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Kaló Z, Kassai S, Rácz J, Van Hout MC. Synthetic Cannabinoids (SCs) in Metaphors: a Metaphorical Analysis of User Experiences of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Two Countries. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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102
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Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:691-710. [PMID: 30039377 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids, a new class of psychoactive substances, are potent agonists of cannabinoid receptors, which mimic the psychoactive effects of the principal psychoactive component of cannabis, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Despite governmental scheduling as illicit drugs, new synthetic cannabinoids are being produced. The abuse of synthetic cannabinoids with several drugs containing different chemical groups has resulted in large numbers of poisonings. This has increased the urgency for forensic and public health laboratories to identify the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids and apply this knowledge to the development of analytical methods and for toxicity prediction. It is necessary to determine whether synthetic cannabinoids are involved in drug-metabolizing enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions. This review describes the metabolic pathways of 13 prevalent synthetic cannabinoids and various drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for their metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and carboxylesterases. The inhibitory effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities are also reviewed to predict the potential of synthetic cannabinoids for drug-drug interactions. The drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids should be characterized and the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities should be determined to predict the pharmacokinetics of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoid-induced drug-drug interactions in the clinic.
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103
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Abstract
Several novel psychoactive substances have emerged in recent years. Users are typically young men who use other substances. In the category of stimulants, cathinones ("bath salts") have predominated and can lead to agitation, psychosis, hyperthermia, and death. Synthetic cannabinoids ("spice") are more potent than marijuana and can lead to agitation, psychosis, seizures, and death. There are no rapid tests to identify these substances and general treatment includes benzodiazepines for agitation and supportive therapy. Many Synthetic opioids are potent analogues of fentanyl and carry a high risk of overdose. In addition, there are several designer benzodiazepines that have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Graddy
- Division of Chemical Dependence, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Suite D5W, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Megan E Buresh
- Division of Chemical Dependence, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Suite D5W, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Darius A Rastegar
- Division of Chemical Dependence, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Suite D5W, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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104
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Abstract
Cannabis (marijuana) is a drug product derived from the plant Cannabis sativa. Cannabinoid is a general term for all chemical constituents of the cannabis plant. Legalization of marijuana in numerous US states, the availability of cannabis of higher potency, and the emergence of synthetic cannabinoids may have contributed to increased demand for related medical services. The most effective available treatments for cannabis use disorder are psychosocial approaches. There is no pharmacotherapy approved treatment. This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding effective treatments for cannabis use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lévesque
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai West Hospital, 1000 10th Avenue, Suite 8C-02, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada; Addiction Division, Addiction Medicine Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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105
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Toxic by design? Formation of thermal degradants and cyanide from carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids CUMYL-PICA, 5F-CUMYL-PICA, AMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, NNEI, and MN-18 during exposure to high temperatures. Forensic Toxicol 2018; 37:17-26. [PMID: 30705707 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The use of novel synthetic cannabinoids as intoxicants continues in spite of associated health risks. These compounds are typically smoked or vaporized, but many synthetic cannabinoids contain thermally labile chemical moieties. This study investigated the thermal stability six carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids (CUMYL-PICA, 5F-CUMYL-PICA, AMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, NNEI, and MN-18) in order to characterise potential user exposure to thermolysis products. Methods Compounds were heated sequentially to 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C using a thermolysis probe, and the resultant thermolysis products were analysed via GC-MS. A secondary analysis quantified thermolytically generated cyanide via LC-MS/MS. Results All six synthetic cannabinoids underwent thermal degradation when heated above 400 °C, and released a variety of potentially toxic products, including toluene, naphthalene, and 1-naphthalamine. Compound-specific degradants were tentatively identified together with a general degradative pathway for carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids, which proceeds via indole- or indazole-amide formation and subsequent dehydration to an indole- or indazole-carbonitrile. This degradative pathway culminated in the thermolytic liberation of cyanide, in amounts up to 27 μg per mg of starting material. Conclusions People who smoke carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids are likely to be exposed to range of potentially toxic thermal degradants, including cyanide. These degradants could have significant health impacts in human users.
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106
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Cohen K, Weinstein AM. Synthetic and Non-synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs and Their Adverse Effects-A Review From Public Health Prospective. Front Public Health 2018; 6:162. [PMID: 29930934 PMCID: PMC5999798 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing use of novel psychoactive substances containing synthetic cannabinoids. Synthetic cannabinoid products have effects similar to those of natural cannabis, yet, these drugs are more potent and dangerous, and have been associated with dangerous adverse effects. Here, we review current literature on the epidemiology, acute, and chronic effects of synthetic and natural cannabinoid-based drugs. Synthetic drugs contain a mixture of psychoactive compounds that mostly bind cannabinoid receptors with high potency. These synthetic drugs replicate the effects of natural cannabis and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol but they induce more severe adverse effects including respiratory difficulties, hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain, muscle twitches, acute renal failure, anxiety, agitation, psychosis, suicidal ideation, and cognitive impairment. Chronic use of synthetic cannabinoids has been associated with serious psychiatric and medical conditions and even death. Given the growing popularity in the use of cannabinoid-based drugs and their harmful potential, there is a need for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koby Cohen
- Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
| | - Aviv M Weinstein
- Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
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107
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Khan S, Hanif A, Wilson MF. Ischaemic cardiomyopathy and embolic stroke in a young adult with suspected synthetic cannabinoid use. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-224755. [PMID: 29880579 PMCID: PMC6040562 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular disease is increasing in young adults. We are reporting a case of acute stroke in a young patient with severe ischaemic cardiomyopathy in the absence of traditional risk factors. After ruling out atherosclerotic disease, his presentation was attributed to synthetic cannabinoid use. We then discussed the typical barriers in early diagnosis and limitations of laboratory testing in this condition. Due to the increase in abuse of these synthetic drugs among young adults, there is a need for high clinical suspicion which can help with early recognition and improve morbidity and mortality associated with these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Khan
