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Pérez-Bueno ML, Pineda M, Díaz-Casado E, Barón M. Spatial and temporal dynamics of primary and secondary metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris challenged by Pseudomonas syringae. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:161-74. [PMID: 24871330 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many defense mechanisms contribute to the plant immune system against pathogens, involving the regulation of different processes of the primary and secondary metabolism. At the same time, pathogens have evolved mechanisms to hijack the plant defense in order to establish the infection and proliferate. Localization and timing of the host response are essential to understand defense mechanisms and resistance to pathogens (Rico et al. 2011). Imaging techniques, such as fluorescence imaging and thermography, are a very valuable tool providing spatial and temporal information about a series of plant processes. In this study, bean plants challenged with two pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae have been investigated. Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 elicit a compatible and incompatible interaction in bean, respectively. Both types of host-pathogen interaction triggered different changes in the activity of photosynthesis and the secondary metabolism. We conclude that the combined analysis of leaf temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence and green fluorescence emitted by phenolics allows to discriminate compatible from incompatible P. syringae-Phaseolus vulgaris interactions in very early times of the infection, prior to the development of symptoms. These can constitute disease signatures that would allow an early identification of emerging plagues in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Pistil Smut Infection Increases Ovary Production, Seed Yield Components, and Pseudosexual Reproductive Allocation in Buffalograss. PLANTS 2014; 3:594-612. [PMID: 27135522 PMCID: PMC4844276 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sex expression of dioecious buffalograss [Bouteloua dactyloides Columbus (syn. Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.)] is known to be environmentally stable with approximate 1:1, male to female, sex ratios. Here we show that infection by the pistil smut fungus [Salmacisiabuchloëana Huff & Chandra (syn. Tilletia buchloëana Kellerman and Swingle)] shifts sex ratios of buffalograss to be nearly 100% phenotypically hermaphroditic. In addition, pistil smut infection decreased vegetative reproductive allocation, increased most seed yield components, and increased pseudosexual reproductive allocation in both sex forms compared to uninfected clones. In female sex forms, pistil smut infection resulted in a 26 fold increase in ovary production and a 35 fold increase in potential harvest index. In male sex forms, pistil smut infection resulted in 2.37 fold increase in floret number and over 95% of these florets contained a well-developed pistil. Although all ovaries of infected plants are filled with fungal teliospores and hence reproductively sterile, an average male-female pair of infected plants exhibited an 87 fold increase in potential harvest index compared to their uninfected clones. Acquiring an ability to mimic the effects of pistil smut infection would enhance our understanding of the flowering process in grasses and our efforts to increase seed yield of buffalograss and perhaps other grasses.
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103
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Differential gene expression and metabolomic analyses of Brachypodium distachyon infected by deoxynivalenol producing and non-producing strains of Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:629. [PMID: 25063396 PMCID: PMC4124148 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is one of the major diseases of small-grain cereals including bread wheat. This disease both reduces yields and causes quality losses due to the production of deoxynivalenol (DON), the major type B trichothecene mycotoxin. DON has been described as a virulence factor enabling efficient colonization of spikes by the fungus in wheat, but its precise role during the infection process is still elusive. Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) is a model cereal species which has been shown to be susceptible to FHB. Here, a functional genomics approach was performed in order to characterize the responses of Bd to Fg infection using a global transcriptional and metabolomic profiling of B. distachyon plants infected by two strains of F. graminearum: a wild-type strain producing DON (Fgdon+) and a mutant strain impaired in the production of the mycotoxin (Fgdon-). RESULTS Histological analysis of the interaction of the Bd21 ecotype with both Fg strains showed extensive fungal tissue colonization with the Fgdon+ strain while the florets infected with the Fgdon- strain exhibited a reduced hyphal extension and cell death on palea and lemma tissues. Fungal biomass was reduced in spikes inoculated with the Fgdon- strain as compared with the wild-type strain. The transcriptional analysis showed that jasmonate and ethylene-signalling pathways are induced upon infection, together with genes encoding putative detoxification and transport proteins, antioxidant functions as well as secondary metabolite pathways. In particular, our metabolite profiling analysis showed that tryptophan-derived metabolites, tryptamine, serotonin, coumaroyl-serotonin and feruloyl-serotonin, are more induced upon infection by the Fgdon+ strain than by the Fgdon- strain. Serotonin was shown to exhibit a slight direct antimicrobial effect against Fg. CONCLUSION Our results show that Bd exhibits defense hallmarks similar to those already identified in cereal crops. While the fungus uses DON as a virulence factor, the host plant preferentially induces detoxification and the phenylpropanoid and phenolamide pathways as resistance mechanisms. Together with its amenability in laboratory conditions, this makes Bd a very good model to study cereal resistance mechanisms towards the major disease FHB.
