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Microfluidic-Based 3D Engineered Microvascular Networks and Their Applications in Vascularized Microtumor Models. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9100493. [PMID: 30424426 PMCID: PMC6215090 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microvasculature plays a critical role in human physiology and is closely associated to various human diseases. By combining advanced microfluidic-based techniques, the engineered 3D microvascular network model provides a precise and reproducible platform to study the microvasculature in vitro, which is an essential and primary component to engineer organ-on-chips and achieve greater biological relevance. In this review, we discuss current strategies to engineer microvessels in vitro, which can be broadly classified into endothelial cell lining-based methods, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis-based methods, and hybrid methods. By closely simulating relevant factors found in vivo such as biomechanical, biochemical, and biological microenvironment, it is possible to create more accurate organ-specific models, including both healthy and pathological vascularized microtissue with their respective vascular barrier properties. We further discuss the integration of tumor cells/spheroids into the engineered microvascular to model the vascularized microtumor tissue, and their potential application in the study of cancer metastasis and anti-cancer drug screening. Finally, we conclude with our commentaries on current progress and future perspective of on-chip vascularization techniques for fundamental and clinical/translational research.
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102
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Li X, Huang F, Xu X, Hu S. Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Globulins Induce Cancer Cells Apoptosis and Inhibit Tumor Growth. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1621-1629. [PMID: 30416376 PMCID: PMC6216025 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) constitute a major component of the tumor microenvironment. CAFs regulated the growth and development, invasion and metastasis of primary tumors, as well as response to treatment. Recent studies indicated that monoclonal antibody therapies had limited success, thus more effective polyclonal antibodies (Poly Abs) is urgently needed. Poly Abs is a possible alternative because they target multiple antigens simultaneously. In this report, we prepared Poly Abs by immunizing rabbits with the bFGF-activated fibroblasts. The Poly Abs inhibited the cancer cells proliferation as revealed by MTT analysis. The Poly Abs induced apoptosis as indicated by flow cytometric analysis, and microscopic observation of apoptotic changes in morphology. Compared with the control IgG, Poly Abs significantly inhibited tumor cells migration as indicated by wound healing and transwell analysis in vitro, and lung metastasis analysis in vivo. Serial intravenous injections of Poly Abs inhibited tumor growth in mice bearing murine CT26 colon carcinoma. Ki67 analysis indicated that Poly Abs significantly inhibited tumor cells proliferation, as compared to control Ig G treatments. Our findings suggested that Poly Abs was an effective agent for apoptosis induction, migration and metastasis inhibition. The Poly Abs may be useful as a safe anticancer agent for cancer immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Li
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Fengchang Huang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuenqin Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming, Medical University, Kunming, China
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Yamaga I, Kawaguchi-Sakita N, Asao Y, Matsumoto Y, Yoshikawa A, Fukui T, Takada M, Kataoka M, Kawashima M, Fakhrejahani E, Kanao S, Nakayama Y, Tokiwa M, Torii M, Yagi T, Sakurai T, Haga H, Togashi K, Shiina T, Toi M. Vascular branching point counts using photoacoustic imaging in the superficial layer of the breast: A potential biomarker for breast cancer. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2018; 11:6-13. [PMID: 30003041 PMCID: PMC6039965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the characteristics of the vascular network in the superficial subcutaneous layer of the breast and to analyze differences between breasts with cancer and contralateral unaffected breasts using vessel branching points (VBPs) detected by three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging with a hemispherical detector array. In 22 patients with unilateral breast cancer, the average VBP counts to a depth of 7 mm below the skin surface were significantly greater in breasts with cancer than in the contralateral unaffected breasts (p < 0.01). The ratio of the VBP count in the breasts with cancer to that in the contralateral breasts was significantly increased in patients with a high histologic grade (p = 0.03), those with estrogen receptor-negative disease (p < 0.01), and those with highly proliferative disease (p < 0.01). These preliminary findings indicate that a higher number of VBPs in the superficial subcutaneous layer of the breast might be a biomarker for primary breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iku Yamaga
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshiaki Matsumoto
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Fukui
- Medical Imaging System Development Center, Canon Inc., Japan
| | - Masahiro Takada
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Masako Kataoka
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawashima
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - Shotaro Kanao
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Yoshie Nakayama
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Mariko Tokiwa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Masae Torii
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - Takaki Sakurai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kaori Togashi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shiina
- Department of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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104
