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Isa SNI, Ishak I, Ab Rahman A, Mohd Saat NZ, Che Din N, Lubis SH, Mohd Ismail MF, Mohd Suradi NR. Quality of Life Among Caregivers of Children with Special Needs in Kelantan, Malaysia: The Importance of Psychosocial Mediators. Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:128-141. [PMID: 33958967 PMCID: PMC8075598 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QoL) is an important aspect of well-being for the caregivers of children with disability, making it a noteworthy outcome. Little is known about the challenges faced by the caregivers in Asian countries and its association to their QoL. The purpose of this study was to examine a model describing the relationship between sociodemographic and disability-related factors on caregivers' QoL, mediated by the caregivers' psychosocial factors such as perceived stress, coping skills, and social support. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving caregivers of children with special needs in Kelantan, a state of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 383 caregivers completed questionnaires measuring sociodemographics, disability-related factors, psychosocial factors and QoL outcome. Structural equation modelling was performed to examine the relations of the variables in the conceptual model. RESULTS In the final model, childcare dependency, caregiver's age, financial support, negative perception of stress and maladaptive coping skills were significant predictors of QoL (R 2 = 0.65). Caregiver's age had a direct effect on QoL, while financial support had an indirect effect on QoL via negative perception of stress. Childcare dependency had direct and indirect effects on QoL via negative perception of stress. Higher perceived stress was associated with lower QoL directly and indirectly via maladaptive coping skills. The final model fitted the data well (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.046; CFI = 0.923; χ2/df = 1.798). CONCLUSION Intervention strategies to improve the QoL of caregivers should target the family unit and take into account the factors of child's disability, demographic and caregiver's psychosocial status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Ismalina Isa
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ismarulyusda Ishak
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic & Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azriani Ab Rahman
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nur Zakiah Mohd Saat
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic & Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Normah Che Din
- Health Psychology Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syarif Husin Lubis
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic & Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Faiz Mohd Ismail
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic & Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Riza Mohd Suradi
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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103
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Schwartzman JM, Millan ME, Uljarevic M, Gengoux GW. Resilience Intervention for Parents of Children with Autism: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial of the AMOR Method. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:738-757. [PMID: 33774741 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience elevated stress, yet parent-specific interventions are sparse. Thirty-five parents of children with ASD were randomized to the novel 8-week AMOR (Acceptance, Mindfulness, Optimism, Resilience) Method parent group or waitlist control group. Significant gains in resilience were reported by AMOR parents only (d = 1.42, p < 0.001, 95% CI [2.152, 10.083]). AMOR parents exhibited significant gains in stress management and reductions in mental health symptoms, along with parent-reported improvements in martial, family, and child functioning. AMOR group follow-up data showed some maintenance of treatment gains. Findings demonstrate promise for resilience interventions in parents of children with ASD. The trial was registered (clinicaltrials.gov; NCT03513419; May 1, 2018) and approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Schwartzman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5719, USA.
| | - Maria Estefania Millan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5719, USA
| | - Mirko Uljarevic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5719, USA.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Redmond Barry Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Grace W Gengoux
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5719, USA
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104
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Zhao M, Cheng L, Fu W, Ma X, Chen X. Measuring parents' perceptions of inclusive school quality in China: the development of the PISQ scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 68:824-837. [PMID: 36568612 PMCID: PMC9788715 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1895696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a scale measuring inclusive school quality from parents' perceptions (Parents' perceptions of Inclusive School Quality, PISQ) and investigate the perceptions of Chinese parents of children with disabilities of inclusive school quality using the PISQ scale. Method: The data for 78 parents of children with disabilities were used to measure the reliability and analyse the items of the PISQ scale. The data for 255 parents of children with disabilities were used to verify the construct validity and internal consistency of the PISQ scale and investigate parents' perceptions of inclusive school quality in China. SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 24.0 were used for the statistical analyses. Results: The newly developed PISQ scale was found to have good construct validity and reliability. The investigation of Chinese parents of children with disabilities indicated that parents' perception of inclusive school quality in China was at a middle-high level and that the parents of children with ASD showed the lowest perception of inclusive school quality. Conclusion: This study reports the development process of the PISQ scale and presents a valid scale for measuring inclusive school quality in the future. Additionally, this study provides implications for improving the inclusive practices of regular Chinese schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiju Zhao
- Faculty of Children Development and Education, China Women’s University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Educational and Developmental Research Center of Children’s Creativity, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangqian Fu
- China Institute of Education and Social Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- Shenzhen Nanshan Longyuan School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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105
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May CD, St George JM, Lane S. Fathers Raising Children on the Autism Spectrum: Lower Stress and Higher Self-Efficacy Following SMS (Text2dads) Intervention. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:306-315. [PMID: 33677676 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study explored potential influence of a text-based program for fathers of children on the autism spectrum. Fathers (N = 184) were recruited through autism services across Australia. Participants received messages focusing on five domains: (a) relationships with parenting partner; (b) formal support; (c) father-child interaction; (d) understanding autism; and, (e) coping. Surveys explored parenting stress, co-parenting quality and autism-specific parenting self-efficacy. Eighty-eight percent completed the program, 43.6% completed pre and post surveys. There was significant reduction in parenting stress (p < .01) and increase in autism-specific parenting self-efficacy (p < .01). Effect sizes indicate these may be clinically meaningful. This highly scalable intervention has potential to influence factors that shape and sustain relationships fathers share with their children on the autism spectrum, families and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D May
- Family Action Centre, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Jennifer M St George
- Family Action Centre, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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106
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Stress, Coping, and Resiliency Among Families of Individuals with Autism: a Systematic Review. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-021-00245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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107
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Brookman-Frazee L, Chlebowski C, Villodas M, Roesch S, Martinez K. Training Community Therapists to Deliver an Individualized Mental Health Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Changes in Caregiver Outcomes and Mediating Role on Child Outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:355-366. [PMID: 32755632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the impact of training therapists to deliver "An Individualized Mental Health Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)" (AIM HI) for children with autism spectrum disorder on caregiver outcomes and the mediating role of changes in caregiver outcomes on child outcomes. METHOD Data were drawn from a cluster randomized trial conducted in 29 publicly funded mental health programs randomized to receive AIM HI training or usual care. Therapists were recruited from enrolled programs and child/caregiver participants enrolled from therapists' caseloads. Participants included 202 caregivers of children 5 to 13 years of age with autism spectrum disorder. Caregiver strain and sense of competence were assessed at baseline and 6 month postbaseline. Child behaviors were assessed at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months postbaseline. Therapist delivery of evidence-based intervention strategies were assessed between baseline and 6 months. RESULTS A significant training effect was observed for caregiver sense of competence, with AIM HI caregivers reporting significantly greater improvement relative to usual care. There was no significant training effect for caregiver strain. Observer-rated therapist delivery of evidence-based interventions strategies over 6 months mediated training effects for sense of competence at 6 months. Changes in sense of competence from baseline to 6 months was associated with reduced child challenging behaviors at 6 months and mediated child outcomes at 12 and 18 months. CONCLUSION Combined with research demonstrating effectiveness of therapist AIM HI training on child outcomes, this study provides further evidence of the positive impact of training community therapists in the AIM HI intervention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Effectiveness and Implementation of a Mental Health Intervention for ASD (AIM HI); https://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT02416323.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Brookman-Frazee
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, California; University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Colby Chlebowski
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, California; University of California, San Diego.
