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Hassan S, Mathesius U. The role of flavonoids in root-rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3429-44. [PMID: 22213816 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway produces a diverse array of plant compounds with functions in UV protection, as antioxidants, pigments, auxin transport regulators, defence compounds against pathogens and during signalling in symbiosis. This review highlights some of the known function of flavonoids in the rhizosphere, in particular for the interaction of roots with microorganisms. Depending on their structure, flavonoids have been shown to stimulate or inhibit rhizobial nod gene expression, cause chemoattraction of rhizobia towards the root, inhibit root pathogens, stimulate mycorrhizal spore germination and hyphal branching, mediate allelopathic interactions between plants, affect quorum sensing, and chelate soil nutrients. Therefore, the manipulation of the flavonoid pathway to synthesize specifically certain products has been suggested as an avenue to improve root-rhizosphere interactions. Possible strategies to alter flavonoid exudation to the rhizosphere are discussed. Possible challenges in that endeavour include limited knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate flavonoid transport and exudation, unforeseen effects of altering parts of the flavonoid synthesis pathway on fluxes elsewhere in the pathway, spatial heterogeneity of flavonoid exudation along the root, as well as alteration of flavonoid products by microorganisms in the soil. In addition, the overlapping functions of many flavonoids as stimulators of functions in one organism and inhibitors of another suggests caution in attempts to manipulate flavonoid rhizosphere signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Hassan
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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102
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The Role of Diffusible Signals in the Establishment of Rhizobial and Mycorrhizal Symbioses. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANT SYMBIOSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20966-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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103
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Falcone Ferreyra ML, Rius SP, Casati P. Flavonoids: biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:222. [PMID: 23060891 PMCID: PMC3460232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed secondary metabolites with different metabolic functions in plants. The elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways, as well as their regulation by MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD40-type transcription factors, has allowed metabolic engineering of plants through the manipulation of the different final products with valuable applications. The present review describes the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as the biological functions of flavonoids in plants, such as in defense against UV-B radiation and pathogen infection, nodulation, and pollen fertility. In addition, we discuss different strategies and achievements through the genetic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis with implication in the industry and the combinatorial biosynthesis in microorganisms by the reconstruction of the pathway to obtain high amounts of specific compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Casati
- *Correspondence: Paula Casati, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina. e-mail:
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104
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Staszków A, Swarcewicz B, Banasiak J, Muth D, Jasiński M, Stobiecki M. LC/MS profiling of flavonoid glycoconjugates isolated from hairy roots, suspension root cell cultures and seedling roots of Medicago truncatula. Metabolomics 2011; 7:604-613. [PMID: 22039365 PMCID: PMC3193514 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-011-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hairy roots and suspension cell cultures are commonly used in deciphering different problems related to the biochemistry and physiology of plant secondary metabolites. Here, we address about the issue of possible differences in the profiles of flavonoid compounds and their glycoconjugates derived from various plant materials grown in a standard culture media. We compared profiles of flavonoids isolated from seedling roots, hairy roots, and suspension root cell cultures of a model legume plant, Medicago truncatula. The analyses were conducted with plant isolates as well as the media. The LC/MS profiles of target natural products obtained from M. truncatula seedling roots, hairy roots, and suspension root cell cultures differed substantially. The most abundant compounds in seedlings roots were mono- and diglucuronides of isoflavones and/or flavones. This type of glycosylation was not observed in hairy roots or suspension root cell cultures. The only recognized glycoconjugates in the latter samples were glucose derivatives of isoflavones. Application of a high-resolution mass spectrometer helped evaluate the elemental composition of protonated molecules, such as [M + H](+). Comparison of collision-induced dissociation MS/MS spectra registered with a quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer for tissue extracts and standards allowed us to estimate the aglycone structure on the basis of the pseudo-MS(3) experiment. Structures of these natural products were described according to the registered mass spectra and literature data. The analyses conducted represent an overview of flavonoids and their conjugates in different types of plant material representing the model legume, M. truncatula. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-011-0287-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Staszków
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, PAS, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Swarcewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, PAS, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Banasiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, PAS, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Muth
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, PAS, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, PAS, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, PAS, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
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105