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Ouarné M, Bouvard C, Boneva G, Mallet C, Ribeiro J, Desroches-Castan A, Soleilhac E, Tillet E, Peyruchaud O, Bailly S. BMP9, but not BMP10, acts as a quiescence factor on tumor growth, vessel normalization and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:209. [PMID: 30165893 PMCID: PMC6118004 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis has become an attractive target for cancer therapy. However, despite the initial success of anti-VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) therapies, the overall survival appears only modestly improved and resistance to therapy often develops. Other anti-angiogenic targets are thus urgently needed. The predominant expression of the type I BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) receptor ALK1 (activin receptor-like kinase 1) in endothelial cells makes it an attractive target, and phase I/II trials are currently being conducted. ALK1 binds with strong affinity to two ligands that belong to the TGF-ß family, BMP9 and BMP10. In the present work, we addressed their specific roles in tumor angiogenesis, cancer development and metastasis in a mammary cancer model. METHODS For this, we used knockout (KO) mice for BMP9 (constitutive Gdf2-deficient), for BMP10 (inducible Bmp10-deficient) and double KO mice (Gdf2 and Bmp10) in a syngeneic immunocompetent orthotopic mouse model of spontaneous metastatic breast cancer (E0771). RESULTS Our studies demonstrate a specific role for BMP9 in the E0771 mammary carcinoma model. Gdf2 deletion increased tumor growth while inhibiting vessel maturation and tumor perfusion. Gdf2 deletion also increased the number and the mean size of lung metastases. On the other hand, Bmp10 deletion did not significantly affect the E0771 mammary model and the double deletion (Gdf2 and Bmp10) did not lead to a stronger phenotype than the single Gdf2 deletion. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data show that in a tumor environment BMP9 and BMP10 play different roles and thus blocking their shared receptor ALK1 is maybe not appropriate. Indeed, BMP9, but not BMP10, acts as a quiescence factor on tumor growth, lung metastasis and vessel normalization. Our results also support that activating rather than blocking the BMP9 pathway could be a new strategy for tumor vessel normalization in order to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ouarné
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, BIG-Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Bouvard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, BIG-Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Gabriela Boneva
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, BIG-Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Mallet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, BIG-Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Johnny Ribeiro
- Inserm, U1033, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,, Faculté de Médecine de Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | - Agnès Desroches-Castan
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, BIG-Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Soleilhac
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, BIG-Biologie à Grande Echelle, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Tillet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, BIG-Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Peyruchaud
- Inserm, U1033, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,, Faculté de Médecine de Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, BIG-Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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105
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Ribatti D, Tamma R. A revisited concept. Tumors: Wounds that do not heal. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 128:65-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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106
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Nowak-Sliwinska P, Alitalo K, Allen E, Anisimov A, Aplin AC, Auerbach R, Augustin HG, Bates DO, van Beijnum JR, Bender RHF, Bergers G, Bikfalvi A, Bischoff J, Böck BC, Brooks PC, Bussolino F, Cakir B, Carmeliet P, Castranova D, Cimpean AM, Cleaver O, Coukos G, Davis GE, De Palma M, Dimberg A, Dings RPM, Djonov V, Dudley AC, Dufton NP, Fendt SM, Ferrara N, Fruttiger M, Fukumura D, Ghesquière B, Gong Y, Griffin RJ, Harris AL, Hughes CCW, Hultgren NW, Iruela-Arispe ML, Irving M, Jain RK, Kalluri R, Kalucka J, Kerbel RS, Kitajewski J, Klaassen I, Kleinmann HK, Koolwijk P, Kuczynski E, Kwak BR, Marien K, Melero-Martin JM, Munn LL, Nicosia RF, Noel A, Nurro J, Olsson AK, Petrova TV, Pietras K, Pili R, Pollard JW, Post MJ, Quax PHA, Rabinovich GA, Raica M, Randi AM, Ribatti D, Ruegg C, Schlingemann RO, Schulte-Merker S, Smith LEH, Song JW, Stacker SA, Stalin J, Stratman AN, Van de Velde M, van Hinsbergh VWM, Vermeulen PB, Waltenberger J, Weinstein BM, Xin H, Yetkin-Arik B, Yla-Herttuala S, Yoder MC, Griffioen AW. Consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of angiogenesis assays. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:425-532. [PMID: 29766399 PMCID: PMC6237663 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is a complex process that plays important roles in growth and development, tissue and organ regeneration, as well as numerous pathological conditions. Angiogenesis undergoes multiple discrete steps that can be individually evaluated and quantified by a large number of bioassays. These independent assessments hold advantages but also have limitations. This article describes in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro bioassays that are available for the evaluation of angiogenesis and highlights critical aspects that are relevant for their execution and proper interpretation. As such, this collaborative work is the first edition of consensus guidelines on angiogenesis bioassays to serve for current and future reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CMU, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Andrey Anisimov
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alfred C Aplin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Hellmut G Augustin
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David O Bates
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Judy R van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Hugh F Bender
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Bikfalvi
- Angiogenesis and Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory (INSERM U1029), University Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara C Böck
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter C Brooks
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Castranova
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anca M Cimpean
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George E Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and Dalton Cardiovascular Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michele De Palma
