101
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Scheps KG, Hasenahuer MA, Parisi G, Targovnik HM, Fornasari MS. Curating the gnomAD database: Report of novel variants in the globin-coding genes and bioinformatics analysis. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:81-102. [PMID: 31553106 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Massive parallel sequencing technologies are facilitating the faster identification of sequence variants with the consequent capability of untangling the molecular bases of many human genetic syndromes. However, it is not always easy to understand the impact of novel variants, especially for missense changes, which can lead to a spectrum of phenotypes. This study presents a custom-designed multistep methodology to evaluate the impact of novel variants aggregated in the genome aggregation database for the HBB, HBA2, and HBA1 genes, by testing and improving its performance with a dataset of previously described alterations affecting those same genes. This approach scored high sensitivity and specificity values and showed an overall better performance than sequence-derived predictors, highlighting the importance of protein conformation and interaction specific analyses in curating variant databases. This study also describes the strengths and limitations of these structural studies and allows identifying residues in the globin chains more prone to tolerate substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G Scheps
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcia A Hasenahuer
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Parisi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Fornasari
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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102
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Premont RT, Reynolds JD, Zhang R, Stamler JS. Role of Nitric Oxide Carried by Hemoglobin in Cardiovascular Physiology: Developments on a Three-Gas Respiratory Cycle. Circ Res 2019; 126:129-158. [PMID: 31590598 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A continuous supply of oxygen is essential for the survival of multicellular organisms. The understanding of how this supply is regulated in the microvasculature has evolved from viewing erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) as passive carriers of oxygen to recognizing the complex interplay between Hb (hemoglobin) and oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide-the three-gas respiratory cycle-that insures adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to meet local metabolic demand. In this context, it is blood flow and not blood oxygen content that is the main driver of tissue oxygenation by RBCs. Herein, we review the lines of experimentation that led to this understanding of RBC function; from the foundational understanding of allosteric regulation of oxygen binding in Hb in the stereochemical model of Perutz, to blood flow autoregulation (hypoxic vasodilation governing oxygen delivery) observed by Guyton, to current understanding that centers on S-nitrosylation of Hb (ie, S-nitrosohemoglobin; SNO-Hb) as a purveyor of oxygen-dependent vasodilatory activity. Notably, hypoxic vasodilation is recapitulated by native S-nitrosothiol (SNO)-replete RBCs and by SNO-Hb itself, whereby SNO is released from Hb and RBCs during deoxygenation, in proportion to the degree of Hb deoxygenation, to regulate vessels directly. In addition, we discuss how dysregulation of this system through genetic mutation in Hb or through disease is a common factor in oxygenation pathologies resulting from microcirculatory impairment, including sickle cell disease, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. We then conclude by identifying potential therapeutic interventions to correct deficits in RBC-mediated vasodilation to improve oxygen delivery-steps toward effective microvasculature-targeted therapies. To the extent that diseases of the heart, lungs, and blood are associated with impaired tissue oxygenation, the development of new therapies based on the three-gas respiratory system have the potential to improve the well-being of millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Premont
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Harrington Discovery Institute (R.T.P., J.D.R., J.S.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH
| | - James D Reynolds
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.D.R.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Harrington Discovery Institute (R.T.P., J.D.R., J.S.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH
| | - Rongli Zhang
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute (R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute (R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Harrington Discovery Institute (R.T.P., J.D.R., J.S.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH
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103
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Breveglieri G, D’Aversa E, Cosenza LC, Boutou E, Balassopoulou A, Voskaridou E, Gambari R, Borgatti M. Detection of the sickle hemoglobin allele using a surface plasmon resonance based biosensor. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2019; 296:126604. [PMID: 31853166 PMCID: PMC6894342 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a monogenic hereditary blood disorder caused by a single point mutation (βS) in the β globin gene resulting in an abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) that can polymerize within the erythrocytes, inducing their characteristic sickle shape. This causes hemolytic anemia and occlusive vessels for the most severe clinical status. Molecular analysis is crucial for fast and precise diagnosis of different forms of SCD, and, on the basis of underlying genotype, for supporting the most appropriate treatment options. In this context, we describe a simple and reproducible protocol for the molecular identification of the βS mutation based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using the Biacore™ X100 affinity biosensor. This technology has already demonstrated its diagnostic suitability for the identification of point mutations responsible for genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and β thalassemia, using a protocol based on immobilization of PCR products on the sensor chip. On the contrary, in this work we applied a SPR strategy based on an innovative interaction format, recently developed in our group also for β thalassemia mutations. In particular, we correctly detected the βS mutation responsible for SCD, both in homozygous and heterozygous states, after hybridization of two oligonucleotide probes (normal and mutated) for the βS mutation, immobilized on sensor chip, with unbalanced PCR products obtained from 53 genomic DNAs carrying different βS allele combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Breveglieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta D’Aversa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Carmela Cosenza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Effrossyni Boutou
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Thalassaemia and Hemoglobinopathies Center, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Balassopoulou
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Thalassaemia and Hemoglobinopathies Center, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ersi Voskaridou
- Thalassaemia and Hemoglobinopathies Center, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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104
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Gliozzi ML, Rbaibi Y, Long KR, Vitturi DA, Weisz OA. Hemoglobin alters vitamin carrier uptake and vitamin D metabolism in proximal tubule cells: implications for sickle cell disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C993-C1000. [PMID: 31509446 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00287.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kidney disease, including proximal tubule (PT) dysfunction, and vitamin D deficiency are among the most prevalent complications in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. Although these two comorbidities have never been linked in SCD, the PT is the primary site for activation of vitamin D. Precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] bound to vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) is taken up by PT cells via megalin/cubilin receptors, hydroxylated to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] form, and released into the bloodstream. We tested the hypothesis that cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) filtered into the PT lumen impairs vitamin D uptake and metabolism. Hb at concentrations expected to be chronically present in the ultrafiltrate of SCD patients competed directly with DBP for apical uptake by PT cells. By contrast, uptake of retinol binding protein was impaired only at considerably higher Hb concentrations. Prolonged exposure to Hb led to increased oxidative stress in PT cells and to a selective increase in mRNA levels of the CYP27B1 hydroxylase, although protein levels were unchanged. Hb exposure also impaired vitamin D metabolism in PT cells, resulting in reduced ratio of 1,25(OH)2D:25(OH)D. Moreover, plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D were reduced in a mouse model of SCD. Together, our data suggest that Hb released by chronic hemolysis has multiple effects on PT function that contribute to vitamin D deficiency in SCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Gliozzi
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Youssef Rbaibi
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly R Long
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dario A Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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105