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Takanashi K, Sugiyama A, Yazaki K. Auxin distribution and lenticel formation in determinate nodule of Lotus japonicus. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1405-7. [PMID: 22019641 PMCID: PMC3258077 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.9.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can establish a symbiosis with rhizobia and form root nodules that function as an apparatus for nitrogen fixation. Nodule development is regulated by several phytohormones including auxin. Although accumulation of auxin is necessary to initiate the nodulation of indeterminate nodules, the functions of auxin on the nodulation of determinate nodules have been less characterized. In this study, the functions of auxin in nodule development in Lotus japonicus have been demonstrated using an auxin responsive promoter and auxin inhibitors. We found that the lenticel formation on the nodule surface was sensitive to the auxin defect. Further analysis indicated that failure in the development of the vascular bundle of the determinate nodule, which was regulated by auxin, was the cause of the disappearance of lenticels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Takanashi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
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106
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Auguy F, Abdel-Lateif K, Doumas P, Badin P, Guerin V, Bogusz D, Hocher V. Activation of the isoflavonoid pathway in actinorhizal symbioses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:690-696. [PMID: 32480924 DOI: 10.1071/fp11014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of flavonoids in the actinorhizal nodulation process resulting from the interaction between the tropical tree Casuarina glauca Sieb. ex Spreng. and the actinomycete Frankia. Eight C. glauca genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis: chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), isoflavone reductase (IFR), flavonoid-3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), flavonoid 3',5' hydroxylase (F3'5'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavonol synthase (FLS), were identified from a unigene database and gene expression patterns were monitored by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) during the nodulation time course. Results showed that FLS and F3'5'H transcripts accumulated in mature nodules whereas CHI and IFR transcripts accumulated preferentially early after inoculation with Frankia. Comparison of IFR and CHI expression in inoculated plants and in control plants cultivated with or without nitrogen confirmed that early expression of IFR is specifically linked to symbiosis. Taken together, these data suggest for the first time that isoflavonoids are implicated in actinorhizal nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Auguy
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Khalid Abdel-Lateif
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Patrick Doumas
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pablo Badin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Vanessa Guerin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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107
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Popovici J, Walker V, Bertrand CD, Bellvert F, Fernandez MP, Comte G. Strain specificity in the Myricaceae-Frankia symbiosis is correlated to plant root phenolics. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:682-689. [PMID: 32480923 DOI: 10.1071/fp11144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in the interaction between plants and their environment. For example, mutualistic nitrogen-fixing symbioses typically involve phenolic-based recognition between host plants and bacteria. Although these mechanisms are well studied in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis, little is known about the role of plant phenolics in the symbiosis between actinorhizal plants and the actinobacterium Frankia. In this study, the responsiveness of two Myricaceae plant species, Myrica gale L. and Morella cerifera L., to Frankia inoculation was correlated with the plant-bacteria compatibility status. Two Frankia strains were inoculated: ACN14a, compatible with both M. gale and M. cerifera and Ea112, compatible only with M. cerifera. The effect of inoculation on root phenolic metabolism was evaluated by metabolic profiling based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and principal component analysis (PCA). Our results revealed that: (i) both Frankia strains induced major modifications in root phenolic content of the two Myricaceae species and (ii) strain-dependant modifications of the phenolic contents were detected. The main plant compounds differentially affected by Frankia inoculation are phenols, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids. This work provides evidence that during the initial phases of symbiotic interactions, Myricaceae plants adapt their secondary metabolism in accordance with the compatibility status of Frankia bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Popovici
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Walker
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C Dric Bertrand
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Floriant Bellvert
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Maria P Fernandez
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Comte
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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108
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Gough C, Cullimore J. Lipo-chitooligosaccharide signaling in endosymbiotic plant-microbe interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:867-78. [PMID: 21469937 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-11-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and the rhizobia-legume (RL) root endosymbioses are established as a result of signal exchange in which there is mutual recognition of diffusible signals produced by plant and microbial partners. It was discovered 20 years ago that the key symbiotic signals produced by rhizobial bacteria are lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCO), called Nod factors. These LCO are perceived via lysin-motif (LysM) receptors and activate a signaling pathway called the common symbiotic pathway (CSP), which controls both the RL and the AM symbioses. Recent work has established that an AM fungus, Glomus intraradices, also produces LCO that activate the CSP, leading to induction of gene expression and root branching in Medicago truncatula. These Myc-LCO also stimulate mycorrhization in diverse plants. In addition, work on the nonlegume Parasponia andersonii has shown that a LysM receptor is required for both successful mycorrhization and nodulation. Together these studies show that structurally related signals and the LysM receptor family are key components of both nodulation and mycorrhization. LysM receptors are also involved in the perception of chitooligosaccharides (CO), which are derived from fungal cell walls and elicit defense responses and resistance to pathogens in diverse plants. The discovery of Myc-LCO and a LysM receptor required for the AM symbiosis, therefore, not only raises questions of how legume plants discriminate fungal and bacterial endosymbionts but also, more generally, of how plants discriminate endosymbionts from pathogenic microorganisms using structurally related LCO and CO signals and of how these perception mechanisms have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Gough
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594-441, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.
