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Luo C, Wang H, Chen X, Cui Y, Li H, Long J, Mo X, Liu J. Protection of H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts against oxidative insults by total paeony glucosides from Radix Paeoniae Rubrae. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 21:20-24. [PMID: 24035226 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Total paeony glucosides (TPG) extracted from the roots of Radix Paeoniae Rubrae, have been approved for the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis by the State Food and Drug Administration. We previously demonstrated the myocardial protective effects of TPG in both isoprenaline-induced myocardial ischemia rat and acute myocardial infarction rat. However, the underlying mechanism of TPG effect in cardiomyocytes remains to be investigated. The aims of this study were to elucidate the effect of TPG on the activities of antioxidant defense targets and the bioenergetic system in rat cardiomyocytes. The changes of viability, antioxidant defense system activities, protein contents, and mitochondrial functions in tert-butyl hydroperoxide challenged H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts were evaluated. The results suggest that TPG ameliorated cardiomyoblast dysfunction by preserving antioxidant defense and bioenergetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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102
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Du J, Li Q, Tang F, Puchowitz MA, Fujioka H, Dunwoodie SL, Danielpour D, Yang YC. Cited2 is required for the maintenance of glycolytic metabolism in adult hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:83-94. [PMID: 24083546 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment and display a distinct metabolic phenotype compared with their progenitors. It has been proposed that HSCs generate energy mainly through anaerobic glycolysis in a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (Pdk)-dependent manner. Cited2 is an essential regulator for HSC quiescence, apoptosis, and function. Herein, we show that conditional deletion of Cited2 in murine HSCs results in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, decreased cellular glutathione content, increased mitochondrial activity, and decreased glycolysis. At the molecular level, Cited2 deficiency significantly reduced the expression of genes involved in metabolism, such as Pdk2, Pdk4, and lactate dehydrogenases B and D (LDHB and LDHD). Cited2-deficient HSCs also exhibited increased Akt signaling, concomitant with elevated mTORC1 activity and phosphorylation of FoxOs. Further, inhibition of PI3/Akt, but not mTORC1, partially rescued the repression of Pdk4 caused by deletion of Cited2. Altogether, our results suggest that Cited2 is required for the maintenance of adult HSC glycolytic metabolism likely through regulating Pdk2, Pdk4, LDHB, LDHD, and Akt activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Du
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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103
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ER stress in human hepatic cells treated with Efavirenz: mitochondria again. J Hepatol 2013; 59:780-9. [PMID: 23792026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS ER stress is associated with a growing number of liver diseases, including drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor Efavirenz, a cornerstone of the multidrug strategy employed to treat HIV1 infection, has been related to the development of various adverse events, including metabolic disturbances and hepatic toxicity, the mechanisms of which remain elusive. Recent evidence has pinpointed a specific mitochondrial effect of Efavirenz in human hepatic cells. This study assesses the induction of ER stress by Efavirenz in the same model and the implication of mitochondria in this process. METHODS Primary human hepatocytes and Hep3B were treated with clinically relevant concentrations of Efavirenz and parameters of ER stress were studied using standard cell biology techniques. RESULTS ER stress markers, including CHOP and GRP78 expression (both protein and mRNA), phosphorylation of eIF2α, and presence of the spliced form of XBP1 were upregulated. Efavirenz also enhanced cytosolic Ca(2+) content and induced morphological changes in the ER suggestive of ER stress. This response was greatly attenuated in cells with altered mitochondrial function (Rho°). The effects of Efavirenz on the ER, and particularly in regard to the mitochondrial involvement, differed from those elicited by a standard pharmacological ER stressor. CONCLUSIONS This newly discovered mechanism of cellular insult involving ER stress and UPR response may help comprehend the hepatic toxicity that has been associated with the widespread and life-long use of Efavirenz. In addition, the specificity of the actions of Efavirenz observed expands our knowledge of the mechanisms that trigger ER stress and shed some light on the mitochondria/ER interplay in drug-induced hepatic challenge.