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Saud S, Li G, Kong H, Khan MI, Qiang Z, Sun Y, Liu W, Ding C, Xiao H, Wang Y, Li H, Cao C. Identification of chicken meat quality via rapid array isoelectric focusing with extraction of hemoglobin and myoglobin in meat sample. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1128:121790. [PMID: 31525721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoelectric focusing (IEF) has been used for determination of meat quality with high stability analysis. However, it still suffered from time-consuming, laborious and cost-effective performances, e.g., 3 h protein extraction, more than 10 h rehydration time, 5-12 h focusing time, and imaging of protein band. To overcome these issues, a speedy extraction of colorful proteins was developed by controlling extraction and centrifugation of 0.2g sample within 10 min and 15 min respectively; a rapid analytical method was designed by using a quick array IEF with 25 min rehydration, 7 min focusing, 2 min online scanning and imaging of focused proteins. The total analytical time was well controlled within 1 h, significantly less than the traditional IEF time of 24 h. To demonstrate the proposed method, 18 chickens were classified into three groups, e.g., the normal slaughtering, death treatment underwater, and death with infection via the New castle disease (NDV) virus. The experiments demonstrated that two Mb bands with pI 6.8 and 7.4 were present in slaughtered chickens, while four other bands with pI 6.83, 6.95, 7.09, and 7.13 were observed in abnormal chicken. The additional four proteins bands were identified by western blot (WB) as hemoglobin proteins. Furthermore, array Immobilized pH Gradient (IPG) has high sensitivity (absolute LOD of Mb and Hb were 1.3 ng and 5.5 ng), fair stability (RSD values of 2.32%, 2.27%, and 1.69%) for slaughtered, drowned, NDV-infected chickens for intra-day and (2.94%, 1.66%, and 1.07%) for inter-days, and good recovery (100%, 98.25% and 99.75%). Finally, the developed method could be used for the identification of chicken meat quality with less time and small volume reagents consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Saud
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Kong
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Idrees Khan
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhang Qiang
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weiwen Liu
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Honggen Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chengxi Cao
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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106
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Pan CT, Francisco MD, Yen CK, Wang SY, Shiue YL. Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163573. [PMID: 31426370 PMCID: PMC6719195 DOI: 10.3390/s19163573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common means for diagnosis is through medical laboratory testing, which primarily uses venous blood as a sample. This requires an invasive method by cannulation that needs proper vein selection. The use of a vein finder would help the phlebotomist to easily locate the vein, preventing possible pre-analytical error in the specimen collection and even more discomfort and pain to the patient. This paper is a review of the scientific publications on the different developed low-cost vein finder prototypes utilizing camera assisted near infrared (NIR) light technology. Methods: Electronic databases were searched online, these included PubMed (PMC), MEDLINE, Science Direct, ResearchGate, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Xplore digital library. Specifically, publications with the terms vein finder prototype, NIR technology, vein detection, and infrared imaging were screened. In addition, reference lists were used to further review related publications. Results: Cannulation challenges medical practitioners because of the different factors that can be reduced by the utilization of a vein finder. A limited number of publications regarding the assessment of personnel performing cannulation were observed. Moreover, variations in methodology, number of patients, type of patients according to their demographics and materials used in the assessment of the developed prototypes were noted. Some studies were limited with regard to the actual human testing of the prototype. Conclusions: The development of a low-cost effective near infrared (NIR) vein finder remains in the phase of improvement. Since, it is being challenged by different human factors, increasing the number of parameters and participants/human for actual testing of the prototypes must also be taken into consideration for possible commercialization. Finally, it was noted that publications regarding the assessment of the performance of phlebotomists using vein finders were limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Tang Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, NSYSU, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Mark D Francisco
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, NSYSU, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- College of Medical Technology, Trinity University of Asia (TUA), Quezon City 1102, Philippines
| | - Chung-Kun Yen
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, NSYSU, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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107
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Wolf A, Rohr JM, Amador C, Starr LJ, Hoyer JD, Ford JB. Hb Gibbon [β124(H2)Pro→Thr ( HBB: c.373C>A, p.P125T)], an Asymptomatic Novel Hemoglobin Variant Detected by Newborn Screening. Hemoglobin 2019; 43:207-209. [PMID: 31387435 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2019.1634591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a previously unreported hemoglobin (Hb) variant, Hb Gibbon [β124(H2)Pro→Thr (HBB: c.373C>A, p.P125T)] detected by newborn Hb screening in a term male with no family history for hemoglobinopathy or other screening abnormalities. This missense mutation produces a β-globin chain variant that was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, but is silent by capillary electrophoresis (CE). DNA sequencing studies revealed that his father was also a heterozygote for this mutation. Neither has abnormalities on complete blood count (CBC) or any symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Wolf
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Joseph M Rohr
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Catalina Amador
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Lois J Starr
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - James D Hoyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - James B Ford
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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108
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Hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by Hb M-Hyde Park (Hb M-Akita) (HBB:c.277C > T; p.His93Tyr). Wien Klin Wochenschr 2019; 131:381-384. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-019-1525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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109
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Xiong H, Chen S. First Description of Hb San Diego ( HBB: c.328G>A) in a Chinese Family with Congenital Erythrocytosis. Hemoglobin 2019; 43:126-128. [PMID: 31304856 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2019.1615940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Congenital erythrocytosis is a rare and hereditary disorder of red blood cell (RBC) production that can be caused by high oxygen affinity hemoglobin (Hb) variants. We applied a genetic approach including whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. We identified a heterozygous β-globin gene (Hb San Diego or HBB: c.328G>A) in exon 3 as a causative germline mutation in a Chinese family with congenital erythrocytosis. We concluded that in erythrocytosis with a dominant inheritance and normal or inappropriately high erythropoietin (EPO) levels, the high oxygen affinity Hb variants should be considered. In addition, as a tool for identification of mutations in congenital erythrocytosis, whole exome sequencing improves diagnostic accuracy and provides the opportunity for discovery of novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Xiong
- a Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Suning Chen
- a Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu Province , People's Republic of China
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110
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Das Gupta A, Hariharan P, Daruwalla M, Sidhwa K, Pawar R, Nadkarni A. Hemoglobin Titusville [α2 Codon 94 G>A]: A Rare Alpha Globin Chain Variant Causing Low Oxygen Saturation. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2019; 35:593-595. [PMID: 31388285 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-019-01110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Das Gupta
- Sections of Hematology, Coagulation and Flow Cytometry, SRL Diagnostics, Mumbai, India
| | - Priya Hariharan
- Division of Hematogenetics, National Institute of Immunohematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Daruwalla
- Sections of Hematology, Coagulation and Flow Cytometry, SRL Diagnostics, Mumbai, India
| | - Kainaz Sidhwa
- Sections of Hematology, Coagulation and Flow Cytometry, SRL Diagnostics, Mumbai, India
| | - Ravikiran Pawar
- Sections of Hematology, Coagulation and Flow Cytometry, SRL Diagnostics, Mumbai, India
| | - Anita Nadkarni
- Division of Hematogenetics, National Institute of Immunohematology, Mumbai, India
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111
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Ruetsch C, Raffort J, Panaia-Ferrari P, Deconde C, Caruba-Bafghi C, Naimi M, Kavafyan J, Suissa L, Chinetti G. First family case of haemoglobinopathy Titusville in France and literature overview. Clin Mol Pathol 2019; 72:501-505. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Normal haemoglobin is a tetramer molecule, consisting of two α and β haemoglobin chains. Haemoglobinopathies occur when abnormalities in these proteins are present. More than 1000 naturally occurring human haemoglobin variants with single amino acid substitution throughout the molecule have been identified and can be discovered through their clinical and biological manifestations. Here, we report the case of a 60-year-old woman for whom no oximetry results were obtained during blood gas analysis (BGA) and the values of oxygen saturation obtained from pulse oximetry (73%) and co-oximetry (90%) differed. Haemoglobin analysis demonstrated the presence of a variant in the alpha chain. Clinical history of the patient and her family revealed they carry a haemoglobin variant (Titusville type), thus representing the first French family case reported. Those results raised the question whether the presence of this variant could be the cause of the errors encountered during BGA.