| | - Miguel Villodas
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, California; San Diego State University, California
| | | | - Kassandra Martinez
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, California; University of California, San Diego; San Diego State University, California
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108
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Paul MS, Bhattacharjee D, Khanande RV, Nizamie SH. Early-onset bipolar disorder, stress, and coping responses of mothers: A comparative study. Indian J Psychiatry 2021; 63:152-161. [PMID: 34194059 PMCID: PMC8214135 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_865_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing care and nurturance to a child with bipolar disorder (BPAD) is a challenging task for parents, especially mothers. In Indian contexts, mothers are the primary caregivers of ailing children and they have to keep intrafamily situation stable, which makes their role more stressful. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to assess maternal stress and coping in mothers of adolescents with BPAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a comparative one and carried out on sixty mothers of adolescents; of which thirty were adolescents with BPAD, and the remaining thirty were the mothers of normal adolescents. The participants were selected purposively as per the mothers' age and education level, and the socioeconomic status of the families they belong to. Sociodemographic and clinical data sheet, Parenting Stress Index/Short Form (PSI/SF), and Brief COPE were applied on the mothers for data collection. RESULTS Mothers' of the BPAD adolescents reported higher scores in the both PSI/SF and Brief COPE. CONCLUSION Mothers of the adolescents with BPAD tend to perceive high level of stress and they also use maladaptive coping more in dealing with stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sam Paul
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Dipanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.,Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Roshan Vitthalrao Khanande
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.,Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shamsul Haque Nizamie
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.,Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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109
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Jess M, Flynn S, Bailey T, Hastings RP, Totsika V. Failure to replicate a robust Down syndrome advantage for maternal well-being. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2021; 65:262-271. [PMID: 33404135 PMCID: PMC8049030 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family members caring for children with intellectual disability (ID) routinely report heightened levels of psychological distress. However, families of children with Down syndrome typically report better outcomes (known as the Down syndrome advantage). We examined whether the Down syndrome advantage would be present for maternal psychological distress, impact of caregiving, life satisfaction and perceived positive impact of the child with ID when controlling for external variables. METHODS Mothers of children with Down syndrome (n = 111) and mothers of children with ID of mixed aetiologies (n = 196) completed measures about their own mental health, perceived impact of caregiving, life satisfaction and perceived positive impact of their child on themselves and the family unit. RESULTS A series of group comparisons revealed small to moderate differences supporting the presence of a putative Down syndrome advantage in relation to personal maternal well-being outcomes. However, when child-related characteristics and external variables were controlled, the Down syndrome advantage was no longer present, with reduced, small effect sizes observed for all maternal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Initial group differences in psychological distress and life satisfaction were largely associated with family poverty, indicating that the Down syndrome advantage may be less robust than previously thought. Future research should seek to move beyond examining the existence of the putative Down syndrome advantage and focus on how families of children with Down syndrome experience family life, including longitudinal research exploring responses to life cycle and transition challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Jess
- CEDARUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - S. Flynn
- CEDARUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - T. Bailey
- CEDARUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - R. P. Hastings
- CEDARUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - V. Totsika
- CEDARUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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110
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Ismail MF, Safii R, Saimon R, Rahman MM. Quality of Life Among Malaysian Parents with Autism Spectrum Disorder Child: The Double ABCX Model Approach. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:113-123. [PMID: 33635421 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper reported the quality of life (QoL) of 260 Malaysian parents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and factors which influencing it. About half of these parents reported to having good QoL. The factors identified in the double ABCX model showed that perceived social support and sense of coherence (SOC) were mediated by coping strategies and had a positive direct and indirect effect on parents' QoL. These finding reiterate the importance of social support, coping skills, and strong SOC reflection skills in influencing the QoL of parents with ASD child. We therefore suggest parents to utilize the widely available social and organization supports to gain good QoL, which is also important for the wellbeing of their child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Fahmi Ismail
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Razitasham Safii
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rosalia Saimon
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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111
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A Systematic Review: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for the Parents of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:124-141. [PMID: 33635420 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review investigated the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for the parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. PsychInfo, CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection were searched using the terms "acceptance and commitment", "autism" and "parent". A total of eight articles met the eligibility criteria. One study was a randomized controlled trial, one was quasi-experimental, and the other six were exploratory. Study outcomes concerned ACT processes, mental health, and quality of life. These studies showed that ACT interventions can be helpful for the parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Nevertheless, as this field of research is relatively new, future research would benefit from creating a standard procedure and larger randomized controlled trials .
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112
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Choi Y, Lee S. Coping self-efficacy and parenting stress in mothers of children with congenital heart disease. Heart Lung 2021; 50:352-356. [PMID: 33524865 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mothers of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) experience high parenting stress that affects both mothers and children. OBJECTIVES The purpose was to examine the relationship between coping self-efficacy and parenting stress in mothers of children with CHD and to identify the factors related to parenting stress. METHODS Data were collected using a self-reporting questionnaire from 100 mothers whose children, aged 0 to 12, had been diagnosed with CHD. The Coping Self-Efficacy scale was used to measure coping self-efficacy, and Pediatric Inventory for Parents was used to measure the parenting stress. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors related to parenting stress. RESULTS Higher parenting stress was related to lower coping self-efficacy to obtain social support and having any other children. CONCLUSION Interventions that consider factors related to parenting stress and to enhance coping self-efficacy is required. Effective practice could be delivered by paying more attention to mothers with less supporters and those who have other dependent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Choi
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sunhee Lee
- College of Nursing, the Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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113
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Van Riper M, Knafl GJ, Barbieri-Figueiredo MDC, Caples M, Choi H, de Graaf G, Duarte ED, Honda J, Marta E, Phetrasuwan S, Alfieri S, Angelo M, Deoisres W, Fleming L, dos Santos AS, Rocha da Silva MJ, Skelton B, van der Veek S, Knafl KA. Measurement of Family Management in Families of Individuals With Down Syndrome: A Cross-Cultural Investigation. JOURNAL OF FAMILY NURSING 2021; 27:8-22. [PMID: 33272069 PMCID: PMC7897787 DOI: 10.1177/1074840720975167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability worldwide. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the internal consistency reliability of eight language versions of the Family Management Measure (FaMM) and compare family management of DS across cultures. A total of 2,740 parents of individuals with DS from 11 countries completed the FaMM. The analysis provided evidence of internal consistency reliability exceeding .70 for four of six FaMM scales for the entire sample. Across countries, there was a pattern of positive family management. Cross-cultural comparisons revealed parents from Brazil, Spain, and the United States had the most positive family management and respondents from Ireland, Italy, Japan, and Korea had the least positive. The rankings were mixed for the four remaining countries. These findings provide evidence of overall strong internal consistency reliability of the FaMM. More cross-cultural research is needed to understand how social determinants of health influence family management in families of individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Van Riper
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Marcia Van Riper, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, Room 433, Campus Box 7460, 120 N. Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Gert de Graaf
- Dutch Down Syndrome Foundation, Meppel, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elena Marta
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sara Alfieri
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Beth Skelton
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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114
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Zhao M, Fu W, Ai J. The Mediating Role of Social Support in the Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Resilience Among Chinese Parents of Children with Disability. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3412-3422. [PMID: 33386552 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationships among parents' resilience, parenting stress, and social support. This study surveyed 486 parents of children with disability in China to understand the role of social support between parenting stress and parents' resilience. The results indicated that the resilience of Chinese parents of children with disabilities was at a high level. Additionally, parenting stress, social support and resilience were significantly associated, and the mediating effect of social support between parenting stress and parents' resilience were proved by mediation analyses. The findings suggested that reducing parental stress and improving social support may predict (or be associated with) improved parent resilience. The authors discussed the implications for the improvement the resilience of Chinese parents of children with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiju Zhao