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104
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GC-MS Based Metabolite Profiling of RiceKojiFermentation by Various Fungi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:2267-72. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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105
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Trontin C, Kiani S, Corwin JA, Hématy K, Yansouni J, Kliebenstein DJ, Loudet O. A pair of receptor-like kinases is responsible for natural variation in shoot growth response to mannitol treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:121-33. [PMID: 24479634 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Growth is a complex trait that adapts to the prevailing conditions by integrating many internal and external signals. Understanding the molecular origin of this variation remains a challenging issue. In this study, natural variation of shoot growth under mannitol-induced stress was analyzed by standard quantitative trait locus mapping methods in a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the Col-0 and Cvi-0 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Cloning of a major QTL specific to mannitol-induced stress condition led to identification of EGM1 and EGM2, a pair of tandem-duplicated genes encoding receptor-like kinases that are potentially involved in signaling of mannitol-associated stress responses. Using various genetic approaches, we identified two non-synonymous mutations in the EGM2[Cvi] allele that are shared by at least ten accessions from various origins and are probably responsible for a specific tolerance to mannitol. We have shown that the enhanced shoot growth phenotype contributed by the Cvi allele is not linked to generic osmotic properties but instead to a specific chemical property of mannitol itself. This result raises the question of the function of such a gene in A. thaliana, a species that does not synthesize mannitol. Our findings suggest that the receptor-like kinases encoded by EGM genes may be activated by mannitol produced by pathogens such as fungi, and may contribute to plant defense responses whenever mannitol is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Trontin
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000, Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000, Versailles, France
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106
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Ibáñez AM, Martinelli F, Reagan RL, Uratsu SL, Vo A, Tinoco MA, Phu ML, Chen Y, Rocke DM, Dandekar AM. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of citrus fruit to elucidate puffing disorder. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 217-218:87-98. [PMID: 24467900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A systems-level analysis reveals details of molecular mechanisms underlying puffing disorder in Citrus fruit. Flavedo, albedo and juice sac tissues of normal fruits and fruits displaying symptoms of puffing disorder were studied using metabolomics at three developmental stages. Microarrays were used to compare normal and puffed fruits for each of the three tissues. A protein-protein interaction network inferred from previous work on Arabidopsis identified hub proteins whose transcripts show significant changes in expression. Glycolysis, the backbone of primary metabolism, appeared to be severely affected by the disorder, based on both transcriptomic and metabolomic results. Significantly less citric acid was observed consistently in puffed fruits. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that glycolysis and carbohydrate metabolism were significantly altered in puffed samples in both albedo and flavedo. Expression of invertases and genes for sucrose export, amylose-starch and starch-maltose conversion was higher in puffed fruits. These changes may significantly alter source-sink communications. Genes associated with gibberellin and cytokinin signaling were downregulated in symptomatic albedo tissues, suggesting that these hormones play key roles in the disorder. Findings may be applied toward the development of early diagnostic methods based on host response genes and metabolites (i.e. citric acid), and toward therapeutics based on hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ibáñez
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Federico Martinelli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; I.E.M.E.S.T. Istituto Euro Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Via Emerico Amari, 123, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Russell L Reagan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sandra L Uratsu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anna Vo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mario A Tinoco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - My L Phu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Med Sci 1C, Room 146, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Med Sci 1C, Room 146, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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107
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Role of malic enzyme during fatty acid synthesis in the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2672-8. [PMID: 24532075 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00140-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of NADPH by malic enzyme (ME) was postulated to be a rate-limiting step during fatty acid synthesis in oleaginous fungi, based primarily on the results from research focusing on ME in Mucor circinelloides. This hypothesis is challenged by a recent study showing that leucine metabolism, rather than ME, is critical for fatty acid synthesis in M. circinelloides. To clarify this, the gene encoding ME isoform E from Mortierella alpina was homologously expressed. ME overexpression increased the fatty acid content by 30% compared to that for a control. Our results suggest that ME may not be the sole rate-limiting enzyme, but does play a role, during fatty acid synthesis in oleaginous fungi.
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108
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Monteoliva MI, Rizzi YS, Cecchini NM, Hajirezaei MR, Alvarez ME. Context of action of proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) in the Hypersensitive Response of Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:21. [PMID: 24410747 PMCID: PMC3902764 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proline (Pro) dehydrogenase (ProDH) potentiates the oxidative burst and cell death of the plant Hypersensitive Response (HR) by mechanisms not yet elucidated. ProDH converts Pro into ∆1 pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and can act together with P5C dehydrogenase (P5CDH) to produce Glu, or with P5C reductase (P5CR) to regenerate Pro and thus stimulate the Pro/P5C cycle. To better understand the effects of ProDH in HR, we studied the enzyme at three stages of the defense response differing in their ROS and cell death levels. In addition, we tested if ProDH requires P5CDH to potentiate HR. RESULTS Control and infected leaves of wild type and p5cdh plants were used to monitor ProDH activity, in vivo Pro catabolism, amino acid content, and gene expression. Wild type plants activated ProDH at all HR stages. They did not consume Pro during maximal ROS accumulation, and maintained almost basal P5C levels at all conditions. p5cdh mutants activated ProDH as wild type plants. They achieved maximum oxidative burst and cell death levels producing normal HR lesions, but evidenced premature defense activation. CONCLUSION ProDH activation has different effects on HR. Before the oxidative burst it leads to Pro consumption involving the action of P5CDH. During the oxidative burst, ProDH becomes functionally uncoupled to P5CDH and apparently works with P5CR. The absence of P5CDH does not reduce ROS, cell death, or pathogen resistance, indicating this enzyme is not accompanying ProDH in the potentiation of these defense responses. In contrast, p5cdh infected plants displayed increased ROS burst and earlier initiation of HR cell death. In turn, our results suggest that ProDH may sustain HR by participating in the Pro/P5C cycle, whose action on HR must be formally evaluated in a future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Inés Monteoliva
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yanina Soledad Rizzi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Miguel Cecchini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Molecular Plant Nutrition, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - María Elena Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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109
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Muthuswamy A, Eapen SJ. Research on Plant Pathogenic Fungi in the Genomics Era: From Sequence Analysis to Systems Biology. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1188-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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110
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Samalova M, Meyer AJ, Gurr SJ, Fricker MD. Robust anti-oxidant defences in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae confer tolerance to the host oxidative burst. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:556-573. [PMID: 24117971 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogen attack via a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, ROS are also produced by fungal metabolism and are required for the development of infection structures in Magnaporthe oryzae. To obtain a better understanding of redox regulation in M. oryzae, we measured the amount and redox potential of glutathione (E(GSH)), as the major cytoplasmic anti-oxidant, the rates of ROS production, and mitochondrial activity using multi-channel four-dimensional (x,y,z,t) confocal imaging of Grx1-roGFP2 and fluorescent reporters during spore germination, appressorium formation and infection. High levels of mitochondrial activity and ROS were localized to the growing germ tube and appressorium, but E(GSH) was highly reduced and tightly regulated during development. Furthermore, germlings were extremely resistant to external H2O2 exposure ex planta. EGSH remained highly reduced during successful infection of the susceptible rice cultivar CO39. By contrast, there was a dramatic reduction in the infection of resistant (IR68) rice, but the sparse hyphae that did form also maintained a similar reduced E(GSH). We conclude that M. oryzae has a robust anti-oxidant defence system and maintains tight control of EGSH despite substantial oxidative challenge. Furthermore, the magnitude of the host oxidative burst alone does not stress the pathogen sufficiently to prevent infection in this pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES, Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah J Gurr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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111
