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Liu X, Sen S, Liu J, Kulaots I, Geohegan D, Kane A, Puretzky AA, Rouleau CM, More KL, Palmore GTR, Hurt RH. Antioxidant deactivation on graphenic nanocarbon surfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2775-85. [PMID: 21818846 PMCID: PMC3634619 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a direct chemical pathway for antioxidant deactivation on the surfaces of carbon nanomaterials. In the absence of cells, carbon nanotubes are shown to deplete the key physiological antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in a reaction involving dissolved dioxygen that yields the oxidized dimer, GSSG, as the primary product. In both chemical and electrochemical experiments, oxygen is only consumed at a significant steady-state rate in the presence of both nanotubes and GSH. GSH deactivation occurs for single- and multi-walled nanotubes, graphene oxide, nanohorns, and carbon black at varying rates that are characteristic of the material. The GSH depletion rates can be partially unified by surface area normalization, are accelerated by nitrogen doping, and suppressed by defect annealing or addition of proteins or surfactants. It is proposed that dioxygen reacts with active sites on graphenic carbon surfaces to produce surface-bound oxygen intermediates that react heterogeneously with glutathione to restore the carbon surface and complete a catalytic cycle. The direct catalytic reaction between nanomaterial surfaces and antioxidants may contribute to oxidative stress pathways in nanotoxicity, and the dependence on surface area and structural defects suggest strategies for safe material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sujat Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - David Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Agnes Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Alex A. Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | | | - Karren L. More
- Shared Research Equipment Facility, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - G. Tayhas R. Palmore
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI
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Effect of Nano-sized Carbon Black Particles on Lung and Circulatory System by Inhalation Exposure in Rats. Saf Health Work 2011; 2:282-9. [PMID: 22953212 PMCID: PMC3430899 DOI: 10.5491/shaw.2011.2.3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We sought to establish a novel method to generate nano-sized carbon black particles (nano-CBPs) with an average size smaller than 100 nm for examining the inhalation exposure risks of experimental rats. We also tested the effect of nano-CBPs on the pulmonary and circulatory systems. Methods We used chemical vapor deposition (CVD) without the addition of any additives to generate nano-CBPs with a particle size (electrical mobility diameter) of less than 100nm to examine the effects of inhalation exposure. Nano-CBPs were applied to a nose-only inhalation chamber system for studying the inhalation toxicity in rats. The effect on the lungs and circulatory system was determined according to the degree of inflammation as quantified by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The functional alteration of the hemostatic and vasomotor activities was measured by plasma coagulation, platelet activity, contraction and relaxation of blood vessels. Results Nano-CBPs were generated in the range of 83.3-87.9 nm. Rats were exposed for 4 hour/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks to 4.2 × 106, 6.2 × 105, and 1.3 × 105 particles/cm3. Exposure of nano-CBPs by inhalation resulted in minimal pulmonary inflammation and did not appear to damage the lung tissue. In addition, there was no significant effect on blood functions, such as plasma coagulation and platelet aggregation, or on vasomotor function. Conclusion We successfully generated nano-CBPs in the range of 83.3-87.9 nm at a maximum concentration of 4.2 × 106 particles/cm3 in a nose-only inhalation chamber system. This reliable method can be useful to investigate the biological and toxicological effects of inhalation exposure to nano-CBPs on experimental rats.
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Boland S, Guadagnini R, Baeza-Squiban A, Hussain S, Marano F. Nanoparticles used in medical applications for the lung: hopes for nanomedicine and fears for nanotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/304/1/012031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ling MP, Chio CP, Chou WC, Chen WY, Hsieh NH, Lin YJ, Liao CM. Assessing the potential exposure risk and control for airborne titanium dioxide and carbon black nanoparticles in the workplace. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:877-889. [PMID: 21274640 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed the potential exposure risks for workers in the workplace exposed to airborne titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2)-NPs) and carbon black nanoparticles (CB-NPs). The risk management control strategies were also developed for the NP engineering workplace. METHODS The method used in this study was based on the integrated multiple-path particle dosimetry model to estimate the cumulative dose of nanoparticles (NPs) in the human lung. The study then analyzed toxicological effects such as pulmonary cytotoxicity and inflammation and evaluated the health risk associated with exposure to NPs in the workplace. Risk control measures such as the use of ventilating systems and N95 respirator protection are also discussed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study found that: (1) the cumulative dose of CB-NPs was greater than that of TiO(2)-NPs in human lungs; (2) there is a potential health risk to workers exposed to TiO(2)-NPs and CB-NPs in the absence of control measures in the workplace, with higher health risks associated with CB-NPs than TiO(2)-NPs; and (3) the use of a ventilating system and an N95 respirator offers greater protection in the workplace and significantly reduces the health risks associated with NP exposure. CONCLUSION The present risk management control strategy suggests that the most effective way to reduce airborne NPs is to incorporate the use of a ventilating system combined with N95 respirator protection. This will enable the concentrations of TiO(2)-NPs and CB-NPs to be reduced to acceptable exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Pei Ling
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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105