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112
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An Unusual Case of Low Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16:756-759. [PMID: 31149860 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201811-829cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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113
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Yan CLS, Chan NCN, Lam GKS, Ng KY, Cheng CK, Li CK. A new form of thalassemia intermedia: Compound heterozygous beta thalassemia and hemoglobin Zurich. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27720. [PMID: 30900795 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol L S Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Nelson C N Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Grace K S Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Y Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Chi K Cheng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Kong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
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114
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Grimholt RM, Fjeld B, Selsås H, Schwettmann L, Klingenberg O. Hb Aalesund ( HBA2: c.400_406delAGCACCG), an Unstable α-Globin Variant Found in a Norwegian Patient Causing Moderate Hemolytic Anemia and Falsely High Hb A 1c Using Ion Exchange High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Hemoglobin 2019; 43:122-125. [PMID: 31145010 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2019.1614048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new unstable hemoglobin (Hb) variant, named Hb Aalesund, was detected during Hb A1c measurement in a patient with a nearly compensated hemolytic anemia. Sequencing of the α-globin genes revealed a 7 bp deletion in exon 3 of the HBA2 gene (HBA2: c.400_406delAGCACCG) (NM_000517.4) causing a frameshift and a premature termination codon (PTC) two positions downstream. Apparently, the transcript bypassed nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and a truncated protein was translated. The unstable Hb variant presumably underwent rapid denaturation, as heterozygosity of Hb Aalesund was associated with mild hemolytic anemia. In addition, the Hb variant interfered with Hb A1c measurement by cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), causing a falsely high Hb A1c result when using the Bio-Rad D10™ Hemoglobin Analyzer fast Hb A1c Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runa M Grimholt
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal , Oslo , Norway.,b Institute of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,c Department of Life Sciences and Health , OsloMet (Oslo Metropolitan) University , Oslo , Norway
| | - Bente Fjeld
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal , Oslo , Norway.,b Institute of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hilde Selsås
- d Department of Endocrinology , Aalesund Hospital , Aalesund , Norway
| | - Lutz Schwettmann
- e Department of Medical Biochemistry , Aalesund Hospital , Aalesund , Norway.,f Department of Biological Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Aalesund , Norway
| | - Olav Klingenberg
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal , Oslo , Norway.,b Institute of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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115
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Agbuduwe C, Rugless M, Asba N, Proven M, Sivakumaran M. Severe Drug-Induced Hemolysis in a Patient with Compound Heterozygosity for Hb Peterborough ( HBB: c.334G>T) and Hb Lepore-Boston-Washington (NG_000007.3: g.63632_71046del). Hemoglobin 2019; 43:56-59. [PMID: 31060398 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2019.1585368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Unstable hemoglobins (Hbs) are often overlooked in the differential diagnoses of drug-induced hemolysis. Hb Peterborough [β111(G13)Val→Phe; HBB: c.334G>T] is a rare unstable Hb variant, predominantly found in individuals of Italian descent, due to a structural defect involving a single amino acid substitution (phenylalanine for valine at position 111 of the β-globin chain). Unstable Hb variants are often inherited in the heterozygous state with Hb A (α2β2) and rarely in compound heterozygosity with other Hb variants. The presence of another variant Hb often alters the phenotype, occasionally resulting in more severe disease. Using a combination of molecular techniques; multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and Sanger sequencing, we identified a compound heterozygosity for Hb Peterborough and Hb Lepore-Boston-Washington (Hb LBW) [δ87, β116; NG_000007.3: g.63632_71046del] in a middle-aged gentleman with a history of chronic microcytic anemia and splenomegaly, presenting with severe drug-induced hemolysis, which was managed conservatively. The clinical history and presentation reflect the dual pathology due to the presence of two variant Hbs and their associated phenotypes. In this article, we discuss the phenotype resulting from the interaction of Hb Peterborough and Hb LBW and emphasize the importance of molecular testing in the diagnosis of rare Hb variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Agbuduwe
- a Peterborough City Hospital, North West Anglia National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust , Peterborough , Cambridgeshire , UK
| | - Michelle Rugless
- b National Hemoglobinopathy Reference Laboratory , Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Level 4, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , Oxfordshire , UK
| | - Nigel Asba
- a Peterborough City Hospital, North West Anglia National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust , Peterborough , Cambridgeshire , UK
| | - Melanie Proven
- b National Hemoglobinopathy Reference Laboratory , Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Level 4, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , Oxfordshire , UK
| | - Muttuswamy Sivakumaran
- a Peterborough City Hospital, North West Anglia National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust , Peterborough , Cambridgeshire , UK
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116
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de la Fuente-Gonzalo F, Nieto JM, Villegas A, González FA, Martínez R, Ropero P. Characterization of deletional and non-deletional alpha globin variants in a large cohort from Spain between 2009 and 2014. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:1537-1545. [PMID: 31025160 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hemoglobinopathies are a group of disorders passed down through families (inherited) in which there is abnormal production or structure of the hemoglobin molecule. They are among the most common inherited diseases around the world. Those that produce abnormal hemoglobin are called structural hemoglobinopathies while thalassemia is another type of disorder that is caused by a defect in the gene production of the globin chains. In a study ambispective comprising 1623 patients, 153 subjects showed an abnormal hemoglobin and 1470 with hypochromic and microcytic anemia, and of these 1470, 23 patients were studied for simultaneously α-thalassemias and structural hemoglobinopathies. Among the α-thalassaemia cases, 1282 cases (87.2%) were deletional α-thalassemia, 172 cases (11.7%) were non-deletional α-thalassemia, and 16 cases (1.1%) were deletional and non-deletional α-thalassamias simultaneously. Thus, approximately 12% of the cases were non-deletional α-thalassaemia. Clinical diagnosis, only 19 severe cases (1 hydrops fetalis and 18 instances of Hb H disease), 1200 thalassamias traits, and 160 thalassaemia silent carriers were recorded within the α-thalassaemia. Regarding structural hemoglobinopathies, there were only 2 cases of hemoglobinopathies with low oxygen affinity and 1 case of hemoglobin M; the remaining 150 were silent hemoglobinopathies. Non-deletional α-thalassaemia represented 12% of all α-thalassemias in our region; the most common deletion in our area was the 3.7-kb deletions, followed by Asian --(SEA) and --(FIL). The alterations responsible for non-deletional α-thalassaemia are most represented by the Hph and Hb Groene Hart and, in the case of structural hemoglobinopathies, Hb Le Lamentin and Hb J-Paris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge M Nieto
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Villegas
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando A González
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Martínez
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Ropero
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
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117
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Badejo OA, Idowu OK, Balogun JA, Shokunbi WA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Shokunbi MT. Outcome of cranial surgery in Nigerian patients with hemoglobinopathies: A retrospective study. Surg Neurol Int 2019; 10:16. [PMID: 30815324 PMCID: PMC6383340 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_180_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Surgical intervention in patients with hemoglobinopathies has been extensively reviewed in the literature, but information on the outcome of cranial surgery in this patient population in sub-Saharan Africa is limited. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients with hemoglobinopathies, who underwent brain surgery in our facility. The review covered a 5-year period. We examined patient- and surgery-related variables and described the surgical complications as well as the 60-day mortality. Results: A total of nine procedures (eight under general anesthesia and one under local anesthesia) were performed on seven patients with hemoglobinopathy during the study period. Eight (88.9%) of these were done in female patients and one (11.1%) in a male patient. Six (66.7%) were performed in patients with no previous history of blood transfusion. Hb SC accounted for five (55.6%), Hb SS for three (33.3%), and Hb CC for one (11.1%) procedure, respectively. Three (33.3%) of these procedures were brain tumor-related, three (33.3%) trauma-related, one (11.1%) cosmetic, one (11.1%) vascular, and one for a postoperative complication. Only one (11.1%) procedure was associated with preoperative blood transfusion, whereas there was a need for blood transfusion following five (55.6%) of the procedures. There was a mortality rate of 11.1% (1 case). Other complications were recorded after three (33.3%) of the procedures and none with five (55.6%) of the procedures. Conclusion: Neurosurgery is possible and safe in patients with hemoglobin disorders. Adequate preoperative preparation, proper anesthetic techniques, meticulous surgery, and excellent postoperative care can help optimize outcome of surgical intervention in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi A Badejo
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusola K Idowu
- Department of Anaesthesia, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James A Balogun
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Wuraola A Shokunbi
- Department of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Simbo D Amanor-Boadu
- Department of Anaesthesia, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Matthew T Shokunbi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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118
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First Report of Association Between Rare α-Thalassemia Mutation ( HBA1: c.298A>T) and Hb Fontainebleau ( HBA2: c.64G>C). Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 34:115-117. [PMID: 30728682 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-018-0765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
α-Thalassemia is one of the most common monogenic diseases worldwide. The combination of alpha-chain variants with thalassemia mutations may lead to clinical and hematological characteristics, which is of importance for genetic counseling. The present study describes for the first time a rare α1-globin nonsense mutation, codon 99 (HBA1: c.298A>T) associated with a α2-chain variant Hb Fontainebleau (HBA2: c.64G>C) in a family from northern Iran. The case is a 23-year-old man with hypochromic microcytic anemia that requested for prenatal diagnosis. The combination of α1-globin mutation and Hb Fontainebleau can cause clinical and hematologic features of thalassemia. This combination also highlights the important heterogeneity of alpha thalassemia in this part of the world.