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ahmad Hanif
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michael F Wilson
- University at Buffalo – The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Kaleida Health Hospitals, Buffalo, NY, USA
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108
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Abstract
Existing novel psychoactive drug (NPD) data are woefully inadequate. This gap is especially critical because NPDs are being developed and introduced at alarming rates and pose significant challenges to law enforcement and health care workers. Scholars in numerous fields have used Internet search query analysis to assess and predict health-related outcomes. Here, we explore the utility of these data for predicting NPD and established drug abuse. Google Trends searches for five novel and two established drugs were correlated with data pulled from the Monitoring the Future (MTF). Google Trends data proved highly correlated with data from MTF for all drugs analyzed. Despite limitations, Google Trends appears to be a promising compliment to existing data, providing real time data that may allow us to predict drug abuse trends and respond more quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Hawdon
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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109
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Rychert M, Wilkins C. A critical analysis of the implementation of a legal regulated market for new psychoactive substances (“legal highs”) in New Zealand. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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110
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Kolla NJ, Mishra A. The Endocannabinoid System, Aggression, and the Violence of Synthetic Cannabinoid Use, Borderline Personality Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Other Psychiatric Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:41. [PMID: 29636670 PMCID: PMC5880947 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids bind to central cannabinoid receptors to control a multitude of behavioral functions, including aggression. The first main objective of this review is to dissect components of the endocannabinoid system, including cannabinoid 1 and cannabinoid 2 receptors; the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol; and the indirect cannabinoid modulators fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase; that have shown abnormalities in basic research studies investigating mechanisms of aggression. While most human research has concluded that the active ingredient of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, tends to dampen rather than provoke aggression in acute doses, recent evidence supports a relationship between the ingestion of synthetic cannabinoids and emergence of violent or aggressive behavior. Thus, another objective is to evaluate the emerging clinical data. This paper also discusses the relationship between prenatal and perinatal exposure to cannabis as well as use of cannabis in adolescence on aggressive outcomes. A final objective of the paper is to discuss endocannabinoid abnormalities in psychotic and affective disorders, as well as clinically aggressive populations, such as borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. With regard to the former condition, decreased anandamide metabolites have been reported in the cerebrospinal fluid, while some preliminary evidence suggests that fatty acid amide hydrolase genetic polymorphisms are linked to antisocial personality disorder and impulsive-antisocial psychopathic traits. To summarize, this paper will draw upon basic and clinical research to explain how the endocannabinoid system may contribute to the genesis of aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kolla
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Waypoint Research Institute, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada
| | - Achal Mishra
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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111
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Couto RAS, Gonçalves LM, Carvalho F, Rodrigues JA, Rodrigues CMP, Quinaz MB. The Analytical Challenge in the Determination of Cathinones, Key-Players in the Worldwide Phenomenon of Novel Psychoactive Substances. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:372-390. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. S. Couto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José A. Rodrigues
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Beatriz Quinaz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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112
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Fantegrossi WE, Wilson CD, Berquist MD. Pro-psychotic effects of synthetic cannabinoids: interactions with central dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate systems. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:65-73. [PMID: 29385930 PMCID: PMC6419500 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1428343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An association between marijuana use and schizophrenia has been noted for decades, and the recent emergence of high-efficacy synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) as drugs of abuse has lead to a growing number of clinical reports of persistent psychotic effects in users of these substances. The mechanisms underlying SCB-elicited pro-psychotic effects is unknown, but given the ubiquitous neuromodulatory functions of the endocannabinoid system, it seems likely that agonist actions at cannabinoid type-1 receptors (CB1Rs) might modulate the functions of other neurotransmitter systems known to be involved in schizophrenia. The present review surveys what is currently known about the interactions of CB1Rs with dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate systems, because all three of those neurotransmitters are well-established in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and psychosis. Identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the pro-psychotic effects of SCB drugs of abuse may establish certain classes of these substances as particularly dangerous, guiding regulations to control availability of these drugs. Likewise, an understanding of the pharmacological interactions which lead to schizophrenia and psychosis subsequent to SCB exposure might guide the development of novel therapies to treat afflicted users.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Fantegrossi
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Catheryn D Wilson
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Michael D Berquist
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , Little Rock , AR , USA
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113
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Metabolism of the new synthetic cannabinoid EG-018 in human hepatocytes by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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114
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Ambroziak K, Adamowicz P. Simple screening procedure for 72 synthetic cannabinoids in whole blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2018; 36:280-290. [PMID: 29963203 PMCID: PMC6002442 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In recent years, many synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have appeared on the drug market. Despite the increasing number of SCs, there are few comprehensive screening methods for their detection in biological specimens. In this context, the purpose of this study was to develop a fast and simple liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry screening procedure for detection and identification of SCs in whole blood. Methods The elaborated qualitative screening method allows the simultaneous detection and identification of 72 compounds from different chemical groups: naphthoylindoles, naphthoylindazoles, benzoylindoles, phenylacetylindoles, tetramethylcyclopropylindoles, indole-3-carboxylic acid esters, indole-3-carboxylic acid amides, indazole-3-carboxylic acid amides, and others. Whole-blood samples (0.2 mL) were precipitated with acetonitrile (0.6 mL). The separation was achieved with the gradient of the mobile phase composition (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water) and the gradient of the flow rate (0.5–0.8 mL/min) in 16 min. Detection of all compounds was based on dynamic multiple reaction monitoring. Results Mass spectrometer parameters for all compounds were presented. All of the compounds were well-separated by their retention times and/or transitions. The limits of detection (LODs) for 50 compounds were in the range 0.01–0.48 ng/mL. Conclusions Estimated LODs make this assay suitable for the analysis of biological material. The procedure can be easily expanded for more substances, which is an indispensable advantage in the dynamically developing drug market. It can have wide application in various analytical forensic and clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Adamowicz
- Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Kraków, Poland
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115
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Banister SD, Connor M. The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists as New Psychoactive Substances: Origins. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 252:165-190. [PMID: 29980914 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) have proliferated as new psychoactive substances (NPS) over the past decade. Relative to other classes of NPS, SCRAs are structurally heterogeneous; however, most SCRAs act as potent, high-efficacy agonists of cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2, respectively). Characterization of the pharmacology and toxicology of these substances is hindered by the dynamic nature of the SCRA marketplace. Beyond basic pharmacological profiling at CB1 and CB2 receptors, very little is known about the acute or chronic effects of SCRAs. Many of the effects of SCRAs are qualitatively similar to those of the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) found in cannabis. However, unlike Δ9-THC, SCRAs are frequently associated with serious adverse effects, including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and death. This chapter will provide an overview of the structure and function of the primary target for SCRAs, the CB1 receptor, and survey the structure-activity relationships of the historical SCRAs that served as templates for the earliest generations of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Banister
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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116
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Babi MA, Robinson CP, Maciel CB. A spicy status: Synthetic cannabinoid (spice) use and new-onset refractory status epilepticus-A case report and review of the literature. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2017; 5:2050313X17745206. [PMID: 29238581 PMCID: PMC5721953 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x17745206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids refer to a wide variety of chemicals engineered to bind cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and mimic the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol. The potential for severe toxicity and limited in vivo data make synthetic cannabinoid intake an important public health and safety concern. Neurologic toxidromes associated with their use include mental status changes, panic attacks, memory distortions, acute psychosis (e.g. paranoia, delusional thoughts), disorganized behavior, and suicidal and homicidal thoughts. Systemic complications include vomiting, sinus tachycardia, myocardial infarction, and acute kidney injury. Seizures are common; however, status epilepticus is not widely reported. In this case report, we describe a patient who developed acute psychosis and new-onset refractory status epilepticus necessitating emergent neurological life-support and prolonged admission to an intensive care unit following abuse of synthetic cannabinoids. We include a brief review of the literature to prepare the treating clinician for the broad clinical spectrum of this increasingly common intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Alain Babi
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Carolina B Maciel
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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117
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Canbolat F, Kul A, Özdemir M, Atik U, Aydin A, Özden ST, Tarhan KN. Substance Abuse Profiles of Patients Admitted to the Alcohol and Drug Addiction Research, Treatment, and Education Center in Turkey. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14:294-303. [PMID: 32454628 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.50470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To determine the substance abuse profiles of patients treated a Drug Addiction Research, Treatment, and Education Center (AMATEM) in association with the percentage of substance use distribution and multiple substance use in their urine samples. For this, we retrospectively evaluated the urine sample analysis reports of 600 male and female patients aged 13 to 65 years who were treated at the AMATEM unit of İstanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital between January 1st, 2015, and December 12th, 2015. Materials and Methods The urine samples were sent to Üsküdar University Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory and were analyzed using a UPLC tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). To determine the substance use profiles of the patients applying to AMATEM, statistical assessment was performed on the analysis reports of the patients. Results When the analysis reports of the 600 urine samples were examined, 293 patients were identified to have used addictive substances. The substances most frequently detected in the urine samples were respectively: cannabis, alcohol, morphine, cocaine, synthetic cannabinoids, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and amphetamine. Conclusion The findings in our study resemble the rates of cannabis use by the young population throughout the world. Our results show differences to the literature regarding the consumption of synthetic cannabinoids because the variety of synthetic cannabinoids change rapidly around the world each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Canbolat
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Kul
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Özdemir
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Atik
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aydin
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - S Tuncel Özden
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - K Nevzat Tarhan
- Üsküdar University, Advanced Toxicology Analysis Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
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118
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Tapp L, Ramsey JG, Wen A, Gerona R. Synthetic Cannabinoid and Mitragynine Exposure of Law Enforcement Agents During the Raid of an Illegal Laboratory - Nevada, 2014. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 66:1291-1294. [PMID: 29190268 PMCID: PMC5708688 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6647a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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119
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Three fatalities associated with the synthetic cannabinoids 5F-ADB, 5F-PB-22, and AB-CHMINACA. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 281:e9-e15. [PMID: 29133010 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of synthetic cannabinoids (SC) has been widespread in certain groups of drug users for many years. In the scientific literature many intoxication cases and a number of fatalities after the use of synthetic cannabinoids were reported. In this paper three death cases are described with involvement of the synthetic cannabinoids 5F-PB-22, AB-CHMINACA, and 5F-ADB. The three cases occurred in the eastern region of Germany, which is known as a region of high methamphetamine abuse. All decedents were male, between 25 and 41 years old, and had a known history of drug use. Femoral blood concentrations of the synthetic cannabinoids were measured using a validated LC-MS/MS method. The concentration of 5F-PB-22 in the first case was 0.37ng/mL, the concentration of AB-CHMINACA in the second case was approximately 4.1ng/mL (extrapolated) and the 5F-ADB concentration in the third case was 0.38ng/mL. Compared to other published cases the concentrations in the here presented cases seem to be in the lower range. However, taking into account the scene of death, the results of the forensic autopsy and the full toxicological analysis, the deaths can be explained as a direct consequence of consumption of synthetic cannabinoids, although in case one and two relevant amounts of ethanol were found, and in case three trimipramine and olanzapine were present in non-toxic concentrations. It has to be noted that concentrations of synthetic cannabinoids in femoral blood cannot directly be judged as toxic or lethal due to the possibility of postmortem redistribution and the development of tolerance after frequent use. Therefore, all available information has to be considered carefully before stating SC use as the cause of death.