- Faculty of Children Development and Education, China Women's University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Wangqian Fu
- China Institute of Education and Social Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Jun Ai
- Juniper Gardens Children's Project, University of Kansas, 444 Minnesota Avenue, Suite 300, Kansas City, KS, 66101-2914, USA
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115
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Abdullah A, Hussin N, Ismail A, Ismail J. The quality of life of mothers of down syndrome children with and without hearing impairment in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia medical center. INDIAN JOURNAL OF OTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/indianjotol.indianjotol_70_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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116
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Laister D, Vivanti G, Marschik PB, Fellinger J, Holzinger D. Enhancement of Social Communication Behaviors in Young Children With Autism Affects Maternal Stress. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:797148. [PMID: 34950076 PMCID: PMC8688251 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.797148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show difficulties in social communication behaviors, emotion regulation and daily living skills, and they frequently present with challenging behaviors. In parents of children with ASD, higher rates of stress and mental health problems have been reported than in parents of either typically developing children or children with other conditions. In this study, we tested whether maternal well-being changes with improved social communicative behaviors of children with ASD receiving early intervention. We examined developmental changes in 72 pre-schoolers and stress levels in their mothers (measured by the Parental Stress Inventory) before and after a 12-month community-based intervention program based on the Early Start Denver Model, a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention targeting social communication. Multiple regression analyses showed that maternal child-related stress was predicted by changes in children's social communication behaviors (measured with the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory). Gains in the early social communication behavior domain were the strongest predictor of post-intervention child-related maternal stress, surpassing adaptive behavior, language and non-verbal cognitive gains, and reduction in challenging behavior. These findings support the hypothesis that, in children with ASD, the acquisition of social communication behaviors contribute to improvements in maternal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Laister
- Institut für Sinnes- und Sprachneurologie, Konventhospital Barmherzige Brüder Linz, Linz, Austria.,Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Giacomo Vivanti
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter B Marschik
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen and Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Fellinger
- Institut für Sinnes- und Sprachneurologie, Konventhospital Barmherzige Brüder Linz, Linz, Austria.,Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Daniel Holzinger
- Institut für Sinnes- und Sprachneurologie, Konventhospital Barmherzige Brüder Linz, Linz, Austria.,Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Institut für Linguistik, Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
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McLean S, Halstead EJ. Resilience and stigma in mothers of children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 108:103818. [PMID: 33276231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) experience frequent and high levels of stigma from family, friends, and members of the public. This stigma can have a negative impact on mothers' psychological well-being, their social circle, and their relationship with their child. AIMS The present study aimed to establish if there was a relationship between emotional and behavioural difficulties and stigma, and if resilience, social support and parental adjustment acted as a protective factors in this relationship. METHODS 108 mothers of children aged between four and 16 years old with IDD participated in a cross-sectional online survey. Mothers were asked about their child's behavioural difficulties, their experience of stigma, in addition to completing assessments of resilience, social support, and parental adjustment. RESULTS Overall child behavioural and emotional difficulties, and the sub domain emotional problems, hyperactivity, and low prosocial behaviour were found to be a significant independent predictors of stigma. Resilience was associated with stigma and moderated the relationship between low prosocial behaviour and stigma. There was no evidence that social support or parental attachment acted as protective factors in the relationship between child behavioural difficulties and stigma. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study extend the findings of previous research by providing evidence that families of children with a range of developmental disabilities experience stigma, in particular when children show high levels of emotional problems and hyperactivity, and low levels of prosocial behaviour. The present study also provides evidence that resilience is associated with stigma and resilience-building interventions may be beneficial to reduce the negative impact of stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunna McLean
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, Institute of Education, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Halstead
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, Institute of Education, United Kingdom.
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118
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Park EY. Parental Caregiving Burden, Depression, Social Support, and Life Satisfaction: A Multigroup Analysis of Social Support for Parents of Young Children Suffering From Brain Lesions. REHABILITATION COUNSELING BULLETIN 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0034355220983461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social support refers to people’s interpersonal relationships and is a potentially powerful mediator for caregivers’ life satisfaction. This study examined the relationships between parental caregiver burden, depression, social support, and life satisfaction. It compared these relation variables between parents of preschool- and school-aged children, as mediator effects of social support may differ across age ranges. Data were used from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea’s research on support services and policies for people with brain lesions. Parental caregivers of preschool- ( n = 93) and school-aged ( n = 91) children participated in this study. A multigroup analysis indicated a significant negative relationship between caregiving burden and depression with social support and parental life satisfaction and a significant positive relation for social support with life satisfaction for the overall group, preschool- and school aged. Social support was a mediator for each group; however, the regression weight differed between preschool- and school-aged children’s parents. The study confirms the importance of caregivers’ social support and suggests a need for family support strategies that account for children’s ages.
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119
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Rayce SB, Pontoppidan M, Nielsen T. Concordance within parent couples' perception of parental stress symptoms among parents to 1-18-year-olds with physical or mental health problems. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244212. [PMID: 33338059 PMCID: PMC7748276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents of children with physical or mental health problems are at higher risk for experiencing parental stress. However, mothers and fathers may experience parental stress differently. The aim was to examine whether mothers and fathers of children with physical and/or mental health problems are equally inclined within the couples to experience different aspects of parental stress when considering child and parent couple characteristics. Single aspects of Parental stress were assessed with nine items from the Parental Stress Scale in 197 parent couples of children aged 1–18 years with physical and/or mental health problems. Agreement within parent couples for each item was tested using two tests of marginal homogeneity for dependent data: a nominal G2-test and an ordinal γ-test. Analyses were conditioned on child gender, child age, couple educational level, and overall parental stress. For seven aspects of parental stress, differences in agreement within the couples were found with at least one of the conditioning variables. For five aspects (item 3, 4, 9, 10, 13) addressing specific personal experience of daily stressors related to having children and feeling inadequate as a parent, the differences were systematic. Mothers were more inclined to experience these aspect of parental stress than fathers, specially mothers of boys, a younger child, in couples with an education above high school or with a higher stress level. Agreement was found for two aspects (item 14 and 16) of parental stress. This study suggests that mothers’ and fathers’ experience of most aspects of parental stress vary within the couples. Knowledge on systematic difference between parents’ experience of parental stress may inform future interventions. For aspects where mothers generally experience the highest degree of stress, fathers may be involved as support. Future studies may explore the role of diagnoses, coping strategies and examine concordance in parental stress symptoms in other subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Boe Rayce
- Department of Health, VIVE, The Danish Centre for Social Science Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Maiken Pontoppidan
- Department of Health, VIVE, The Danish Centre for Social Science Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Nielsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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120
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Tchimtchoua Tamo AR. An analysis of mother stress before and during COVID-19 pandemic: The case of China. Health Care Women Int 2020; 41:1349-1362. [PMID: 33315545 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2020.1841194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the authors aimed to examine relations between mothers' stress (PSI-SF) and their children during the COVID-19 pandemic confinement in mainland China (N = 274; mean age = 32.95, SD = 5.59). Our analyses revealed mothers identified more stress problems during the confinement than before including Difficult Child, Parental Distress, and Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction, which predicted requests for clinical or parents support services. Mothers living in rural areas reported less stress. Single mothers and those in small households displayed a higher level of stress. Our research results may assist policymakers, professionals, and researchers to design support needed to promote families' psychological well-being.
