture medium, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. All of these toxic effects were potentiated when cofilin-1 was down regulated in these cells by a siRNA delivered by the nanoparticle. This suggests that knocking down certain proteins involved in cancer cell survival and/or proliferation may potentiate the cytotoxic actions of anticancer drugs and it might be a new therapeutic approach to treat tumors.
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103
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Inman BA, Zhang J, Shah ND, Denton BT. An examination of the dynamic changes in prostate-specific antigen occurring in a population-based cohort of men over time. BJU Int 2012; 110:375-81. [PMID: 22313933 PMCID: PMC3637967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE • To determine whether prostate-specific antigen velocity (PSA-V), PSA doubling time (PSA-DT), or PSA percentage change (PSA-PC) add incremental information to PSA alone for community-based men undergoing prostate cancer (PCa) screening. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS • A population-based cohort of 11 872 men from Olmsted County, MN undergoing PSA screening for PCa from 1993 to 2005 was analysed for PSA, PSA-DT, PSA-PC and PSA-V and subsequent PCa. • Receiver-operating characteristics curves and logistic regression were used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) and Aikaike's information criterion. • Reclassification analysis was performed and the net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement were measured. • The method of Begg and Greenes was used to adjust for verification bias. RESULTS • The single best predictor of future PCa was PSA (AUC = 0.773) with PSA-V (AUC = 0.729) and PSA-DT/PSA-PC (AUC = 0.689) performing worse. • After age adjustment, combining PSA with PSA-V (AUC = 0.773) or PSA-DT/PSA-PC (AUC = 0.773) resulted in no better predictions than PSA alone. • Reclassification analysis showed that adding PSA-V or PSA-DT/PSA-PC to PSA did not result in a meaningful amount of reclassification. CONCLUSIONS • PSA is a better predictor of future PCa than PSA-V, PSA-DT, or PSA-PC. • Adding PSA-V, PSA-DT, or PSA-PC to PSA does not result in clinically relevant improvements in the ability to predict future PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant A Inman
- Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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104
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Van Neste L, Herman JG, Otto G, Bigley JW, Epstein JI, Van Criekinge W. The epigenetic promise for prostate cancer diagnosis. Prostate 2012; 72:1248-61. [PMID: 22161815 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis in men and a leading cause of death. Improvements in disease management would have a significant impact and could be facilitated by the development of biomarkers, whether for diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive purposes. The blood-based prostate biomarker PSA has been part of clinical practice for over two decades, although it is surrounded by controversy. While debates of usefulness are ongoing, alternatives should be explored. Particularly with recent recommendations against routine PSA-testing, the time is ripe to explore promising biomarkers to yield a more efficient and accurate screening for detection and management of prostate cancer. Epigenetic changes, more specifically DNA methylation, are amongst the most common alterations in human cancer. These changes are associated with transcriptional silencing of genes, leading to an altered cellular biology. METHODS One gene in particular, GSTP1, has been widely studied in prostate cancer. Therefore a meta-analysis has been conducted to examine the role of this and other genes and the potential contribution to prostate cancer management and screening refinement. RESULTS More than 30 independent, peer reviewed studies have reported a consistently high sensitivity and specificity of GSTP1 hypermethylation in prostatectomy or biopsy tissue. The meta-analysis combined and compared these results. CONCLUSIONS GSTP1 methylation detection can serve an important role in prostate cancer managment. The meta-analysis clearly confirmed a link between tissue DNA hypermethylation of this and other genes and prostate cancer. Detection of DNA methylation in genes, including GSTP1, could serve an important role in clinical practice.
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105
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Qi P, Tsivian M, Abern MR, Bañez LL, Tang P, Moul JW, Polascik TJ. Long-term oncological outcomes of men undergoing radical prostatectomy with preoperative prostate-specific antigen <2.5 ng/ml and 2.5-4 ng/ml. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:1527-32. [PMID: 22795501 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has increased the detection of small, organ-confined tumors, and studies suggest that these patients may have favorable outcomes following radical prostatectomy (RP). To date, there are limited data available on the outcomes of patients diagnosed with low PSA (≤ 4 ng/ml) who underwent RP. This study aimed to evaluate long-term oncological outcomes of patients undergoing RP with preoperative PSA <2.5 and 2.5-4 ng/ml compared with PSA 4.1-10 ng/ml. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were analyzed from 3,621 men who underwent RP between 1988 and 2010 at our institution. Patients were stratified into 3 PSA groups: <2.5 ng/ml (n = 280), 2.5-4 ng/ml (n = 563), and 4.1-10 ng/ml (n = 2,778). Patient and disease characteristics were compared. Overall, biochemical disease-free (bDFS), and PCa-specific survivals were analyzed and compared between the groups. Multivariable analyses were conducted using proportional hazards model. RESULTS Compared with the 4.1-10 ng/ml PSA group, Gleason score >7, extracapsular extension, and non-organ-confined disease were less common in patients with PSA ≤ 4 ng/ml (all P < 0.001). The incidence of organ-confined disease was similar between the PSA < 2.5 and 2.5-4 ng/ml groups while perineural invasion (P = 0.050) and Gleason score ≥ 7 (P = 0.026) were more common in the 2.5-4 ng/ml PSA group. Estimated 10-year overall and PCa-specific survivals were comparable across all PSA groups, whereas bDFS was significantly lower in PSA 4.1-10 group (P < 0.001). bDFS was not statistically different between PSA <2.5 and 2.5-4 groups (P = 0.300). 10-year bDFS were 59.0%, 70.1%, and 76.4% in PSA 4.1-10, 2.5-4, and <2.5, respectively. For the PSA ≤ 4 ng/ml groups, age, race, margin status, pathologic stage, but not PSA were independent predictors of bDFS, whereas age, pathologic Gleason, and biochemical recurrence were associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Long-term oncological outcomes (overall, bDFS, PCa-specific survivals) of patients presenting with low PSA (≤ 4 ng/ml) were excellent in this study. Compared with PSA 4.1-10 ng/ml, patients presenting with PSA ≤ 4 ng/ml had better bDFS outcomes. However, there was no difference in long-term outcomes between PSA <2.5 and 2.5-4 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Qi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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106
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Etzioni R, Gulati R, Tsodikov A, Wever EM, Penson DF, Heijnsdijk EAM, Katcher J, Draisma G, Feuer EJ, de Koning HJ, Mariotto AB. The prostate cancer conundrum revisited: treatment changes and prostate cancer mortality declines. Cancer 2012; 118:5955-63. [PMID: 22605665 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer mortality rates in the United States declined by >40% between 1991 and 2005. The impact of changes in primary treatment and adjuvant and neoadjuvant hormone therapy on this decline is unknown. METHODS The authors applied 3 independently developed models of prostate cancer natural history and disease detection under common assumptions about treatment patterns, treatment efficacy, and survival in the population. Primary treatment patterns were derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry; data on the frequency of hormone therapy were obtained from the CaPSURE (Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor) database; and treatment efficacy was based on estimates from randomized trials and comparative effectiveness studies of treatment alternatives. The models projected prostate cancer mortality without prostate-specific antigen screening and in the presence and absence of treatment benefit. The impact of primary treatment was expressed as a fraction of the difference between observed mortality and projected mortality in the absence of treatment benefit. RESULTS The 3 models projected that changes in treatment explained 22% to 33% of the mortality decline by 2005. These contributions were accounted for mostly by surgery and radiation therapy, which increased in frequency until the 1990s, whereas hormone therapies contributed little to the mortality decline by 2005. Assuming that treatment benefit was less for older men, changes in treatment explained only 16% to 23% of the mortality decline by 2005. CONCLUSIONS Changes in primary treatment explained a minority of the observed decline in prostate cancer mortality. The remainder of the decline probably was because of other interventions, such as prostate-specific antigen screening and advances in the treatment of recurrent and progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Etzioni
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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107
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Current Challenges in Prostate Cancer Management and the Rationale behind Targeted Focal Therapy. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:862639. [PMID: 22649447 PMCID: PMC3357537 DOI: 10.1155/2012/862639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among men, prostate cancer has a high prevalence, with relatively lower cancer-specific mortality risk compared to lung and colon cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has increased prostate cancer awareness since its implementation as a screening tool almost 25 years ago, but, due to the largely indolent course of this disease and the unspecific nature of the PSA test, increased incidence has largely been associated with cancers that would not go on to cause death (clinically insignificant), leading to an overdiagnosis challenge and an ensuing overtreatment consequences. The overtreatment problem is exacerbated by the high risk of side effects that current treatment techniques have, putting patients' quality of life at risk with little or no survival benefit. The goals of this paper are to evaluate the rise, prevalence, and impact of the overdiagnosis and ensuing overtreatment problems, as well as highlight potential solutions. In this effort, a review of major epidemiological and screening studies, cancer statistics from the advent of prostate-specific antigen screening to the present, and reports on patient concerns and treatment outcomes was conducted to present the dominant factors that underlie current challenges in prostate cancer treatment and illuminate potential solutions.