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120
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Marusich JA, Wiley JL, Lefever TW, Patel PR, Thomas BF. Finding order in chemical chaos - Continuing characterization of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Neuropharmacology 2017; 134:73-81. [PMID: 29113898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diversion of synthetic cannabinoids from the lab to drugs of abuse has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. Moreover, as earlier synthetic cannabinoids were banned, manufacturers introduced a new supply of novel compounds to serve as replacements. Hence, the chemical diversity of synthetic cannabinoid analogs has also rapidly increased. The present study examined 8 new synthetic cannabinoids: AM-1220, AM-2232, AM-2233, AM-679, EAM-2201, JWH-210, JHW-251, and MAM-2201. Each compound was assessed for binding affinity and functional activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors, and pharmacological equivalence with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in THC drug discrimination. All compounds bound to and activated CB1 and CB2 receptors, although efficacy at the CB2 receptor was reduced compared to that for the CB1 receptor. Similarly, all compounds stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding through the CB1 receptor, and all compounds except AM-1220 and AM-2233 stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding through the CB2 receptor. Furthermore, these compounds, along with CP55,940, substituted for THC in THC drug discrimination. Rank order of potency in drug discrimination was correlated with CB1 receptor binding affinity. Together, these results suggest that all test compounds share the THC-like subjective effects of marijuana. Interestingly, the most potent compounds in CB1 binding in the present study were also the compounds that have been found recently in the U.S., MAM-2201, EAM-2201, JWH-210, AM-2233, and AM-1220. These results indicate that the evolution of the synthetic cannabinoid drug market may be focused toward compounds with increased potency. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Designer Drugs and Legal Highs.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Marusich
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Purvi R Patel
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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121
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Hermanns-Clausen M, Müller D, Kithinji J, Angerer V, Franz F, Eyer F, Neurath H, Liebetrau G, Auwärter V. Acute side effects after consumption of the new synthetic cannabinoids AB-CHMINACA and MDMB-CHMICA. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 56:404-411. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1393082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Hermanns-Clausen
- Poisons Information Center, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Müller
- GIZ-Nord Poisons Center, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Josephine Kithinji
- Poisons Information Center, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Verena Angerer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Franz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Eyer
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hartmud Neurath
- GIZ-Nord Poisons Center, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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122
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Funada M, Takebayashi-Ohsawa M. Synthetic cannabinoid AM2201 induces seizures: Involvement of cannabinoid CB 1 receptors and glutamatergic transmission. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 338:1-8. [PMID: 29042214 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of synthetic cannabinoids is a serious social problem worldwide. Intentional ingestion of synthetic cannabinoids can cause severe toxicity, including seizures. Here we investigated the effects of acute administration of synthetic cannabinoids on the induction of epileptic seizures by monitoring electroencephalographic activity in freely moving mice. The synthetic cannabinoid, AM2201, induced abnormal, high-amplitude (>2-fold baseline amplitude), sharp-wave activity. The abnormal spike-wave discharges were accompanied by epileptiform behavior: rigid posture, tail extension, rearing with forepaws extended, jumping, and intermittent tonic-clonic jerking movements. The abnormal spike-wave discharges and behavioral changes were suppressed by pretreatment with the selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251, but not with the selective CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 or the vanilloid receptor antagonist, capsazepine. Furthermore, the group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist SIB1757 eliminated AM2201-induced spike-wave discharges and episodes of epileptiform behavior. AM2201 markedly increased the extracellular glutamate concentration in the hippocampus during periods of AM2201-induced abnormal spike-wave discharges and behavioral changes. These findings are the first evidence that AM2201 induces epileptic seizures by enhancing glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus. Our findings demonstrate that induction of epileptic seizures by synthetic cannabinoids is mediated by CB1 receptors, but not by CB2 receptors, and further suggest that rapid elevation of glutamatergic transmission may play an important role in the induction of seizures following intentional ingestion of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Funada
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan.
| | - Mika Takebayashi-Ohsawa
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
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123
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Metabolic and pharmacokinetic characterization of a new synthetic cannabinoid APINAC in rats. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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124
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Schindler CW, Gramling BR, Justinova Z, Thorndike EB, Baumann MH. Synthetic cannabinoids found in "spice" products alter body temperature and cardiovascular parameters in conscious male rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:387-394. [PMID: 28846955 PMCID: PMC5599362 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The misuse of synthetic cannabinoids is a persistent public health concern. Because these drugs target the same cannabinoid receptors as the active ingredient of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), we compared the effects of synthetic cannabinoids and THC on body temperature and cardiovascular parameters. METHODS Biotelemetry transmitters for the measurement of body temperature or blood pressure (BP) were surgically implanted into separate groups of male rats. THC and the synthetic cannabinoids CP55,940, JWH-018, AM2201 and XLR-11 were injected s.c., and rats were placed into isolation cubicles for 3h. RESULTS THC and synthetic cannabinoids produced dose-related decreases in body temperature that were most prominent in the final 2h of the session. The rank order of potency was CP55,940>AM2201=JWH-018>THC=XLR-11. The cannabinoid inverse agonist rimonabant antagonized the hypothermic effect of all compounds. Synthetic cannabinoids elevated BP in comparison to vehicle treatment during the first h of the session, while heart rate was unaffected. The rank order of potency for BP increases was similar to that seen for hypothermia. Hypertensive effects of CP55,940 and JWH-018 were not antagonized by rimonabant or the neutral antagonist AM4113. However, the BP responses to both drugs were antagonized by pretreatment with either the ganglionic blocker hexamethonium or the α1 adrenergic antagonist prazosin. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that synthetic cannabinoids produce hypothermia in rats by a mechanism involving cannabinoid receptors, while they increase BP by a mechanism independent of these sites. The hypertensive effect appears to involve central sympathetic outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Schindler
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD,Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
| | - Benjamin R. Gramling
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric B. Thorndike
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
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125
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Palamar JJ, Barratt MJ, Coney L, Martins SS. Synthetic Cannabinoid Use Among High School Seniors. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-1330. [PMID: 28893851 PMCID: PMC5613996 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we examined the prevalence and correlates of current synthetic cannabinoid (SC) use among high school seniors in the United States. METHODS Monitoring the Future, an annual nationally representative survey of high school seniors, began querying current (30-day) SC use in 2014. Data were examined from the 2 most recent cohorts (2014-2015; N = 7805). Prevalence of self-reported use was examined and differences in demographics and recency and frequency of other drug use was compared between current marijuana-only users and current SC (plus marijuana) users using χ2 and generalized linear model using Poisson. RESULTS We found that 2.9% of students reported current SC use; 1.4% of students (49.7% of users) reported using SCs on ≥3 days in the past month. SC users were more likely to report more recent (and often more frequent) use of lysergic acid diethylamide, cocaine, heroin, and/or nonmedical use of opioids compared with marijuana-only users. Compared with current marijuana-only users, SC users were more likely to report lower parent education (P < .05) and current use of a higher number of illegal drugs other than marijuana (Ps < .001). Students using SCs ≥10 times in the past month were more likely to be boys, frequent marijuana users (Ps < .01), African American, and users of multiple other illegal drugs (Ps < .001). CONCLUSIONS SC use is typically part of a repertoire of polydrug use, and polydrug use is less prevalent among marijuana-only users. Current SC users are at risk for poisoning from use of the newest generation of SCs and from concurrent drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Palamar