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121
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Ren J, Li X, Chen S, Chen S, Nie Y. The Influence of Factors Such as Parenting Stress and Social Support on the State Anxiety in Parents of Special Needs Children During the COVID-19 Epidemic. Front Psychol 2020; 11:565393. [PMID: 33362628 PMCID: PMC7758194 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aims to investigate the state anxiety of parents of special needs children during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic and the influence of parental stress, social support, and other related variables on the anxiety of parents. METHODS Bespoke questionnaires of children's and parent's mental and behavioral problems during the epidemic were used in the study. We also used the State Anxiety Inventory (S-AI), the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form-15 (PSI-SF-15), the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The data used in the study were pooled from an online survey of parents of special needs children and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression. RESULTS Overall, 1,451 individuals were included, of which 402 were fathers (27.71%) and 1,049 were mothers (72.29%). ANOVA results showed that educational background, family monthly income, and type of their child's disability made parents' state anxiety significantly different. The results of multiple linear regression showed that during the epidemic, social support negatively predicted parents' state anxiety (B = -0.15, p < 0.001), whereas parenting stress (B = 0.07, p = 0.001) and parental mental and behavioral problems (B = 0.37, p < 0.001) positively predicted parents' state anxiety. CONCLUSIONS During the outbreak of COVID-19, parents of special needs children suffered mental and behavioral problems, together with parenting stress and social support, which influenced their state anxiety. These findings can be used to develop relevant psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during a pandemic like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Special Education, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingkai Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shudan Chen
- Department of Preschool Education, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiqing Chen
- Department of Special Education, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangang Nie
- Department of Psychology and Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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The broad autism phenotype in real-life: clinical and functional correlates of autism spectrum symptoms and rumination among parents of patients with autism spectrum disorder. CNS Spectr 2020; 25:765-773. [PMID: 31747980 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852919001615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing literature reported higher rates of psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as of autistic-like features in social and cognitive functioning. However, little attention has been paid to the association between autistic traits (AT) and global functioning in this population. The aim of the present work was to investigate clinical and functional correlates of AT among parents of ASD children, with a specific focus on ruminative thinking. METHODS One hundred and twenty parents of ASD children were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum (AdAS Spectrum), the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS). RESULTS Subjects with at least 1 psychiatric disorder (39.2%) showed significantly higher AdAS Spectrum and RRS scores. Subjects with a history of school difficulties and with language development alterations scored significantly higher on specific AdAS Spectrum domains. A significant negative correlation was found between SOFAS and AdAS Spectrum scores, as well as between SOFAS and RRS scores. AdAS Spectrum nonverbal communication domain score was identified has a statistically predictive variable for the presence of psychiatric disorders and lower SOFAS scores. Finally, we found a significant indirect effect of AdAS total score on SOFAS score, which was fully mediated by RRS total score. CONCLUSIONS AT in parents of ASD children seem to be associated with a higher vulnerability toward psychopathology and with a lower global functioning. Ruminative thinking may play a role in the relationship between AT and functional outcome.
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123
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Zou X, Lin X, Jiang Y, Su J, Qin S, Han ZR. The Associations between Mothers' and Grandmothers' Depressive Symptoms, Parenting Stress, and Relationship with Children: An Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model. FAMILY PROCESS 2020; 59:1755-1772. [PMID: 31647575 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-generation households that include parents and grandparents raising children together have become increasingly common in China. This study examined the relations among depressive symptoms, parenting stress, and caregiver-child relationships in the mother-grandmother dyadic context. Participants were mothers and grandmothers from 136 three-generation households. Results from Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Modeling indicated that mothers' depressive symptoms were indirectly related to mother-child conflict/closeness through own parenting stress; grandmothers' depressive symptoms were indirectly related to grandmother-child conflict through own parenting stress. Mothers' depressive symptoms were indirectly related to grandmothers' conflict with children through grandmothers' parenting stress, and grandmothers' depressive symptoms were indirectly related to mothers' conflict/closeness with children through mothers' parenting stress. The relation between mothers' parenting stress and mother-child closeness was stronger than the relation between grandmothers' parenting stress and grandmother-child closeness. Findings highlight the implications of using a family system perspective and the dyadic approach in understanding and improving family functioning in Chinese three-generation households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhuo Zou
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Lin
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinni Su
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Rachel Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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124
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Wang H, Hu X, Han ZR. Parental stress, involvement, and family quality of life in mothers and fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder in mainland China: A dyadic analysis. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 107:103791. [PMID: 33091710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research shows that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are burdened with childcare responsibilities and at increased risk for elevated stress and poor family quality of life (FQOL). Little is known, however, about the dynamic interactions between mothers' and fathers' perceived parenting stress in relating to parental involvement and FQOL, especially in the Chinese cultural context. AIMS This study examined the intrapersonal and interpersonal effects of parenting stress on parental involvement and FQOL for families of children with ASD in mainland China. METHOD A total of 210 Chinese couples (total N = 420) completed measures of caregiving involvement, perceived parenting stress, and FQOL. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM) was employed to examine the dyadic relationships among the variables. RESULTS Both parents' parenting stress was negatively associated with their own involvement and FQOL. Moreover, fathers' parenting stress was indirectly related to mothers' perceptions of FQOL through their involvement in the care of their child with ASD. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the important roles of fathers' parenting stress and involvement in affecting their own and their partners' satisfaction with FQOL within Chinese families raising a child with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Special Education, Education Research Center for Children With ASD, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhuo Rachel Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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125
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Wong V, McGrew J, Ruble L. Predicting the Outcomes of Parents of Transition-Age Youth or Young Adults with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:2723-2739. [PMID: 32030578 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transition outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their families are less than desirable. A survey of parent stressors, resources, coping/appraisals, and adaptation to transition was completed by 226 parents. The mediating mechanisms between stressors and parent outcomes were identified. At the indicator level, three stressors (i.e., autism severity, mental health crisis/challenging behaviors, and filial obligation), four resources (i.e., general social support, transition planning quality, parent-teacher alliance, and parenting efficacy), and three coping styles (i.e., problem-focused coping, avoidance-focused coping, and optimism) predicted parents' outcomes (i.e., burden, transition experience, subjective health, and quality of life). At the structural level, optimism, emotion-coping strategies, and resources mediated the relationships between stressors and parental outcomes. Research and practical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venus Wong
- MIND Institute, UC Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - John McGrew
- Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lisa Ruble
- Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, 237 Dickey Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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126
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Schiltz HK, Van Hecke AV. Applying the Vulnerability Stress Adaptation Model of Marriage to Couples Raising an Autistic Child: A Call for Research on Adaptive Processes. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2020; 24:120-140. [DOI: 10.1007/s10567-020-00332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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127
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Vilaseca R, Rivero M, Ferrer F, Bersabé RM. Parenting behaviors of mothers and fathers of young children with intellectual disability evaluated in a natural context. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240320. [PMID: 33048940 PMCID: PMC7553331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to analyze the interactions of mothers and fathers with their children with intellectual disabilities, focusing on certain parental behaviors previously identified as promoting child development, and to explore the relations between parenting and some sociodemographic variables. A sample of 87 pairs of mothers and fathers of the same children were recruited from Early Intervention Centers. The children (58 male and 29 female) were aged 20–47 months. Most of the families (92%) were from the province of Barcelona (Spain), and the remaining 8% were from the other provinces of Catalonia (Spain). Parenting behaviors, divided into four domains (Affection, Responsiveness, Encouragement, and Teaching) were assessed from self-recorded videotapes, in accordance with the validated Spanish version of the PICCOLO (Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes). Parents were administered a sociodemographic questionnaire. The results revealed strong similarities between mothers’ and fathers’ parental behaviors. Mothers and fathers were more likely to engage in affectionate behavior than in teaching behavior. Only maternal teaching presented a significant positive relation to the child’s age. With respect to the child’s gender, no differences were observed in mothers’ parenting. Conversely, fathers scored significantly higher in Responsiveness, Encouragement and Teaching (and had higher total parenting scores) when interacting with boys. The severity of the child’s ID had a statistically significant effect only on fathers’ Teaching, which showed lower mean scores in the severe ID group than in the moderate and mild ID groups. Teaching also presented a significant positive relation to mother’s age, but father’s age was not related to any parenting domain. Mothers with a higher educational level scored significantly higher in Encouragement and Teaching, and the fathers’ educational level was not significantly related to any parenting domain. Mothers’ and fathers’ Teaching, and fathers’ Responsiveness, Encouragement and total parenting scores, presented a significant positive relation to family income. Finally, mothers spent more time in childcare activities than fathers, particularly on workdays. Our main conclusion is that mothers and fathers show very similar strengths and weaknesses when interacting with their children with intellectual disabilities during play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Vilaseca
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Rivero
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Fina Ferrer
- Municipal Institute of Social Services of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Bersabé
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
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128
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Barańczuk U, Pisula E. Parental stress and symptoms of depression: a preliminary report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 68:445-453. [PMID: 35937167 PMCID: PMC9351583 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2020.1797450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between parental stress and parental depression symptoms. A total of 67 mothers took part in this study, of whom 39 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 28 mothers of typically developing children. The self-reported measures of the Parental Stress Index III and the Questionnaire for Measuring Depression were used in this study. Mothers' stress domain, but not children' stress domain, was positively associated not only with mothers' total symptoms of depression but also with its dimensions such as cognitive deficits and a lack of energy, thinking about dead, pessimism, and a feeling of alienation, anxiety and guilt symptoms, psychosomatic symptoms and a loss of interest, and lower self-regulation abilities in a group of mothers of children with ASD. There were not nearly any significant associations between mothers' stress and mothers' depression symptoms in a sample of mothers of typically developing children. The results have practical implications for mental health support providers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Pisula
- Department of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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129
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Sun X. Behavior skills training for family caregivers of people with intellectual or developmental disabilities: a systematic review of literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 68:247-273. [PMID: 35603000 PMCID: PMC9122419 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2020.1793650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
People with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDDs) face lifelong challenges in areas such as self-care, learning and socializing abilities. Having such individuals at home brings family caregivers extra stress, especially when support is insufficient. Because of the inadequacy of professional support available globally, the need to increase the ability of the caregivers to provide effective support is evident. Behavior skills training (BST), an approach consisting of instruction, modelling, rehearsal, and feedback, has been used in numerous studies to train caregivers in necessary skills to help their family members with IDDs. This study conducted a systematic review of past literatures, wherein BST was used to train family caregivers of individuals with IDDs. Seventeen relevant studies were summarized according to their countries, participant characteristics, training focus, intervention details, and outcomes. Outcomes revealed that BST had been used to train caregivers of varying demographics, various target skills (e.g. discrete trial training, incidental training, etc.), order of delivery, and sometimes the introduction of novel components. Most studies showed an improvement for both caregivers and the individuals with IDDs. However, some studies did not present desired outcomes in relation to the individuals. Possible reasons and future measures were also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Sun
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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130
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Self-Compassion in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Qualitative Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:1290-1303. [PMID: 32656737 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Emerging quantitative research found self-compassion to be a unique predictor of parental stress in parents of children with ASD above other predictors. However, research on the lived experience of self-compassion in families of children with ASD is limited. Using a qualitative thematic analysis approach, 19 mothers of children with ASD with a mean age of 39.19 years (SD = 3.56, Range = 31.00-50.00 years) were interviewed about their lived experiences of stress and self-compassion. Themes derived from interviews include: the impact and causes of stress, benefits of self-compassion, barriers to self-compassion, and aids to self-compassion. The findings deepen our understanding of the experience of self-compassion in this population. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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131
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Gashmard R, Ahmadi F, Kermanshahi SMK. Coping strategies adopted by Iranian families of children with Down syndrome: A qualitative study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20753. [PMID: 32664068 PMCID: PMC7360268 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the leading cause of intellectual disability. Previous quantitative studies have examined the effects of DS on families of children with DS. This study explored the coping strategies adopted by the families of children with DS. This was a qualitative content analysis study, in which the participants were selected using purposive sampling from the families of children with DS. Semi-structured interviews were performed and collected data were analyzed. A total of 20 family members (10 mothers, 6 fathers, 2 brothers, and 2 sisters) were interviewed. Six categories were extracted in this study, namely "searching for information," "paying attention to children's healthcare needs," "concentration on spirituality," "teaching socially appropriate behavioral skills," "efforts to increase self-reliance in children," and "development of family support circle." The participating families were able to use positive adaptive mechanisms and cope well with the problems associated with having a child with DS. However, they still needed more support from healthcare providers and support organizations. Receiving more support from healthcare providers, such as nurses, can help them in better management of their children.