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104
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Echenique IA, Rich JD. EFV/FTC/TDF-associated hepatotoxicity: a case report and review. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2013; 27:493-7. [PMID: 23937548 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2013.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The fixed-dose combination efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir (EFV/FTC/TDF) is a first-line agent for the treatment of HIV. We report the case of a 40-year-old female with a history of HIV acquired through heterosexual contact who initiated EFV/FTC/TDF. Hepatitis B and C serologies were negative, CD4 cell count was 253 cells per cubic millimeter (15.8%), and HIV viral load was 67,373 copies per milliliter. Eight months later she developed transaminitis and severe right upper quadrant pain. Neither illicit drug abuse nor hepatotoxic medication such as acetaminophen was reported. After evaluation including negative acute viral hepatitis studies, EFV/FTC/TDF was discontinued; both her transaminitis and pain resolved. Hepatotoxicity is most often associated with efavirenz. Rarely, fulminant hepatic failure occurs. Efavirenz-related hepatotoxicity is thought to result from a cellular self-digestion process known as autophagy. This is the first report to our knowledge of EFV/FTC/TDF-related hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A. Echenique
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Josiah D. Rich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Role of mitochondria in HIV infection and associated metabolic disorders: focus on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and lipodystrophy syndrome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:493413. [PMID: 23970949 PMCID: PMC3736404 DOI: 10.1155/2013/493413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has considerably improved the prognosis of HIV-infected patients. However, prolonged use of HAART has been related to long-term adverse events that can compromise patient health such as HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). There is consistent evidence for a central role of mitochondrial dysfunction in these pathologies. Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have been described to be mainly responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue and liver although nonnucleoside transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) or protease inhibitors (PIs) have also showed mitochondrial toxicity, which is a major concern for the selection and the long-term adherence to a particular therapy. Several mechanisms explain these deleterious effects of HAART on mitochondria, and evidence points to other mechanisms beyond the “Pol-γ hypothesis.” HIV infection has also direct effects on mitochondria. In addition to the negative effects described for HIV itself and/or HAART on mitochondria, HIV-infected patients are more prone to develop a premature aging and, therefore, to present an increased oxidative state that could lead to the development of these metabolic disturbances observed in HIV-infected patients.
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Hernandez-Mijares A, Rocha M, Rovira-Llopis S, Bañuls C, Bellod L, de Pablo C, Alvarez A, Roldan-Torres I, Sola-Izquierdo E, Victor VM. Human leukocyte/endothelial cell interactions and mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients and their association with silent myocardial ischemia. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:1695-702. [PMID: 23300290 PMCID: PMC3661843 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes is associated with oxidative stress and increased mortality, but a possible correlation between leukocyte-endothelium interactions, oxidative stress, and silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is yet to be confirmed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Mitochondrial dysfunction and interactions between leukocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were evaluated in 200 type 2 diabetic patients (25 with SMI) and 60 body composition- and age-matched control subjects. A possible correlation between these parameters and the onset of SMI was explored, and anthropometric and metabolic parameters were also analyzed. RESULTS Waist, levels of triglycerides, proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), HbA1c, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), glucose, and insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects. However, no statistical differences in hs-CRP and insulin levels were detected when the data were adjusted for waist. None of these parameters varied between SMI and non-SMI patients. Mitochondrial function was impaired and leukocyte-endothelium interactions were more frequent among diabetic patients, which was evident in the lower mitochondrial O2 consumption, membrane potential, polymorphonuclear cell rolling velocity, and GSH/GSSG ratio, and in the higher mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and rolling flux, adhesion, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin molecules observed in these subjects. Moreover, these differences correlated with SMI. Statistical differences were maintained after adjusting the data for BMI and waist, with the exception of VCAM-1 levels when adjusted for waist. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endothelium-inducing leukocyte-endothelium interactions are features of type 2 diabetes and correlate with SMI.