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Fernandez J, Marroquin-Guzman M, Wilson RA. Mechanisms of nutrient acquisition and utilization during fungal infections of leaves. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:155-74. [PMID: 24848414 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Foliar fungal pathogens challenge global food security, but how they optimize growth and development during infection is understudied. Despite adopting several lifestyles to facilitate nutrient acquisition from colonized cells, little is known about the genetic underpinnings governing pathogen adaption to host-derived nutrients. Homologs of common global and pathway-specific gene regulatory elements are likely to be involved, but their contribution to pathogenicity, and how they are connected to broader genetic networks, is largely unspecified. Here, we focus on carbon and nitrogen metabolism in foliar pathogens and consider what is known, and what is not known, about fungal exploitation of host nutrient and ask how common metabolic regulators have been co-opted to the plant-pathogenic lifestyle as well as how nutrients are utilized to drive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Fernandez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583; , ,
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112
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Li X, Bai T, Li Y, Ruan X, Li H. Proteomic analysis of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4-inoculated response to Fusarium wilts in the banana root cells. Proteome Sci 2013; 11:41. [PMID: 24070062 PMCID: PMC3850410 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-11-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium wilt of banana is one of the most destructive diseases in the world. This disease has caused heavy losses in major banana production areas. Except for molecular breeding methods based on plant defense mechanisms, effective methods to control the disease are still lacking. Dynamic changes in defense mechanisms between susceptible, moderately resistant, and highly resistant banana and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc4) at the protein level remain unknown. This research reports the proteomic profile of three banana cultivars in response to Foc4 and transcriptional levels correlated with their sequences for the design of disease control strategies by molecular breeding. RESULTS Thirty-eight differentially expressed proteins were identified to function in cell metabolism. Most of these proteins were positively regulated after Foc4 inoculation. These differentially regulated proteins were found to have important functions in banana defense response. Functional categories implicated that these proteins were associated with pathogenesis-related (PR) response; isoflavonoid, flavonoid, and anthocyanin syntheses; cell wall strengthening; cell polarization; reactive oxygen species production and scavenging; jasmonic acid-, abscisic acid-, and auxin-mediated signaling conduction; molecular chaperones; energy; and primary metabolism. By comparing the protein profiles of resistant and susceptible banana cultivars, many proteins showed obvious distinction in their defense mechanism functions. PR proteins in susceptible 'Brazil' were mainly involved in defense. The proteins related to PR response, cell wall strengthening and antifungal compound synthesis in moderately resistant 'Nongke No.1' were mainly involved in defense. The proteins related to PR response, cell wall strengthening, and antifungal compound synthesis in highly resistant 'Yueyoukang I' were mainly involved in defense. 12 differentially regulated genes were selected to validate through quantitative real time PCR method. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses of these selected genes corroborate with their respective protein abundance after pathogen infection. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to use proteomic profiling to study the molecular mechanism of banana roots infected with Foc4. The differentially regulated proteins involved in different defense pathways are likely associated with different resistant levels of the three banana cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tingting Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaolei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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113
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Baldoni E, Mattana M, Locatelli F, Consonni R, Cagliani LR, Picchi V, Abbruscato P, Genga A. Analysis of transcript and metabolite levels in Italian rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars subjected to osmotic stress or benzothiadiazole treatment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:492-503. [PMID: 23860229 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the major objectives of rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding programs is the development of new varieties with higher tolerance/resistance to both abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, Italian rice cultivars were subjected to osmotic stress or benzothiadiazole (BTH) treatments. An analysis of the expression of selected genes known to be involved in the stress response and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) metabolic profiling were combined with multivariate statistical analyses to elucidate potential correlations between gene expression or metabolite content and observed tolerant/resistant phenotypes. We observed that the expression of three chosen genes (two WRKY genes and one peroxidase encoding gene) differed between susceptible and resistant cultivars in response to BTH treatments. Moreover, the analysis of metabolite content, in particular in the osmotic stress experiment, enabled discrimination between selected cultivars based on differences in the accumulation of some primary metabolites, primarily sugars. This research highlights the potential usefulness of this approach to characterise rice varieties based on transcriptional or metabolic changes due to adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baldoni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, C.N.R., via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
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114
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Metabolic study of grapevine leaves infected by downy mildew using negative ion electrospray – Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 795:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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115
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Kushalappa AC, Gunnaiah R. Metabolo-proteomics to discover plant biotic stress resistance genes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:522-31. [PMID: 23790252 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants continuously encounter various environmental stresses and use qualitative and quantitative measures to resist pathogen attack. Qualitative stress responses, based on monogenic inheritance, have been elucidated and successfully used in plant improvement. By contrast, quantitative stress responses remain largely unexplored in plant breeding, due to complex polygenic inheritance, although hundreds of quantitative trait loci for resistance have been identified. Recent advances in metabolomic and proteomic technologies now offer opportunities to overcome the hurdle of polygenic inheritance and identify candidate genes for use in plant breeding, thus improving the global food security. In this review, we describe a conceptual background to the plant-pathogen relationship and propose ten heuristic steps streamlining the application of metabolo-proteomics to improve plant resistance to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajjamada C Kushalappa
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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116
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Engelsdorf T, Horst RJ, Pröls R, Pröschel M, Dietz F, Hückelhoven R, Voll LM. Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances the susceptibility of Arabidopsis toward Colletotrichum higginsianum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:225-38. [PMID: 23487433 PMCID: PMC3641204 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.209676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete fungus that is adapted to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). After breaching the host surface, the fungus establishes an initial biotrophic phase in the penetrated epidermis cell, before necrotrophic growth is initiated upon further host colonization. We observed that partitioning of major leaf carbohydrates was shifted in favor of sucrose and at the expense of starch during necrotrophic fungal growth. Arabidopsis mutants with impaired starch turnover were more susceptible toward C. higginsianum infection, exhibiting a strong negative correlation between diurnal carbohydrate accumulation and fungal proliferation for the tested genotypes. By altering the length of the light phase and employing additional genotypes impaired in nocturnal carbon mobilization, we revealed that reduced availability of carbon enhances susceptibility in the investigated pathosystem. Systematic starvation experiments resulted in two important findings. First, we showed that carbohydrate supply by the host is dispensable during biotrophic growth of C. higginsianum, while carbon deficiency was most harmful to the host during the necrotrophic colonization phase. Compared with the wild type, the increases in the total salicylic acid pool and camalexin accumulation were reduced in starch-free mutants at late interaction stages, while an increased ratio of free to total salicylic acid did not convey elevated pathogenesis-related gene expression in starch-free mutants. These observations suggest that reduced carbon availability dampens induced defense responses. In contrast, starch-free mutants were more resistant toward the fungal biotroph Erysiphe cruciferarum, indicating that reduced carbohydrate availability influences susceptibility differently in the interaction with the investigated hemibiotrophic and biotrophic fungal pathogens.