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108
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Kates M, Badalato GM, Gupta M, McKiernan JM. Secondary bladder cancer after upper tract urothelial carcinoma in the US population. BJU Int 2012; 110:1325-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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109
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Neppl-Huber C, Zappa M, Coebergh JW, Rapiti E, Rachtan J, Holleczek B, Rosso S, Aareleid T, Brenner H, Gondos A. Changes in incidence, survival and mortality of prostate cancer in Europe and the United States in the PSA era: additional diagnoses and avoided deaths. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:1325-1334. [PMID: 21965474 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe changes in prostate cancer incidence, survival and mortality and the resulting impact in additional diagnoses and avoided deaths in European areas and the United States. METHODS Using data from 12 European cancer registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program, we describe changes in prostate cancer epidemiology between the beginning of the PSA era (USA: 1985-1989, Europe: 1990-1994) and 2002-2006 among patients aged 40-64, 65-74, and 75+. Additionally, we examine changes in yearly numbers of diagnoses and deaths and variation in male life expectancy. RESULTS Incidence and survival, particularly among patients aged <75, increased dramatically, yet both remain (with few exceptions in incidence) lower in Europe than in the United States. Mortality reductions, ongoing since the mid/late 1990 s, were more consistent in the United States, had a distressingly small absolute impact among patients aged 40-64 and the largest absolute impact among those aged 75+. Overall ratios of additional diagnoses/avoided deaths varied between 3.6 and 27.6, suggesting large differences in the actual impact of prostate cancer incidence and mortality changes. Ten years of remaining life expectancy was reached between 68 and 76 years. CONCLUSION Policies reflecting variation in population life expectancy, testing preferences, decision aids and guidelines for surveillance-based management are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Neppl-Huber
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Zappa
- Tuscany Cancer Registry, Clinical and Descriptive Epidemiology Unit, CSPO, Florence, Italy
| | - J W Coebergh
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Rapiti
- Geneva Cancer Registry, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Rachtan
- Cracow Cancer Registry, Cracow, Poland
| | - B Holleczek
- Saarland Cancer Registry, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - S Rosso
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Turin, Italy
| | - T Aareleid
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - H Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Gondos
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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110
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Focal therapy in the management of prostate cancer: an emerging approach for localized prostate cancer. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:391437. [PMID: 22593764 PMCID: PMC3347714 DOI: 10.1155/2012/391437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A widespread screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has led increased diagnosis of localized prostate cancer along with a reduction in the proportion of advanced-stage disease at diagnosis. Over the past decade, interest in focal therapy as a less morbid option for the treatment of localized low-risk prostate cancer has recently been renewed due to downward stage migration. Focal therapy stands midway between active surveillance and radical treatments, combining minimal morbidity with cancer control. Several techniques of focal therapy have potential for isolated ablation of a tumor focus with sparing of uninvolved surround tissue demonstrating excellent short-term cancer control and a favorable patient's quality of life. However, to date, tissue ablation has mostly used for near-whole prostate gland ablation without taking advantage of accompanying the technological capabilities. The available ablative technologies include cryotherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), and vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP). Despite the interest in focal therapy, this technology has not yet been a well-established procedure nor provided sufficient data, because of the lack of randomized trial comparing the efficacy and morbidity of the standard treatment options. In this paper we briefly summarize the recent data regarding focal therapy for prostate cancer and these new therapeutic modalities.