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Sanchez VC, Weston P, Yan A, Hurt RH, Kane AB. A 3-dimensional in vitro model of epithelioid granulomas induced by high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:17. [PMID: 21592387 PMCID: PMC3120675 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most common causes of granulomatous inflammation are persistent pathogens and poorly-degradable irritating materials. A characteristic pathological reaction to intratracheal instillation, pharyngeal aspiration, or inhalation of carbon nanotubes is formation of epithelioid granulomas accompanied by interstitial fibrosis in the lungs. In the mesothelium, a similar response is induced by high aspect ratio nanomaterials, including asbestos fibers, following intraperitoneal injection. This asbestos-like behaviour of some engineered nanomaterials is a concern for their potential adverse health effects in the lungs and mesothelium. We hypothesize that high aspect ratio nanomaterials will induce epithelioid granulomas in nonadherent macrophages in 3D cultures. Results Carbon black particles (Printex 90) and crocidolite asbestos fibers were used as well-characterized reference materials and compared with three commercial samples of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Doses were identified in 2D and 3D cultures in order to minimize acute toxicity and to reflect realistic occupational exposures in humans and in previous inhalation studies in rodents. Under serum-free conditions, exposure of nonadherent primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages to 0.5 μg/ml (0.38 μg/cm2) of crocidolite asbestos fibers or MWCNTs, but not carbon black, induced macrophage differentiation into epithelioid cells and formation of stable aggregates with the characteristic morphology of granulomas. Formation of multinucleated giant cells was also induced by asbestos fibers or MWCNTs in this 3D in vitro model. After 7-14 days, macrophages exposed to high aspect ratio nanomaterials co-expressed proinflammatory (M1) as well as profibrotic (M2) phenotypic markers. Conclusions Induction of epithelioid granulomas appears to correlate with high aspect ratio and complex 3D structure of carbon nanotubes, not with their iron content or surface area. This model offers a time- and cost-effective platform to evaluate the potential of engineered high aspect ratio nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods and metallic nanowires, to induce granulomas following inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa C Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Pauluhn J. Subchronic inhalation toxicity of iron oxide (magnetite, Fe(3) O(4) ) in rats: pulmonary toxicity is determined by the particle kinetics typical of poorly soluble particles. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:488-504. [PMID: 21456093 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wistar rats were nose-only exposed to pigment-sized iron oxide dust (Fe(3) O(4) , magnetite) in a subchronic 13-week inhalation study according to the OECD testing guidelines TG#413 and GD#39. A 4 week pilot study with a 6 month post exposure period served as basis for validating the kinetic modeling approaches utilized to design the subchronic study. Kinetic analyses made during this post exposure period demonstrated that a diminution in particle clearance and lung inflammation occurred at cumulative exposure levels exceeding the lung overload threshold. Animals were exposed 6 h per day, five days per week for 13 consecutive weeks at actual concentrations of 0, 4.7, 16.6 and 52.1 mg m(-3) (mass median aerodynamic diameter ≈1.3 μm, geometric standard deviation = 2). The exposure to iron oxide dust was tolerated without mortality, consistent changes in body weights, food and water consumption or systemic toxicity. While general clinical pathology and urinalysis were unobtrusive, hematology revealed changes of unclear toxicological significance (minimally increased differential neutrophil counts in peripheral blood). Elevations of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) appeared to be the most sensitive endpoint of study. Histopathology demonstrated responses to particle deposition in the upper respiratory tract (goblet cell hyper- and/or metaplasia, intraepithelial eosinophilic globules in the nasal passages) and the lower respiratory tract (inflammatory changes in the bronchiolo-alveolar region). Consistent changes suggestive of pulmonary inflammation were evidenced by BAL, histopathology, increased lung and lung-associated-lymph node (LALN) weights at 16.6 and 52.1 mg m(-3) . Increased septal collagenous fibers were observed at 52.1 mg m(-3) . Particle translocation into LALN occurred at exposure levels causing pulmonary inflammation. In summary, the retention kinetics iron oxide reflected that of poorly soluble particles. The empirical no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and the lower bound 95% confidence limit on the benchmark concentration (BMCL) obtained by benchmark analysis was 4.7 and 4.4 mg m(-3) , respectively, and supports an OEL (time-adjusted chronic occupational exposure level) of 2 mg m(-3) (alveolar fraction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pauluhn
- Institute of Toxicology, Bayer Schering Pharma, Wuppertal, Germany.
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108
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Pauluhn J. Poorly soluble particulates: Searching for a unifying denominator of nanoparticles and fine particles for DNEL estimation. Toxicology 2011; 279:176-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Beryllium metal was classified in Europe collectively with beryllium compounds, e.g. soluble salts. Toxicological equivalence was assumed despite greatly differing physicochemical properties. Following introduction of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation, beryllium metal was classified as individual substance and more investigational efforts to appropriately characterize beryllium metal as a specific substance apart from soluble beryllium compounds was required. A literature search on toxicity of beryllium metal was conducted, and the resulting literature compiled together with the results of a recently performed study package into a comprehensive data set. Testing performed under Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice concluded that beryllium metal was neither a skin irritant, an eye irritant, a skin sensitizer nor evoked any clinical signs of acute oral toxicity; discrepancies between the current legal classification of beryllium metal in the European Union (EU) and the experimental results were identified. Furthermore, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity were discussed in the context of the literature data and the new experimental data. It was concluded that beryllium metal is unlikely to be a classical nonthreshold mutagen. Effects on DNA repair and morphological cell transformation were observed but need further investigation to evaluate their relevance in vivo. Animal carcinogenicity studies deliver evidence of carcinogenicity in the rat; however, lung overload may be a species-specific confounding factor in the existing studies, and studies in other species do not give convincing evidence of carcinogenicity. Epidemiology has been intensively discussed over the last years and has the problem that the studies base on the same US beryllium production population and do not distinguish between metal and soluble compounds. It is noted that the correlation between beryllium exposure and carcinogenicity, even including the soluble compounds, remains under discussion in the scientific community and active research is continuing.