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117
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Transcriptional profiling of rice early response to Magnaporthe oryzae identified OsWRKYs as important regulators in rice blast resistance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59720. [PMID: 23544090 PMCID: PMC3609760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice blast disease is a major threat to rice production worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying rice resistance to the causal agent Magnaporthe oryzae remain elusive. Therefore, we carried out a transcriptome study on rice early defense response to M. oryzae. We found that the transcriptional profiles of rice compatible and incompatible interactions with M. oryzae were mostly similar, with genes regulated more prominently in the incompatible interactions. The functional analysis showed that the genes involved in signaling and secondary metabolism were extensively up-regulated. In particular, WRKY transcription factor genes were significantly enriched among the up-regulated genes. Overexpressing one of these WRKY genes, OsWRKY47, in transgenic rice plants conferred enhanced resistance against rice blast fungus. Our results revealed the sophisticated transcriptional reprogramming of signaling and metabolic pathways during rice early response to M. oryzae and demonstrated the critical roles of WRKY transcription factors in rice blast resistance.
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118
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Gan P, Ikeda K, Irieda H, Narusaka M, O'Connell RJ, Narusaka Y, Takano Y, Kubo Y, Shirasu K. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the hemibiotrophic stage shift of Colletotrichum fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1236-1249. [PMID: 23252678 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens represent a group of agronomically significant disease-causing agents that grow first on living tissue and then cause host death in later, necrotrophic growth. Among these, Colletotrichum spp. are devastating pathogens of many crops. Identifying expanded classes of genes in the genomes of phytopathogenic Colletotrichum, especially those associated with specific stages of hemibiotrophy, can provide insights on how these pathogens infect a large number of hosts. The genomes of Colletotrichum orbiculare, which infects cucurbits and Nicotiana benthamiana, and C. gloeosporioides, which infects a wide range of crops, were sequenced and analyzed, focusing on features with potential roles in pathogenicity. Regulation of C. orbiculare gene expression was investigated during infection of N. benthamiana using a custom microarray. Genes expanded in both genomes compared to other fungi included sequences encoding small, secreted proteins (SSPs), secondary metabolite synthesis genes, proteases and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. Many SSP and secondary metabolite synthesis genes were upregulated during initial stages of host colonization, whereas the necrotrophic stage of growth is characterized by upregulation of sequences encoding degradative enzymes. Hemibiotrophy in C. orbiculare is characterized by distinct stage-specific gene expression profiles of expanded classes of potential pathogenicity genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gan
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Irieda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yasuyuki Kubo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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119
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Arias CL, Andreo CS, Drincovich MF, Gerrard Wheeler MC. Fumarate and cytosolic pH as modulators of the synthesis or consumption of C(4) organic acids through NADP-malic enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:297-307. [PMID: 23242919 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is a plant species that accumulates high levels of organic acids and uses them as carbon, energy and reducing power sources. Among the enzymes that metabolize these compounds, one of the most important ones is malic enzyme (ME). A. thaliana contains four malic enzymes (NADP-ME 1-4) to catalyze the reversible oxidative decarboxylation of malate in the presence of NADP. NADP-ME2 is the only one located in the cell cytosol of all Arabidopsis organs providing most of the total NADP-ME activity. In the present work, the regulation of this key enzyme by fumarate was investigated by kinetic assays, structural analysis and a site-directed mutagenesis approach. The final effect of this metabolite on NADP-ME2 forward activity not only depends on fumarate and substrate concentrations but also on the pH of the reaction medium. Fumarate produced an increase in NADP-ME2 activity by binding to an allosteric site. However at higher concentrations, fumarate caused a competitive inhibition, excluding the substrate malate from binding to the active site. The characterization of ME2-R115A mutant, which is not activated by fumarate, confirms this hypothesis. In addition, the reverse reaction (reductive carboxylation of pyruvate) is also modulated by fumarate, but in a different way. The results indicate pH-dependence of the fumarate modulation with opposite behavior on the two activities analyzed. Thereby, the coordinated action of fumarate over the direct and reverse reactions would allow a precise and specific modulation of the metabolic flux through this enzyme, leading to the synthesis or degradation of C(4) compounds under certain conditions. Thus, the physiological context might be exerting an accurate control of ME activity in planta, through changes in metabolite and substrate concentrations and cytosolic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Lucía Arias
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
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120
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Application of metabolomics approaches to the study of respiratory diseases. Bioanalysis 2013; 4:2265-90. [PMID: 23046268 DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is the global unbiased analysis of all the small-molecule metabolites within a biological system, under a given set of conditions. These methods offer the potential for a holistic approach to clinical medicine, as well as improving disease diagnosis and understanding of pathological mechanisms. Respiratory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder are increasing globally, with the latter predicted to become the third leading cause of global mortality by 2020. The root causes for disease onset remain poorly understood and no cures are available. This review presents an overview of metabolomics followed by in-depth discussion of its application to the study of respiratory diseases, including the design of metabolomics experiments, choice of clinical material collected and potentially confounding experimental factors. Particular challenges in the field are presented and placed within the context of the future of the applications of metabolomics approaches to the study of respiratory diseases.