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109
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Vandeputte OM, Kiendrebeogo M, Rasamiravaka T, Stévigny C, Duez P, Rajaonson S, Diallo B, Mol A, Baucher M, El Jaziri M. The flavanone naringenin reduces the production of quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:2120-2132. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary screening of the Malagasy plant Combretum albiflorum for compounds attenuating the production of quorum sensing (QS)-controlled virulence factors in bacteria led to the identification of active fractions containing flavonoids. In the present study, several flavonoids belonging to the flavone, flavanone, flavonol and chalcone structural groups were screened for their capacity to reduce the production of QS-controlled factors in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PAO1). Flavanones (i.e. naringenin, eriodictyol and taxifolin) significantly reduced the production of pyocyanin and elastase in P. aeruginosa without affecting bacterial growth. Consistently, naringenin and taxifolin reduced the expression of several QS-controlled genes (i.e. lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, lasA, lasB, phzA1 and rhlA) in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Naringenin also dramatically reduced the production of the acylhomoserine lactones N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) and N-butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), which is driven by the lasI and rhlI gene products, respectively. In addition, using mutant strains deficient for autoinduction (ΔlasI and ΔrhlI) and LasR- and RhlR-based biosensors, it was shown that QS inhibition by naringenin not only is the consequence of a reduced production of autoinduction compounds but also results from a defect in the proper functioning of the RlhR–C4-HSL complex. Widely distributed in the plant kingdom, flavonoids are known for their numerous and determinant roles in plant physiology, plant development and in the success of plant–rhizobia interactions, but, as shown here, some of them also have a role as inhibitors of the virulence of pathogenic bacteria by interfering with QS mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier M. Vandeputte
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, BioVallée, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Martin Kiendrebeogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées, Université de Ouagadougou, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Tsiry Rasamiravaka
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Caroline Stévigny
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, de Bromatologie et de Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/9, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, de Bromatologie et de Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/9, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sanda Rajaonson
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Billo Diallo
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, BioVallée, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Adeline Mol
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marie Baucher
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Mondher El Jaziri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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110
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Li D, Zhang Y, Hu X, Shen X, Ma L, Su Z, Wang T, Dong J. Transcriptional profiling of Medicago truncatula under salt stress identified a novel CBF transcription factor MtCBF4 that plays an important role in abiotic stress responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:109. [PMID: 21718548 PMCID: PMC3146422 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt stress hinders the growth of plants and reduces crop production worldwide. However, different plant species might possess different adaptive mechanisms to mitigate salt stress. We conducted a detailed pathway analysis of transcriptional dynamics in the roots of Medicago truncatula seedlings under salt stress and selected a transcription factor gene, MtCBF4, for experimental validation. RESULTS A microarray experiment was conducted using root samples collected 6, 24, and 48 h after application of 180 mM NaCl. Analysis of 11 statistically significant expression profiles revealed different behaviors between primary and secondary metabolism pathways in response to external stress. Secondary metabolism that helps to maintain osmotic balance was induced. One of the highly induced transcription factor genes was successfully cloned, and was named MtCBF4. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MtCBF4, which belongs to the AP2-EREBP transcription factor family, is a novel member of the CBF transcription factor in M. truncatula. MtCBF4 is shown to be a nuclear-localized protein. Expression of MtCBF4 in M. truncatula was induced by most of the abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, cold, and abscisic acid, suggesting crosstalk between these abiotic stresses. Transgenic Arabidopsis over-expressing MtCBF4 enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stress, and activated expression of downstream genes that contain DRE elements. Over-expression of MtCBF4 in M. truncatula also enhanced salt tolerance and induced expression level of corresponding downstream genes. CONCLUSION Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis revealed complex mechanisms exist in plants in response to salt stress. The novel transcription factor gene MtCBF4 identified here played an important role in response to abiotic stresses, indicating that it might be a good candidate gene for genetic improvement to produce stress-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaona Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoye Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiangli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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111