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Tankersley CG, Peng RD, Bedga D, Gabrielson K, Champion HC. Variation in echocardiographic and cardiac hemodynamic effects of PM and ozone inhalation exposure in strains related to Nppa and Npr1 gene knock-out mice. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:695-707. [PMID: 20540624 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.487549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of ambient co-pollutants are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes shown by epidemiology studies. The role of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) as co-pollutants in this association is unclear. We hypothesize that cardiac function following PM and O3 exposure is variably affected by genetic determinants (Nppa and Npr1 genes) and age. Heart function was measured before and after 2 days each of the following exposure sequence; (1) 2-h filtered air (FA) and 3-h carbon black (CB; 0.5 microg/m(3)); (2) 2-h O3 (0.6 ppm) and 3-h FA; (3) 5-h FA; and, (4) 2-h O3 and 3-h CB. Two age groups (5 and 18 months old (mo)) were tested in C57Bl/6J (B6) and 129S1/SvImJ (129) mice using echocardiographic (echo) and in vivo hemodynamic (IVH) measurements. With echo, posterior wall thickness was significantly (P < 0.01) greater in 129 relative to B6 mice at baseline. With CB exposure, young B6 and older 129 mice show significant (P < 0.01) reductions in fractional shortening (FS) compared to FA. With O3 exposure, FS was significantly (P < 0.01) diminished in young 129, which was attributable to significant increases in end-systolic left ventricular diameter. With O3 and CB combined, notable (P < 0.01) declines in heart rate and end-systolic posterior wall thickness occurred in young 129 mice. The IVH measurements showed striking (P < 0.05) compromises in cardiac function after CB and O3 exposure; however, strain differences were undetectable. These results suggest that PM and O3 exposures, alone and combined, lead to different cardiac functional changes, and these unique changes are age-specific and dependent on Nppa and Npr1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarke G Tankersley
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Shinohara N, Nakazato T, Tamura M, Endoh S, Fukui H, Morimoto Y, Myojo T, Shimada M, Yamamoto K, Tao H, Yoshida Y, Nakanishi J. Clearance Kinetics of Fullerene C60 Nanoparticles from Rat Lungs after Intratracheal C60 Instillation and Inhalation C60 Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:564-73. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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112
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Wang YF, Tsai PJ, Chen CW, Chen DR, Hsu DJ. Using a modified electrical aerosol detector to predict nanoparticle exposures to different regions of the respiratory tract for workers in a carbon black manufacturing industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:6767-6774. [PMID: 20704279 DOI: 10.1021/es1010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study was set out to characterize nanoparticle exposures in three selected workplaces of the packaging, warehouse, and pelletizing in a carbon black manufacturing plant using a newly developed modified electrical aerosol detector (MEAD). For confirmation purposes, the MEAD results were compared with those simultaneously obtained from a nanoparticle surface area monitor (NSAM) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). We found that workplace background nanoparticle concentrations were mainly coming from the outdoor environment. Size distributions of nanoparticles for the three selected process areas during the work hours were consistently in the form of bimodel. Unlike nanoparticles of the second mode (simply contributed by the process emissions), particles of the first mode could be also contributed by the forklift exhaust or fugitive emissions of heaters. The percents of nanoparticles deposited on the alveolar (A) region were much higher than the other two regions of the head airway (H), tracheobronchial (TB) for all selected workplaces in both number and surface area concentrations. However, significant differences were found in percents of nanoparticles deposited on each of the three regions while different exposure metrics were adopted. Both NSAM and MEAD obtained quite comparable results. No significant difference can be found between the results obtained from SMPS and MEAD after being normalized. Considering the MEAD is less expensive, less bulky, and easy to use, our results further support the suitability of using MEAD in the field for nanoparticle exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fang Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
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Card JW, Magnuson BA. A Method to Assess the Quality of Studies That Examine the Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:402-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810370720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As reports on the safety of various nanomaterials have yielded conflicting results, assessment of the reliability of each study is required to objectively interpret overall safety of the nanomaterial. A 2-step method to assess the quality of nanotoxicity studies is described. The first step uses a publicly available tool to rank the reliability of the study based on adequacy of design and documentation of methods, materials, and results, providing a “study score.” The second step determines the completeness of physicochemical characterization of the nanomaterial/nanomaterials assessed within the study, providing a “nanomaterial score.” This approach is encouraged to promote the notion that for studies conducted with nanomaterials, the combination of a reliable study and sufficient nanomaterial characterization is of significantly greater value than either of these alone. It is anticipated that the use and evolution of this approach will assist with the design and interpretation of studies assessing nanomaterial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Card
- Ashuren Health Sciences, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Cantox Health Sciences International, Mississauaga, ON, Canada
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Landsiedel R, Ma-Hock L, Kroll A, Hahn D, Schnekenburger J, Wiench K, Wohlleben W. Testing metal-oxide nanomaterials for human safety. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:2601-27. [PMID: 20512811 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials can display distinct biological effects compared with bulk materials of the same chemical composition. The physico-chemical characterization of nanomaterials and their interaction with biological media are essential for reliable studies and are reviewed here with a focus on widely used metal oxide and carbon nanomaterials. Available rat inhalation and cell culture studies compared to original results suggest that hazard potential is not determined by a single physico-chemical property but instead depends on a combination of material properties. Reactive oxygen species generation, fiber shape, size, solubility and crystalline phase are known indicators of nanomaterials biological impact. According to these properties the summarized hazard potential decreases in the order multi-walled carbon nanotubes >> CeO(2), ZnO > TiO(2) > functionalized SiO(2) > SiO(2), ZrO(2), carbon black. Enhanced understanding of biophysical properties and cellular effects results in improved testing strategies and enables the selection and production of safe materials.