- Department of Population Health, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Monica J. Barratt
- Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;,National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia;,Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Leigh Coney
- Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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126
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Malyshevskaya O, Aritake K, Kaushik MK, Uchiyama N, Cherasse Y, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Urade Y. Natural (∆ 9-THC) and synthetic (JWH-018) cannabinoids induce seizures by acting through the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10516. [PMID: 28874764 PMCID: PMC5585372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural cannabinoids and their synthetic substitutes are the most widely used recreational drugs. Numerous clinical cases describe acute toxic symptoms and neurological consequences following inhalation of the mixture of synthetic cannabinoids known as "Spice." Here we report that an intraperitoneal administration of the natural cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (10 mg/kg), one of the main constituent of marijuana, or the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 (2.5 mg/kg) triggered electrographic seizures in mice, recorded by electroencephalography and videography. Administration of JWH-018 (1.5, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) increased seizure spikes dose-dependently. Pretreatment of mice with AM-251 (5 mg/kg), a cannabinoid receptor 1-selective antagonist, completely prevented cannabinoid-induced seizures. These data imply that abuse of cannabinoids can be dangerous and represents an emerging public health threat. Additionally, our data strongly suggest that AM-251 could be used as a crucial prophylactic therapy for cannabinoid-induced seizures or similar life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Malyshevskaya
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mahesh K Kaushik
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Nahoko Uchiyama
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
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127
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Krohmer A, Brehm M, Auwärter V, Szabo B. Pregnenolone does not interfere with the effects of cannabinoids on synaptic transmission in the cerebellum and the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Res 2017; 123:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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128
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129
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Öztürk YE, Yeter O, Öztürk S, Karakus G, Ates I, Buyuk Y, Yurdun T. Detection of metabolites of the new synthetic cannabinoid CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in authentic urine samples and human liver microsomes using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:449-459. [PMID: 28691766 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CUMYL-4CN-BINACA(1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) is a recently introduced indazole-3-carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoid (SC) that was detected in herbal incense seized by of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul Narcotics Department, in May 2016 in Turkey. Recently introduced SCs are not detected in routine toxicological analysis; therefore, analytical methods to measure these compounds are in demand. The present study aims to identify urinary marker metabolites of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA by investigating its metabolism in human liver microsomes and to confirm the results in authentic urine samples (n = 80). In this study, 5 μM CUMYL-4CN-BINACA was incubated with human liver microsomes (HLMs) for up to 3 hours, and metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Less than 21% of the CUMYL-4CN-BINACA parent compound remained after 3 hours of incubation. We identified 18 metabolites that were formed via monohydroxylation, dealkylation, oxidative decyanation to aldehyde, alcohol, and carboxylic acid formation, glucuronidation or reaction combinations. CUMYL-4CN-BINACA N-butanoic acid (M16) was found to be major metabolite in HLMs. In urine samples CUMYL-4CN-BINACA was not detected; CUMYL-4CN-BINACA N-butanoic acid (M16) was major metabolite after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Based on these findings, we recommend using M16 (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA N-butanoic acid), M8 and M11 (hydroxylcumyl CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) as urinary marker metabolites to confirm CUMYL-4CN-BINACA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeter Erol Öztürk
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Yeter
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Öztürk
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksun Karakus
- Biruni University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey.,Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ates
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Buyuk
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Morque Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turkan Yurdun
- Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
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130
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Smolianitski-Fabian E, Cohen E, Dronova M, Voloshenko-Rossin A, Lev O. Discrimination between closely related synthetic cannabinoids by GC-Cold-EI-MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:474-487. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Smolianitski-Fabian
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Etia Cohen
- Analytical Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National HQ; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Marina Dronova
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Anna Voloshenko-Rossin
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
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131
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Gu SM, Lee HJ, Lee TH, Song YJ, Kim YH, Han KM, Shin J, Park HK, Kim HS, Cha HJ, Yun J. A synthetic cannabinoid JWH-210 reduces lymphoid organ weights and T-cell activator levels in mice via CB 2 receptors. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 390:1201-1209. [PMID: 28828742 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The problem of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is emerging globally. However, the immunotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids is not evaluated extensively yet. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-210 and JWH-030) induce adverse effects on lymphoid organs, viability of splenocytes and thymocytes, and immune cell activator and cytokines in mice. JWH-210 (10 mg/kg, 3 days, i.p.) is more likely to have cytotoxicity and reduce lymphoid organ weight than JWH-030 of ICR mice in vivo. We also demonstrated that JWH-210 administration resulted in the decrease of expression levels of T-cell activator including Cd3e, Cd3g, Cd74p31, and Cd74p41, while JWH-030 increased Cd3g levels. In addition, JWH-210 reduced expression levels of cytokines, such as interleukin-3, interleukin-5, and interleukin-6. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a CB2 receptor antagonist, AM630 inhibited JWH-210-induced cytotoxicity, whereas a CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant did not in primary cultured splenocytes. These results suggest that JWH-210 has a cytotoxicity via CB2 receptor action and results in decrement of lymphoid organ weights, T-cell activator, and cytokine mRNA expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Gu
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Lee
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Tac-Hyung Lee
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Song
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Moon Han
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoon Shin
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Park
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Cha
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), OHTAC 187, Osongsaengmyong-2ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- Neuroimmunology Lab, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan-daero 460, Iksan-si, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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132
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Vergiftungen mit psychotropen Substanzen. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2017; 112:557-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s00063-017-0323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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133
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Hasegawa K, Minakata K, Gonmori K, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, Watanabe K, Suzuki O. Identification and quantification of predominant metabolites of synthetic cannabinoid MAB-CHMINACA in an authentic human urine specimen. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:365-371. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koutaro Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Kayoko Minakata