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121
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Fernandez J, Wilson RA. Why no feeding frenzy? Mechanisms of nutrient acquisition and utilization during infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1286-93. [PMID: 22947213 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-11-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating pathogen of rice and wheat. It is a hemibiotroph that exhibits symptomless biotrophic growth for the first 4 to 5 days of infection of susceptible cultivars before becoming necrotrophic. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how M. oryzae is able to grow, acquire nutrients, and interact with the plant cell during infection. In particular, we describe direct mechanisms (such as the integration of carbon and nitrogen metabolism by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1) and indirect mechanisms (such as the suppression of host responses) that allow M. oryzae to utilize available host nutrient. We contrast the ability of M. oryzae to voraciously metabolize a wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources in vitro with the carefully orchestrated development it displays during the biotrophic phase of in planta growth and ask how the two observations can be reconciled. We also look at how nutrient acquisition and effector biology might be linked in order to facilitate rapid colonization of the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernandez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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122
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Voll LM, Zell MB, Engelsdorf T, Saur A, Wheeler MG, Drincovich MF, Weber APM, Maurino VG. Loss of cytosolic NADP-malic enzyme 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana is associated with enhanced susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:189-202. [PMID: 22497207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
• While photosynthetic NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) has a prominent role in the C(4) cycle, the biological function of nonphotosynthetic isoforms remains elusive. Here, we analysed the link between Arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic NADP-ME2 and the plant defence response. • Arabidopsis thaliana plants with wild-type and modified NADP-ME2 expression levels were analysed after elicitation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and during the interaction with the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. • Under normal growth conditions, the lack or gain of NADP-ME2 activity produced large changes in plant metabolite pool sizes without any effect on morphology or development. Total NADP-ME activity and NADP-ME2 transcript level were enhanced after PAMP treatment and pathogen infection. During infection with C. higginsianum, loss-of-function mutants of NADP-ME2 (nadp-me2) showed enhanced susceptibility. Transient apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after elicitation and callose papilla formation after infection were dampened in nadp-me2. Late salicylic acid (SA)-dependent and SA-independent defence responses were not affected. • Taken together, our results indicate that NADP-ME2 is an important player in plant basal defence, where it appears to be involved in the generation of ROS. Moreover, NADP-ME2 was found to be dispensable for later defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M Voll
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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123
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Lorieux M, Blein M, Lozano J, Bouniol M, Droc G, Diévart A, Périn C, Mieulet D, Lanau N, Bès M, Rouvière C, Gay C, Piffanelli P, Larmande P, Michel C, Barnola I, Biderre-Petit C, Sallaud C, Perez P, Bourgis F, Ghesquière A, Gantet P, Tohme J, Morel JB, Guiderdoni E. In-depth molecular and phenotypic characterization in a rice insertion line library facilitates gene identification through reverse and forward genetics approaches. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:555-68. [PMID: 22369597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report here the molecular and phenotypic features of a library of 31,562 insertion lines generated in the model japonica cultivar Nipponbare of rice (Oryza sativa L.), called Oryza Tag Line (OTL). Sixteen thousand eight hundred and fourteen T-DNA and 12,410 Tos17 discrete insertion sites have been characterized in these lines. We estimate that 8686 predicted gene intervals--i.e. one-fourth to one-fifth of the estimated rice nontransposable element gene complement--are interrupted by sequence-indexed T-DNA (6563 genes) and/or Tos17 (2755 genes) inserts. Six hundred and forty-three genes are interrupted by both T-DNA and Tos17 inserts. High quality of the sequence indexation of the T2 seed samples was ascertained by several approaches. Field evaluation under agronomic conditions of 27,832 OTL has revealed that 18.2% exhibit at least one morphophysiological alteration in the T1 progeny plants. Screening 10,000 lines for altered response to inoculation by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae allowed to observe 71 lines (0.7%) developing spontaneous lesions simulating disease mutants and 43 lines (0.4%) exhibiting an enhanced disease resistance or susceptibility. We show here that at least 3.5% (four of 114) of these alterations are tagged by the mutagens. The presence of allelic series of sequence-indexed mutations in a gene among OTL that exhibit a convergent phenotype clearly increases the chance of establishing a linkage between alterations and inserts. This convergence approach is illustrated by the identification of the rice ortholog of AtPHO2, the disruption of which causes a lesion-mimic phenotype owing to an over-accumulation of phosphate, in nine lines bearing allelic insertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Lorieux
- IRD, UMR DIADE, CIAT, Agrobiodiversity and Biotechnology Project, Cali, Colombia
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124
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Soanes DM, Chakrabarti A, Paszkiewicz KH, Dawe AL, Talbot NJ. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of appressorium development by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002514. [PMID: 22346750 PMCID: PMC3276559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most significant pathogens affecting global food security. To cause rice blast disease the fungus elaborates a specialised infection structure called an appressorium. Here, we report genome wide transcriptional profile analysis of appressorium development using next generation sequencing (NGS). We performed both RNA-Seq and High-Throughput SuperSAGE analysis to compare the utility of these procedures for identifying differential gene expression in M. oryzae. We then analysed global patterns of gene expression during appressorium development. We show evidence for large-scale gene expression changes, highlighting the role of autophagy, lipid metabolism and melanin biosynthesis in appressorium differentiation. We reveal the role of the Pmk1 MAP kinase as a key global regulator of appressorium-associated gene expression. We also provide evidence for differential expression of transporter-encoding gene families and specific high level expression of genes involved in quinate uptake and utilization, consistent with pathogen-mediated perturbation of host metabolism during plant infection. When considered together, these data provide a comprehensive high-resolution analysis of gene expression changes associated with cellular differentiation that will provide a key resource for understanding the biology of rice blast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M. Soanes
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Apratim Chakrabarti
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad H. Paszkiewicz
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Angus L. Dawe
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Talbot
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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125
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Gupta SK, Rai AK, Kanwar SS, Chand D, Singh NK, Sharma TR. The single functional blast resistance gene Pi54 activates a complex defence mechanism in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:757-72. [PMID: 22058403 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Pi54 gene (Pi-k(h)) confers a high degree of resistance to diverse strains of the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. In order to understand the genome-wide co-expression of genes in the transgenic rice plant Taipei 309 (TP) containing the Pi54 gene, microarray analysis was performed at 72 h post-inoculation of the M. oryzae strain PLP-1. A total of 1154 differentially expressing genes were identified in TP-Pi54 plants. Of these, 587 were up-regulated, whereas 567 genes were found to be down-regulated. 107 genes were found that were exclusively up-regulated and 58 genes that were down- regulated in the case of TP-Pi54. Various defence response genes, such as callose, laccase, PAL, and peroxidase, and genes related to transcription factors like NAC6, Dof zinc finger, MAD box, bZIP, and WRKY were found to be up-regulated in the transgenic line. The enzymatic activities of six plant defence response enzymes, such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, β-glucosidase, β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase, were found to be significantly high in TP-Pi54 at different stages of inoculation by M. oryzae. The total phenol content also increased significantly in resistant transgenic plants after pathogen inoculation. This study suggests the activation of defence response and transcription factor-related genes and a higher expression of key enzymes involved in the defence response pathway in the rice line TP-Pi54, thus leading to incompatible host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Gupta
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
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126