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111
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Massoner P, Lueking A, Goehler H, Höpfner A, Kowald A, Kugler KG, Amersdorfer P, Horninger W, Bartsch G, Schulz-Knappe P, Klocker H. Serum-autoantibodies for discovery of prostate cancer specific biomarkers. Prostate 2012; 72:427-36. [PMID: 22012634 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The currently used prostate cancer serum marker has a low cancer specificity and improved diagnostics are needed. Here we evaluated whether autoantibodies are present in sera of prostate cancer patients and whether they are useful diagnostic markers for prostate cancer. METHODS Sera from 20 prostate cancer patients and 20 healthy controls were incubated on expression clone arrays containing more than 37,000 recombinant human proteins. Functional annotation clustering of the identified autoantigens was performed using the DAVID database. Autoantigens identified in the prostate cancer group were validated on microarrays using sera of 40 prostate cancer patients, 40 patients with elevated PSA levels but prostate cancer negative biopsies (benign disease), and 40 healthy controls. RESULTS We detected autoantibodies against 408 different antigens in sera of prostate cancer patients. One hundred seventy-four of these were exclusively detected in the cancer group compared to the healthy control group. Functional annotation clustering revealed an enrichment of RNA-associated, cytoskeleton, and nuclear proteins. The autoantibody panel was validated in serum samples of independent prostate cancer patients. Autoantibody profiles discriminated between prostate cancer patients and benign disease patients with an ROC curve AUC of 0.71. TTLL12, a protein recently described to be over-expressed in prostate cancer, was the highest ranked discrimination autoantigen. CONCLUSION A variety of autoantibodies were identified in sera of prostate cancer patients and provide a first step towards autoantibody diagnostics. Serum autoantibodies reflect the disease and represent valuable tools not only for prostate cancer, but also for other diseases affecting the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Massoner
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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112
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113
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Role of pelvic phased array magnetic resonance imaging in staging of prostate cancer specifically in patients diagnosed with clinically locally advanced tumours by digital rectal examination. World J Urol 2011; 31:881-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-011-0811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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114
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Belpomme D, Irigaray P. Environment as a potential key determinant of the continued increase of prostate cancer incidence in martinique. Prostate Cancer 2011; 2011:819010. [PMID: 22191038 PMCID: PMC3236418 DOI: 10.1155/2011/819010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer incidence is steadily increasing in many developed countries. Because insular populations present unique ethnic, geographical, and environmental characteristics, we analyzed the evolution of prostate cancer age-adjusted world standardized incidence rates in Martinique in comparison with that of metropolitan France. We also compared prostate cancer incidence rates, and lifestyle-related and socioeconomic markers such as life expectancy, dietary energy, and fat supply and consumption, with those in other Caribbean islands, France, UK, Sweden, and USA. The incidence rate of prostate cancer in Martinique is one of the highest reported worldwide; it is continuously growing since 1985 in an exponential mode, and despite a similar screening detection process and lifestyle-related behaviour, it is constantly at a higher level than in metropolitan France. However, Caribbean populations that are genetically close to that of Martinique have generally much lower incidence of prostate cancer. We found no correlation between prostate cancer incidence rates, life expectancy, and diet westernization. Since the Caribbean African descent-associated genetic susceptibility factor would have remained constant during the 1980-2005, we suggest that in Martinique some environmental change including the intensive use of carcinogenic organochlorine pesticides might have occurred as key determinant of the persisting highly growing incidence of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Belpomme
- Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
- Clinical Cancer Research Department, European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Association for Research and Treatments Against Cancer (ARTAC), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Irigaray
- Clinical Cancer Research Department, European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Association for Research and Treatments Against Cancer (ARTAC), 75015 Paris, France
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115
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Niclis C, Pou SA, Bengió RH, Osella AR, Díaz MDP. Prostate cancer mortality trends in Argentina 1986-2006: an age-period-cohort and joinpoint analysis. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2011; 27:123-30. [PMID: 21340111 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2011000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to give an overview of the magnitude, variation by age and time trends in the rates of prostate cancer mortality in Córdoba province and in Argentina as a whole from 1986 to 2006. Mortality data were provided by the Córdoba Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization cancer mortality database. Prostate cancer mortality time trends were analyzed using joinpoint analysis and age-period-cohort models. In Argentina prostate cancer age-standardized mortality rates rose by 1% and 3.4% per year from 1986 to 1992 and from 1992 to 1998 respectively. There was a decreasing trend (-1.6%) for Argentina from 1998 and Córdoba (-1.9%) from 1995. Age-period-cohort models for the country and the province showed a strong age effect. In the country there was an increased risk in the 1996-2000 period, whereas there was decreased risk for birth cohorts since 1946, principally in Córdoba. A decreasing trend in prostate cancer mortality was found in Córdoba as well as in Argentina, which might be attributed to the improvement in treatment in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Niclis
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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116
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He Z, Zhang Y, Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Wu H, Rohde LH. Expression profile of apoptosis related genes and radio-sensitivity of prostate cancer cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:743-751. [PMID: 22020081 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Radio-resistant or recurrent prostate cancer represents a serious health risk for approximately 20%-30% of patients treated with primary radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. In the present study, we investigated the expression profiles of 84 genes involved in various apoptosis pathways in two prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP (P53+ and AR+) and PC3 (P53- and AR-). We also studied the effect of monensin, an apoptosis inducing reagent, in X-ray-induced cell killing. Comparison of gene expressions between unirradiated LNCaP and PC3 cells revealed distinguished gene expression patterns. The data showed a significantly higher expression level of genes involved in the caspase/card family and the TNF ligand/receptor family in PC3 cells, whereas, LNCaP cells exhibited higher expressions in the p53 related genes. At 2 and 4 hrs post a 10 Gy X-ray exposure, changes of gene expressions were detected in a significant fraction of the genes in LNCaP cells, but no significant changes were found in PC3 cells. There was no significant apoptosis-inducing effect of X-rays (up to 10 Gy) in both cell lines; however, monensin was shown to be effective in inducing apoptosis in LNCaP, but not in PC3 cells. In addition, the effect of combined treatment of monensin and X-rays in LNCaP cells appeared to be synergistic. Our results suggest that monensin may be effective for both cancer cell killing and radiosensitizing, and the different expression profiles in apoptosis related genes in cancer cells may be correlated with their sensitivity to apoptosis inducing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua He
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000
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117
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Bernal M, Romero F, Souza D, Gómez-Bernal F, Gómez-Bernal G. Estimation of the projections of incidence rates, prevalence and mortality due to prostate cancer in Aragon (Spain). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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118
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Bernal M, Romero FJ, Souza DLB, Gómez-Bernal FJ, Gómez-Bernal GJ. [Estimation of the projections of incidence rates, prevalence and mortality due to prostate cancer in Aragon (Spain)]. Actas Urol Esp 2011; 35:470-4. [PMID: 21621302 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to project prostate cancer prevalence, incidence rates and mortality over a 15-year period going from 2008 to 2022 for the Aragon region of Spain. METHODS The projections were calculated using the MIAMOD PROGRAM. All-cause mortality due to prostate cancer for the baseline period of 1998 to 2007 was obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. RESULTS The prostate cancer incidence rates for the period 2008 to 2022 per 100,000 persons are projected to decrease from 47.57 to 26.68/100,000 (adjusted rates 24.9 to 12.93). Mortality will decrease from 21.89 to 11.73 (adjusted rates 10.89 to 5.83) and prevalence from 277.07 cases/ 100,000 per year to 125.09 (adjusted rates 165.54 to 63.41). CONCLUSIONS These projections indicate that the prostate cancer incidence and its mortality rate will decrease in Aragon (Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernal
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Zaragoza, España.