- Department of Legal Medicine; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Kunio Gonmori
- Department of Legal Medicine; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Hideki Nozawa
- Department of Legal Medicine; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Itaru Yamagishi
- Department of Legal Medicine; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Kanako Watanabe
- Department of Legal Medicine; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Department of Legal Medicine; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Japan
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134
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Toennes SW, Geraths A, Pogoda W, Paulke A, Wunder C, Theunissen EL, Ramaekers JG. Pharmacokinetic properties of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and of its metabolites in serum after inhalation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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135
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Kevin RC, Wood KE, Stuart J, Mitchell AJ, Moir M, Banister SD, Kassiou M, McGregor IS. Acute and residual effects in adolescent rats resulting from exposure to the novel synthetic cannabinoids AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:757-769. [PMID: 28093016 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116684336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have rapidly proliferated as recreational drugs, and may present a substantial health risk to vulnerable populations. However, information on possible effects of long-term use is sparse. This study compared acute and residual effects of the popular indazole carboxamide SC compounds AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA in adolescent rats with ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and control treatments. Albino Wistar rats were injected (i.p.) with AB-PINACA or AB-FUBINACA every second day (beginning post-natal day (PND) 31), first at a low dose (0.2 mg/kg on 6 days) followed by a higher dose (1 mg/kg on a further 6 days). THC-treated rats received equivalent doses of 6 × 1 mg/kg and 6 × 5 mg/kg. During drug treatment, THC, AB-PINACA, and AB-FUBINACA decreased locomotor activity at high and low doses, increased anxiety-like behaviours and audible vocalisations, and reduced weight gain. Two weeks after dosing was completed, all cannabinoid pre-treated rats exhibited object recognition memory deficits. These were notably more severe in rats pre-treated with AB-FUBINACA. However, social interaction was reduced in the THC pre-treated group only. Six weeks post-dosing, plasma levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-12 were reduced by AB-FUBINACA pre-treatment, while cerebellar endocannabinoids were reduced by THC and AB-PINACA pre-treatment. The acute effects of AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA were broadly similar to those of THC, suggesting that acute SC toxicity in humans may be modulated by dose factors, including inadvertent overdose and product contamination. However, some lasting residual effects of these different cannabinoid receptor agonists were subtly different, hinting at recruitment of different mechanisms of neuroadaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Kevin
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie E Wood
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordyn Stuart
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Mitchell
- 2 Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Moir
- 3 School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Michael Kassiou
- 3 School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cairns R, Buckley NA. The Poisoning Severity Score: If It Did Not Exist, We Would Have To Invent It. J Med Toxicol 2017; 13:131-134. [PMID: 28516408 PMCID: PMC5440327 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-017-0614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Cairns
- New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Buckley
- New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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137
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Lamy FR, Daniulaityte R, Nahhas RW, Barratt MJ, Smith AG, Sheth A, Martins SS, Boyer EW, Carlson RG. Increases in synthetic cannabinoids-related harms: Results from a longitudinal web-based content analysis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 44:121-129. [PMID: 28578250 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists (SCRA), also known as "K2" or "Spice," have drawn considerable attention due to their potential of abuse and harmful consequences. More research is needed to understand user experiences of SCRA-related effects. We use semi-automated information processing techniques through eDrugTrends platform to examine SCRA-related effects and their variations through a longitudinal content analysis of web-forum data. METHOD English language posts from three drug-focused web-forums were extracted and analyzed between January 1st 2008 and September 30th 2015. Search terms are based on the Drug Use Ontology (DAO) created for this study (189 SCRA-related and 501 effect-related terms). EDrugTrends NLP-based text processing tools were used to extract posts mentioning SCRA and their effects. Generalized linear regression was used to fit restricted cubic spline functions of time to test whether the proportion of drug-related posts that mention SCRA (and no other drug) and the proportion of these "SCRA-only" posts that mention SCRA effects have changed over time, with an adjustment for multiple testing. RESULTS 19,052 SCRA-related posts (Bluelight (n=2782), Forum A (n=3882), and Forum B (n=12,388)) posted by 2543 international users were extracted. The most frequently mentioned effects were "getting high" (44.0%), "hallucinations" (10.8%), and "anxiety" (10.2%). The frequency of SCRA-only posts declined steadily over the study period. The proportions of SCRA-only posts mentioning positive effects (e.g., "High" and "Euphoria") steadily decreased, while the proportions of SCRA-only posts mentioning negative effects (e.g., "Anxiety," 'Nausea," "Overdose") increased over the same period. CONCLUSION This study's findings indicate that the proportion of negative effects mentioned in web forum posts and linked to SCRA has increased over time, suggesting that recent generations of SCRA generate more harms. This is also one of the first studies to conduct automated content analysis of web forum data related to illicit drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois R Lamy
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States; Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States.
| | - Raminta Daniulaityte
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States; Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Ramzi W Nahhas
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Monica J Barratt
- Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia; Centre of Population Health, Burnet Institute, Australia
| | - Alan G Smith
- Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Amit Sheth
- Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Edward W Boyer
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, United States
| | - Robert G Carlson
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States; Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
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Canazza I, Ossato A, Vincenzi F, Gregori A, Di Rosa F, Nigro F, Rimessi A, Pinton P, Varani K, Borea PA, Marti M. Pharmaco-toxicological effects of the novel third-generation fluorinate synthetic cannabinoids, 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 in mice. In vitro and in vivo studies. Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28597570 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 are 3 novel third-generation fluorinate synthetic cannabinoids that are illegally marketed as incense, herbal preparations, or research chemicals for their psychoactive cannabis-like effects. METHODS The present study aims at investigating the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 in male CD-1 mice, comparing their in vivo effects with those caused by the administration of Δ9 -THC and JWH-018. In vitro competition binding experiments revealed a nanomolar affinity and potency of the 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 on mouse and human CB1 and CB2 receptors. Moreover, these synthetic cannabinoids induced neurotoxicity in murine neuro-2a cells. RESULTS In vivo studies showed that 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 induced hypothermia; increased pain threshold to both noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli; caused catalepsy; reduced motor activity; impaired sensorimotor responses (visual, acoustic, and tactile); caused seizures, myoclonia, and hyperreflexia; and promoted aggressiveness in mice. Behavioral and neurological effects were fully prevented by the selective CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM 251. Differently, the visual sensory response induced by STS-135 was only partly prevented by the AM 251, suggesting a CB1 -independent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the present study demonstrates the pharmaco-toxicological effects induced by the administration of 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 in mice and suggests their possible detrimental effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Canazza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ossato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Carabinieri, Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Di Rosa
- Carabinieri, Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Nigro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscienze, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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139