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119
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Soltani S, Ojaghi A, Robles FE. Deep UV dispersion and absorption spectroscopy of biomolecules. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:487-499. [PMID: 30800494 PMCID: PMC6377894 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the high precision and sensitivity of optical systems, there is an increasing demand for optical methods that quantitatively characterize the physical and chemical properties of biological samples. Information extracted from such quantitative methods, through phase and/or amplitude variations of light, can be crucial in the diagnosis, treatment and study of disease. In this work we apply a recently developed quantitative method, called ultraviolet hyperspectral interferometry (UHI), to characterize the dispersion and absorbing properties of various important biomolecules. Our system consists of (1) a broadband light source that spans from the deep-UV to the visible region of the spectrum, and (2) a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to gain access to complex optical properties. We apply this method to characterize (and tabulate) the dispersive and absorptive properties of hemoglobin, beta nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), elastin, collagen, cytochrome c, tryptophan and DNA. Our results shed new light on the complex properties of important biomolecules.
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120
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Moussa EY, Yassine NM, Borjac JM. New variants in beta globin gene among the Palestinian refugees with sickle cell disease in Lebanon. Saudi Med J 2018; 39:1253-1258. [PMID: 30520510 PMCID: PMC6344646 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.12.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To examine the association between beta-globin sequence variations and phenotypes of sickle-cell disease (SCD) complications among Palestinian refugees in Lebanon correlating them with chromatographic readings and co-inheritance with β-thalassemia traits. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 47 Palestinian refugees aged 4 to 54 living in different regions in Lebanon during the year 2015. Participant filled a well-designed questionnaire. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was purified from the blood collected from all participants, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of exon 1, exon 2, and IVS 1 of hemoglobin beta. Multiple sequence alignment for comparative analysis was performed against normal hemoglobin sequences. Results: In addition to well-known SCD mutations, rare beta globin variations were identified. Participants with these variations have phenotypic thalassemia despite the absence of known β-thalassemia mutations. Conclusion: The genetic variation seen among our study population is correlated with reduced beta globin transcription, and phenotypic β-thalassemia complications among SCD patients under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Y Moussa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon. E-mail.
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121
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Abstract
During infection, bacteria must steal metals, including iron, from the host tissue. Therefore, pathogenic bacteria have evolved metal acquisition systems to overcome the elaborate processes mammals use to withhold metal from pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus uses IsdB, a hemoglobin receptor, to thieve iron-containing heme from hemoglobin within human blood. We find evidence that primate hemoglobin has undergone rapid evolution at protein surfaces contacted by IsdB. Additionally, variation in the hemoglobin sequences among primates, or variation in IsdB of related staphylococci, reduces bacterial hemoglobin capture. Together, these data suggest that S. aureus has evolved to recognize human hemoglobin in the face of rapid evolution at the IsdB binding interface, consistent with repeated evolutionary conflicts in the battle for iron during host-pathogen interactions. Metals are a limiting resource for pathogenic bacteria and must be scavenged from host proteins. Hemoglobin provides the most abundant source of iron in the human body and is required by several pathogens to cause invasive disease. However, the consequences of hemoglobin evolution for bacterial nutrient acquisition remain unclear. Here we show that the α- and β-globin genes exhibit strikingly parallel signatures of adaptive evolution across simian primates. Rapidly evolving sites in hemoglobin correspond to binding interfaces of IsdB, a bacterial hemoglobin receptor harbored by pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus. Using an evolution-guided experimental approach, we demonstrate that the divergence between primates and staphylococcal isolates governs hemoglobin recognition and bacterial growth. The reintroduction of putative adaptive mutations in α- or β-globin proteins was sufficient to impair S. aureus binding, providing a mechanism for the evolution of disease resistance. These findings suggest that bacterial hemoprotein capture has driven repeated evolutionary conflicts with hemoglobin during primate descent.