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Renne R, Brix A, Harkema J, Herbert R, Kittel B, Lewis D, March T, Nagano K, Pino M, Rittinghausen S, Rosenbruch M, Tellier P, Wohrmann T. Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse respiratory tract. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 37:5S-73S. [PMID: 20032296 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309353423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally-accepted nomenclature for proliferative and non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in the respiratory tract of laboratory rats and mice, with color photomicrographs illustrating examples of some lesions. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous developmental and aging lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for respiratory tract lesions in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Renne
- Roger Renne ToxPath Consulting, Sumner, Washington, USA
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116
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Schrand AM, Schlager JJ, Dai L, Hussain SM. Preparation of cells for assessing ultrastructural localization of nanoparticles with transmission electron microscopy. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:744-57. [PMID: 20360769 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for cellular ultrastructural examination of nanoparticle (NP)-exposed biomaterials. Preparation and imaging of electron-transparent thin cell sections with TEM provides excellent spatial resolution (approximately 1 nm), which is required to track these elusive materials. This protocol provides a step-by-step method for the mass-basis dosing of cultured cells with NPs, and the process of fixing, dehydrating, staining, resin embedding, ultramicrotome sectioning and subsequently visualizing NP uptake and translocation to specific intracellular locations with TEM. In order to avoid potential artifacts, some technical challenges are addressed. Based on our results, this procedure can be used to elucidate the intracellular fate of NPs, facilitating the development of biosensors and therapeutics, and provide a critical component for understanding NP toxicity. This protocol takes approximately 1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Schrand
- AFRL/711 HPW/RHPB, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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117
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Pauluhn J. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Baytubes): approach for derivation of occupational exposure limit. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:78-89. [PMID: 20074606 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes come in a variety of types, but one of the most common forms is multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). This paper focuses on the dose-response and time course of pulmonary toxicity of Baytubes, a more flexible MWCNT type with the tendency to form assemblages of nanotubes. This MWCNT has been examined in previous single and repeated exposure 13-week rat inhalation studies. Kinetic endpoints and the potential to translocate to extrapulmonary organs have been examined during postexposure periods of 3 and 6 months, respectively. The focus of both studies was to compare dosimetric endpoints and the time course of pulmonary inflammation characterized by repeated bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology during the respective follow-up periods. To better understand the etiopathology of pulmonary inflammation and time-related lung remodeling, two metrics of retained lung dose were compared. The first used the mass metric based on the exposure concentration obtained by filter analyses and aerodynamic particle size of airborne MWCNT. The second was based on calculated volumetric lung burdens of retained MWCNT. Kinetic analyses of lung burdens support the conclusion that Baytubes, in principal, act like poorly soluble agglomerated carbonaceous particulates. However, the difference in pulmonary toxic potency (mass-based) appears to be associated with the low-density (approximately 0.1-0.3g/m(3)) of the MWCNT assemblages. Of note is that assemblages of MWCNT were found predominantly both in the exposure atmosphere and in digested alveolar macrophages. Isolated fibers were not observed in exposure atmospheres or biological specimens. All findings support the conclusion that the low specific density of microstructures was conducive to attaining the volumetric lung overload-related inflammatory response conditions earlier than conventional particles. Evidence of extrapulmonary translocation or toxicity was not found in any study. Thus, pulmonary overload is believed to trigger the cascade of events leading to a stasis of clearance and consequently increased MWCNT doses high enough to trigger sustained pulmonary inflammation. This mechanism served as conceptual basis for the calculation of the human equivalent concentration. Accordingly, multiple interspecies adjustments were necessary which included species-specific differences in alveolar deposition, differences in ventilation, and the time-dependent particle accumulation accounting for the known species-specific differences in particle clearance half-times in rats and humans. Based on this rationale and the NOAEL (no-observed adverse effect level) from the 13-week subchronic inhalation study on rats, an occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 0.05 mg Baytubes/m(3) (time weighted average) is considered to be reasonably protective to prevent lung injury to occur in the workplace environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pauluhn
- Institute of Toxicology, Bayer Schering Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Pauluhn J. Subchronic 13-week inhalation exposure of rats to multiwalled carbon nanotubes: toxic effects are determined by density of agglomerate structures, not fibrillar structures. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:226-42. [PMID: 19822600 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Wistar rats were nose-only exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, Baytubes) in a subchronic 13-week inhalation study. The focus of study was on respiratory tract and systemic toxicity, including analysis of MWCNT biokinetics in the lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes (LALNs). The time course and concentration dependence of pulmonary effects were examined by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and histopathology up to 6 months postexposure. Particular emphasis was directed to the comparative characterization of MWCNT structures prior to and after micronization and dry powder dispersion into inhalation chambers. These determinations were complemented by additional analyses in digested BAL cells. Animals were exposed on 6 h/day, 5 days per week for 13 consecutive weeks to 0, 0.1, 0.4, 1.5, and 6 mg/m(3). The subchronic exposure to respirable solid aerosols of MWCNT was tolerated without effects suggestive of systemic toxicity. Kinetic analyses demonstrated a markedly delayed clearance of MWCNT from lungs at overload conditions. Translocation into LALNs occurred at 1.5 and 6 mg/m(3) and required at least 13 weeks of study to become detectable. At these exposure levels, the lung and LALN weights were significantly increased. Sustained elevations in BAL polymorphonuclear neutrophils and soluble collagen occurred at these concentrations with borderline effects at 0.4 mg/m(3). Histopathology revealed principal exposure-related lesions at 0.4 mg/m(3) and above in the upper respiratory tract (goblet cell hyper- and/or metaplasia, eosinophilic globules, and focal turbinate remodeling) and the lower respiratory tract (inflammatory changes in the bronchioloalveolar region and increased interstitial collagen staining). Granulomatous changes and a time-dependent increase of a bronchioloalveolar hyperplasia occurred at 6 mg/m(3). All end points examined were unremarkable at 0.1 mg/m(3) (no-observed-adverse-effect-level). In summary, this study demonstrates that the induced pathological changes are consistent with overload-related phenomena. Hence, the etiopathological sequence of inflammatory events caused by this type of MWCNT appears to be related to the high displacement volume of the low-density MWCNT assemblage structure rather than to any yet ill-defined intrinsic toxic property. Thus, the hypothesis of study is verified, namely, common denominators between carbon black and MWCNT do exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pauluhn