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Yun J, Gu SM, Lee TH, Song YJ, Seong S, Kim YH, Cha HJ, Han KM, Shin J, Oh H, Jung K, Ahn C, Park HK, Kim HS. Synthetic Cannabinoid-Induced Immunosuppression Augments Cerebellar Dysfunction in Tetanus-Toxin Treated Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:266-271. [PMID: 27871157 PMCID: PMC5424636 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are one of most abused new psychoactive substances. The recreational use of abused drug has aroused serious concerns about the consequences of these drugs on infection. However, the effects of synthetic cannabinoid on resistance to tetanus toxin are not fully understood yet. In the present study, we aimed to determine if the administration of synthetic cannabinoids increase the susceptibility to tetanus toxin-induced motor behavioral deficit and functional changes in cerebellar neurons in mice. Furthermore, we measured T lymphocytes marker levels, such as CD8 and CD4 which against tetanus toxin. JWH-210 administration decreased expression levels of T cell activators including cluster of differentiation (CD) 3ε, CD3γ, CD74p31, and CD74p41. In addition, we demonstrated that JWH-210 induced motor impairment and decrement of vesicle-associated membrane proteins 2 levels in the cerebellum of mice treated with tetanus toxin. Furthermore, cerebellar glutamatergic neuronal homeostasis was hampered by JWH-210 administration, as evidenced by increased glutamate concentration levels in the cerebellum. These results suggest that JWH-210 may increase the vulnerability to tetanus toxin via the regulation of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesuk Yun
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Mi Gu
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Tac-Hyung Lee
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Song
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonhwa Seong
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Cha
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Moon Han
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoon Shin
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyung Oh
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kikyung Jung
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyoung Ahn
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Park
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
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140
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Jouanjus E, Raymond V, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Wolff V. What is the Current Knowledge About the Cardiovascular Risk for Users of Cannabis-Based Products? A Systematic Review. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19:26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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141
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The Flip Side of “Spice”: The Adverse Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids as Discussed on a Swedish Internet Forum. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2017. [DOI: 10.2478/nsad-2014-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synthetic cannabinoids in smoking mixtures (such as Spice) or as raw powder are sold for recreational use as an alternative to herbal cannabis (hashish and marijuana). Although clinical case studies have documented an array of side effects, there is also information available at Internet based drug discussion forums. Aim Our study investigates experiences of side effects from use of synthetic cannabinoids, as described and anonymously shared on Swedish online discussion forums. Methods A systematic search yielded 254 unique and publicly available self-reports from the Swedish forum flashback.org. These texts were analysed thematically, which resulted in 32 sub-themes, which were combined into three overarching themes. Results & Conclusion The experiences of negative side effects were described as (1) Adverse reactions during acute intoxication; (2) Hangover the day after intoxication; (3) Dependency and withdrawal after long-term use. The first theme was characterized by an array of fierce and unpredictable side effects as tachycardia, anxiety, fear and nausea. The acute intoxication reactions were congruent with the side effects published in clinical case studies. The day after intoxication included residual effects of dullness, apathy, nausea and headache. Long-term use resulted in dependency and experiences of being emotionally numb and disconnected. Furthermore, withdrawal was described as sweating, shaking, loss of appetite and insomnia. Both the hangover and the long-term effects have previously been given little scientific attention and need to be investigated further. Drug related Internet discussion forums constitute an overlooked source of information which can aid in the identification of previously unknown risks and effects.
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142
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Lam RPK, Tang MHY, Leung SC, Chong YK, Tsui MSH, Mak TWL. Supraventricular tachycardia and acute confusion following ingestion of e-cigarette fluid containing AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA: a case report with quantitative analysis of serum drug concentrations. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:662-667. [PMID: 28393558 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1307385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA are structurally similar synthetic cannabinoids with potent CB1 receptor agonistic effects. Very little is known about their pharmacology and toxicology. OBJECTIVE To report a case of supraventricular tachycardia and acute confusion after ingestion of e-cigarette fluid containing AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA, with quantitative analysis of the serum drug concentrations. CASE REPORT A healthy 24-year-old man ingested two drops of e-cigarette fluid which were later found to contain AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA. Within 30 min of ingestion, he became somnolent, confused, and agitated, with palpitation and vomiting. On arrival to the emergency department, a short run of supraventricular tachycardia was noted, which resolved spontaneously. Bedside urine immunoassay failed to detect recreational drugs. Laboratory blood tests showed mild hypokalemia. Exposure to AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA was confirmed analytically, with serum concentrations of 5.6 ng/mL and 15.6 ng/mL, respectively, in the blood sample collected on presentation. The patient recovered uneventfully with supportive treatment and was discharged 22 h after admission. DISCUSSION AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA are orally bioavailable with rapid onset of toxicity after ingestion. In this case, supraventricular tachycardia was likely the result of exposure to AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA. The serum concentrations of AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA were higher than those previously reported in fatal cases. CONCLUSION In the context of acute poisoning, the presence of unexplained tachyarrhythmias, confusion, and a negative recreational drug screen should prompt clinicians to consider synthetic cannabinoid toxicity as a differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Pui Kin Lam
- a Emergency Medicine Unit, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Magdalene Huen Yin Tang
- b Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory , Princess Margaret Hospital, Lai Chi Kok , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Siu Chung Leung
- c Accident and Emergency Department , Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Yeow Kuan Chong
- b Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory , Princess Margaret Hospital, Lai Chi Kok , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Matthew Sik Hon Tsui
- c Accident and Emergency Department , Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Tony Wing Lai Mak
- b Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory , Princess Margaret Hospital, Lai Chi Kok , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
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144
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The effects of synthetic cannabinoids on executive function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1121-1134. [PMID: 28160034 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is a growing use of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) including synthetic cannabinoids. Synthetic cannabinoid products have effects similar to those of natural cannabis but the new synthetic cannabinoids are more potent and dangerous and their use has resulted in various adverse effects. The purpose of the study was to assess whether persistent use of synthetic cannabinoids is associating with impairments of executive function in chronic users. METHODS A total of 38 synthetic cannabinoids users, 43 recreational cannabis users, and 41 non-user subjects were studied in two centers in Hungary and Israel. Computerized cognitive function tests, the classical Stroop word-color task, n-back task, and a free-recall memory task were used. RESULTS Synthetic cannabinoid users performed significantly worse than both recreational and non-cannabis users on the n-back task (less accuracy), the Stroop task (overall slow responses and less accuracy), and the long-term memory task (less word recall). Additionally, they have also shown higher ratings of depression and anxiety compared with both recreational and non-users groups. DISCUSSION This study showed impairment of executive function in synthetic cannabinoid users compared with recreational users of cannabis and non-users. This may have major implications for our understanding of the long-term consequences of synthetic cannabinoid based drugs.