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Lloyd AJ, William Allwood J, Winder CL, Dunn WB, Heald JK, Cristescu SM, Sivakumaran A, Harren FJM, Mulema J, Denby K, Goodacre R, Smith AR, Mur LAJ. Metabolomic approaches reveal that cell wall modifications play a major role in ethylene-mediated resistance against Botrytis cinerea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:852-68. [PMID: 21575089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is conferred by ethylene via poorly understood mechanisms. Metabolomic approaches compared the responses of the wild-type, the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1-1, which showed increased susceptibility, and the constitutively active ethylene mutants ctr1-1 and eto2 both exhibited decreased susceptibility to B. cinerea. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy demonstrated reproducible biochemical differences between treatments and genotypes. To identify discriminatory mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) associated with resistance, discriminant function analysis was employed on spectra derived from direct injection electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry on the derived principal components of these data. Ethylene-modulated m/z were mapped onto Arabidopsis biochemical pathways and many were associated with hydroxycinnamate and monolignol biosynthesis, both linked to cell wall modification. A high-resolution linear triple quadrupole-Orbitrap hybrid system confirmed the identity of key metabolites in these pathways. The contribution of these pathways to defence against B. cinerea was validated through the use of multiple Arabidopsis mutants. The FT-IR microspectroscopy indicated that spatial accumulation of hydroxycinnamates and monolignols at the cell wall to confine disease was linked ot ethylene. These data demonstrate the power of metabolomic approaches in elucidating novel biological phenomena, especially when coupled to validation steps exploiting relevant mutant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lloyd
- Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth SY233DA, UK
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Voll LM, Horst RJ, Voitsik AM, Zajic D, Samans B, Pons-Kühnemann J, Doehlemann G, Münch S, Wahl R, Molitor A, Hofmann J, Schmiedl A, Waller F, Deising HB, Kahmann R, Kämper J, Kogel KH, Sonnewald U. Common Motifs in the Response of Cereal Primary Metabolism to Fungal Pathogens are not Based on Similar Transcriptional Reprogramming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:39. [PMID: 22645534 PMCID: PMC3355734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During compatible interactions with their host plants, biotrophic plant-pathogens subvert host metabolism to ensure the sustained provision of nutrient assimilates by the colonized host cells. To investigate, whether common motifs can be revealed in the response of primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism toward colonization with biotrophic fungi in cereal leaves, we have conducted a combined metabolome and transcriptome study of three quite divergent pathosystems, the barley powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei), the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis, and the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola, the latter being a hemibiotroph that only exhibits an initial biotrophic phase during its establishment. Based on the analysis of 42 water-soluble metabolites, we were able to separate early biotrophic from late biotrophic interactions by hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis, irrespective of the plant host. Interestingly, the corresponding transcriptome dataset could not discriminate between these stages of biotrophy, irrespective, of whether transcript data for genes of central metabolism or the entire transcriptome dataset was used. Strong differences in the transcriptional regulation of photosynthesis, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, lipid biosynthesis, and cell wall metabolism were observed between the pathosystems. However, increased contents of Gln, Asn, and glucose as well as diminished contents of PEP and 3-PGA were common to early post-penetration stages of all interactions. On the transcriptional level, genes of the TCA cycle, nucleotide energy metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis exhibited consistent trends among the compared biotrophic interactions, identifying the requirement for metabolic energy and the rearrangement of amino acid pools as common transcriptional motifs during early biotrophy. Both metabolome and transcript data were employed to generate models of leaf primary metabolism during early biotrophy for the three investigated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Matthias Voll
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
| | - Robin Jonathan Horst
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Voitsik
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
| | - Doreen Zajic
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
| | - Birgit Samans
- Institute of Biometry and Population Genetics, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
- Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Jörn Pons-Kühnemann
- Institute of Biometry and Population Genetics, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
- Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Münch
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Ramon Wahl
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, University of KarlsruheKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexandra Molitor
- Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
| | - Alfred Schmiedl
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Waller
- Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Holger Bruno Deising
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyMarburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, University of KarlsruheKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
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Huang K, Czymmek KJ, Caplan JL, Sweigard JA, Donofrio NM. HYR1-mediated detoxification of reactive oxygen species is required for full virulence in the rice blast fungus. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001335. [PMID: 21533213 PMCID: PMC3077360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interactions, the plant may mount several types of defense responses to either block the pathogen completely or ameliorate the amount of disease. Such responses include release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to attack the pathogen, as well as formation of cell wall appositions (CWAs) to physically block pathogen penetration. A successful pathogen will likely have its own ROS detoxification mechanisms to cope with this inhospitable environment. Here, we report one such candidate mechanism in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, governed by a gene we refer to as MoHYR1. This gene (MGG_07460) encodes a glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) domain, and its homologue in yeast was reported to specifically detoxify phospholipid peroxides. To characterize this gene in M. oryzae, we generated a deletion mutantΔhyr1 which showed growth inhibition with increased amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Moreover, we observed that the fungal mutants had a decreased ability to tolerate ROS generated by a susceptible plant, including ROS found associated with CWAs. Ultimately, this resulted in significantly smaller lesion sizes on both barley and rice. In order to determine how this gene interacts with other (ROS) scavenging-related genes in M. oryzae, we compared expression levels of ten genes in mutant versus wild type with and without H₂O₂. Our results indicated that the HYR1 gene was important for allowing the fungus to tolerate H₂O₂ in vitro and in planta and that this ability was directly related to fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware, United States of America
| | - Kirk J. Czymmek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware, United States of America
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware, United States of
America
| | - Jeffrey L. Caplan
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware, United States of
America
| | - James A. Sweigard
- Stine-Haskell Lab, DuPont, Newark, Delaware, United States of
America
| | - Nicole M. Donofrio
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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130
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Transcriptome profiling of the rice blast fungus during invasive plant infection and in vitro stresses. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:49. [PMID: 21247492 PMCID: PMC3037901 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rice blast is the most threatening disease to cultivated rice. Magnaporthe oryzae, its causal agent, is likely to encounter environmental challenges during invasive growth in its host plants that require shifts in gene expression to establish a compatible interaction. Here, we tested the hypothesis that gene expression patterns during in planta invasive growth are similar to in vitro stress conditions, such as nutrient limitation, temperature up shift and oxidative stress, and determined which condition most closely mimicked that of in planta invasive growth. Gene expression data were collected from these in vitro experiments and compared to fungal gene expression during the invasive growth phase at 72 hours post-inoculation in compatible interactions on two grass hosts, rice and barley. Results We identified 4,973 genes that were differentially expressed in at least one of the in planta and in vitro stress conditions when compared to fungal mycelia grown in complete medium, which was used as reference. From those genes, 1,909 showed similar expression patterns between at least one of the in vitro stresses and rice and/or barley. Hierarchical clustering of these 1,909 genes showed three major clusters in which in planta conditions closely grouped with the nutrient starvation conditions. Out of these 1,909 genes, 55 genes and 129 genes were induced and repressed in all treatments, respectively. Functional categorization of the 55 induced genes revealed that most were either related to carbon metabolism, membrane proteins, or were involved in oxidoreduction reactions. The 129 repressed genes showed putative roles in vesicle trafficking, signal transduction, nitrogen metabolism, or molecular transport. Conclusions These findings suggest that M. oryzae is likely primarily coping with nutrient-limited environments at the invasive growth stage 72 hours post-inoculation, and not with oxidative or temperature stresses.