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Hugosson J, Stranne J, Carlsson SV. Radical retropubic prostatectomy: a review of outcomes and side-effects. Acta Oncol 2011; 50 Suppl 1:92-7. [PMID: 21604947 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2010.535848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radical prostatectomy (RP) is worldwide probably the most common procedure to treat localized prostate cancer (PC). Due to a more widespread use of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) testing, patients operated today are often younger and have organ confined disease justifying a more preservative surgery. At the same time, surgical technique has improved resulting in lower risk of permanent side-effects. This paper aims to give an overview of results from modern surgery regarding cancer control and side-effects. A brief overview of the history is given. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature research identified recently published papers focusing on outcome and side-effects after RP. RESULTS One large randomized study (SPCG-4) compared RP and watchful waiting (WW). The study showed that RP was superior to WW in preventing local progression (RR = 0.36), distant metastasis (RR = 0.65) and death from PC (RR = 0.65). Observational studies also show a better outcome for men treated with RP compared to WW. Peri-operative mortality after RP is low in most material around 0.1%. The risk of stricture of the vesico-urethral anastomosis has decreased with improved technique from historically 10-20% to a low incidence of around 2-9% today. Also the risk of incontinence has declined with improved technique. However, while the rates of severe incontinence is usually very low, as many as 30% still report light incontinence after long-term follow-up. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is still a frequent side-effect after RP. This risk is dependent on age, pre-operative sexual function, surgical technique and other risk factors for ED such as smoking, diabetes, etc. In selected subgroups the risk of ED is low. Inguinal hernia is a more recently described complication after open retropubic RP with a postoperative incidence of 15-20% within three years of surgery. CONCLUSION RP is an effective method to achieve cancer control in selected patients. With modern technique it is a safe procedure with a low risk of permanent side-effects except for ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hugosson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Bruna Stråket 11 B, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Detchokul S, Frauman AG. Recent developments in prostate cancer biomarker research: therapeutic implications. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71:157-74. [PMID: 21219396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to present an overview of recent clinical trials targeting biomarkers in advanced prostate cancer. We searched ClinicalTrials.gov for early phase clinical trials on treatments of prostate cancer that have been recently completed, are ongoing or are actively recruiting participants. Drug targets and their mechanism of actions were assessed and summarized. Trials were categorized according to prostate cancer biomarkers that have potential as therapeutic targets. A total of 19 new therapeutic agents for the treatment of prostate cancer are included in this review. Trials are summarized according to the targeted biomarkers and are categorized into five therapeutic approaches: prostate cancer vaccine, epigenetic therapy, pro-apoptotic agents, prostate cancer antibodies and anti-angiogenesis approach. Some of the therapeutic agents reviewed showed promising results, warranting further investigation in late phase clinical trials. Recent novel prostate cancer biomarkers that made it through clinical trials and their relevance as drug targets are summarized. This review emphasizes the importance of specific prostate cancer biomarkers and their potentials as targets of the disease. Some clinical trials of targeted treatments in prostate cancer show promising results. Better understanding of disease mechanisms should potentially lead to more specific treatments for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitra Detchokul
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), the University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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122
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Cytron S, Stepnov E, Bounkin I, Mashevich M, Dotan A, Avivi L. Epigenetic analyses in blood cells of men suspected of prostate cancer predict the outcome of biopsy better than serum PSA levels. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:383-388. [PMID: 21949550 PMCID: PMC3156318 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of patients with prostate cancer-the most frequent (noncutaneous) tumor in men-display epigenetic aberrations (altered modes of allelic replication) characteristic of the malignant phenotype. The present study aims to determine whether replication aberrations add certainty to the suspicion of prostate cancer provided by the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. The allelic replication mode (whether synchronous or asynchronous) was exemplified for RB1 and AML1. These two genes normally exhibit a synchronous mode of allelic replication. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) replication assay was used for replication analyses. The FISH assays were applied to PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, established from peripheral blood samples of 35 men referred to biopsy due to suspected prostate cancer. Following biopsy 13 out of these 35 men were found positive for prostate malignancy. The FISH assay-showing asynchronous or synchronous RB1 and AML1 replication-was able to predict, respectively, the results of all biopsy-positive men and in 18 out of the 22 biopsy-negative ones. These measurements, distinguishing biopsy-positive from biopsy-negative men, were highly significant (P < 10(-8); 100% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity). Yet, distinguishing between the two groups of men based on the PSA measurements was nonsignificant (P > 0.70). The FISH replication assay applied to peripheral blood lymphocytes of 35 men referred for biopsy significantly predicted the outcome of the pathological examination, more precisely than the serum PSA test. As such, the epigenetic alteration offers a potential noninvasive blood marker, complementary to the PSA, for a preliminary prostate cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cytron
- Department of Urology, Barzilai Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, 78306 Israel
| | - Evgeni Stepnov
- Department of Urology, Barzilai Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, 78306 Israel
| | - Igor Bounkin
- Department of Urology, Barzilai Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, 78306 Israel
| | - Maya Mashevich
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Aviva Dotan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Lydia Avivi
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
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123
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Kim HW, Ko YH, Kang SH, Lee JG. Predictive Factors for Prostate Cancer in Biopsy of Patients with Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels Equal to or Less Than 4 ng/ml. Korean J Urol 2011; 52:166-71. [PMID: 21461279 PMCID: PMC3065127 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2011.52.3.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to identify the predictive factors for prostate cancer in patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels equal to or less than 4 ng/ml. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study of medical records was conducted on 292 patients with initial serum PSA ≤4 ng/ml among 2,305 patients who underwent prostate biopsy from January 2003 to December 2008. Prostate biopsy was performed on patients with PSA ≤4 ng/ml in the case of abnormal findings in the digital rectal examination (DRE) or transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) or in those with a PSA level higher than the age-adjusted PSA levels. The patients were divided into the group diagnosed with prostate cancer and the non-prostate-cancer group. Subsequently, the variables of the two groups were compared. RESULTS The patients' mean age was significantly higher in the prostate cancer group (n=28) than in the non-prostate-cancer group (n=264; p=0.033). In addition, for the patients with a PSA range of 2.0-2.9 ng/ml, their age (p=0.049) and PSA density (PSAD; p=0.042) were significantly higher and the prostate volume (p=0.028) was significantly smaller in the prostate cancer group than in the non-prostate-cancer group. CONCLUSIONS Of the patients with PSA ≤4 ng/ml, the age of the patients who showed abnormal findings in the DRE or TRUS or who had a PSA level higher than the age-adjusted PSA level was a significant predictive factor for prostate cancer. In particular, for the PSA range of 2.0-2.9 ng/ml, a thorough screening test for prostate cancer was required if the patients had conditions such as higher age, smaller prostate, and higher PSAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Woo Kim
- Department of Urology, Sahmyook Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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124
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Djavan B. Screening for Prostate Cancer: Practical Analysis of the ESRPC and PLCO Trials. Eur Urol 2011; 59:365-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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125
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Emir L, Sunay M, Yalbuzdağ O, Karakaya Y, Erol D. Hormonal and pathologic changes after chemoablation of testes with hypertonic saline solution as a treatment method alternative to orchiectomy in patients with hormone sensitive metastatic prostatic cancer. Urol Oncol 2011; 29:212-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The role of imaging in treatment decision-making for patients with prostate cancer is to characterize the cancer already diagnosed on biopsy, to determine tumor location, to assess tumor volume, and to exclude more-extensive disease. MRI is currently the most established imaging modality for this purpose, with the highest sensitivity and specificity for detection and staging of prostate tumors. The development and wider adoption of active surveillance and focal treatment approaches would also benefit from accurate localization of cancer. As such, 3 T MRI and multiparametric approaches are being developed as tools for the localization and staging of prostate cancer. Men wishing to commence or remain on active surveillance might benefit by having larger cancers identified before embarking on this management strategy. MRI might have its greatest role in patients where there is a discrepancy between PSA and biopsy results suggesting a potential missed prostate tumor.