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Luo C, Li Y, Wang H, Feng Z, Li Y, Long J, Liu J. Mitochondrial accumulation under oxidative stress is due to defects in autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:212-9. [PMID: 22903604 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics maintains normal mitochondrial function by degrading damaged mitochondria and generating newborn mitochondria. The accumulation of damaged mitochondria influences the intracellular environment by promoting mitochondrial dysfunction, and thus initiating a vicious cycle. Oxidative stress induces mitochondrial malfunction, which is involved in many cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism of mitochondrial accumulation in cardiac myoblasts remains unclear. We observed mitochondrial dysfunction and an increase in mitochondrial mass under the oxidative conditions produced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) in cardiac myoblast H9c2 cells. However, in contrast to the increase in mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) decreased, suggesting that enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis may be not the primary cause of the mitochondrial accumulation. Therefore, we investigated changes in a number of proteins involved in autophagy. Beclin1, Atg12-Atg5 conjugate, Atg7 contents decreased but LC3-II accumulated in tBHP-treated H9c2 cells. Moreover, the capacity for acid hydrolysis decreased in H9c2 cells. We also demonstrated a decrease in DJ-1 protein under the oxidative conditions that deregulate mitochondrial dynamics. These results reveal that autophagy became defective under oxidative stress. We therefore suggest that defects in autophagy mediate mitochondrial accumulation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an 710049, China
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Hobbs CV, Voza T, De La Vega P, Vanvliet J, Conteh S, Penzak SR, Fay MP, Anders N, Ilmet T, Li Y, Borkowsky W, Krzych U, Duffy PE, Sinnis P. HIV nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole inhibit plasmodium liver stages. J Infect Dis 2013; 206:1706-14. [PMID: 23125449 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are usually part of first-line treatment regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), their activity on Plasmodium liver stages remains unexplored. Additionally, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), used for opportunistic infection prophylaxis in HIV-exposed infants and HIV-infected patients, reduces clinical episodes of malaria; however, TMP-SMX effect on Plasmodium liver stages requires further study. METHODS We characterized NNRTI and TMP-SMX effects on Plasmodium liver stages in vivo using Plasmodium yoelii. On the basis of these results, we conducted in vitro studies assessing TMP-SMX effects on the rodent parasites P. yoelii and Plasmodium berghei and on the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTS Our data showed NNRTI treatment modestly reduced P. yoelii liver stage parasite burden and minimally extended prepatent period. TMP-SMX administration significantly reduced liver stage parasite burden, preventing development of patent parasitemia in vivo. TMP-SMX inhibited development of rodent and P. falciparum liver stage parasites in vitro. CONCLUSIONS NNRTIs modestly affect liver stage Plasmodium parasites, whereas TMP-SMX prevents patent parasitemia. Because drugs that inhibit liver stages target parasites when they are present in lower numbers, these results may have implications for eradication efforts. Understanding HIV drug effects on Plasmodium liver stages will aid in optimizing treatment regimens for HIV-exposed and HIV-infected infected patients in malaria-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte V Hobbs
- NIH/NIAID/Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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Date AA, Shibata A, Goede M, Sanford B, La Bruzzo K, Belshan M, Destache CJ. Development and evaluation of a thermosensitive vaginal gel containing raltegravir+efavirenz loaded nanoparticles for HIV prophylaxis. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:430-6. [PMID: 23041201 PMCID: PMC3513487 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to develop a thermosensitive vaginal gel containing raltegravir+efavirenz loaded PLGA nanoparticles (RAL+EFV-NPs) for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV. RAL+EFV-NPs were fabricated using a modified emulsion-solvent evaporation method and characterized for size and zeta potential. The average size and surface charge of RAL+EFV-NP were 81.8±6.4 nm and -23.18±7.18 mV respectively. The average encapsulation efficiency of raltegravir and efavirenz was 55.5% and 98.2% respectively. Thermosensitive vaginal gel containing RAL+EFV-NPs was successfully prepared using a combination of Pluronic F127 (20% w/v) and Pluronic F68 (1% w/v). Incorporation RAL+EFV-NPs in the gel did not result in nanoparticle aggregation and RAL+EFV-NPs containing gel showed thermogelation at 32.5°C. The RAL+EFV-NPs were evaluated for inhibition of HIV-1(NL4-3) using TZM-bl indicator cells. The EC(90) of RAL+EFV-NPs was lower than raltegravir+efavirenz (RAL+EFV) solution but did not reach significance. Compared to control HeLa cells without any treatment, RAL+EFV-NPs or blank gel were not cytotoxic for 14 days in vitro. The intracellular levels of efavirenz in RAL+EFV-NPs treated HeLa cells were above the EC(90) for 14 days whereas raltegravir intracellular concentrations were eliminated within 6 days. Transwell experiments of NPs-in-gel demonstrated rapid transfer of fluorescent nanoparticles from the gel and uptake in HeLa cells within 30 min. These data demonstrate the potential of antiretroviral NP-embedded vagina gels for long-term vaginal pre-exposure prophylaxis of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit A. Date
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | | | - Michael Goede
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Bridget Sanford
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Krista La Bruzzo