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131
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Rico A, McCraw SL, Preston GM. The metabolic interface between Pseudomonas syringae and plant cells. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:31-8. [PMID: 21236723 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae causes economically important diseases of a wide variety of plant species and is used as a model organism to understand the molecular basis of plant disease. Much existing research into P. syringae-plant interactions has focused on the molecular basis of plant disease resistance and the role of secreted effector proteins in the suppression of plant defences. However, researchers have speculated that the diverse array of effectors, toxins and hormones produced by this pathogen also play an important role in manipulating plant metabolism to promote infection. Recent advances in metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics and metabolic modelling offer new opportunities to address this question and generate a system-level understanding of metabolic interactions at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantza Rico
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
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132
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Baker JM, Ward JL, Beale MH. Combined NMR and flow injection ESI-MS for Brassicaceae metabolomics. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 860:177-91. [PMID: 22351178 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-594-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening of large collections of plants, whether in the context of gene function analysis, quality trait selection, or metabolic engineering requires robust and rapid methodologies that provide maximum information with minimum sample pre-fractionation. Here, we present a protocol for high-throughput plant metabolomic analysis developed for Arabidopsis and generally applicable to plant green tissue, including other Brassicaceae. The methodology uses combined, flow injection electrospray mass spectrometry (FI-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis. The protocol covers all steps of the process including sample extraction, data acquisition, data processing, and multivariate statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Baker
- National Centre for Plant and Microbial Metabolomics, Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Hertfordshire, UK
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133
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Gardiner DM, Kazan K, Praud S, Torney FJ, Rusu A, Manners JM. Early activation of wheat polyamine biosynthesis during Fusarium head blight implicates putrescine as an inducer of trichothecene mycotoxin production. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:289. [PMID: 21192794 PMCID: PMC3022911 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease on wheat which can lead to trichothecene mycotoxin (e.g. deoxynivalenol, DON) contamination of grain, harmful to mammalian health. DON is produced at low levels under standard culture conditions when compared to plant infection but specific polyamines (e.g. putrescine and agmatine) and amino acids (e.g. arginine and ornithine) are potent inducers of DON by F. graminearum in axenic culture. Currently, host factors that promote mycotoxin synthesis during FHB are unknown, but plant derived polyamines could contribute to DON induction in infected heads. However, the temporal and spatial accumulation of polyamines and amino acids in relation to that of DON has not been studied. RESULTS Following inoculation of susceptible wheat heads by F. graminearum, DON accumulation was detected at two days after inoculation. The accumulation of putrescine was detected as early as one day following inoculation while arginine and cadaverine were also produced at three and four days post-inoculation. Transcripts of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and arginine decarboxylase (ADC), two key biosynthetic enzymes for putrescine biosynthesis, were also strongly induced in heads at two days after inoculation. These results indicated that elicitation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway is an early response to FHB. Transcripts for genes encoding enzymes acting upstream in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway as well as those of ODC and ADC, and putrescine levels were also induced in the rachis, a flower organ supporting DON production and an important route for pathogen colonisation during FHB. A survey of 24 wheat genotypes with varying responses to FHB showed putrescine induction is a general response to inoculation and no correlation was observed between the accumulation of putrescine and infection or DON accumulation. CONCLUSIONS The activation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and putrescine in infected heads prior to detectable DON accumulation is consistent with a model where the pathogen exploits the generic host stress response of polyamine synthesis as a cue for production of trichothecene mycotoxins during FHB disease. However, it is likely that this mechanism is complicated by other factors contributing to resistance and susceptibility in diverse wheat genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Gardiner
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4067, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4067, Australia
| | - Sebastien Praud
- Biogemma, Site ULICE, ZAC les portes de Riom-BP173, 63204 Riom, France
| | - Francois J Torney
- Biogemma, Site ULICE, ZAC les portes de Riom-BP173, 63204 Riom, France
| | - Anca Rusu
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4067, Australia
| | - John M Manners
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4067, Australia
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134
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Lowe RGT, Allwood JW, Galster AM, Urban M, Daudi A, Canning G, Ward JL, Beale MH, Hammond-Kosack KE. A combined ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis to understand the basal metabolism of plant-pathogenic Fusarium spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1605-18. [PMID: 20718668 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-10-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many ascomycete Fusarium spp. are plant pathogens that cause disease on both cereal and noncereal hosts. Infection of wheat ears by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum typically results in bleaching and a subsequent reduction in grain yield. Also, a large proportion of the harvested grain can be spoiled when the colonizing Fusarium mycelia produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). In this study, we have explored the intracellular polar metabolome of Fusarium spp. in both toxin-producing and nonproducing conditions in vitro. Four Fusarium spp., including nine well-characterized wild-type field isolates now used routinely in laboratory experimentation, were explored. A metabolic "triple-fingerprint" was recorded using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and direct-injection electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy in both positive- and negative-ionization modes. These combined metabolomic analyses revealed that this technique is sufficient to resolve different wild-type isolates and different growth conditions. Principal components analysis was able to resolve the four species explored-F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. venenatum-as well as individual isolate differences from the same species. The external nutritional environment was found to have a far greater influence on the metabolome than the genotype of the organism. Conserved responses to DON-inducing medium were evident and included increased abundance of key compatible solutes, such as glycerol and mannitol. In addition, the concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid was elevated, indicating that the cellular nitrogen status may be affected by growth on DON-inducing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan G T Lowe
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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135
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Brechenmacher L, Lei Z, Libault M, Findley S, Sugawara M, Sadowsky MJ, Sumner LW, Stacey G. Soybean metabolites regulated in root hairs in response to the symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1808-22. [PMID: 20534735 PMCID: PMC2923908 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.157800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation of soybean (Glycine max) root hairs by the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a complex process coordinated by the mutual exchange of diffusible signal molecules. A metabolomic study was performed to identify small molecules produced in roots and root hairs during the rhizobial infection process. Metabolites extracted from roots and root hairs mock inoculated or inoculated with B. japonicum were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry. These combined approaches identified 2,610 metabolites in root hairs. Of these, 166 were significantly regulated in response to B. japonicum inoculation, including various (iso)flavonoids, amino acids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and various carbohydrates. Trehalose was among the most strongly induced metabolites produced following inoculation. Subsequent metabolomic analyses of root hairs inoculated with a B. japonicum mutant defective in the trehalose synthase, trehalose 6-phosphate synthase, and maltooligosyltrehalose synthase genes showed that the trehalose detected in the inoculated root hairs was primarily of bacterial origin. Since trehalose is generally considered an osmoprotectant, these data suggest that B. japonicum likely experiences osmotic stress during the infection process, either on the root hair surface or within the infection thread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary Stacey