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Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I. Symbiosis and development: the hologenome concept. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 93:56-66. [PMID: 21425442 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
All animals and plants establish symbiotic relationships with microorganisms; often the combined genetic information of the diverse microbiota exceeds that of the host. How the genetic wealth of the microbiota affects all aspects of the holobiont's (host plus all of its associated microorganisms) fitness (adaptation, survival, development, growth and reproduction) and evolution is reviewed, using selected coral, insect, squid, plant, and human/mouse published experimental results. The data are discussed within the framework of the hologenome theory of evolution, which demonstrates that changes in environmental parameters, for example, diet, can cause rapid changes in the diverse microbiota, which not only can benefit the holobiont in the short term but also can be transmitted to offspring and lead to long lasting cooperations. As acquired characteristics (microbes) are heritable, consideration of the holobiont as a unit of selection in evolution leads to neo-Lamarckian principles within a Darwinian framework. The potential application of these principles can be seen in the growing fields of prebiotics and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Givat Shmuel, Israel.
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112
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Deng Y, Mao G, Stutz W, Yu O. Generation of composite plants in Medicago truncatula used for nodulation assays. J Vis Exp 2011:2633. [PMID: 21490571 PMCID: PMC3197321 DOI: 10.3791/2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to Agrobacterium tumerfaciens, Agrobacterium rhizogenes can transfer foreign DNAs into plant cells based on the autonomous root-inducing (Ri) plasmid. A. rhizogenes can cause hairy root formation on plant tissues and form composite plants after transformation. On these composite plants, some of the regenerated roots are transgenic, carrying the wild type T-DNA and the engineered binary vector; while the shoots are still non-transgenic, serving to provide energy and growth support. These hairy root composite plants will not produce transgenic seeds, but there are a number of important features that make these composite plants very useful in plant research. First, with a broad host range,A. rhizogenes can transform many plant species, especially dicots, allowing genetic engineering in a variety of species. Second, A. rhizogenes infect tissues and explants directly; no tissue cultures prior to transformation is necessary to obtain composite plants, making them ideal for transforming recalcitrant plant species. Moreover, transgenic root tissues can be generated in a matter of weeks. For Medicago truncatula, we can obtain transgenic roots in as short as three weeks, faster than normal floral dip Arabidopsis transformation. Overall, the hairy root composite plant technology is a versatile and useful tool to study gene functions and root related-phenotypes. Here we demonstrate how hairy root composite plants can be used to study plant-rhizobium interactions and nodulation in the difficult-to-transform species M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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113
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Kouchi H, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Hayashi M, Hakoyama T, Nakagawa T, Umehara Y, Suganuma N, Kawaguchi M. How many peas in a pod? Legume genes responsible for mutualistic symbioses underground. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1381-97. [PMID: 20660226 PMCID: PMC2938637 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria is the most prominent plant-microbe endosymbiotic system and, together with mycorrhizal fungi, has critical importance in agriculture. The introduction of two model legume species, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, has enabled us to identify a number of host legume genes required for symbiosis. A total of 26 genes have so far been cloned from various symbiotic mutants of these model legumes, which are involved in recognition of rhizobial nodulation signals, early symbiotic signaling cascades, infection and nodulation processes, and regulation of nitrogen fixation. These accomplishments during the past decade provide important clues to understanding not only the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-microbe endosymbiotic associations but also the evolutionary aspects of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria. In this review we survey recent progress in molecular genetic studies using these model legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kouchi
- Department of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
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114