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Michel Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Perrin S, Cremer J, Roll P, Faucher O, Ménard A, Reynes J, Dellamonica P, Naqvi A, Micallef J, Jouve E, Tamalet C, Solas C, Pissier C, Arnoux I, Nicolino-Brunet C, Espinosa L, Lévy N, Kaspi E, Robaglia-Schlupp A, Poizot-Martin I, Cau P. HIV-1 infection and first line ART induced differential responses in mitochondria from blood lymphocytes and monocytes: the ANRS EP45 "Aging" study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41129. [PMID: 22829920 PMCID: PMC3400613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ANRS EP45 "Aging" study investigates the cellular mechanisms involved in the accelerated aging of HIV-1 infected and treated patients. The data reported focus on mitochondria, organelles known to be involved in cell senescence. METHODS 49 HIV-1 infected patients untreated with antiretroviral therapy, together with 49 seronegative age- and sex-matched control subjects and 81 HIV-1 infected and treated patients, were recruited by 3 AIDS centres (Marseille, Montpellier, Nice; France; http://clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT01038999). In more than 88% of treated patients, the viral load was <40 copies/ml and the CD4+ cell count was >500/mm(3). ROS (reactive oxygen species) production and ΔΨm (inner membrane potential) were measured by flow cytometry in blood lymphocytes and monocytes (functional parameters). Three mitochondrial network quantitative morphological parameters were computed using confocal microscopy and image analysis. Three PBMC mitochondrial proteins (porin and subunits 2 and 4 of cytochrome C oxidase encoded by mtDNA or nuclear DNA, respectively) were analysed by western blotting. RESULTS Quantitative changes in PBMC mitochondrial proteins were not induced by either HIV-1 infection or ART. Discriminant analysis integrating functional (ROS production and ΔΨm) or morphological (network volume density, fragmentation and branching) parameters revealed HIV-1 infection and ART differential effects according to cell type. First line ART tended to rescue lymphocyte mitochondrial parameters altered by viral infection, but induced slight changes in monocytes. No statistical difference was found between the effects of three ART regimens on mitochondrial parameters. Correlations between functional parameters and viral load confirmed the damaging effects of HIV-1 in lymphocyte mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS In patients considered to be clinically stable, mitochondria exhibited functional and morphological modifications in PBMCs resulting from either direct or indirect effects of HIV-1 infection (lymphocytes), or from first line ART (monocytes). Together with other tissue impairments, these changes may contribute to global aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Perrin
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan Cremer
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Roll
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Olivia Faucher
- Service d’Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Sainte Marguerite AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Amélie Ménard
- Service d’Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Sainte Marguerite AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHRU (Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire) Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Dellamonica
- Service d’Infectiologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) L’Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - Alissa Naqvi
- Service d’Infectiologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) L’Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique - Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique et d’Evaluations Thérapeutiques (CIC-UPCET), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Jouve
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique - Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique et d’Evaluations Thérapeutiques (CIC-UPCET), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Tamalet
- Fédération de Microbiologie Clinique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
- URMITE CNRS-IRD UMR 6236, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Solas
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et de Toxicologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
- Inserm UMR U911, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Christel Pissier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et de Toxicologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
- Inserm UMR U911, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Arnoux
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Corine Nicolino-Brunet
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Conception AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Léon Espinosa
- URMITE CNRS-IRD UMR 6236, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Génetique Moléculaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Elise Kaspi
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Andrée Robaglia-Schlupp
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Poizot-Martin
- Service d’Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Sainte Marguerite AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Cau
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Zhang S, Wen G, Huang SXL, Wang J, Tong J, Hei TK. Mitochondrial alteration in malignantly transformed human small airway epithelial cells induced by α-particles. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:19-28. [PMID: 22644783 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) immortalized with human telomerase reverse transcriptase were exposed to either a single or multiple doses of α-particles. Irradiated cells showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity and progressive neoplastic transformation phenotype. These included an increase in saturation density of growth, a greater resistance to N-phosphonoacetyl-L-aspartate, faster anchorage-independent growth, reinforced cell invasion and c-Myc expression. In addition, the transformed cells formed progressively growing tumors upon inoculation into athymic nude mice. Specifically, α-irradiation induced damage to both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mitochondrial functions in transformed cells as evidenced by increased mtDNA copy number and common deletion, decreased oxidative phosphorylation activity as measured by cytochrome C oxidase (COX) activity and oxygen consumption. There was a linear correlation between mtDNA copy number, common deletion, COX activity and cellular transformation represented by soft agar colony formation and c-Myc expression. These results suggest that mitochondria are associated with neoplastic transformation of SAEC cells induced by α-particles, and that the oncogenesis process may depend not only on the genomes inside the nucleus, but also on the mitochondrial DNA outside the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Zhang