- National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Division of Plant Sciences (L.B., M.L., S.F., G.S.), and Center for Sustainable Energy, Division of Biochemistry (G.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Z.L., L.W.S.); Department of Soil, Water, and Climate (M.S., M.J.S.) and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, BioTechnology Institute (M.J.S.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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136
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Hofmann J, El Ashry AEN, Anwar S, Erban A, Kopka J, Grundler F. Metabolic profiling reveals local and systemic responses of host plants to nematode parasitism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:1058-71. [PMID: 20374527 PMCID: PMC2904900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant parasitic beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces syncytial feeding structures in Arabidopsis roots. The feeding structures form strong sink tissues that have been suggested to be metabolically highly active. In the present study, metabolic profiling and gene targeted expression analyses were performed in order to study the local and systemic effects of nematode infection on the plant host. The results showed increased levels of many amino acids and phosphorylated metabolites in syncytia, as well as high accumulation of specific sugars such as 1-kestose that do not accumulate naturally in Arabidopsis roots. A correlation-based network analysis revealed highly activated and coordinated metabolism in syncytia compared to non-infected control roots. An integrated analysis of the central primary metabolism showed a clear coherence of metabolite and transcript levels, indicating transcriptional regulation of specific pathways. Furthermore, systemic effects of nematode infection were demonstrated by correlation-based network analysis as well as independent component analysis. 1-kestose, raffinose, alpha,alpha-trehalose and three non-identified analytes showed clear systemic accumulation, indicating future potential for diagnostic and detailed metabolic analyses. Our studies open the door towards understanding the complex remodelling of plant metabolism in favour of the parasitizing nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hofmann
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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137
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Proteomics of plant pathogenic fungi. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:932527. [PMID: 20589070 PMCID: PMC2878683 DOI: 10.1155/2010/932527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi cause important yield losses in crops. In order to develop efficient and environmental friendly crop protection strategies, molecular studies of the fungal biological cycle, virulence factors, and interaction with its host are necessary. For that reason, several approaches have been performed using both classical genetic, cell biology, and biochemistry and the modern, holistic, and high-throughput, omic techniques. This work briefly overviews the tools available for studying Plant Pathogenic Fungi and is amply focused on MS-based Proteomics analysis, based on original papers published up to December 2009. At a methodological level, different steps in a proteomic workflow experiment are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to fungal descriptive (intracellular, subcellular, extracellular) and differential expression proteomics and interactomics. From the work published we can conclude that Proteomics, in combination with other techniques, constitutes a powerful tool for providing important information about pathogenicity and virulence factors, thus opening up new possibilities for crop disease diagnosis and crop protection.
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138
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Abstract
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark of successful recognition of infection and activation of plant defenses. ROS play multifaceted signaling functions mediating the establishment of multiple responses and can act as local toxins. Controversy surrounds the origin of these ROS. Several enzymatic mechanisms, among them a plasma membrane NADPH oxidase and cell wall peroxidases, can be responsible for the ROS detected in the apoplast. However, high levels of ROS from metabolic origins and/or from downregulation of ROS-scavenging systems can also accumulate in different compartments of the plant cell. This compartmentalization could contribute to the specific functions attributed to ROS. Additionally, ROS interact with other signals and phytohormones, which could explain the variety of different scenarios where ROS signaling plays an important part. Interestingly, pathogens have developed ways to alter ROS accumulation or signaling to modify plant defenses. Although ROS have been mainly associated with pathogen attack, ROS are also detected in other biotic interactions including beneficial symbiotic interactions with bacteria or mycorrhiza, suggesting that ROS production is a common feature of different biotic interactions. Here, we present a comprehensive review describing the newer views in ROS signaling and function during biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM, INIA), Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Autopista M40 Km 38, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
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139
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Pinzon A, Rodriguez-R LM, Gonzalez A, Bernal A, Restrepo S. Targeted metabolic reconstruction: a novel approach for the characterization of plant-pathogen interactions. Brief Bioinform 2010; 12:151-62. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbq009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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140
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Wilson RA, Talbot NJ. Fungal physiology - a future perspective. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:3810-3815. [PMID: 19850622 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.035436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of fungal physiology is set to change dramatically in the next few years as highly scalable technologies are deployed allowing accurate measurement and identification of metabolites, proteins and transcripts within cells. The advent of next-generation DNA-sequencing technologies will also provide genome sequence information from large numbers of industrially relevant and pathogenic fungal species, and allow comparative genome analysis between strains and populations of fungi. When coupled with advances in gene functional analysis, protein-protein interaction studies, live cell imaging and mathematical modelling, this promises a step-change in our understanding of how fungal cells operate as integrated dynamic living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0660, USA
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141
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Yang HQ, Gao HJ. [Physiological function of arginine and its metabolites in plants]. ZHI WU SHENG LI YU FEN ZI SHENG WU XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007. [PMID: 17287563 DOI: 10.1002/9781118783054.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
L-arginine is an important and unique amino acid in plants. It serves not only as an important nitrogen reserve and recycling, but also as a precursor of the biosynthesis of polyamines, nitric oxide and so on. Polyamines and nitric oxide are important messengers involved in almost all physiological and biochemical processes, growth & development, and adaptation of plants to stress. Arginine decarboxylase, arginase and nitric oxide synthase are the key enzymes in L-arginine catabolism, in which polyamines are formed through ADC or arginase-ODC pathway while nitric oxide is formed through the NOS pathway. The relative activity of these three enzymes can control the direction of arginine metabolism. Arginine content keeps higher level in roots during overwinter period. The arginine metabolism plays important role in perception and adaptation of plant to environmental disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qiang Yang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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