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145
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Ansari AR, Liu H. Acute Thymic Involution and Mechanisms for Recovery. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:401-420. [PMID: 28331940 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute thymic involution (ATI) is usually regarded as a virulence trait. It is caused by several infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) and other factors, including stress, pregnancy, malnutrition and chemotherapy. However, the complex mechanisms that operate during ATI differ substantially from each other depending on the causative agent. For instance, a transient reduction in the size and weight of the thymus and depletion of populations of T cell subsets are hallmarks of ATI in many cases, whereas severe disruption of the anatomical structure of the organ is also associated with some factors, including fungal, parasitic and viral infections. However, growing evidence shows that ATI may be therapeutically halted or reversed. In this review, we highlight the current progress in this field with respect to numerous pathological factors and discuss the possible mechanisms. Moreover, these new observations also show that ATI can be mechanistically reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), Jhang, Pakistan.,University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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146
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Pourmand A, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Chistov S, Li A, Park M. Designer drugs: Review and implications for emergency management. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:94-101. [PMID: 28764574 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117698542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past 10 years, "designer drugs" such as synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones have emerged and come into widespread use, resulting in more overdose cases involving these new drugs in the United States. Emergency departments regularly treat a diverse array of drug intoxications, and providers must be cognizant of novel drugs of abuse and the associated clinical presentations in order to provide the most appropriate care. This review aims to describe the epidemiology, mechanism of action, clinical presentation, and treatment of intoxication for both the common and newest drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pourmand
- 1 Emergency Medicine Department, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Mazer-Amirshahi
- 2 Emergency Medicine Department, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S Chistov
- 1 Emergency Medicine Department, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Li
- 1 Emergency Medicine Department, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Park
- 1 Emergency Medicine Department, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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147
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Lauritsen KJ, Rosenberg H, Sprague JE. University students' attributions for abstinence from synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 44:64-72. [PMID: 28267375 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1289214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones are two increasingly available and potentially dangerous classes of substances. OBJECTIVE We designed this study to test whether university students rated the influence of different types of reasons for abstaining differently as a function of type of drug (synthetic cannabinoids vs. synthetic cathinones) and gender (male vs. female). METHOD Using a web-based survey, 176 male and 437 female undergraduate university students rated the degree to which each of 42 reasons for not taking drugs influenced their abstinence from those two classes of substances. RESULTS Exploratory factor analyses suggested four subscales of reasons applicable to both substances: (1) psychological and behavioral impairment, (2) somatic and physiological concerns, (3) social approval and self-image concerns, and (4) insufficient knowledge and limited access. Both men and women rated all four subscales of reasons as having more influence on their abstinence from synthetic cathinones than synthetic cannabinoids, and women rated each subscale except somatic and physiological concerns as having more influence than did men. CONCLUSIONS Although there were main effects for type of drug, because students typically reported the same types of reasons as being more or less influential for both classes of substances, prevention interventions could focus simultaneously on reasons to avoid or delay use of both types of substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin J Lauritsen
- a Department of Psychology , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , OH , USA
| | - Harold Rosenberg
- a Department of Psychology , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , OH , USA
| | - Jon E Sprague
- b The Ohio Attorney General's Center for the Future of Forensic Science , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , OH , USA
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148
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Dilber D, Barić H, Novinščak T, Čerkez-Habek J. Herbal incense-related sudden death: case report. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2017. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2016.1162212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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149
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Ford BM, Tai S, Fantegrossi WE, Prather PL. Synthetic Pot: Not Your Grandfather's Marijuana. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:257-276. [PMID: 28162792 PMCID: PMC5329767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the early 2000s in Europe and shortly thereafter in the USA, it was reported that 'legal' forms of marijuana were being sold under the name K2 and/or Spice. Active ingredients in K2/Spice products were determined to be synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs), producing psychotropic actions via CB1 cannabinoid receptors, similar to those of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the primary active constituent in marijuana. Often abused by adolescents and military personnel to elude detection in drug tests due to their lack of structural similarity to Δ9-THC, SCBs are falsely marketed as safe marijuana substitutes. Instead, SCBs are a highly structural diverse group of compounds, easily synthesized, which produce very dangerous adverse effects occurring by, as of yet, unknown mechanisms. Therefore, available evidence indicates that K2/Spice products are clearly not safe marijuana alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Ford
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sherrica Tai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Paul L Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Ford LT, Berg JD. Analysis of legal high materials by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry as part of a toxicology vigilance system: what are the most popular novel psychoactive substances in the UK? Ann Clin Biochem 2017; 54:219-229. [PMID: 27166311 DOI: 10.1177/0004563216651646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Legal highs also known as novel psychoactive substances mimic the effects of classic drugs of abuse. Challenges to developing screening services for novel psychoactive substances include identifying which novel psychoactive substances are available to target. Using new techniques such as exact mass time of flight can help identify common novel psychoactive substances to target for screening patient samples by routine methods such as tandem mass spectrometry. We demonstrate this strategy working in our own clinical toxicology laboratory after qualitative analysis of 98 suspect materials for novel psychoactive substances by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry. Results From July 2014 to July 2015 we received 98 requests to test a range of different suspect materials for novel psychoactive substances including herbs, tobacco, liquids, pills and powders. Overall, 87% of the suspect materials tested positive for novel psychoactive substances, and 15% for controlled drugs. Three common novel psychoactive substances were present in 74% of the suspect materials: methiopropamine, a methamphetamine analogue; ethylphenidate, a cocaine mimic; and the third generation synthetic cannabinoid 5F-AKB-48. For the 55 branded products we tested only 24% of the stated contents matched exactly the compounds we detected. Conclusion Testing suspect materials using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry has identified three common novel psychoactive substances in use in the UK, simplifying the development of a relevant novel psychoactive substances screening service to our population. By incorporating this into our routine liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry drugs of abuse screen, then offers a clinically relevant novel psychoactive substances service to our users. This strategy ensures our clinical toxicology service continues to remain effective to meet the challenges of the changing drug use in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta T Ford
- Department Clinical Biochemistry, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan D Berg
- Department Clinical Biochemistry, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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