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127
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Erickstad L, Reed G, Bhat D, Roehrborn CG, Lotan Y. Use of electronic medical records to identify patients at risk for prostate cancer in an academic institution. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010; 14:85-9. [PMID: 21151199 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2010.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One purported advantage of electronic medical records (EMRs) is to improve patient care. This study uses a search of EMR to identify patients at risk for prostate cancer who were not evaluated by an urologist. The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW) has an institutional outpatient EMR that is used by all providers in all specialties. Since March 2009, all PSA tests were reported with specific interpretative comments including a recommendation for referral to urology for a PSA >2.5 ng ml(-1). All PSA tests were performed on campus since institution of these recommendations were analyzed, and charts reviewed for all patients not seen in urology with a serum PSA >2.5 ng ml(-1). Of the 2884 non-urology patients that had a serum PSA drawn between March 2009 and February 2010 at UTSW, 293 patients had a serum PSA >2.5 ng ml(-1). Of these, 39 patients had known prostate cancer and were seeing an oncologist. There were 59 patients seeing urologists outside the institution. A total of 195 patients were not seen by an urologist and only 11 patients were recommended to see one but did not make an appointment. There were 151 patients with more than one PSA in the system, and of these 103 had a rise in PSA with a median rise of 0.53 ng ml(-1) per year. EMR allows identification of patients at increased risk of prostate cancer who are not evaluated. Prospective studies are needed to identify ways to improve appropriate evaluation and detection of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Erickstad
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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128
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Sharad S, Srivastava A, Ravulapalli S, Parker P, Chen Y, Li H, Petrovics G, Dobi A. Prostate cancer gene expression signature of patients with high body mass index. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010; 14:22-9. [PMID: 21060327 PMCID: PMC3059752 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2010.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate prostate cancer gene expression signatures associated with elevated body mass index (BMI). Global gene expression profiles of prostate tumor cells and matching normal epithelial cells were compared between patients with features of normal- and high BMI at the time of radical prostatectomy. Knowledge-based analyses revealed an association of high BMI with altered levels of lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis genes, such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) and insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1), respectively, in prostate tumor cells. These genes were connected to known pathways of tumorigenesis revealed by the v-maf (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) oncogene homolog (MAF), notch receptor ligand, jagged 1 (JAG1), and the alanyl aminopeptidase (ANPEP/CD13) genes. This study highlighted that SCD1, a known target of statins, may play a mechanistic role in the recently noted beneficial effects of statin treatment in reducing biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. An additional finding of our study is that some of the obesity related genes were upregulated in tumor-matched normal cells within the high BMI group, when compared to normal cells within the normal BMI cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharad
- Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, MD, USA
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129
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Kim J. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: breakthroughs and controversies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10:1517-22. [PMID: 20942621 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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130
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Madu CO, Lu Y. Novel diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. J Cancer 2010; 1:150-77. [PMID: 20975847 PMCID: PMC2962426 DOI: 10.7150/jca.1.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in American men, and a more aggressive form of the disease is particularly prevalent among African Americans. The therapeutic success rate for prostate cancer can be tremendously improved if the disease is diagnosed early. Thus, a successful therapy for this disease depends heavily on the clinical indicators (biomarkers) for early detection of the presence and progression of the disease, as well as the prediction after the clinical intervention. However, the current clinical biomarkers for prostate cancer are not ideal as there remains a lack of reliable biomarkers that can specifically distinguish between those patients who should be treated adequately to stop the aggressive form of the disease and those who should avoid overtreatment of the indolent form. A biomarker is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. A biomarker reveals further information to presently existing clinical and pathological analysis. It facilitates screening and detecting the cancer, monitoring the progression of the disease, and predicting the prognosis and survival after clinical intervention. A biomarker can also be used to evaluate the process of drug development, and, optimally, to improve the efficacy and safety of cancer treatment by enabling physicians to tailor treatment for individual patients. The form of the prostate cancer biomarkers can vary from metabolites and chemical products present in body fluid to genes and proteins in the prostate tissues. Current advances in molecular techniques have provided new tools facilitating the discovery of new biomarkers for prostate cancer. These emerging biomarkers will be beneficial and critical in developing new and clinically reliable indicators that will have a high specificity for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. The purpose of this review is to examine the current status of prostate cancer biomarkers, with special emphasis on emerging markers, by evaluating their diagnostic and prognostic potentials. Both genes and proteins that reveal loss, mutation, or variation in expression between normal prostate and cancerous prostate tissues will be covered in this article. Along with the discovery of prostate cancer biomarkers, we will describe the criteria used when selecting potential biomarkers for further development towards clinical use. In addition, we will address how to appraise and validate candidate markers for prostate cancer and some relevant issues involved in these processes. We will also discuss the new concept of the biomarkers, existing challenges, and perspectives of biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikezie O Madu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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131
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Bresee J, Spuma P, Lipsky M, Phillips JL, Dinlenc CZ, Tareen B. What Is the “True” Incidence of Active Surveillance and Brachytherapy Candidates in Men Undergoing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy? J Endourol 2010; 24:1671-4. [DOI: 10.1089/end.2009.0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Bresee
- Sol and Margaret Berger Department of Urology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Patricia Spuma
- Sol and Margaret Berger Department of Urology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Lipsky
- Sol and Margaret Berger Department of Urology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - John L. Phillips
- Sol and Margaret Berger Department of Urology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Caner Z. Dinlenc
- Sol and Margaret Berger Department of Urology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Basir Tareen
- Sol and Margaret Berger Department of Urology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
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132
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Xylinas E, Ploussard G, Durand X, de la Taille A. Robot-assisted extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a review of the current literature. Urol Oncol 2010; 31:288-93. [PMID: 20864364 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a significant health problem worldwide and is the second highest cause of cancer-related death in men. While there is uncertainty over which men will benefit from radical treatment, considerable efforts are being made to reduce treatment related side-effects and in optimizing outcomes. The current gold standard treatment for localized prostate cancer remains open radical prostatectomy. Since the early 1990s, several teams have tried to explore less invasive surgical access. The first robotically assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) case was reported in 2000. Enhancement of the ergonomics and optimization of the surgical vision provided by the robotic interface are some of the reasons that explain the worldwide wide spread of RALP. Although this procedure accounted for the vast majority of radical prostatectomies performed in United States, its diffusion is still limited in Europe. The cost for robot purchase and maintenance are obvious limiting factors for its expansion. According to the literature, the operating time and the blood loss are, once the learning curve is completed, similar to those of open or laparoscopic procedures. Hospital stay and time before bladder catheter removal are shorter compared with other approaches. Intermediate oncologic and functional outcomes do not show difference with the open or laparoscopic results. Given that these data are encouraging, the limited follow-up with RALP does not allow drawing any definitive statement in comparison with conventional techniques. The aim of our study was to underline the perioperative, oncologic, and functional outcomes of all extraperitoneal RALP series published.