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA
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Gomez-Sucerquia LJ, Blas-Garcia A, Marti-Cabrera M, Esplugues JV, Apostolova N. Profile of stress and toxicity gene expression in human hepatic cells treated with Efavirenz. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:232-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yimer G, Ueda N, Habtewold A, Amogne W, Suda A, Riedel KD, Burhenne J, Aderaye G, Lindquist L, Makonnen E, Aklillu E. Pharmacogenetic & pharmacokinetic biomarker for efavirenz based ARV and rifampicin based anti-TB drug induced liver injury in TB-HIV infected patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27810. [PMID: 22162992 PMCID: PMC3232196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implication of pharmacogenetic variations and efavirenz pharmacokinetics in concomitant efavirenz based antiviral therapy and anti-tubercular drug induced liver injury (DILI) has not been yet studied. We performed a prospective case-control association study to identify the incidence, pharmacogenetic, pharmacokinetic and biochemical predictors for anti-tubercular and antiretroviral drugs induced liver injury (DILI) in HIV and tuberculosis (TB) co-infected patients. METHODS AND FINDINGS Newly diagnosed treatment naïve TB-HIV co-infected patients (n = 353) were enrolled to receive efavirenz based ART and rifampicin based anti-TB therapy, and assessed clinically and biochemically for DILI up to 56 weeks. Quantification of plasma efavirenz and 8-hydroxyefaviernz levels and genotyping for NAT2, CYP2B6, CYP3A5, ABCB1, UGT2B7 and SLCO1B1 genes were done. The incidence of DILI and identification of predictors was evaluated using survival analysis and the Cox Proportional Hazards Model. The incidence of DILI was 30.0%, or 14.5 per 1000 person-week, and that of severe was 18.4%, or 7.49 per 1000 person-week. A statistically significant association of DILI with being of the female sex (p = 0.001), higher plasma efavirenz level (p = 0.009), efavirenz/8-hydroxyefavirenz ratio (p = 0.036), baseline AST (p = 0.022), ALT (p = 0.014), lower hemoglobin (p = 0.008), and serum albumin (p = 0.007), NAT2 slow-acetylator genotype (p = 0.039) and ABCB1 3435TT genotype (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION We report high incidence of anti-tubercular and antiretroviral DILI in Ethiopian patients. Between patient variability in systemic efavirenz exposure and pharmacogenetic variations in NAT2, CYP2B6 and ABCB1 genes determines susceptibility to DILI in TB-HIV co-infected patients. Close monitoring of plasma efavirenz level and liver enzymes during early therapy and/or genotyping practice in HIV clinics is recommended for early identification of patients at risk of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getnet Yimer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nobuhisa Ueda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abiy Habtewold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Amogne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akira Suda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus-Dieter Riedel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Getachew Aderaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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115
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Bumpus NN. Efavirenz and 8-hydroxyefavirenz induce cell death via a JNK- and BimEL-dependent mechanism in primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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116
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Pessayre D, Fromenty B, Berson A, Robin MA, Lettéron P, Moreau R, Mansouri A. Central role of mitochondria in drug-induced liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 44:34-87. [PMID: 21892896 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.604086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A frequent mechanism for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the formation of reactive metabolites that trigger hepatitis through direct toxicity or immune reactions. Both events cause mitochondrial membrane disruption. Genetic or acquired factors predispose to metabolite-mediated hepatitis by increasing the formation of the reactive metabolite, decreasing its detoxification, or by the presence of critical human leukocyte antigen molecule(s). In other instances, the parent drug itself triggers mitochondrial membrane disruption or inhibits mitochondrial function through different mechanisms. Drugs can sequester coenzyme A or can inhibit mitochondrial β-oxidation enzymes, the transfer of electrons along the respiratory chain, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Drugs can also destroy mitochondrial DNA, inhibit its replication, decrease mitochondrial transcripts, or hamper mitochondrial protein synthesis. Quite often, a single drug has many different effects on mitochondrial function. A severe impairment of oxidative phosphorylation decreases hepatic ATP, leading to cell dysfunction or necrosis; it can also secondarily inhibit ß-oxidation, thus causing steatosis, and can also inhibit pyruvate catabolism, leading to lactic acidosis. A severe impairment of β-oxidation can cause a fatty liver; further, decreased gluconeogenesis and increased utilization of glucose to compensate for the inability to oxidize fatty acids, together with the mitochondrial toxicity of accumulated free fatty acids and lipid peroxidation products, may impair energy production, possibly leading to coma and death. Susceptibility to parent drug-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction can be increased by factors impairing the removal of the toxic parent compound or by the presence of other medical condition(s) impairing mitochondrial function. New drug molecules should be screened for possible mitochondrial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pessayre
- INSERM, U, Centre de Recherche Bichat Beaujon CRB, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France.