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Andrew C Dudley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Emily Couric Cancer Center, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Neil P Dufton
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marcus Fruttiger
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Metabolomics Expertise Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford University Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher C W Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nan W Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Melita Irving
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert S Kerbel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hynda K Kleinmann
- The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pieter Koolwijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Kuczynski
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Juan M Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lance L Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto F Nicosia
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Agnes Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jussi Nurro
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Pietras
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roberto Pili
- Genitourinary Program, Indiana University-Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Post
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department Surgery, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, National Council of Scientific and Technical Investigations (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marius Raica
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anna M Randi
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Curzio Ruegg
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Sir Peter MacCallum, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jimmy Stalin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Amber N Stratman
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maureen Van de Velde
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- HistoGeneX, Antwerp, Belgium
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, GZA Hospitals, Sint-Augustinus & University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johannes Waltenberger
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Xin
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bahar Yetkin-Arik
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seppo Yla-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Socovich AM, Naba A. The cancer matrisome: From comprehensive characterization to biomarker discovery. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:157-166. [PMID: 29964200 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression and dissemination critically depend on support from the tumor microenvironment, the ensemble of cellular and acellular components surrounding and interacting with tumor cells. The extracellular matrix (ECM), the complex scaffolding of hundreds of proteins organizing cells in tissues, is a major component of the tumor microenvironment. It orchestrates cellular processes including proliferation, migration, and invasion, that are highly dysregulated during cancer progression. Alterations in ECM abundance, integrity, and mechanical properties have been correlated with poorer prognosis for cancer patients. Yet the ECM proteome, or "matrisome," of tumors remained until recently largely unexplored. This review will present the recent developments in computational and proteomic technologies that have allowed the comprehensive characterization of the ECM of different tumor types and microenvironmental niches. These approaches have resulted in the definition of protein signatures distinguishing tumors from normal tissues, tumors of different stages, primary from secondary tumors, and tumors from other diseased states such as fibrosis. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that the levels of expression of certain genes encoding ECM and ECM-associated proteins is prognostic of cancer patient survival and can thus serve as biomarkers. Last, proteomic studies have permitted the identification of novel ECM proteins playing functional roles in cancer progression. Such proteins have the potential to be exploited as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Socovich
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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108
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Neeman M. Perspectives: MRI of angiogenesis. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 292:99-105. [PMID: 29705037 PMCID: PMC6542363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the expansion of the vascular bed, is an important component in remodeling of tissues and organs. Such remodeling is essential for coping with substantial and sustained increase in the demands for supply of oxygen and nutrients and the timely removal of waste products. The vasculature, and its effectiveness in systemic delivery to all parts of the body, regulates the distribution of immune cells and the delivery of therapeutics as well as the dissemination of disease. Therefore, the vascular bed is possibly one of the key organs involved in homeostasis, in health and disease. The critical role of the vasculature in health, and the accessibility to non invasive probing by MRI, renders MRI as a modality of choice for monitoring the vasculature and its adaption to challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Neeman
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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109