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Institute of Toxicology, Bayer Schering Pharma, Building Number 514, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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119
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Ma-Hock L, Treumann S, Strauss V, Brill S, Luizi F, Mertler M, Wiench K, Gamer AO, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Inhalation toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes in rats exposed for 3 months. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112:468-81. [PMID: 19584127 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are of great commercial interest. Theoretically, during processing and handling of CNT and in abrasion processes on composites containing CNT, inhalable CNT particles might be set free. For hazard assessment, we performed a 90-day inhalation toxicity study with a multiwall CNT (MWCNT) material (Nanocyl NC 7000) according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline 413. Wistar rats were head-nose exposed for 6 h/day, 5 days/week, 13 weeks, total 65 exposures, to MWCNT concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/m(3). Highly respirable dust aerosols were produced with a proprietary brush generator which neither damaged the tube structure nor increased reactive oxygen species on the surface. Inhalation exposure to MWCNT produced no systemic toxicity. However, increased lung weights, pronounced multifocal granulomatous inflammation, diffuse histiocytic and neutrophilic inflammation, and intra-alveolar lipoproteinosis were observed in lung and lung-associated lymph nodes at 0.5 and 2.5 mg/m(3). These effects were accompanied by slight blood neutrophilia at 2.5 mg/m(3). Incidence and severity of the effects were concentration related. At 0.1 mg/m(3), there was still minimal granulomatous inflammation in the lung and in lung-associated lymph nodes; a no observed effect concentration was therefore not established in this study. The test substance has low dust-forming potential, as demonstrated by dustiness measurements, but nonetheless strict industrial hygiene measures must be taken during handling and processing. Toxicity and dustiness data such as these can be used to compare different MWCNT materials and to select the material with the lowest risk potential for a given application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma-Hock
- Product Safety, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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120
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Pulmonary toxicity and kinetic study of Cy5.5-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by optical imaging. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 239:106-15. [PMID: 19520096 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of nanotechnology and devices now make it possible to accurately deliver drugs or genes to the lung. Magnetic nanoparticles can be used as contrast agents, thermal therapy for cancer, and be made to concentrate to target sites through an external magnetic field. However, these advantages may also become problematic when taking into account safety and toxicological factors. This study demonstrated the pulmonary toxicity and kinetic profile of anti-biofouling polymer coated, Cy5.5-conjugated thermally cross-linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (TCL-SPION) by optical imaging. Negatively charged, 36 nm-sized, Cy5.5-conjugated TCL-SPION was prepared for optical imaging probe. Cy5.5-conjugated TCL-SPION was intratracheally instilled into the lung by a non-surgical method. Cy5.5-conjugated TCL-SPION slightly induced pulmonary inflammation. The instilled nanoparticles were distributed mainly in the lung and excreted in the urine via glomerular filtration. Urinary excretion was peaked at 3 h after instillation. No toxicity was found under the concentration of 1.8 mg/kg and the half-lives of nanoparticles in the lung and urine were estimated to be about 14.4+/-0.54 h and 24.7+/-1.02 h, respectively. Although further studies are required, our results showed that Cy5.5-conjugated TCL-SPION can be a good candidate for use in pulmonary delivery vehicles and diagnostic probes.
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121
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Are rat results from intratracheal instillation of 19 granular dusts a reliable basis for predicting cancer risk? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:72-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lanone S, Rogerieux F, Geys J, Dupont A, Maillot-Marechal E, Boczkowski J, Lacroix G, Hoet P. Comparative toxicity of 24 manufactured nanoparticles in human alveolar epithelial and macrophage cell lines. Part Fibre Toxicol 2009; 6:14. [PMID: 19405955 PMCID: PMC2685765 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A critical issue with nanomaterials is the clear understanding of their potential toxicity. We evaluated the toxic effect of 24 nanoparticles of similar equivalent spherical diameter and various elemental compositions on 2 human pulmonary cell lines: A549 and THP-1. A secondary aim was to elaborate a generic experimental set-up that would allow the rapid screening of cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles. We therefore compared 2 cytotoxicity assays (MTT and Neutral Red) and analyzed 2 time points (3 and 24 hours) for each cell type and nanoparticle. When possible, TC50 (Toxic Concentration 50 i.e. nanoparticle concentration inducing 50% cell mortality) was calculated. Results The use of MTT assay on THP-1 cells exposed for 24 hours appears to be the most sensitive experimental design to assess the cytotoxic effect of one nanoparticle. With this experimental set-up, Copper- and Zinc-based nanoparticles appear to be the most toxic. Titania, Alumina, Ceria and Zirconia-based nanoparticles show moderate toxicity, and no toxicity was observed for Tungsten Carbide. No correlation between cytotoxicity and equivalent spherical diameter or specific surface area was found. Conclusion Our study clearly highlights the difference of sensitivity between cell types and cytotoxicity assays that has to be carefully taken into account when assessing nanoparticles toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lanone
- INSERM, Unité 700, Paris, France; Université Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, site X, Bichat, Paris, France, and INSERM, Unité U955, Créteil, F-94010, France; Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, F-94010, France.
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Bauer AK, Rondini EA. Review paper: the role of inflammation in mouse pulmonary neoplasia. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:369-90. [PMID: 19176494 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0217-b-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a risk factor for the development of many types of neoplasia, including skin, colon, gastric, and mammary cancers, among others. Chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, predispose to lung neoplasia. We will review the mouse literature examining the role of inflammation in lung neoplasia, focusing specifically on genetic susceptibility, pharmacologic modulation of inflammatory pathways, and both transgenic and knockout mouse models used to assess pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways involved in lung neoplasia. Identification of molecular mechanisms that govern the association between inflammation and pulmonary neoplasia could provide novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for a disease in which few biomarkers currently exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA).