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Laffont C, Blanchet S, Lapierre C, Brocard L, Ratet P, Crespi M, Mathesius U, Frugier F. The compact root architecture1 gene regulates lignification, flavonoid production, and polar auxin transport in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1597-607. [PMID: 20522723 PMCID: PMC2923893 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.156620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The root system architecture is crucial to adapt plant growth to changing soil environmental conditions and consequently to maintain crop yield. In addition to root branching through lateral roots, legumes can develop another organ, the nitrogen-fixing nodule, upon a symbiotic bacterial interaction. A mutant, cra1, showing compact root architecture was identified in the model legume Medicago truncatula. cra1 roots were short and thick due to defects in cell elongation, whereas densities of lateral roots and symbiotic nodules were similar to the wild type. Grafting experiments showed that a lengthened life cycle in cra1 was due to the smaller root system and not to the pleiotropic shoot phenotypes observed in the mutant. Analysis of the cra1 transcriptome at a similar early developmental stage revealed few significant changes, mainly related to cell wall metabolism. The most down-regulated gene in the cra1 mutant encodes a Caffeic Acid O-Methyl Transferase, an enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis; accordingly, whole lignin content was decreased in cra1 roots. This correlated with differential accumulation of specific flavonoids and decreased polar auxin transport in cra1 mutants. Exogenous application of the isoflavone formononetin to wild-type plants mimicked the cra1 root phenotype, whereas decreasing flavonoid content through silencing chalcone synthases restored the polar auxin transport capacity of the cra1 mutant. The CRA1 gene, therefore, may control legume root growth through the regulation of lignin and flavonoid profiles, leading to changes in polar auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Florian Frugier
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France (C. Laffont, S.B., L.B., P.R., M.C., F.F.); Unité de Chimie Biologique, UMR 1318, AgroParisTech-INRA, Centre de Grignon, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France (C. Lapierre); Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia (U.M.)
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115
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Brechenmacher L, Lei Z, Libault M, Findley S, Sugawara M, Sadowsky MJ, Sumner LW, Stacey G. Soybean metabolites regulated in root hairs in response to the symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1808-22. [PMID: 20534735 PMCID: PMC2923908 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.157800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation of soybean (Glycine max) root hairs by the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a complex process coordinated by the mutual exchange of diffusible signal molecules. A metabolomic study was performed to identify small molecules produced in roots and root hairs during the rhizobial infection process. Metabolites extracted from roots and root hairs mock inoculated or inoculated with B. japonicum were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry. These combined approaches identified 2,610 metabolites in root hairs. Of these, 166 were significantly regulated in response to B. japonicum inoculation, including various (iso)flavonoids, amino acids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and various carbohydrates. Trehalose was among the most strongly induced metabolites produced following inoculation. Subsequent metabolomic analyses of root hairs inoculated with a B. japonicum mutant defective in the trehalose synthase, trehalose 6-phosphate synthase, and maltooligosyltrehalose synthase genes showed that the trehalose detected in the inoculated root hairs was primarily of bacterial origin. Since trehalose is generally considered an osmoprotectant, these data suggest that B. japonicum likely experiences osmotic stress during the infection process, either on the root hair surface or within the infection thread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary Stacey
- National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Division of Plant Sciences (L.B., M.L., S.F., G.S.), and Center for Sustainable Energy, Division of Biochemistry (G.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Z.L., L.W.S.); Department of Soil, Water, and Climate (M.S., M.J.S.) and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, BioTechnology Institute (M.J.S.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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116
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Päsold S, Siegel I, Seidel C, Ludwig-Müller J. Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana root galls caused by the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:545-62. [PMID: 20618711 PMCID: PMC6640481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Three different flavonoids-naringenin, quercetin and kaempferol-accumulate in root galls of Arabidopsis thaliana after infection with the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography analysis indicated that these flavonoids and their glycosides were induced in galls rather than in healthy roots. The transcripts of selected genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids were up-regulated during the time course of the disease. Some, such as chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase, were up-regulated at both times investigated in this study, whereas up-regulation was observed only at later times for others, such as a flavonol synthase-like gene. Plants with mutations in different flavonoid biosynthesis genes were slightly more tolerant to clubroot at low infection pressure. However, flavonoid treatment of either leaves or roots did not reduce gall development. The possibility that flavonoids might influence auxin levels by regulating auxin transport or auxin degradation in roots was investigated by measuring auxin levels and response in roots of flavonoid-deficient mutants and the wild-type after inoculation with P. brassicae, as well as the antioxidative potential of flavonoids in the peroxidase-catalysed degradation of indole-3-acetic acid. In addition, the auxin transport rate from the shoots to the roots was measured in infected wild-type or flavonoid mutant plants compared with controls. In conclusion, our results indicate a role of flavonoids in the modulation of auxin efflux in root galls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Päsold
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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117
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Fliegmann J, Furtwängler K, Malterer G, Cantarello C, Schüler G, Ebel J, Mithöfer A. Flavone synthase II (CYP93B16) from soybean (Glycine max L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:508-14. [PMID: 20132953 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a very diverse group of plant secondary metabolites with a wide array of activities in plants, as well as in nutrition and health. All flavonoids are derived from a limited number of flavanone intermediates, which serve as substrates for a variety of enzyme activities, enabling the generation of diversity in flavonoid structures. Flavonoids can be characteristic metabolites, like isoflavonoids for legumes. Others, like flavones, occur in nearly all plants. Interestingly, there exist two fundamentally different enzymatic systems able to directly generate flavones from flavanones, flavone synthase (FNS) I and II. We describe an inducible flavone synthase activity from soybean (Glycine max) cell cultures, generating 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone (DHF), which we classified as FNS II. The corresponding full-length cDNA (CYP93B16) was isolated using known FNS II sequences from other plants. Functional expression in yeast allowed the detailed biochemical characterization of the catalytic activity of FNS II. A direct conversion of flavanones such as liquiritigenin, naringenin, and eriodictyol into the corresponding flavones DHF, apigenin and luteolin, respectively, was demonstrated. The enzymatic reaction of FNSII was stereoselective, favouring the (S)- over the (R)-enantiomer. Phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily of plant CYP93B enzymes indicate the evolution of a gene encoding a flavone synthase which originally catalyzed the direct conversion of flavanones into flavones, via early gene duplication into a less efficient enzyme with an altered catalytic mechanism. Ultimately, this allowed the evolution of the legume-specific isoflavonoid synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Botany, München, Germany
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118
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Du Y, Chu H, Wang M, Chu IK, Lo C. Identification of flavone phytoalexins and a pathogen-inducible flavone synthase II gene (SbFNSII) in sorghum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:983-94. [PMID: 20007684 PMCID: PMC2826645 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Following inoculation with the anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum, seedlings of the sorghum resistant cultivar SC748-5 showed more rapid and elevated accumulation of luteolin than the susceptible cultivar BTx623. On the other hand, apigenin was the major flavone detected in infected BTx623 seedlings. Luteolin was demonstrated to show stronger inhibition of spore germination of C. sublineolum than apigenin. Because of their pathogen-inducible and antifungal nature, both flavone aglycones are considered sorghum phytoalexins. The key enzyme responsible for flavone biosynthesis has not been characterized in monocots. A sorghum pathogen-inducible gene encoding a cytochrome P450 protein (CYP93G3) in the uncharacterized CYP93G subfamily was identified. Transgenic expression of the P450 gene in Arabidopsis demonstrated that the encoded protein is a functional flavone synthase (FNS) II in planta. The sorghum gene was then termed SbFNSII. It is a single-copy gene located on chromosome 2 and the first FNSII gene characterized in a monocot. Metabolite analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in precursor ion scan mode revealed the accumulation of 2-hydroxynaringenin and 2-hydroxyeriodictyol hexosides in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Hence, SbFNSII appears to share a similar catalytic mechanism with the licorice and Medicago truncatula FNSIIs (CYP93B subfamily) by converting flavanones to flavone through the formation of 2-hydroxyflavanones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegang Du
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Chu
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan K. Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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119