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122
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Mohamad AS, Hamzah R, Selvaratnam V, Yegapan S, Sathar J. Human hemoglobin G-Makassar variant masquerading as sickle cell anemia. Hematol Rep 2018; 10:7210. [PMID: 30344984 PMCID: PMC6176384 DOI: 10.4081/hr.2018.7210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hemoglobin of G-Makassar variant has been reported very rarely with Beta Thalassemia. In year 1969 Hb GMakassar was first identified in Makassar, Sulawesi (Celebes), Republic of Indonesia. The disease was first published in 1969 and 33 years later it has been reported at a family of Thailand origin. We report a 45-yearold Malay man who was investigated for anemia and thrombocytopenia then diagnosed with Hb G-Makassar. This finding describes as a new Hemoglobin GMakassar discovered in Malaysia after 14 years diagnosed in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roszymah Hamzah
- Hematology Department, Ampang Hospital, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Jameela Sathar
- Hematology Department, Ampang Hospital, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
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123
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Carroll MR, John C, Mantio D, Djedovic NK, Benton SC. An assessment of the effect of haemoglobin variants on detection by faecal immunochemical tests. Ann Clin Biochem 2018; 55:706-709. [PMID: 29792044 DOI: 10.1177/0004563218778716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Faecal immunochemical tests (FIT) for haemoglobin (Hb) are being used in the investigation of colorectal cancer. These tests use antibodies raised to the globin moiety of human Hb. Where the globin structure is abnormal or reduced, it is possible that antibody binding, and thus Hb-detection may be affected. Methods Lysates prepared from whole blood samples of patients with known variants were diluted in manufacturer-specific buffer to 10, 100 and 500 μg Hb/g faeces. These samples were analysed on four FIT analysers and the results compared with samples with no known variant present (normal samples). Results The results from this study show that of 20 variants tested, three showed a decrease in detection by all four analysers. These were β-thalassaemia major and two fetal cord blood samples. Conclusions Of 20 common Hb variants studied, 17 did not affect detection of Hb by the FIT systems tested. Hb variants leading to a reduction in the presence of a globin chain caused a reduction in Hb detection; in such cases, cancers could be missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalen Rr Carroll
- 1 NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme Southern Hub, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.,2 Berkshire and Surrey Pathology Services, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Cerin John
- 1 NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme Southern Hub, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.,2 Berkshire and Surrey Pathology Services, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Debbie Mantio
- 3 Haemoglobinopathy Screening Laboratory, The Doctors Laboratory, Central Middlesex Hospital-->, London, UK
| | - Natasha K Djedovic
- 4 Northwick Park Hospital, NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme London Hub, London, UK
| | - Sally C Benton
- 1 NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme Southern Hub, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.,2 Berkshire and Surrey Pathology Services, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
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124
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Bento C. Genetic basis of congenital erythrocytosis. Int J Lab Hematol 2018; 40 Suppl 1:62-67. [DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Bento
- Department of Hematology; Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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125
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Xu AP, Li J, Chen WD, Zhou Y, Zheng RY, Ji L. A Novel β-Globin Gene Mutation: Hb Shenzhen [β90(F6)Glu→Ala, HBB: c.272A>C]. Hemoglobin 2018; 42:196-198. [PMID: 30277097 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2018.1510418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel β-globin chain variant, Hb Shenzhen [β90(F6)Glu→Ala, HBB: c.272A>C], in a 52-year-old Chinese individual. The hemoglobin (Hb) variant takes the position of the Hb D zone using capillary electrophoresis. Sanger sequencing revealed a novel base mutation on the β-globin gene, HBB: c.272A>C, that resulted in a transition of glutamic acid to alanine at exon 2 of the β-globin gene. We named this novel variant Hb Shenzhen for the geographic origin of this proband.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ping Xu
- a Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory , Peking University Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- a Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory , Peking University Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- a Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory , Peking University Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- a Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory , Peking University Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Yang Zheng
- a Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory , Peking University Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Ji
- a Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory , Peking University Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China
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126
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127
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Scheps KG, Hasenahuer MA, Parisi G, Targovnik HM, García E, Veber ES, Crisp R, Elena G, Varela V, Fornasari MS. Two novel unstable hemoglobin variants due to in-frame deletions of key amino acids in the β-globin chain. Eur J Haematol 2018; 100:529-535. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen G. Scheps
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología; Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM); CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Marcia Anahí Hasenahuer
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Bernal, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gustavo Parisi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Bernal, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Héctor M. Targovnik
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología; Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM); CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Eliana García
- Sección Hematología y Oncología; Servicio de Pediatría; Hospital Nacional A. Posadas; El Palomar Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ernesto Samuel Veber
- Servicio de Hemato-Oncología Pediátrica; Hospital General de Niños “Dr. Pedro de Elizalde”; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Renée Crisp
- Sección Hematología y Oncología; Servicio de Pediatría; Hospital Nacional A. Posadas; El Palomar Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Graciela Elena
- Servicio de Hemato-Oncología Pediátrica; Hospital General de Niños “Dr. Pedro de Elizalde”; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Viviana Varela
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología; Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM); CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María Silvina Fornasari
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Bernal, Buenos Aires Argentina
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128
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Vanner R, Cho R, Weinstein M. A Healthy Infant Incidentally Presenting With Low SpO 2: The Pitfalls of Pulse Oximetry. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018; 57:113-116. [PMID: 27941085 DOI: 10.1177/0009922816681604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vanner
- 1 MD Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romy Cho
- 2 Department of Paediatrics, SickKids, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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129
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Jana S, Meng F, Hirsch RE, Friedman JM, Alayash AI. Oxidized Mutant Human Hemoglobins S and E Induce Oxidative Stress and Bioenergetic Dysfunction in Human Pulmonary Endothelial Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1082. [PMID: 29311995 PMCID: PMC5742253 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell free hemoglobin (Hb), becomes oxidized in the circulation during hemolytic episodes in sickle cell disease (SCD) or thalassemia and may potentially cause major complications that are damaging to the vascular system. Hemolytic anemias are commonly associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and often result from dysfunction of lung endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different Hbs on cultured human lung endothelial function. Toward this goal, endothelial permeability, oxidative stress response parameters, glycolytic and mitochondrial bioenergetic functions were monitored in cultured human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAEC) following incubation with human adult Hb (HbA), and Hb isolated from patients with sickle cell Hb (HbS, βV6E) and HbE (βE26K) that commonly co-exist with β-thalassemia. These mutant Hbs are known for their distinct oxidative profiles. HPAEC treated with the ferrous forms of HbE, HbS for 24 h showed higher loss of endothelial monolayer integrity with concomitant rise in reactive oxygen radical production, lipid hydroperoxide formation and higher expressions of oxidative stress response proteins including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) accompanied by a rise in uncoupled mitochondrial respiration. Loss of membrane permeability was diminished in part by haptoglobin (Hp, protein scavenger), hemopexin (Hpx, heme scavenger) or ascorbate (reducing agent). To understand the role of Hb oxidation, HPAEC were exposed to ferric or ferryl states of the mutant Hbs. Ferryl forms of all proteins caused a significant damage to the endothelial monolayer integrity at a higher degree than their respective ferric Hbs. Ferryl forms of HbS and HbE also caused a loss of respiratory chain complex activities in isolated endothelial mitochondria and basal oxygen consumption in HPAEC. However, longer incubation with ferryl Hbs produced bioenergetic reprogramming including higher degree of uncoupled respiration and glycolytic rate. The data in this report collectively indicate that higher oxidation forms of HbS and HbE cause endothelial dysfunction through distinct damaging mechanisms involving mitochondrial bioenergetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirsendu Jana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Fantao Meng
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rhoda E Hirsch
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Joel M Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Abdu I Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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130
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Engineering oxidative stability in human hemoglobin based on the Hb providence (βK82D) mutation and genetic cross-linking. Biochem J 2017; 474:4171-4192. [PMID: 29070524 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous work suggested that hemoglobin (Hb) tetramer formation slows autoxidation and hemin loss and that the naturally occurring mutant, Hb Providence (HbProv; βK82D), is much more resistant to degradation by H2O2 We have examined systematically the effects of genetic cross-linking of Hb tetramers with and without the HbProv mutation on autoxidation, hemin loss, and reactions with H2O2, using native HbA and various wild-type recombinant Hbs as controls. Genetically cross-linked Hb Presbyterian (βN108K) was also examined as an example of a low oxygen affinity tetramer. Our conclusions are: (a) at low concentrations, all the cross-linked tetramers show smaller rates of autoxidation and hemin loss than HbA, which can dissociate into much less stable dimers and (b) the HbProv βK82D mutation confers more resistance to degradation by H2O2, by markedly inhibiting oxidation of the β93 cysteine side chain, particularly in cross-linked tetramers and even in the presence of the destabilizing Hb Presbyterian mutation. These results show that cross-linking and the βK82D mutation do enhance the resistance of Hb to oxidative degradation, a critical element in the design of a safe and effective oxygen therapeutic.