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124
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Hamade AK, Tankersley CG. Interstrain variation in cardiac and respiratory adaptation to repeated ozone and particulate matter exposures. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1202-15. [PMID: 19158411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90808.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes, as demonstrated by epidemiology studies. Several studies have investigated the role of copollutants, such as ozone (O(3)), in this association. It is accepted that physiological adaptation involving the respiratory system occurs with repeated exposures to O(3). We hypothesize that adaptation to PM and O(3) varies among different inbred mouse strains, and cardiopulmonary adaptation to O(3) is a synchronized response between the cardiac and respiratory systems. Heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), and the magnitude and pattern of breathing were simultaneously measured by implanted telemeters and by plethysmography in three inbred mouse strains: C57Bl/6J (B6), C3H/HeJ (HeJ), and C3H/HeOuJ (OuJ). Physiological responses were assessed during dual exposures to filtered air (FA), O(3) (576 +/- 32 parts/billion), and/or carbon black (CB; 556 +/- 34 mug/m(3)). Exposures were repeated for 3 consecutive days. While each strain showed significant reductions in HR during CB with O(3) preexposure (O(3)CB) on day 1, prominent HRV responses were observed in only HeJ and OuJ mice. Each strain also differed in their adaptation profile in response to repeated O(3)CB exposures. Whereas B6 mice showed rapid adaptation in HR after day 1, HeJ mice generally showed more moderate HR and HRV adaptation after day 2 of exposure. Unlike either B6 or HeJ strains, OuJ mice showed little evidence of HR or HRV adaptation to repeated O(3)CB exposure. Adaptation profiles between HR regulation and breathing characteristics were strongly correlated, but these associations also varied significantly among strains. These findings suggest that genetic factors determine the responsivity and adaptation of the cardiac and respiratory systems to repeated copollutant exposures. During O(3)CB exposure, adaptation of cardiac and respiratory systems is markedly synchronized, which may explain a potential mechanism for adverse effects of PM on heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K Hamade
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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DeLouise L, Mortensen L, Elder A. Breeching Epithelial Barriers – Physiochemical Factors Impacting Nanomaterial Translocation and Toxicity. SAFETY OF NANOPARTICLES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78608-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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126
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Baan RA. Carcinogenic Hazards from Inhaled Carbon Black, Titanium Dioxide, and Talc not Containing Asbestos or Asbestiform Fibers: Recent Evaluations by anIARC MonographsWorking Group. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 19 Suppl 1:213-28. [PMID: 17886070 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701497903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In February 2006, an IARC Monographs Working Group reevaluated the carcinogenic hazards to humans of carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc, which belong to the group of poorly soluble, low-toxicity particles. The review of the relevant literature and the evaluations by the Working Group will be published in Volume 93 of the IARC Monographs series. This article summarizes the Working Group's conclusions. Epidemiological studies among workers in carbon black production and in the rubber industry provided inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity. The overall data from cancer studies in rodents exposed to carbon black provided sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity. The Working Group evaluated carbon black as possibly carcinogenic to humans, Group 2B. Reviewing the epidemiological studies in the titanium dioxide production industry, the Working Group concluded that there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity. Overall, the results from rodent cancer studies with titanium dioxide were considered to provide sufficient evidence. Titanium dioxide was evaluated as possibly carcinogenic to humans, Group 2B. Epidemiological studies on talc miners and millers provided inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity of inhaled talc not containing asbestos or asbestiform fibers. The evidence from rodent cancer studies was considered limited. The Working Group evaluated inhaled talc not containing asbestos or asbestiform fibers as not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans, Group 3. The Working Group noted that prolonged exposure to inhaled particles at sufficiently high concentrations in experimental animals may lead to impairment of normal clearance mechanisms in the alveolar region of the lung, resulting in a continued buildup of particles that eventually leads to excessive lung burdens accompanied by chronic alveolar inflammation. The inflammatory response may give rise to increased generation of reactive oxygen species, cell injury, cell proliferation, fibrosis, induction of mutations, and, ultimately, cancer. Since many of these steps also occur in workers in dusty jobs, such as coal miners, data on cancer in animals obtained under conditions of impaired lung clearance were considered relevant to humans. In addition, impaired lung clearance in rodents exposed to ultrafine particles occurs at much lower mass concentrations than with fine particles, which adds to the human relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Baan
- Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation Group, WHO-International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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127
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Sung JH, Ji JH, Yoon JU, Kim DS, Song MY, Jeong J, Han BS, Han JH, Chung YH, Kim J, Kim TS, Chang HK, Lee EJ, Lee JH, Yu IJ. Lung Function Changes in Sprague-Dawley Rats After Prolonged Inhalation Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:567-74. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370701874671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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128
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Card JW, Zeldin DC, Bonner JC, Nestmann ER. Pulmonary applications and toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L400-11. [PMID: 18641236 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00041.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their unique physicochemical properties, engineered nanoparticles have the potential to significantly impact respiratory research and medicine by means of improving imaging capability and drug delivery, among other applications. These same properties, however, present potential safety concerns, and there is accumulating evidence to suggest that nanoparticles may exert adverse effects on pulmonary structure and function. The respiratory system is susceptible to injury resulting from inhalation of gases, aerosols, and particles, and also from systemic delivery of drugs, chemicals, and other compounds to the lungs via direct cardiac output to the pulmonary arteries. As such, it is a prime target for the possible toxic effects of engineered nanoparticles. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the potential usefulness of nanoparticles and nanotechnology in respiratory research and medicine and to highlight important issues and recent data pertaining to nanoparticle-related pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Card
- Cantox Health Sciences International, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 308, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5N 2X7.