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Xylinas E, Daché A, Rouprêt M. Is radical prostatectomy a viable therapeutic option in clinically locally advanced (cT3) prostate cancer? BJU Int 2010; 106:1596-600. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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134
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Sprague BL, Trentham-Dietz A, Burnside ES. Socioeconomic disparities in the decline in invasive breast cancer incidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 122:873-8. [PMID: 20087648 PMCID: PMC2904433 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer incidence in the United States has declined dramatically since the year 2002. To improve our understanding of the underlying factors driving breast cancer trends, we explored potential socioeconomic disparities in the recent decline in incidence. We examined the decline in breast cancer incidence according to county-level socioeconomic indicators using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program. Since socioeconomic status is associated with mammography screening, we also examined the relation between incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; a strong marker of mammography utilization) and the decline in invasive breast cancer. The reduction in invasive breast cancer incidence between 1998-2001 and 2003-2006 in the SEER 9 registries was greatest among women living in counties with higher median household income (-16% change for > or = $85,000 vs. -4% for <$35,000; P(trend) < 0.01) and a higher percentage of adults aged 25 years or older with a bachelor's degree (-13% change for > or = 40% vs. -8% for <15%; P(trend) < 0.01). Counties with higher DCIS incidence during 1985-2001 had a larger decrease in invasive breast cancer incidence (absolute decrease 1.7 percentage points greater per 5 per 100,000 increase in DCIS incidence; P = 0.01). This association was present for both ER-positive and ER-negative invasive cancers (P < 0.05). In summary, the decline in breast cancer incidence has been largest in areas with high socioeconomic status and high screening utilization rates. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a saturation of screening mammography utilization contributed to the overall decline in breast cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Sprague
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, 610 Walnut St., WARF Rm 307, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
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135
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Brooks DD, Wolf A, Smith RA, Dash C, Guessous I. Prostate cancer screening 2010: updated recommendations from the American Cancer Society. J Natl Med Assoc 2010; 102:423-9. [PMID: 20533778 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, the American Cancer Society (ACS) initiated a series of systematic evidence reviews to update recommendations for early prostate cancer detection. The evidence reviews focused on studies of screening, the performance of screening tests, harms associated with testing and therapy for localized prostate cancer, and shared and informed decision making in prostate cancer screening. Based on this evidence, the ACS recommends that asymptomatic men who have at least a 10-year life expectancy have an opportunity to make an informed decision with their health care provider about screening for prostate cancer after receiving information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits associated with prostate cancer screening. Prostate cancer screening should not occur without an informed decision-making process. Men at average risk should receive this information beginning at age 50. Men in higher-risk groups should receive this information before age 50. Men should either receive this information directly from their health care providers or be referred to reliable and culturally appropriate sources. Patient decision aids are helpful in preparing men to make a decision whether to be tested, and the use of such aids is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durado D Brooks
- Cancer Control Science Department, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams St, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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136
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Chia SE, Tan CS, Lim GH, Sim X, Lau W, Chia KS. Incidence, Mortality and Five-year Relative Survival Ratio of Prostate Cancer among Chinese Residents in Singapore from 1968 to 2002 by Metastatic Staging. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2010. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n6p466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This paper examines the incidence, mortality and survival patterns among all Chinese residents with prostate cancer reported to the Singapore Cancer Registry in Singapore from 1968 to 2002 by metastatic staging. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective population-based study including all prostate cancer cases aged over 20 reported to the Singapore Cancer Registry (SCR) from 1968 to 2002 who are Singapore Chinese residents. Follow-up was ascertained by matching with the National Death Register until 2002. Metastatic status was obtained from the SCR. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates, as well as the 5-year relative survival ratios (RSRs), were obtained for each 5-year period and grouped by metastatic stage. A weighted linear regression was performed on the log-transformed age-standardised incidence and mortality rates over the study period. Results: In the most recent period of 1998 to 2002, the age-standardised incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000) for prostate cancer among the Chinese were 30.9 (95% CI, 29.1 to 32.8) and 9.6 (95% CI, 8.6 to 10.7), respectively. The percentage increase in the age-standardised incidence and age-standardised mortality rates per year were 5.6% and 6.0%, respectively, for all Chinese Singapore residents. There was an improvement in the 5-year RSRs for Chinese diagnosed with non-metastatic cases from 51.3% in 1973 to 1977, to 76.1% in 1998 to 2002. However, the RSR remains poor (range, 11.1% to 49.7%) for Chinese diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer. Conclusions: Both age-standardised incidence and mortality rates for prostate cancer among Chinese Singapore residents are still on the rise especially since the 1990s. Since the 1990s, the improvement in RSRs was substantial for the Chinese non-metastatic cases.
Key words: Non-metastatic, Population-based, Registry
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuen Seng Tan
- Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
| | | | - Xueling Sim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weber Lau
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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137
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Carsin AE, Drummond FJ, Black A, van Leeuwen PJ, Sharp L, Murray LJ, Connolly D, Egevad L, Boniol M, Autier P, Comber H, Gavin A. Impact of PSA testing and prostatic biopsy on cancer incidence and mortality: comparative study between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1523-31. [PMID: 20514514 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of different PSA testing policies and health-care systems on prostate cancer incidence and mortality in two countries with similar populations, the Republic of Ireland (RoI) and Northern Ireland (NI). METHODS Population-level data on PSA tests, prostate biopsies and prostate cancer cases 1993-2005 and prostate cancer deaths 1979-2006 were compiled. Annual percentage change (APC) was estimated by joinpoint regression. RESULTS Prostate cancer rates were similar in both areas in 1994 but increased rapidly in RoI compared to NI. The PSA testing rate increased sharply in RoI (APC = +23.3%), and to a lesser degree in NI (APC = +9.7%) to reach 412 and 177 tests per 1,000 men in 2004, respectively. Prostatic biopsy rates rose in both countries, but were twofold higher in RoI. Cancer incidence rates rose significantly, mirroring biopsy trends, in both countries reaching 440 per 100,000 men in RoI in 2004 compared to 294 in NI. Median age at diagnosis was lower in RoI (71 years) compared to NI (73 years) (p < 0.01) and decreased significantly over time in both countries. Mortality rates declined from 1995 in both countries (APC = -1.5% in RoI, -1.3% in NI) at a time when PSA testing was not widespread. CONCLUSIONS Prostatic biopsy rates, rather than PSA testing per se, were the main driver of prostate cancer incidence. Because mortality decreases started before screening became widespread in RoI, and mortality remained low in NI, PSA testing is unlikely to be the explanation for declining mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-E Carsin
- National Cancer Registry Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
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Wilke DR, Krahn M, Tomlinson G, Bezjak A, Rutledge R, Warde P. Sex or survival: short-term versus long-term androgen deprivation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy. Cancer 2010; 116:1909-17. [PMID: 20162716 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined long-term androgen deprivation (LTAD) and radiation conveys a prostate cancer-specific survival advantage over combined short-term androgen deprivation (STAD) and radiation. The seminal question is whether or not the gains are worth the adverse effects of LTAD with respect to patient preferences. METHODS Preferences for LTAD compared with STAD were elicited by direct patient interview using the probability trade-off method. "Time trade-off utilities" (TTOu) for erectile dysfunction and osteoporosis were elicited using the time trade-off method. Participants' current prostate cancer-specific health state was assessed using the Patient-Oriented Prostate Utility Scale-Psychometric. Participants' current sexual function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). RESULTS All participants were willing to trade survival rather than undergo LTAD compared with STAD. The mean minimally required increment in prostate cancer-specific survival (MRIS) was 8.2%. The mean TTOu for impotence was 0.78, and the mean TTOu for osteoporosis was 0.71. The MRIS was correlated with the Sexual Desire domain score of the IIEF (Spearman rank-correlation coefficient, r = 0.50; P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS Patients desired more prostate cancer-specific survival than what was afforded by LTAD and radiotherapy compared with STAD and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Wilke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nova Scotia Cancer Center, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Larrañaga N, Galceran J, Ardanaz E, Franch P, Navarro C, Sánchez MJ, Pastor-Barriuso R. Prostate cancer incidence trends in Spain before and during the prostate-specific antigen era: impact on mortality. Ann Oncol 2010; 21 Suppl 3:iii83-89. [PMID: 20427365 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Larrañaga
- Basque Country Cancer Registry, Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, Basque Country Regional Authority, San Sebastián, Spain
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140
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Bolton D, Severi G, Millar JL, Kelsall H, Davidson AJ, Smith C, Bagnato M, Pedersen J, Giles G, Syme R. A whole of population-based series of radical prostatectomy in Victoria, 1995 to 2000. Aust N Z J Public Health 2010; 33:527-33. [PMID: 20078569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2009.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radical prostatectomy (RP) as a first line treatment of prostate cancer was rare prior to the advent of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing, yet little is known of its use and outcomes in a population setting. We described baseline characteristics of cases in the Victorian Radical Prostatectomy Register (VRPR), investigated possible associations between demographic characteristics and characteristics at diagnosis and at surgery and trends over time. METHODS The VRPR is a population-based series of all RPs performed in Victoria from July 1995 to December 2000 (n=2,154). RESULTS On average, socio-economic status for cases was higher than for the general Victorian population (34% vs 20% in the highest quintile respectively, p<0.0001). The proportion of PSA-detected cases increased from 53% in 1995 to 79% in 2000 (p for linear trend=0.0004). Age at surgery and PSA levels at diagnosis decreased over time (p=0.006 and p=0.04 respectively). The proportion of cases with Gleason score < or =5 from RP decreased from 35% in 1995 to 14% in 2000, while cases with Gleason score 6-7 increased from 60% to 79%. Similar trends were observed for Gleason score from biopsy. We found little evidence of significant trends over time in other pathological characteristics relevant to prognosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The VRPR provides a unique whole of population based description of radical prostatectomy in Victoria, confirms findings previously reported in single institution clinical series overseas such as migration to younger age at surgery and to Gleason scores 6 to 7, and provides a resource for evaluating RP outcomes in the future.