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131
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Gell DA. Structure and function of haemoglobins. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2017; 70:13-42. [PMID: 29126700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemoglobin (Hb) is widely known as the iron-containing protein in blood that is essential for O2 transport in mammals. Less widely recognised is that erythrocyte Hb belongs to a large family of Hb proteins with members distributed across all three domains of life-bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. This review, aimed chiefly at researchers new to the field, attempts a broad overview of the diversity, and common features, in Hb structure and function. Topics include structural and functional classification of Hbs; principles of O2 binding affinity and selectivity between O2/NO/CO and other small ligands; hexacoordinate (containing bis-imidazole coordinated haem) Hbs; bacterial truncated Hbs; flavohaemoglobins; enzymatic reactions of Hbs with bioactive gases, particularly NO, and protection from nitrosative stress; and, sensor Hbs. A final section sketches the evolution of work on the structural basis for allosteric O2 binding by mammalian RBC Hb, including the development of newer kinetic models. Where possible, reference to historical works is included, in order to provide context for current advances in Hb research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gell
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7000, Australia.
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132
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Hahn C, Genner MJ, Turner GF, Joyce DA. The genomic basis of cichlid fish adaptation within the deepwater "twilight zone" of Lake Malawi. Evol Lett 2017; 1:184-198. [PMID: 30283648 PMCID: PMC6124600 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deepwater environments are characterized by low levels of available light at narrow spectra, great hydrostatic pressure, and low levels of dissolved oxygen—conditions predicted to exert highly specific selection pressures. In Lake Malawi over 800 cichlid species have evolved, and this adaptive radiation extends into the “twilight zone” below 50 m. We use population‐level RAD‐seq data to investigate whether four endemic deepwater species (Diplotaxodon spp.) have experienced divergent selection within this environment. We identify candidate genes including regulators of photoreceptor function, photopigments, lens morphology, and haemoglobin, many not previously implicated in cichlid adaptive radiations. Colocalization of functionally linked genes suggests coadapted “supergene” complexes. Comparisons of Diplotaxodon to the broader Lake Malawi radiation using genome resequencing data revealed functional substitutions and signatures of positive selection in candidate genes. Our data provide unique insights into genomic adaptation within deepwater habitats, and suggest genome‐level specialization for life at depth as an important process in cichlid radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hahn
- Evolutionary and Environmental Genomics Group (@EvoHull), School of Environmental Sciences University of Hull Hull HU5 7RX United Kingdom.,Institute of Zoology University of Graz A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin J Genner
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ United Kingdom
| | - George F Turner
- School of Biological Sciences Bangor University Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales United Kingdom
| | - Domino A Joyce
- Evolutionary and Environmental Genomics Group (@EvoHull), School of Environmental Sciences University of Hull Hull HU5 7RX United Kingdom
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133
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Lee J, Harrison CN. Hb Baden: a rare high affinity haemoglobin variant and its management. J Clin Pathol 2017; 71:79-80. [PMID: 28768701 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Haemoglobin Baden is a rare variant haemoglobin which has only recently been clinically and functionally characterised. We present the case of a young adult male patient who presented with an erythrocytosis but was clinically asymptomatic. His mother was also diagnosed retrospectively having presented with erythrocytosis being treated with regular venesections. We discuss the management plan and potential significance of being a carrier of this rare haemoglobin variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Lee
- Department of Haematology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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134
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Wilburn CR, Bernard DW, Zieske AW, Andrieni J, Miller T, Wang P. The Prevalence and Role of Hemoglobin Variants in Biometric Screening of a Multiethnic Population: One Large Health System's Experience. Am J Clin Pathol 2017; 147:589-595. [PMID: 28575177 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize and quantitate hemoglobin (Hb) variants discovered during biometric hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) analyses in a large multiethnic population with a focus on the effect of variants on testing method and results. METHODS In total, 13,913 individuals had their HbA1c measured via ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples that had a variant Hb detected or HbF fraction more than 25% underwent variant Hb characterization and confirmation by gel electrophoresis. RBC indices were also evaluated for possible concomitant thalassemia. RESULTS Of the 13,913 individuals evaluated, 524 (3.77%) had an Hb variant. The prevalence of each variant was as follows: HbS trait (n = 396, 2.85%), HbSS disease (n = 4, 0.03%), HbC trait (n = 85, 0.61%), HbCC disease (n = 2, 0.01%), HbSC disease (n = 5, 0.04%), HbE trait (n = 18, 0.13%), HbD or G trait (n = 9, 0.06%), HbS β-thalassemia + disease (n = 1, 0.01%), hereditary persistence of HbF (n = 2, 0.01%), and HbMontgomery trait (n = 1, 0.01%). Concomitant α-thalassemia was detected in 20 (3.82%) of the 524 individuals with an Hb variant. CONCLUSIONS This study represents one of the largest epidemiologic investigations into the prevalence of Hb variants in a North American metropolitan, multiethnic workforce and their dependents and reinforces the importance of method selection in populations with Hb variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Andrieni
- Population Health and Primary Care, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Tara Miller
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and
| | - Ping Wang
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and
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135
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Strader MB, Alayash AI. Exploring Oxidative Reactions in Hemoglobin Variants Using Mass Spectrometry: Lessons for Engineering Oxidatively Stable Oxygen Therapeutics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:777-793. [PMID: 27626360 PMCID: PMC5421604 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Worldwide demand has driven the development of hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) as potential acellular oxygen therapeutics. HBOCs have the potential to provide an oxygen bridge to patients and minimize current problems associated with supply and storage of donated blood. However, to date, safety and efficacy issues have hampered the approval of viable HBOCs in the United States. These previous efforts have underscored the need for a better molecular understanding of toxicity to design safe and oxidatively stable HBOCs. Recent Advances: High-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) mass spectrometry (MS) has recently become a versatile tool in characterizing oxidative post-translational modifications that occur in Hb. When integrated with other analytical techniques, HRAM data have been invaluable in providing mechanistic insight into the extent of oxidative modification by quantifying oxidation in amino acids near the reactive heme or at specific "oxidative hotspots." CRITICAL ISSUES In addition to providing a deeper understanding of Hb oxidative toxicity, HRAM MS studies are currently being used toward developing suitable HBOCs using a "two-prong" strategy that involves (i) understanding the mechanism of Hb toxicity by evaluating mutant Hbs identified in patients with hemoglobinopathies and (ii) utilizing this information toward designing against (or for) these reactions in acellular oxygen therapeutics that will result in oxidatively stable protein. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future HRAM studies are aimed at fully characterizing engineered candidate HBOCs to determine the most oxidatively stable protein while retaining oxygen carrying function in vivo. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 777-793.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brad Strader
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Abdu I Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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136
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Shin SY, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Kim HG. Hb Heathrow [β103(G5)Phe→Leu], a First Report in an Asian Patient with Erythrocytosis. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:665-667. [PMID: 28332377 PMCID: PMC5368157 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.3.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital erythrocytosis (CE) is a rare and heterogeneous disease. The high oxygen affinity hemoglobin (Hb) variants are the most common cause of CE. Herein, we report a Korean patient with isolated erythrocytosis. A 25-year-old man was referred to our hospital for evaluation of high Hb level (Hb 20.4 g/dL, hematocrit 58%, reticulocyte count 2.90%, white blood cell count 6.83×10⁹/L, and platelet count 195×10⁹/L). Bone marrow biopsy revealed normocellular marrow without myeloproliferative features. JAK2 (V617F, exon 12), CALR (exon 9), and MPL W515K/L mutations were not detected. P₅₀ (partial pressure at which Hb is half saturated with oxygen), which is an indicator of left-shift of oxygen dissociation curve (high oxygen affinity state), was 14.3 mm Hg (reference value 22.6-29.4 mm Hg). He was suspected to have CE. Mutation analysis of the HBB gene revealed the known Hb variant, Hb Heathrow [β103(G5)Phe→Leu]. This is the first report of Hb Heathrow in Asian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yong Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hoon Gu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.