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132
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Hong SW, Kim J, Bang HL. Validity and Reliability of the Life Transition Scale in Parents of Disabled Children Across the Life Transition Process. CHILD HEALTH NURSING RESEARCH 2020; 26:338-347. [PMID: 35004477 PMCID: PMC8650974 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2020.26.3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Life Transition Scale (LTS) consists of 24 items that assess the life transition process of parents of autistic children. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the LTS in parents of children with a wide spectrum of disabilities. Methods Data were collected from 260 parents of children with disabilities through self-report questionnaires. Validity was examined using exploratory and confirmative factor analysis to determine the factor structures of the LTS; socio-demographic differences in LTS scores were examined using the t-test or ANOVA. Reliability was examined using Cronbach's ⍺ coefficient. Results A four-factor structure was validated (x2=640.0, p<.001, GFI=.81, RMSEA=.07, NNFI=.89, CFI=.89, PNFI=.74, Q [x2/df]=2.60). The validity of the LTS was verified by exploratory factor analysis, with factor loading ranging from .30 to .80. There were significant differences in the accepting phase according to children's and parents' age and the type of disability, and in the wandering phase according to parental gender, educational level, job, and socioeconomic status. The Cronbach's ⍺s for the reliability of each of the four structures were acceptable, within a range of .80~.90. Conclusion The LTS is a valid and reliable measurement to assess the life transition process of parents with disabled children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Woo Hong
- Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medical Services, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - JinShil Kim
- Professor, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hwal Lan Bang
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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133
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Ping Pang NT, Masiran R, Tan KA, Kassim A. Psychological mindedness as a mediator in the relationship between dysfunctional coping styles and depressive symptoms in caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020; 56:649-656. [PMID: 32017137 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Psychological mindedness (PM) can partly explain depressive symptoms in caregivers of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This cross-sectional study examines PM in mediating the relationship between dysfunctional coping styles and depressive symptoms. DESIGN AND METHODS One hundred fifty-five adult ASD caregivers completed the Malay version of Brief COPE, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Balanced Index of PM. FINDINGS Direct paths between dysfunctional coping style and depressive symptoms, between insight and depressive symptoms, and between dysfunctional coping style and all PM variables (insight and interest) were obtained. Multiple regression analyses revealed that insight, but not interest, significantly mediates the relationship between dysfunctional coping and depressive symptoms. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS PM can be enhanced via psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Ruziana Masiran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kit-Aun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aminah Kassim
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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134
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Pari E, Cozzi F, Rodocanachi Roidi ML, Grange F, Toshimori K, Ripamonti E. Parenting girls with Rett syndrome: An investigation on self-perceived levels of stress. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:1348-1356. [PMID: 32573922 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lives of parents of girls with Rett syndrome (RTT) are centred on the process of care, in the current literature their perceived levels of stress have been rarely investigated. METHODS We analysed levels of stress in a sample of 79 fathers and mothers parenting girls with RTT, who were required to compile the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) questionnaire. RESULTS We found clinical levels of stress in about 39% of fathers, as compared with 44% of the mothers. Severity of RTT, but not other factors such as the genetic domain, presence of epilepsy or scoliosis, predicted Total Stress scores in both fathers' subsample and mothers' subsample. A cumulative effect of caring, that is association of higher levels of stress with longer process of care, did also emerge from estimation of smoothing splines. CONCLUSIONS Fathers' resources should be taken more into account, especially in the rehabilitation and socialization process of adults with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pari
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milano, Italy
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135
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Lima TJSD, Souza LECD. [Social support as a protective factor for the mothers of children with Congenital Zika Syndrome]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 26:3031-3040. [PMID: 34378695 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021268.04912020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mothers of children with CZS face exceptional challenges caring for their offspring. Due to this reality, the availability of social support can function as an important protective factor. In this respect, this study aimed to evaluate the role of informal and formal social support in mental health, parental self-efficacy and satisfaction in the life of mothers of children with CZS. A total of 69 mothers of children with CZS (M = 26.4 years; SD = 6.23) living in the state of Ceará, Brazil participated in this study. They filled out the Social Support Satisfaction Scale, General Health Questionnaire, Parental Self-efficacy Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale. The results show that the greater perception of informal social support significantly enables better mental health and satisfaction with life levels. In addition, access to formal social support significantly enables enhanced perception of parental self-efficacy. The results observed with the mothers of children with CZS are consistent with those reported in other studies with mothers of children with chronic conditions, pointing out that formal and informal social support have different effects on mental health, parental self-efficacy, and satisfaction with life, even controlling the effect of sociodemographic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Jessé Souza de Lima
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília. Campus da UnB, Área Universitária. 73345-010 Brasília DF Brasil.
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136
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Pisula E, Banasiak A. Empowerment in Polish fathers of children with autism and Down syndrome: the role of social support and coping with stress - a preliminary report. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:434-441. [PMID: 31418969 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although empowerment is an important factor in the adaptation of parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, our understanding of empowerment in fathers or how it relates to coping with stress and subjective social support is limited. In Poland, families with children with intellectual and developmental disabilities experience many challenges because of insufficient support. Although parental contribution to developing different forms of services for people with disability is crucial, the potential of fathers is underestimated and poorly understood. METHODS The study enrolled 35 fathers of children with autism with intellectual disability, 37 fathers of children with Down syndrome and 40 fathers of typically developing children. They completed three questionnaires: Family Empowerment Scale, Ways of Coping Questionnaire and Social Support Questionnaire - Short Form. RESULTS Compared with other groups, family empowerment was lower in fathers of children with autism. No group differences were found for the service system and community dimensions of empowerment. In the fathers of children with autism, social support was not related to empowerment, but there was a negative correlation between emotional coping and service system. Satisfaction with social support in fathers of children with Down syndrome correlated positively with the community dimension of empowerment. CONCLUSIONS Results show that fathers of children with autism and intellectual disability require support in family empowerment and that the significance of emotion-focused and problem-focused coping and social support in the context of empowerment differs in fathers of children with autism and Down syndrome. These results should be considered preliminary because of the limited sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pisula
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Banasiak
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Częstochowa, Poland
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137
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Bitsika V, Sharpley CF. Age-related differences in the association between autistic sons’ challenging behaviour and maternal anxiety and depression: implications for counsellors. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2020.1750561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Bitsika
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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138
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Selvakumar N, Panicker AS. Stress and Coping Styles in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Indian J Psychol Med 2020; 42:225-232. [PMID: 32612326 PMCID: PMC7320725 DOI: 10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_333_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) require well-balanced care and a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Mental health problems often go unnoticed in mothers of children with ASD due to the focus on training for the children. The presence of stress and depressive symptoms in mothers can interfere with the quality of care and therapy given to the child. The present study aimed to assess the quality of life, coping styles, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in mothers of children with ASD. METHODS This study recruited thirty mothers of children with ASD, to whom Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21), WHO Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF), and COPE Inventory were administered. RESULTS Results indicated the presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and impaired quality of life among the mothers. Despite this, they exhibited positive coping styles. CONCLUSION As part of a comprehensive intervention for children with ASD, there is also a need to address the psychological distress and coping styles of mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedhitha Selvakumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Anuja S Panicker