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129
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Options for Occupational Health Surveillance of Workers Potentially Exposed to Engineered Nanoparticles: State of the Science. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 50:517-26. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31816515f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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130
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Lison D, Muller J. Lung and systemic responses to carbon nanotubes (CNT) in mice. Toxicol Sci 2007; 101:179-80; author reply 181-2. [PMID: 17897971 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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131
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Baker GL, Gupta A, Clark ML, Valenzuela BR, Staska LM, Harbo SJ, Pierce JT, Dill JA. Inhalation toxicity and lung toxicokinetics of C60 fullerene nanoparticles and microparticles. Toxicol Sci 2007; 101:122-31. [PMID: 17878152 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While several recent reports have described the toxicity of water-soluble C60 fullerene nanoparticles, none have reported the toxicity resulting from the inhalation exposures to C60 fullerene nanoparticles or microparticles. To address this knowledge gap, we exposed male rats to C60 fullerene nanoparticles (2.22 mg/m3, 55 nm diameter) and microparticles (2.35 mg/m3, 0.93 microm diameter) for 3 h a day, for 10 consecutive days using a nose-only exposure system. Nanoparticles were created utilizing an aerosol vaporization and condensation process. Nanoparticles and microparticles were subjected to high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), XRD, and scanning laser Raman spectroscopy, which cumulatively indicated no chemical modification of the C60 fullerenes occurred during the aerosol generation. At necropsy, no gross or microscopic lesions were observed in either group of C60 fullerene exposures rats. Hematology and serum chemistry results found statistically significant differences, although small in magnitude, in both exposure groups. Comparisons of bronchoalveolar (BAL) lavage fluid parameters identified a significant increase in protein concentration in rats exposed to C60 fullerene nanoparticles. BAL fluid macrophages from both exposure groups contained brown pigments, consistent with C60 fullerenes. C60 lung particle burdens were greater in nanoparticle-exposed rats than in microparticle-exposed rats. The calculated lung deposition rate and deposition fraction were 41 and 50% greater, respectively, in C60 fullerene nanoparticle-exposed group than the C60 fullerene microparticle-exposed group. Lung half-lives for C60 fullerene nanoparticles and microparticles were 26 and 29 days, respectively. In summary, this first in vivo assessment of the toxicity resulting from inhalation exposures to C60 fullerene nanoparticles and microparticles found minimal changes in the toxicological endpoints examined. Additional toxicological assessments involving longer duration inhalation exposures are needed to develop a better and more conclusive understanding of the potential toxicity of inhaled C60 fullerenes whether in nanoparticle or microparticle form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Baker
- Battelle Toxicology Northwest, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
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132
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Becher R, Bucht A, Øvrevik J, Hongslo JK, Dahlman HJ, Samuelsen JT, Schwarze PE. Involvement of NADPH oxidase and iNOS in rodent pulmonary cytokine responses to urban air and mineral particles. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:645-55. [PMID: 17510837 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701353528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the potential of two complex mineral particles (feldspar and mylonite), quartz (Min-U-Sil), and suspended particulate matter (SRM-1648) (SPM) from urban air to induce inflammatory cytokine responses in primary rat alveolar type 2 cells and alveolar macrophages, and the involvement of cellular formation of free radicals in these responses. All particle types induced an increased release of interleukin (IL)-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 from type 2 cells. Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), a selective inhibitor of NADPH-oxidase, reduced the IL-6 and MIP-2 responses to quartz, SPM and mylonite. N-(3-[Aminomethyl] benzyl) acetamidine (1400W), a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), significantly reduced the Il-6 response to SPM and feldspar in the type 2 cells. The macrophages displayed significantly increased TNF-alpha and MIP-2 release upon exposure to quartz or SPM. Here, DPI significantly reduced the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and MIP-2 responses to quartz, and the MIP-2 response to SPM. No significant effect of 1400 W was detected in the alveolar macrophages. The role of particle-induced cellular generation of free radicals in lung cytokine responses was further elucidated in mice that lacked either NADPH-oxidase or iNOS as well as in wild-type (wt) mice. All particles were able to elicit increased cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of the mice, although the levels depended on particle type. The NADPH-oxidase knockout (KO) mice demonstrated a significantly lower IL-6 and MIP-2 responses to SPM compared to their respective wt mice. The iNOS KO mice displayed significantly reduced IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MIP-2 responses to SPM. The overall results indicate the involvement of cellular free-radical formation in the pulmonary cytokine responses to particles of varying composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Becher
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Section for Air Pollution Toxicology and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Hagens WI, Oomen AG, de Jong WH, Cassee FR, Sips AJAM. What do we (need to) know about the kinetic properties of nanoparticles in the body? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 49:217-29. [PMID: 17868963 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays the development and applications of nanotechnology are of major importance in both industrial and consumer areas. However, the knowledge on human exposure and possible toxicity of nanotechnology products is limited. To understand the mechanism of toxicity, thorough knowledge of the toxicokinetic properties of nanoparticles is warranted. There is a need for information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of nanoparticles and validated detection methods of these man-made nanoparticles. Determination of the ADME properties of nanoparticles requires specialised detection methods in different biological matrices (e.g. blood and organs). In this paper, the current knowledge on the kinetic properties of nanoparticles is reviewed. Moreover, knowledge gaps from a kinetic point of view (detection, dose, ADME processes) are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner I Hagens
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment (SIR), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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134
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Waldman WJ, Kristovich R, Knight DA, Dutta PK. Inflammatory Properties of Iron-Containing Carbon Nanoparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1149-54. [PMID: 17672513 DOI: 10.1021/tx700008n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses following exposure of carbon nanoparticles to human macrophage and endothelial cells were employed as indicators of particulate biological activity. Hundred nanometer carbon particles (nC) with and without nonextractable surface-bound iron were synthesized using a templating approach, and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were exposed to various concentrations of these particulates. Supernatants recovered from MDM 24 h postexposure were assayed for the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) by a quantitative ELISA and tested for their ability to induce expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on human endothelial cells (EC) by immunofluorescence flow cytometry. Data generated by these experiments demonstrated that nC-Fe was far more biologically active than nC. In addition, the chemical reactivity of nC-Fe toward decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to form hydroxyl radicals was significantly higher than that of nC and correlated well with the increase in the strength of the inflammatory response, though a direct proof of creation of hydroxyl radicals in the biological system is not provided. Comparison with micrometer-sized carbon and carbon-iron particles suggests that the chemical and biological reactivity is correlated with surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Waldman
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 4160 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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135
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Carter JM, Corson N, Driscoll KE, Elder A, Finkelstein JN, Harkema JN, Gelein R, Wade-Mercer P, Nguyen K, Oberdorster G. A comparative dose-related response of several key pro- and antiinflammatory mediators in the lungs of rats, mice, and hamsters after subchronic inhalation of carbon black. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 48:1265-78. [PMID: 17159643 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000230489.06025.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms underlying species specificity in particle-induced lung inflammation. METHODS Rats, mice, and hamsters exposed to air, 1, 7, or 50 mg/m3 of carbon black for 13 weeks were killed at 1 day, 3 months, and 11 months after exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and characterized for cell number, cell type, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and cytokine levels. Ex vivo mutational analysis of inflammatory cells was evaluated by coincubating with lung epithelial cells. Lung tissue was evaluated for gene expression of various antiinflammatory mediators. RESULTS There was a dose- and time-related effect with all the parameters. Rats demonstrated greater propensity for generating a proinflammatory response, whereas mice and hamsters demonstrated an increased antiinflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS These differences in pro- and antiinflammatory responses may contribute to the apparent species differences in inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Morfeld P, Büchte SF, Wellmann J, McCunney RJ, Piekarski C. Lung Cancer Mortality and Carbon Black Exposure: Cox Regression Analysis of a Cohort From a German Carbon Black Production Plant. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:1230-41. [PMID: 17159640 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000215282.23531.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We undertook a lung cancer mortality analysis of 1528 German carbon black workers, followed between the years of 1976-1998, who produced furnace black, lamp black, and gas black. METHODS We used Cox modeling across age with time-dependent covariates, ie, cumulative and mean carbon black exposure, duration of work in departments, adjusting for calendar time, a smoking indicator, and age at hire. Exposures were lagged up to 20 years. Analyses were performed with the full cohort and after restriction to an inception cohort. RESULTS A total of 50 lung cancer deaths occurred. No positive association was found with carbon black exposure indices. Some models indicated an increasing risk across duration of work in the lamp black producing department. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not suggest that carbon black exposure is a human lung carcinogen. The lamp black results, if no artifact, may point at historical exposures to gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morfeld
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin und Sozialhygiene der Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.