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137
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Jiang H, Yan JM, Zhou JY, Li DZ. Hb Alesha [β67(E11)Val→Met (GTG>ATG); HBB: c.202G > A] Found in a Chinese Girl. Hemoglobin 2017; 40:420-421. [PMID: 28361590 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2016.1273233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that cause destabilization of the hemoglobin (Hb) tetramer are a rare cause of hemolytic anemia. In contrast to the hemolytic anemia caused by enzyme deficiencies, a dominant mode of inheritance characterizes the unstable Hbs. Hb Alesha [β67(E11)Val→Met; HBB: c.202G>A] is caused by a G>A mutation at codon 67 of the β-globin gene, resulting in a valine to methionine substitution at helix E11. This replacement disrupts the apolar bonds between valine and the heme group, producing an unstable Hb and severe hemolysis. We report this rare hemoglobinopathy in a Chinese girl with severe hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly and frequent requirement for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- a Department of Hematology/Oncology , Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Mei Yan
- b Prenatal Diagnostic Center , Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhou
- b Prenatal Diagnostic Center , Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- b Prenatal Diagnostic Center , Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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138
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Barrett AN, Saminathan R, Choolani M. Thalassaemia screening and confirmation of carriers in parents. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 39:27-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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139
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Oxidative instability of hemoglobin E (β26 Glu→Lys) is increased in the presence of free α subunits and reversed by α-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP): Relevance to HbE/β-thalassemia. Redox Biol 2016; 8:363-74. [PMID: 26995402 PMCID: PMC4804395 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
When adding peroxide (H2O2), β subunits of hemoglobin (Hb) bear the burden of oxidative changes due in part to the direct oxidation of its Cys93. The presence of unpaired α subunits within red cells and/or co-inheritance of another β subunit mutant, HbE (β26 Glu→Lys) have been implicated in the pathogenesis and severity of β thalassemia. We have found that although both HbA and HbE autoxidize at initially comparable rates, HbE loses heme at a rate almost 2 fold higher than HbA due to unfolding of the protein. Using mass spectrometry and the spin trap, DMPO, we were able to quantify irreversible oxidization of βCys93 to reflect oxidative instability of β subunits. In the presence of free α subunits and H2O2, both HbA and HbE showed βCys93 oxidation which increased with higher H2O2 concentrations. In the presence of Alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP), which stabilizes the α-subunit in a redox inactive hexacoordinate conformation (thus unable to undergo the redox ferric/ferryl transition), Cys93 oxidation was substantially reduced in both proteins. These experiments establish two important features that may have relevance to the mechanistic understanding of these two inherited hemoglobinopathies, i.e. HbE/β thalassemia: First, a persistent ferryl/ferryl radical in HbE is more damaging to its own β subunit (i.e., βCys93) than HbA. Secondly, in the presence of excess free α-subunit and under the same oxidative conditions, these events are substantially increased for HbE compared to HbA, and may therefore create an oxidative milieu affecting the already unstable HbE. A compromised redox ferric/ferryl cycle promotes oxidative instability in hemoglobin E (HbE). The presence of unmatched alpha subunits aggravates oxidative instability of HbE. Alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP) reverses alpha subunit destabilizing effects on HbE.
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140
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Hattan SJ, Parker KC, Vestal ML, Yang JY, Herold DA, Duncan MW. Analysis and Quantitation of Glycated Hemoglobin by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:532-541. [PMID: 26733405 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of glycated hemoglobin is widely used for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus. Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of patient samples is used to demonstrate a method for quantitation of total glycation on the β-subunit of hemoglobin. The approach is accurate and calibrated with commercially available reference materials. Measurements were linear (R(2) > 0.99) across the clinically relevant range of 4% to 20% glycation with coefficients of variation of ≤ 2.5%. Additional and independent measurements of glycation of the α-subunit of hemoglobin are used to validate β-subunit glycation measurements and distinguish hemoglobin variants. Results obtained by MALDI-TOF MS were compared with those obtained in a clinical laboratory using validated HPLC methodology. MALDI-TOF MS sample preparation was minimal and analysis times were rapid making the method an attractive alternative to methodologies currently in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jane Y Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA
| | - David A Herold
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, PALMS, MS 113, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Mark W Duncan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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141
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Campos I, Chan L, Zhang H, Deziel S, Vaughn C, Meyring-Wösten A, Kotanko P. Intradialytic Hypoxemia in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Blood Purif 2016; 41:177-87. [PMID: 26765143 DOI: 10.1159/000441271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When kidney failure occurs, patients are at risk for fluid overload states, which can cause pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, and upper airway obstruction. Kidney disease is also associated with impaired respiratory function, as in central sleep apnea or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hence, respiratory and renal diseases are frequently coexisting. Hypoxemia is the terminal pathway of a multitude of respiratory pathologies. The measurement of oxygen saturation (SO2) is a basic and commonly used tool in clinical practice. Both arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) can be easily obtained in hemodialysis (HD) patients, SaO2 from an arteriovenous access and ScvO2 from a central catheter. Here, we give a brief overview of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, and the different technologies that are currently available to measure oxygen status in dialysis patients. We then focus on literature regarding intradialytic SaO2 and ScvO2. Lastly, we present clinical vignettes of intradialytic drops in SaO2 and ScvO2 in association with different symptoms and clinical scenarios with an emphasis on the pathophysiology of these cases. Given the fact that in the general population hypoxemia is associated with adverse outcomes, including increased mortality, cardiac arrhythmias and cardiovascular events, we posit that intradialytic SO2 may serve as a potential marker to identify HD patients at increased risk for morbidity and mortality.