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117
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Apostolova N, Blas-García A, Esplugues JV. Mitochondrial interference by anti-HIV drugs: mechanisms beyond Pol-γ inhibition. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:715-25. [PMID: 21899897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The combined pharmacological approach to the treatment of HIV infection, known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), has dramatically reduced AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. However, its use has been associated with serious adverse reactions, of which those resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction are particularly widespread. Nucleos(t)ide-reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have long been considered the main source of HAART-related mitochondrial toxicity due to their ability to inhibit Pol-γ, the DNA polymerase responsible for the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence points to a more complex relationship between these organelles and NRTIs. Also, alternative pathways by which other groups of anti-HIV drugs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors) interfere with mitochondria have been suggested, although their implications, both pharmacological and clinical, are open to debate. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and factors which influence the mitochondrial involvement in the toxicity of all three major classes of anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibáñez n.15-17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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118
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Apostolova N, Gomez-Sucerquia LJ, Gortat A, Blas-Garcia A, Esplugues JV. Compromising mitochondrial function with the antiretroviral drug efavirenz induces cell survival-promoting autophagy. Hepatology 2011; 54:1009-19. [PMID: 21626526 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatotoxicity is a very common side effect associated with the pharmacological treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Efavirenz (EFV) is the most widely used nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor administered for the control of HIV and some of its toxic effects in hepatic cells have been recently shown to display features of mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we studied the activation of autophagy and, in particular, mitophagy, the main mitochondrial turnover mechanism, in human hepatic cells treated with clinically relevant concentrations of this drug. EFV-treated cells had altered mitochondria, characterized by a relative increase in mitochondrial mass and defective morphology. This was followed by induction of autophagy as shown by the presence of autophagic vacuoles and the presence of the specific autophagic marker proteins microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 and Beclin-1. Importantly, whereas moderate levels of EFV activated autophagy, higher concentrations led to blockage in the autophagic flux, a condition that promotes "autophagic stress" and produces severe cellular damage. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy exacerbated the deleterious effect of EFV on cell survival/proliferation promoting apoptosis, which suggests that autophagy acts as an adaptive mechanism of cell survival. CONCLUSION Clinical concentrations of EFV induce autophagy and, in particular, mitophagy in hepatic cells. Activation of this process promotes cell survival, but exceeding a certain threshold of mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with an autophagic overload or stress. This effect could be involved in the EFV-associated hepatotoxicity and may constitute a new mechanism implicated in the genesis of drug-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Yimer G, Amogne W, Habtewold A, Makonnen E, Ueda N, Suda A, Worku A, Haefeli WE, Burhenne J, Aderaye G, Lindquist L, Aklillu E. High plasma efavirenz level and CYP2B6*6 are associated with efavirenz-based HAART-induced liver injury in the treatment of naïve HIV patients from Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2011; 12:499-506. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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120
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Dlamini J, Ledwaba L, Mokwena N, Mokhathi T, Orsega S, Tsoku M, Kowo H, Proschan M, Khabo P, Maja P, Hadigan C. Lactic acidosis and symptomatic hyperlactataemia in a randomized trial of first-line therapy in HIV-infected adults in South Africa. Antivir Ther 2011; 16:605-9. [DOI: 10.3851/imp1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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