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Rhizosphere Signals for Plant–Microbe Interactions: Implications for Field-Grown Plants. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 72 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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120
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Buer CS, Imin N, Djordjevic MA. Flavonoids: new roles for old molecules. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:98-111. [PMID: 20074144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and have many diverse functions including defense, UV protection, auxin transport inhibition, allelopathy, and flower coloring. Interestingly, these compounds also have considerable biological activity in plant, animal and bacterial systems - such broad activity is accomplished by few compounds. Yet, for all the research over the last three decades, many of the cellular targets of these secondary metabolites are unknown. The many mutants available in model plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula are enabling the intricacies of the physiology of these compounds to be deduced. In the present review, we cover recent advances in flavonoid research, discuss deficiencies in our understanding of the physiological processes, and suggest approaches to identify the cellular targets of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Buer
- Genomic Interactions Group, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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121
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Pucciariello C, Innocenti G, Van de Velde W, Lambert A, Hopkins J, Clément M, Ponchet M, Pauly N, Goormachtig S, Holsters M, Puppo A, Frendo P. (Homo)glutathione depletion modulates host gene expression during the symbiotic interaction between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1186-96. [PMID: 19587096 PMCID: PMC2773073 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.142034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, legumes interact with symbiotic rhizobia to produce nitrogen-fixing root nodules. We have previously shown that glutathione and homoglutathione [(h)GSH] deficiencies impaired Medicago truncatula symbiosis efficiency, showing the importance of the low M(r) thiols during the nodulation process in the model legume M. truncatula. In this study, the plant transcriptomic response to Sinorhizobium meliloti infection under (h)GSH depletion was investigated using cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Among 6,149 expression tags monitored, 181 genes displayed significant differential expression between inoculated control and inoculated (h)GSH depleted roots. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the changes in mRNA levels. This transcriptomic analysis shows a down-regulation of genes involved in meristem formation and a modulation of the expression of stress-related genes in (h)GSH-depleted plants. Promoter-beta-glucuronidase histochemical analysis showed that the putative MtPIP2 aquaporin might be up-regulated during nodule meristem formation and that this up-regulation is inhibited under (h)GSH depletion. (h)GSH depletion enhances the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-regulated genes after S. meliloti infection and the expression of SA-regulated genes after exogenous SA treatment. Modification of water transport and SA signaling pathway observed under (h)GSH deficiency contribute to explain how (h)GSH depletion alters the proper development of the symbiotic interaction.
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122
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Wasson AP, Ramsay K, Jones MGK, Mathesius U. Differing requirements for flavonoids during the formation of lateral roots, nodules and root knot nematode galls in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:167-179. [PMID: 19402878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
* In this study, we tested whether the organogenesis of symbiotic root nodules, lateral roots and root galls induced by parasitic root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) was regulated by the presence of flavonoids in the roots of Medicago truncatula. Flavonoids accumulate in all three types of root organ, and have been hypothesized previously to be required for secondary root organogenesis because of their potential role as auxin transport regulators. * Using RNA interference to silence the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in M. truncatula, we generated transformed flavonoid-deficient hairy roots which were used to study flavonoid accumulation, cell division and organogenesis of nodules, lateral roots and root galls. * Flavonoid-deficient roots did not form nodules, as demonstrated previously, but showed altered root growth in response to rhizobia. By contrast, flavonoid-deficient roots showed no difference in the number of lateral roots and root galls. Galls on flavonoid-deficient roots formed normal giant cells, but were shorter, and were characterized by reduced numbers of dividing pericycle cells. * We rejected the hypothesis that flavonoids are required as general regulators of the organogenesis of secondary root organs, but flavonoids appear to be necessary for nodulation. Possible reasons for this difference in the requirement for flavonoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P Wasson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Kerry Ramsay
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Michael G K Jones
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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