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Lokhov PG, Dashtiev MI, Bondartsov LV, Lisitsa AV, Moshkovskii SA, Archakov AI. Metabolic fingerprinting of blood plasma from patients with prostate cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750810010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim SJ, Kim SI. Incidence, Epidemiology and Patterns of Progression of Prostate Cancer. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2010. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2010.53.2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Se Joong Kim
- Department of Urology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.
| | - Sun Il Kim
- Department of Urology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.
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Azuma K, Nakashiro KI, Sasaki T, Goda H, Onodera J, Tanji N, Yokoyama M, Hamakawa H. Anti-tumor effect of small interfering RNA targeting the androgen receptor in human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:1075-9. [PMID: 20004643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Early phase prostate cancer is usually androgen-dependent, with the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway playing a central role. At this stage, the cancer responds well to androgen ablation therapy, but prostate cancers eventually acquire androgen independence and more aggressive phenotypes. Several studies, however, have shown that the majority of tumors still express functional AR, which is often amplified and mutated. To determine if the AR is a plausible therapeutic target, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of small interfering RNAs targeting the AR (siAR) in the human prostate cancer cells, LNCaP and 22Rv1, which express mutated AR. In both types of cells, transfection of siAR suppressed mutated AR expression and significantly reduced cell growth. Furthermore, atelocollagen-mediated systemic siAR administration markedly inhibited the growth of 22Rv1 cells subcutaneously xenografted in castrated nude mice. These results suggest that the AR is still a key therapeutic target even in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Silencing of AR expression in AIPC opens promising therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Azuma
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Cetin K, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Fryzek JP, Markus R, Carducci MA. Recent time trends in the epidemiology of stage IV prostate cancer in the United States: analysis of data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Urology 2009; 75:1396-404. [PMID: 19969335 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.07.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe recent epidemiologic trends in stage IV prostate cancer. Although advances in screening and diagnostic techniques have led to earlier detection of prostate cancer, a portion of patients still present with late-stage disease. METHODS Population-based cancer registry data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (cases from 1988 to 2003, follow-up through 2005) were used to calculate annual age-adjusted incidence rates of stage IV prostate cancer (overall and for the subset presenting with distant metastases) and to assess time trends in patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics and survival. RESULTS From 1988 to 2003, the age-adjusted incidence of stage IV prostate cancer significantly declined by 6.4% each year. The proportion of men diagnosed at younger ages, with poorly differentiated tumors, or who underwent a radical prostatectomy significantly increased over time. Five-year relative survival improved across the study period (from 41.6% to 62.3%), particularly in those diagnosed at younger ages or with moderately to well-differentiated tumors. Later years of diagnosis were independently associated with a decreased risk of death (from all causes and from prostate cancer specifically) after controlling for important patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics. Tumor grade and receipt of radical prostatectomy appeared to be the strongest independent prognostic indicators. Temporal trends were similar in the subset presenting with distant metastases, except that no significant improvement in survival was observed. CONCLUSIONS As younger men may expect to live longer with advanced prostate cancer, there remains a need to widen the range of therapeutic and supportive care options.
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Abstract
Background: Although the aetiology of prostate cancer remains unknown, we hypothesised that chronic bacterial insult has a major role in prostate carcinogenesis. Methods: Male C3H/HeOuJ mice, infected with phosphate-buffered saline or Escherichia coli bacteria, were killed at 5 days, or at 12 or 26 weeks. Harvested prostate tissues were evaluated for inflammatory responses and immunostained for neoplastic transformation markers. Results: All infected mice developed bacterial prostatitis. Control mice had no prostate infections or inflammation. Mice infected for 5 days showed foci of acute inflammation with infiltrating neutrophils and epithelial necrotic debris in the prostatic glandular lumen. All mice infected for 12 weeks had evidence of chronic inflammation with dense inflammatory infiltrates in the stroma. The prostatic epithelium showed varying degrees of atypical hyperplasia with increased epithelial cell layers and cytological atypia. At 26 weeks, the dysplastic changes were more pronounced and mimicked a prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and high-grade dysplasia. Prostatic glands exhibiting reactive dysplasia had a stronger staining for oxidative DNA damage, increased epithelial cell proliferation, and a decrease in androgen receptor, GSTP1, p27Kip1, and PTEN expression, when compared with control prostate glands. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that chronic inflammation induces focal prostatic glandular atypia and suggest a potential linkage between inflammation and prostatic neoplasia.