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142
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Wu MY, Li DZ. The Codon 35 (A > G) (HBB: c.107A > G) at the α-β Chain Interface of the β-Globin Gene: A Silent Mutation? Hemoglobin 2016; 40:56-8. [PMID: 26754300 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1099547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tyr35β is located at the convergence of the α1β1, α1β2 and α1α2 interfaces of Hb A. We here report a Chinese family in whom the codon 35 (A > G) (HBB: c.107A > G) mutation of the β-globin gene was not associated with the thalassemic phenotype previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yu Wu
- a Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- a Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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143
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Abstract
Infants admitted to health-care centers with acute bronchiolitis are frequently monitored with a pulse oximeter, a noninvasive method commonly used for measuring oxygen saturation. The decision to hospitalize children with bronchiolitis has been largely influenced by pulse oximetry, despite its questionable diagnostic value in delineating the severity of the illness. Many health-care providers lack the appropriate clinical fundamentals and limitations of pulse oximetry. This deficiency in knowledge might have been linked to changes in the management of bronchiolitis. The aim of this paper is to provide the current evidence on the role of pulse oximetry in bronchiolitis. We discuss the history, fundamentals of operation, and limitations of the apparatus. A search of the Google Scholar, Embase, Medline, and PubMed databases was carried out for published articles covering the use of pulse oximetry in bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hendaus
- Department of Pediatrics, General Pediatrics Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar ; Weill-Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima A Jomha
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Khiara, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed H Alhammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, General Pediatrics Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar ; Weill-Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
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144
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de la Fuente-Gonzalo F, Nieto JM, Ricard P, Anguita J, Martínez R, Cervera A, Villegas A, González FA, Ropero P. Hb Cervantes, Hb Marañón, Hb La Mancha and Hb Goya: Description of 4 new haemoglobinopathies. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:662-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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145
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Khosa SM, Usman M, Moinuddin M, Mehmood HO, Qamar K. Comparative analysis of cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography for quantitative determination of hemoglobin A2. Blood Res 2015; 50:46-50. [PMID: 25830130 PMCID: PMC4377338 DOI: 10.5045/br.2015.50.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study is designed to evaluate the reliability and cost effectiveness of cellulose acetate Hb electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the determination of HbA2 levels. Methods The test population comprised 160 individuals divided into four groups: normal individuals, β-thalassemia trait (BTT) patients, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) patients, and co-morbid patients (BTT with IDA). HbA2 levels determined using cellulose acetate Hb electrophoresis and HPLC were compared. Results HbA2 levels were found to be diagnostic for classical BTT using either method. In co-morbid cases, both techniques failed to diagnose all cases of BTT. The sensitivity, specificity, and Youden's index for detection of the co-morbid condition was 69% and 66% for HPLC and cellulose acetate Hb electrophoresis, respectively. Conclusion This study revealed that semi-automated cellulose acetate Hb electrophoresis is more suitable for use in β-thalassemia prevention programs in low-income countries like Pakistan. This technique is easily available, simple and cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafi Mohammad Khosa
- Baqai Institute of Hematology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan. ; Baqai Institute of Hematology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Baqai Institute of Hematology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan. ; Baqai Institute of Hematology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Khansa Qamar
- Baqai Institute of Hematology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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146
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Hemoglobin D-Punjab: origin, distribution and laboratory diagnosis. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2015; 37:120-6. [PMID: 25818823 PMCID: PMC4382585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses hemoglobin D-Punjab, also known as hemoglobin D-Los Angeles, one of the most common hemoglobin variants worldwide. It is derived from a point mutation in the beta-globin gene (HBB: c.364G>C; rs33946267) prevalent in the Punjab region, Northwestern Indian. Hemoglobin D-Punjab can be inherited in heterozygosis with hemoglobin A causing no clinical or hematological alterations, or in homozygosis, the rarest form of inheritance, a condition that is commonly not related to clinical symptomatology. Moreover, this variant can exist in association with other hemoglobinopathies, such as thalassemias; the most noticeable clinical alterations occur when hemoglobin D-Punjab is associated to hemoglobin S. The clinical manifestations of this association can be similar to homozygosis for hemoglobin S. Although hemoglobin D-Punjab is a common variant globally with clinical importance especially in cases of double heterozygosis, hemoglobin S/D-Punjab is still understudied. In Brazil, for example, hemoglobin D-Punjab is the third most common hemoglobin variant. Thus, this paper summarizes information about the origin, geographic distribution, characterization and occurrence of hemoglobin D-Punjab haplotypes to try to improve our knowledge of this variant. Moreover, a list of the main techniques used in its identification is provided emphasizing the importance of complementary molecular analysis for accurate diagnosis.
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147
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Tamura S, Tamura T, Gima H, Nishikawa A, Okamoto Y, Kanazawa N, Relvas L, Cunha E, Frances McMullin M, Bento C. A Japanese Family with Congenital Erythrocytosis Caused by Haemoglobin Bethesda. Intern Med 2015; 54:2389-93. [PMID: 26370867 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein present a case of congenital erythrocytosis caused by haemoglobin (Hb) Bethesda in a Japanese family. A 55-year-old asymptomatic man was referred to our hospital for the investigation of erythrocytosis, which was present in other members of his family. The patient's serum erythropoietin level was normal, and the JAK2 V617F mutation was not detected. His P50 value was mildly decreased, thus we suspected the presence of an Hb variant with a high oxygen affinity. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed an abnormal Hb, and by direct sequencing we identified the Hb Bethesda variant in this patient. For the differential diagnosis, we recommend the estimation of the P50 value as a practical and useful test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Tamura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kinan Hospital, Japan
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148
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Strader MB, Hicks WA, Kassa T, Singleton E, Soman J, Olson JS, Weiss MJ, Mollan TL, Wilson MT, Alayash AI. Post-translational transformation of methionine to aspartate is catalyzed by heme iron and driven by peroxide: a novel subunit-specific mechanism in hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22342-57. [PMID: 24939847 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A pathogenic V67M mutation occurs at the E11 helical position within the heme pockets of variant human fetal and adult hemoglobins (Hb). Subsequent post-translational modification of Met to Asp was reported in γ subunits of human fetal Hb Toms River (γ67(E11)Val → Met) and β subunits of adult Hb (HbA) Bristol-Alesha (β67(E11)Val → Met) that were associated with hemolytic anemia. Using kinetic, proteomic, and crystal structural analysis, we were able to show that the Met → Asp transformation involves heme cycling through its oxoferryl state in the recombinant versions of both proteins. The conversion to Met and Asp enhanced the spontaneous autoxidation of the mutants relative to wild-type HbA and human fetal Hb, and the levels of Asp were elevated with increasing levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Using H2(18)O2, we verified incorporation of (18)O into the Asp carboxyl side chain confirming the role of H2O2 in the oxidation of the Met side chain. Under similar experimental conditions, there was no conversion to Asp at the αMet(E11) position in the corresponding HbA Evans (α62(E11)Val → Met). The crystal structures of the three recombinant Met(E11) mutants revealed similar thioether side chain orientations. However, as in the solution experiments, autoxidation of the Hb mutant crystals leads to electron density maps indicative of Asp(E11) formation in β subunits but not in α subunits. This novel post-translational modification highlights the nonequivalence of human Hb α, β, and γ subunits with respect to redox reactivity and may have direct implications to α/β hemoglobinopathies and design of oxidatively stable Hb-based oxygen therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brad Strader
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Wayne A Hicks
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Tigist Kassa
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Eileen Singleton
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Jayashree Soman
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - John S Olson
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Todd L Mollan
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Michael T Wilson
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Abdu I Alayash
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
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149
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Hong WJ, Gotlib J. Hereditary erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis and neutrophilia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2014; 27:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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150
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Viana MB, Belisário AR. De novo alpha 2 hemoglobin gene (HBA2) mutation in a child with hemoglobin M Iwate and symptomatic methemoglobinemia since birth. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2014; 36:230-4. [PMID: 25031065 PMCID: PMC4109735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanosis in an apparently healthy newborn baby may be caused by hemoglobin variants associated with the formation of methemoglobin, collectively known as M hemoglobins. They should not be confused with genetic alterations in methemoglobin reductase enzyme systems of red cells since treatment and prognosis are completely different. A newborn male child was noted to be significantly cyanotic at birth and is the basis for this report. Hemoglobin isoelectric focusing, acid and alkaline gel electrophoresis, and HBA/HBB gene sequencing were performed for the child, both parents and a sister. The newborn child was treated with methylene blue in an intensive care unit fearing that he had a defective reductase system and exposure to oxidant drugs or toxins. Newborn hemoglobin screening with high performance liquid chromatography was abnormal on the 10th and 45th days but no conclusive diagnosis was reached. Cyanosis persisted up to four years of age with no other symptoms. Hemoglobin M Iwate [alpha2 87(F8) His>Tyr, HBA2:c.262C>T] was detected. It was not present in the child's presumed mother, father, sister, and brother. The analysis of 15 short tandem repeats in the trio demonstrated a de novo mutation occurrence (p-value < 1 × 10−8). The family was reassured that no further action was necessary and genetic counseling was provided. Methemoglobins should be considered for differential diagnosis of cyanosis in newborns even if no familial cases are detected. Except for cosmetic consequences, the clinical course of patients with hemoglobin M Iwate is unremarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Borato Viana
- Departamento de Pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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