- Department of Psychiatry, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (PSGIMSR), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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139
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Srinivasaraghavan R, Koshy B, Devarajan C, Beulah R, Glory L, Manoharan M. The Impact of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Comparison with Other Neuro-Developmental Disorders in Children on the Family: Single Centre Experience. Indian J Psychol Med 2020; 42:233-237. [PMID: 32612327 PMCID: PMC7320731 DOI: 10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_376_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), especially autism spectrum disorder (ASD), have a substantial impact on the family, with a consequent decrease in the quality of life. The current study was undertaken to understand if having ASD contributed to a higher impact on families compared to other NDD and to understand additional factors impacting families of children with either disorder in a low-middle income country (LMIC) setting. METHODS Impact of ASD and other NDD along with sociodemographic factors was examined, by a retrospective analysis, among 540 children in a tertiary care center in South India. RESULTS Both ASD and NDD had high, but comparable, impact on the family. Being a girl child, having seizures, and having sleep problems predicted a higher impact. CONCLUSIONS In children with NDD, managing co-morbidities such as achieving better seizure control and addressing sleep-related problems may improve the impact of NDD on the family. Gender disparity in disability needs to be studied within the local cultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangan Srinivasaraghavan
- Developmental Pediatrics unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beena Koshy
- Developmental Pediatrics unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Devarajan
- Developmental Pediatrics unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rachael Beulah
- Developmental Pediatrics unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lincy Glory
- Developmental Pediatrics unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Margaret Manoharan
- Developmental Pediatrics unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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140
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Yildirim G, Ertekin Pinar S, Ucuk S, Duran Aksoy O, Ersan EE. The effect of training given to parents with mentally disabled children on their life satisfaction self-stigma of seeking help depression and stress-coping styles. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2020; 66:279-291. [PMID: 32114867 DOI: 10.1177/0020764020903750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to identify problem areas of parents with mentally disabled children, to support them, to address their stress sources and to effectively cope with them. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of training given to parents with mentally disabled children on their life satisfaction, self-stigma of seeking help, depression and stress-coping styles. MATERIAL Families with disabled children who continued their education at the Special Education Centers in Sivas created the sample of this pre- and post-test study (with control group). The data were collected with the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Self-Stigma of Seeking Psychological Help Scale (SSPHS) and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ). The scales were re-applied to the experimental group (n = 75) after the application of scales and 5-week training. Individuals in the control group were not given any training. The Mann-Whitney U test, t test and Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis were used in the evaluation of the data. RESULTS The mean SWLS score was 19.14 ± 7.24 (min: 3; max: 31) before the training and 21.68 ± 7.39 (min: 6; max: 35) after the training. The mean BDI score was 16.92 ± 10.84 (min: 1; max: 60) before the training and 10.24 ± 7.77 (min: 0; max: 33) after the training. The mean SSPHS score was 58.18 ± 9.96 (min: 32; max: 82) before the training and 52.65 ± 14.28 (min: 28; max: 84) after the training. The mean optimistic approach score of SSPHS was 9.73 ± 2.67 (min: 2; max: 15) before the training and 10.58 ± 2.19 (min: 4; max: 15) after the training. It was determined that the difference between mean scores of the control group before and after the training was not significant (p > .05). CONCLUSION The training has positively affected the decrease in depression and self-stigmatization, and the increase in life satisfaction and stress-coping styles after the training. It is recommended to plan research studies to identify the need for support of parents, and to structure the trainings to be given according to the results of the educational intervention researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulay Yildirim
- Department of Medical Ethics and the History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Sultan Ucuk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Duran Aksoy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Etem Erdal Ersan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
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141
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Relational Uncertainty and Taking Conflict Personally: Comparing Parents of Children with and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:4401-4411. [PMID: 32297125 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that parents of children with ASD experience greater marital conflict than parents of children with neurotypical development (NTD). This study examines how relational uncertainty is associated with taking conflict personally among parents of children with or without ASD. Parents of children with ASD (N = 298) and parents of children with NTD (N = 316) completed an online survey. They reported their relational uncertainty, recalled a conflict related to their child, and completed measures of taking conflict personally. The study provides evidence that spouses' experiences of relational uncertainty may be associated with conflict about topics related to their child. In addition, experiences of self uncertainty may have a greater impact for the parents of children with ASD than parents of children with NTD.
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142
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Sheldon JP, Oliver M, Yashar BM. Rewards and challenges of parenting a child with Down syndrome: a qualitative study of fathers' perceptions. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 43:3562-3573. [PMID: 32255374 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1745907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Most studies on parenting children with Down syndrome and other intellectual disabilities have focused on stress and coping; however, research has shown many rewards in parenting such children. Additionally, most research has assessed mothers' rather than fathers' perspectives. To take steps toward filling these literature gaps, we asked fathers of children with Down syndrome about their parenting experiences.Methods: Participants were 175 fathers of children with Down syndrome. Open-ended questions asked fathers what they found most rewarding and challenging about parenting a child with Down syndrome. Researchers coded responses using inductive content analysis.Results: Key themes for rewards included: (1) Child's Positive Attributes and Behaviors; (2) Rewarding Father-Child Relationship; (3) Child Has Positively Changed Father; and (4) Father's Positive Relationship with Others. Key themes for challenges included: (1) Father's Thoughts, Emotions, and Behaviors; (2) Child's Challenging Behavior and Development; (3) System and Institutional Problems; and (4) Other People's Negative Attitudes/Behaviors.Conclusions: Rewards mainly concerned the father-child bond and the loving, happy child. Fathers rarely mentioned financial stressors or their children's negative behaviors. Instead, many fathers reported children's speech problems. Our findings may assist healthcare professionals in providing more beneficial resources and interventions (especially language-related ones) to families with a child with Down syndrome.Implications for rehabilitationConsistent with a positive psychology approach, fathers reported more rewards than challenges in raising a child with Down syndrome.There may be a need for greater involvement of fathers in language interventions for children with Down syndrome.Healthcare professionals can assist parents of children with Down syndrome in recognizing parenting rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane P Sheldon
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA
| | - Mary Oliver
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Beverly M Yashar
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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143
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Martin KB, Haltigan JD, Ekas N, Prince EB, Messinger DS. Attachment security differs by later autism spectrum disorder: A prospective study. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12953. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Haltigan
- Department of Psychiatry Centre for Addiction and Mental Health University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Naomi Ekas
- Department of Psychology Texas Christian University Fort Worth TX USA
| | - Emily B. Prince
- Department of Psychology University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA
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144
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Abstract
Introducción: El síndrome de Down presenta importantes diferencias en tasas de incidencia según territorios y países, siendo además una de los trastornos genéticos más complejos, aunque su detección sea la más precoz de los trastornos genéticos. En España se ha producido una drástica reducción de nacimientos, existiendo un aumento en otras zonas del mundo como Latinoamérica. Objetivo y método: Se pretende realizar una revisión sistemática sobre el conocimiento científico actual relacionado con intervenciones tempranas en SD desde los años 2000 al 2017, utilizando la metodología PRISMA. Resultados: Se observa intensas lagunas metodológicas, enfatizándose las investigaciones transversales por encima de los longitudinales y sobre todo en zonas concretas del mundo. De este síndrome siguen interesando los factores cognitivos en detrimento de variables familiares y otros aspectos claves para un desarrollo psicoevolutivo adecuado. No se observan trabajos de intervención temprana ni de evaluación de programas en países hispanohablantes, y la mayoría de publicaciones científicas mezclan edades y sexos en sus muestras. Discusión: Se discuten los resultados obtenidos de la revisión realizada. Conclusiones: A lo largo del tiempo se observa una importante reducción del interés científico por este síndrome. Se siguen realizando trabajos de manera redundante sobre los mismos aspectos, sin valorar subdimensiones imprescindibles para el desarrollo biopsicosocial de este colectivo.