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Hillier SM, Maresca KP, Femia FJ, Marquis JC, Foss CA, Nguyen N, Zimmerman CN, Barrett JA, Eckelman WC, Pomper MG, Joyal JL, Babich JW. Preclinical evaluation of novel glutamate-urea-lysine analogues that target prostate-specific membrane antigen as molecular imaging pharmaceuticals for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6932-40. [PMID: 19706750 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed in normal human prostate epithelium and is highly up-regulated in prostate cancer. We previously reported a series of novel small molecule inhibitors targeting PSMA. Two compounds, MIP-1072, (S)-2-(3-((S)-1-carboxy-5-(4-iodobenzylamino)pentyl)ureido)pentanedioic acid, and MIP-1095, (S)-2-(3-((S)-1carboxy-5-(3-(4-iodophenyl)ureido)pentyl)ureido)pentanedioic acid, were selected for further evaluation. MIP-1072 and MIP-1095 potently inhibited the glutamate carboxypeptidase activity of PSMA (K(i) = 4.6 +/- 1.6 nmol/L and 0.24 +/- 0.14 nmol/L, respectively) and, when radiolabeled with (123)I, exhibited high affinity for PSMA on human prostate cancer LNCaP cells (K(d) = 3.8 +/- 1.3 nmol/L and 0.81 +/- 0.39 nmol/L, respectively). The association of [(123)I]MIP-1072 and [(123)I]MIP-1095 with PSMA was specific; there was no binding to human prostate cancer PC3 cells, which lack PSMA, and binding was abolished by coincubation with a structurally unrelated NAALADase inhibitor, 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (PMPA). [(123)I]MIP-1072 and [(123)I]MIP-1095 internalized into LNCaP cells at 37 degrees C. Tissue distribution studies in mice showed 17.3 +/- 6.3% (at 1 hour) and 34.3 +/- 12.7% (at 4 hours) injected dose per gram of LNCaP xenograft tissue, for [(123)I]MIP-1072 and [(123)I]MIP-1095, respectively. [(123)I]MIP-1095 exhibited greater tumor uptake but slower washout from blood and nontarget tissues compared with [(123)I]MIP-1072. Specific binding to PSMA in vivo was shown by competition with PMPA in LNCaP xenografts, and the absence of uptake in PC3 xenografts. The uptake of [(123)I]MIP-1072 and [(123)I]MIP-1095 in tumor-bearing mice was corroborated by single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging. PSMA-specific radiopharmaceuticals should provide a novel molecular targeting option for the detection and staging of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Hillier
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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147
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Treat EG, Heaphy CM, Massie LW, Bisoffi M, Smith AY, Davis MS, Griffith JK. Telomere DNA content in prostate biopsies predicts early rise in prostate-specific antigen after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Urology 2009; 75:724-9. [PMID: 19615720 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether measurement of telomere DNA content (TC) in prostate biopsy tissue predicts prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence in men after undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. METHODS Slot blot titration assay was used to quantitate TC in archived diagnostic prostate needle biopsy specimens for subjects (n = 103) diagnosed with prostate cancer and who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy between 1993 and 1997. TC was compared to the clinical outcome measure; PSA recurrence, defined as an increase in PSA > or = 0.2 ng/mL on 2 or more consecutive measurements post-prostatectomy, was observed retrospectively, for a mean follow-up period of 114 months (range, 1-165). RESULTS In the cohort, 46 subjects had a PSA recurrence. In a univariate Cox proportional hazards model, low TC (< 0.3 of standard) demonstrated a significant risk for PSA recurrence (HR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.02-3.69, P = .04). In a subset analysis of men with biopsy Gleason sum < or = 6 (n = 63; 25 recurrences), a univariate Cox proportional hazards model demonstrated that low TC had a greater risk of PSA recurrence (HR = 4.53; 95% CI: 2.00-10.2, P < .01). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, low TC was also significantly associated with PSA recurrence in this subset after controlling for preoperative PSA levels (HR = 6.62; 95% CI: 2.69-16.3, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Low TC measured in prostate biopsy tissue predicts early likelihood of post-prostatectomy PSA recurrence in a retrospective analysis, and in men with biopsy Gleason sum < or = 6 disease it is also independent of preoperative PSA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Treat
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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148
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Nennecke AL, Hentschel S, Reintjes R. Cancer survival analysis in Hamburg 1995-2003: assessing the data quality within a population-based registry. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:34-43. [PMID: 18607873 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802199808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Population-based cancer survival analysis constitutes valuable reference material for the clinical field of oncology. The objectives of this study were to assess the quality of the Hamburg Cancer Registry's (HCR) database in this respect, to perform survival analyses by means of selected sites, and to evaluate the results in relation to prevalent opinions and external estimates. METHODS Data quality was assessed by the proportion of cases documented as diagnosed at death, external estimates of completeness, reliability of follow-up, histological verification and information on stage. Included were first primary malignancies of the colon (ICD10 C18, n=4,544), female breast (C50, n=9,259), prostate (C61, n=5,707) and urinary bladder (C67, D09.0, n=3,148), diagnosed in Hamburg residents 1995-2003. Observed and relative survival (OS, RS) were estimated by site, sex, time, age and stage. RESULTS Regarding female breast cancer in Hamburg, high levels of data quality and completeness exist while the explanatory power concerning malignancies of the colon, prostate and urinary bladder is limited. Age-standardised 5-year relative cancer survival estimates amounted for female breast to 81%, for colon to 49% (male) and 52% (female), for prostate to 81% and for urinary bladder to 71% (male) and 62% (female). CONCLUSION The study demonstrates the capacities and limitations of an epidemiological cancer registry to produce convincing survival estimates for clinical use, under the terms of a voluntary case reporting system.
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149
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Min H, Manion FJ, Goralczyk E, Wong YN, Ross E, Beck JR. Integration of prostate cancer clinical data using an ontology. J Biomed Inform 2009; 42:1035-45. [PMID: 19497389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly important for investigators to efficiently and effectively access, interpret, and analyze the data from diverse biological, literature, and annotation sources in a unified way. The heterogeneity of biomedical data and the lack of metadata are the primary sources of the difficulty for integration, presenting major challenges to effective search and retrieval of the information. As a proof of concept, the Prostate Cancer Ontology (PCO) is created for the development of the Prostate Cancer Information System (PCIS). PCIS is applied to demonstrate how the ontology is utilized to solve the semantic heterogeneity problem from the integration of two prostate cancer related database systems at the Fox Chase Cancer Center. As the results of the integration process, the semantic query language SPARQL is applied to perform the integrated queries across the two database systems based on PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Min
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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150
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Richiardi L, Fiano V, Vizzini L, De Marco L, Delsedime L, Akre O, Tos AG, Merletti F. Promoter methylation in APC, RUNX3, and GSTP1 and mortality in prostate cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:3161-8. [PMID: 19470943 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.18.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a need to better understand prostate cancer progression and identify new prognostic markers for this tumor. We investigated the association between promoter methylation in a priori selected genes and survival in two independent large series of prostate cancer patients. METHODS We followed up with two cohorts of patients (216 patients diagnosed in 1982 to 1988 and 243 patients diagnosed in 1993 to 1996) diagnosed at one hospital pathology ward in Turin, Italy. DNA was obtained from paraffin-embedded tumor tissues and evaluated for promoter methylation status in glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3). Results The two cohorts had different prevalences of methylation in APC (P = .047), GSTP1 (P = .002), and RUNX3 (P < .001). Methylation in APC was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.42; 95% CI, 0.98 to 2.07 in the 1980s cohort; HR = 1.57; 95% CI, 0.95 to 2.62 in the 1990s cohort; HR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.00 in the two cohorts combined). In subgroup analyses, the HRs were higher among patients with a Gleason score less than 8 (HR = 1.52; 95% CI, 0.85 to 2.73 in the 1980s cohort; HR = 2.09; 95% CI, 1.02 to 4.28 in the 1990s cohort). Methylation in RUNX3 was associated with prostate cancer mortality only in the 1990s cohort, and methylation in GSTP1 did not predict mortality in either cohort. CONCLUSION The pattern of hypermethylation may have changed after the introduction of prostate-specific antigen testing in the beginning of the 1990s. Promoter methylation in APC was identified as a marker for prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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