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Valberg PA, Long CM, Sax SN. Integrating Studies on Carcinogenic Risk of Carbon Black: Epidemiology, Animal Exposures, and Mechanism of Action. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:1291-307. [PMID: 17159645 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000215342.52699.2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to address the toxicology literature on carbon black (CB) since 1996, when IARC reclassified CB from group 3 to group 2B. METHODS We reviewed epidemiology and laboratory studies from 1996 to 2006, focusing on new analyses of worker populations, on species differences in tumorigenicity of poorly soluble particles, and on the role of particle-bound organics in tumorigenicity. RESULTS Some epidemiology studies have reported positive associations between cancer risk and worker's possible exposure to CB, but larger studies, in more highly exposed populations, have not shown consistent patterns of either elevated risk or dose-response. High levels of inhaled CB were linked with rat lung tumors in 1996, but today scientists increasingly recognize that rats exhibit a unique lung tumor response to all inert inhaled particles that is unlikely to be relevant to humans. On mechanism of action, new reports have continued to show that CB has a high surface area of elemental carbon, and a low quantity of organic material, which is poorly bioavailable. CONCLUSION Overall, the new epidemiological evidence decreases concerns for cancer risk compared with pre-1996 evidence. Laboratory studies support a conclusion that the mechanism of tumorigenicity of CB in rats is no different from that of any poorly soluble particle, ie, toxicity results from the particle overload per se, and not from the particles' chemistry. Thus, research published after 1996 has not identified an increase in support for CB cancer risk, but rather, points to limited and inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Valberg
- Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-5756, USA.
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Dell LD, Mundt KA, Luippold RS, Nunes AP, Cohen L, Burch MT, Heidenreich MJ, Bachand AM. A Cohort Mortality Study of Employees in the U.S. Carbon Black Industry. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:1219-29. [PMID: 17159639 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000218701.62658.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to evaluate historical mortality patterns, especially due to cancers, among employees of the U.S. carbon black industry and to address the methodological shortcomings of previous U.S. mortality studies. METHODS We followed mortality of 5011 workers employed 1 year or more since the 1930s at 18 carbon black facilities through December 31, 2003. Age-, race-, sex-, and calendar year-adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using state-specific mortality rates. RESULTS Follow up was 96% complete. All-cause (SMR = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70-0.78) and all-cancer mortality (SMR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.92) showed significant deficits. No excess was observed from lung (SMR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.82-1.15) or bladder (SMR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.47-1.87) cancers or from nonmalignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.83-1.18). No trends were seen with duration of employment or time since hire for any cause of death. CONCLUSION Employment in carbon black production in the United States seems not to be associated with increased mortality overall, cancer overall and, in particular, lung cancer. Further research, however, incorporating a detailed exposure assessment is needed to determine whether exposure to carbon black at high levels may be associated with an increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Dell
- ENVIRON International Corporation, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Warheit DB, Webb TR, Sayes CM, Colvin VL, Reed KL. Pulmonary instillation studies with nanoscale TiO2 rods and dots in rats: toxicity is not dependent upon particle size and surface area. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91:227-36. [PMID: 16495353 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary toxicology studies in rats demonstrate that nanoparticles administered to the lung are more toxic than larger, fine-sized particles of similar chemistry at identical mass concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute lung toxicity in rats of intratracheally instilled pigment-grade TiO2 particles (rutile-type particle size = approximately 300 nm) versus nanoscale TiO2 rods (anatase = 200 nm x 35 nm) or nanoscale TiO2 dots (anatase = approximately 10 nm) compared with a positive control particle type, quartz. Groups of rats were instilled with doses of 1 or 5 mg/kg of the various particle types in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Subsequently, the lungs of PBS- and particle-exposed rats were assessed using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid biomarkers, cell proliferation methods, and by the histopathological evaluation of lung tissue at 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postinstillation exposure. Exposures to nanoscale TiO2 rods or nanoscale TiO2 dots produced transient inflammatory and cell injury effects at 24 h postexposure (pe) and were not different from the pulmonary effects of larger sized TiO2 particle exposures. In contrast, pulmonary exposures to quartz particles in rats produced a dose-dependent lung inflammatory response characterized by neutrophils and foamy lipid-containing alveolar macrophage accumulation as well as evidence of early lung tissue thickening consistent with the development of pulmonary fibrosis. The results described herein provide the first example of nanoscale particle types which are not more cytotoxic or inflammogenic to the lung compared to larger sized particles of similar composition. Furthermore, these findings run counter to the postulation that surface area is a major factor associated with the pulmonary toxicity of nanoscale particle types.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Warheit
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware 19714-0050, USA.
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