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145
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Nicholas DB, MacCulloch R, Roberts W, Zwaigenbaum L, McKeever P. Tensions in Maternal Care for Children, Youth, and Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2020; 7:2333393620907588. [PMID: 32128352 PMCID: PMC7036502 DOI: 10.1177/2333393620907588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the experiences of mothers caring for an individual with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ranging from 5 to 25 years of age, and examined
pervasive tensions in caregiving. Guided by ethnographic methods, a
retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Interviews with 85 mothers
were analyzed inductively. Prevalent tensions in maternal caregiving were
identified: (a) difficulties obtaining, yet resistance to, an ASD diagnosis; (b)
identified giftedness of the child versus notions of deficit imposed by others;
(c) disability-related behaviors erroneously interpreted as ‘poor parenting’;
(d) contradictory considerations in diagnosis disclosure; (e) the invisibility
yet pervasiveness of ASD; (f) extensive need for, yet the lack of, accessible
services; (g) ASD-related care demands versus other pressing responsibilities;
(h) arguments for inclusive versus exclusive services; and (i) aims of nurturing
independence versus managing safety risk. Tensions were heightened by
insufficient supports relative to need. Implications and recommendations for
practice and policy are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radha MacCulloch
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Roberts
- Intergrated Services for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Patricia McKeever
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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146
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Rational Emotive Family Health Therapy for Reducing Parenting Stress in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Group Randomized Control Study. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-020-00342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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147
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Walker BJ, Washington L, Early D, Poskey GA. Parents' Experiences with Implementing Therapy Home Programs for Children with Down Syndrome: A Scoping Review. Occup Ther Health Care 2020; 34:85-98. [PMID: 32022608 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2020.1723820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This scoping review explores parents' experiences with implementing therapy home programs to determine the factors that influence compliance with incorporating therapy activities into their daily routines. Articles that described the experience of parents of children with Down syndrome with implementing an occupational therapy home program were included in this study. Peer-reviewed articles published within the past fifteen years (January 2003 - January 2018) were also included. Six articles met inclusion criteria. Three themes emerged: (1) emphasis on contextualization, (2) the parent-therapist relationship, and (3) emotional burden of parents. The findings suggest that practitioners develop interventions that are enfolded into the family's daily routine as well as considering the parents' emotional resources and learning style when designing therapy activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Walker
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Children's Health Specialty Center Cityville, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Leon Washington
- School of Occupational Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA; School of Occupational Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Diana Early
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Children's Health Specialty Center Cityville, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Gail A Poskey
- School of Occupational Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA; School of Occupational Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Dallas, Texas, USA
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148
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Hu X. Chinese fathers of children with intellectual disabilities: their perceptions of the child, family functioning, and their own needs for emotional support. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 68:147-155. [PMID: 35309702 PMCID: PMC8928794 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2020.1716565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As more and more evidence accrues in support of family-centered approaches to disability services, parents' experiences raising children with disabilities is receiving increasing attention internationally. The literature on parents of children with disabilities, however-whether intellectual disability (ID) or other chronic health conditions (OCHC)-tends to focus on mothers as the primary research subject. To address the paucity of research focused on fathers' experiences of raising a child with disabilities, I surveyed over 4500 fathers of children with disabilities in Mainland China. The surveys focused on fathers' perceptions of their children, their perceptions of family functioning, and their perceptions of their own needs for emotional support. Results derived from statistical analyses of the data suggest that fathers tend to believe their children with ID are harder to raise than other children, and that they more often do things that irritate them and make them feel angry. Fathers of children with ID also tend to perceive their family functioning as somewhat problematic. Generally, these fathers are disinclined to seek emotional support from outside their families, although fathers from the majority Han population and fathers who have greater than high school education are more likely to seek support than are fathers from minority ethnic groups and fathers with lower educational background. Comparisons are made with fathers of children with OCHC. Implications of the findings are identified and lines of further research suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Special Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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149
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Di Renzo M, Bianchi di Castelbianco F, Vanadia E, Petrillo M, Racinaro L, Rea M. Parental perception of stress and emotional-behavioural difficulties of children with autism spectrum disorder and specific language impairment. AUTISM & DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENTS 2020; 5:2396941520971502. [PMID: 36381547 PMCID: PMC9620459 DOI: 10.1177/2396941520971502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The daily challenges of caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder affect many areas of everyday life and parental well-being, as well as parents' ability to manage the needs of the family and the child concerned. A better understanding of parents' perception of their child's characteristics can allow better support for them and individualize intervention protocols in a more accurate way. The main objective of this study is the evaluation of the perception of stress by parents of children with autism compared to parents of children with specific language impairment. METHODS The parents of 87 children aged between 2 and 6 years were included in this study, 34 children with a specific language impairment diagnosis and 53 children with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (ASD) or at risk of developing it. They were asked to complete a self-report on perceived stress and rating scales on adaptive/problematic behaviours, executive functions and sensory profile of the child. RESULTS The results reveal that parents of ASD children, compared to the control group, showed significantly higher levels of stress, mainly due to the difficulty of managing unexpected events, the feeling of loss of control over one's life and the fear of not being able to cope with the adversities they were experiences. The most critical area, both for ASD and control group, concern the executive function related to emotional reactions. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we argue that the difficulties in self-control, sensory modulation and emotional regulation, represent an element of stress for parents of children with developmental disorders.Implications: Regarding the difficulties of children with ASD, supporting the ways in which caregivers adapt to the signals of children is an important strategy, which has now become a key element of treatments for autism mediated by parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Di Renzo
- Magda Di Renzo, Institute of Ortofonologia,
Via Salaria 30, 00198 Rome, Italy.
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Kostiukow A, Strzelecki W, Poniewierski P, Samborski W. The estimation of the functioning of families with ASD children. AIMS Public Health 2019; 6:587-599. [PMID: 31909078 PMCID: PMC6940582 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a disease described as a neurodevelopmental disorder as the impairment of social and communication functions. Life of the people with ASD depends on the early introduction of intensive therapeutic programmes, modifying the undesirable behaviours, and aimed at teaching social and communication skills. AIMS The goal of the present work is to estimation the functioning of families with an ASD child and compare it to the functioning of families with children not diagnosed with ASD. METHODS The study was performed using Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. The study included 70 parents of ASD children, and 70 parents with children without diagnosed ASD, as the control group. RESULTS The parents of children with autism achieve lower results in the Balanced Cohesion sub-scale than the control group. Also, the parents of ASD children obtained higher scores in the Disengaged sub-scale than the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this papers can suggesting the risk of the appearance of a disturbed family system, functioning in families with children with ASD, which should be a trigger for providing these families with early family functioning diagnosis and consequent support and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kostiukow
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznań, 28 Czerwca 1956 r Street 135/147
| | - Wojciech Strzelecki
- Department and Clinic of Clinical Psychology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Collegium Stomatologicum, Bukowska 70 Street, 60-812 Poznań
| | - Piotr Poniewierski
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznań, 28 Czerwca 1956 r Street 135/147
| | - Włodzimierz Samborski
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznań, 28 Czerwca 1956 r Street 135/147
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