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Xu L, Xu L, Zhu H. Evaluation of three-dimensional arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging for the pathological investigation of musculoskeletal tumors. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5029-5034. [PMID: 29805527 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the clinical utility of three-dimensional arterial spin labeling (3D-ASL) perfusion imaging in discriminating between benign, intermediate and malignant musculoskeletal tumors, as well as to analyze the correlation between tumor blood flow (TBF) and microvessel density (MVD). 3D-ASL was performed on 44 patients with musculoskeletal tumor using a 3.0-T magnetic resonance system to obtain TBF values prior to surgery. TBF was independently measured by two radiologists. The TBF values of different groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to assess the threshold and diagnostic reliability of TBF. Immunohistochemical staining of tumor specimens was performed using a cluster of differentiation 34 monoclonal antibody to calculate MVD counts. The correlation between TBF and MVD counts was analyzed using correlative analysis. Pathology results for a total of 44 cases were obtained by surgery. Good interobserver agreement was found for the TBF values independently determined by the two radiologists (intra-class correlation coefficient test, 0.891; P<0.05). TBF and MVD values in the malignant group were significantly higher compared with that of the benign, and intermediate groups. No significant difference was found between the TBF and MVD values of the benign, and intermediate groups. According to the ROC analysis, the area under the curve was largest (0.951) when 45.5 ml/min/100 g was considered as the TBF cut-off value in the diagnosis. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 90.5 and 100%, respectively. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between TBF and MVD (r, 0.784; P<0.05). The results of the present study suggest that 3D-ASL is valuable in discriminating between benign, intermediate and malignant musculoskeletal tumors. 3D-ASL may be utilized to evaluate angiogenesis in musculoskeletal tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Leiming Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Haidong Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
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110
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Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have gained increasing interest not only for 3D migration studies but also for their use in drug screening, tissue engineering, and ex vivo modeling of metastatic behavior in the field of cancer biology and morphogenesis in the field of developmental biology. The goal of studying cells in a 3D context is to attempt to more faithfully recapitulate the physiological microenvironment of tissues, including mechanical and structural parameters that we envision will reveal more predictive data for development programs and disease states. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of several well-characterized 3D cell culture systems for performing 3D migration studies. We discuss the intracellular and extracellular signaling mechanisms that govern cell migration. We also describe the mathematical models and relevant assumptions that can be used to describe 3D cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;, ,
| | - Daniele M. Gilkes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;, ,
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;, ,
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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111
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Kabir AU, Lee TJ, Pan H, Berry JC, Krchma K, Wu J, Liu F, Kang HK, Hinman K, Yang L, Hamilton S, Zhou Q, Veis DJ, Mecham RP, Wickline SA, Miller MJ, Choi K. Requisite endothelial reactivation and effective siRNA nanoparticle targeting of Etv2/Er71 in tumor angiogenesis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97349. [PMID: 29669933 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, new blood vessel formation from preexisting vessels, is critical for solid tumor growth. As such, there have been efforts to inhibit angiogenesis as a means to obstruct tumor growth. However, antiangiogenic therapy faces major challenges to the selective targeting of tumor-associated-vessels, as current antiangiogenic targets also disrupt steady-state vessels. Here, we demonstrate that the developmentally critical transcription factor Etv2 is selectively upregulated in both human and mouse tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) and is required for tumor angiogenesis. Two-photon imaging revealed that Etv2-deficient tumor-associated vasculature remained similar to that of steady-state vessels. Etv2-deficient TAECs displayed decreased Flk1 (also known as Vegfr2) expression, FLK1 activation, and proliferation. Endothelial tube formation, proliferation, and sprouting response to VEGF, but not to FGF2, was reduced in Etv2-deficient ECs. ROS activated Etv2 expression in ECs, and ROS blockade inhibited Etv2 expression in TAECs in vivo. Systemic administration of Etv2 siRNA nanoparticles potently inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis without cardiovascular side effects. These studies highlight a link among vascular oxidative stress, Etv2 expression, and VEGF response that is critical for tumor angiogenesis. Targeting the ETV2 pathway might offer a unique opportunity for more selective antiangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ul Kabir
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Hua Pan
- Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Berry
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jun Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Kristina Hinman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samantha Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qingyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah J Veis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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112
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Intravital microscopy in the study of the tumor microenvironment: from bench to human application. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20165-20178. [PMID: 29732011 PMCID: PMC5929454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a dynamic imaging modality that allows for the real time observation of biologic processes in vivo, including angiogenesis and immune cell interactions. In the setting of preclinical cancer models, IVM has facilitated an understanding of the tumor associated vasculature and the role of effector immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Novel approaches to apply IVM to human malignancies have thus far focused on cancer diagnosis and tumor vessel characterization, but have the potential to provide advances in the field of personalized medicine by identifying individual patients who may respond to systemically delivered chemotherapeutic drugs or immunotherapeutic agents. In this review, we highlight the role that IVM has had in investigating tumor vasculature and the tumor microenvironment in preclinical studies and discuss its current and future applications to directly observe human tumors.
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113
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Kanska J, Aspuria PJP, Taylor-Harding B, Spurka L, Funari V, Orsulic S, Karlan BY, Wiedemeyer WR. Glucose deprivation elicits phenotypic plasticity via ZEB1-mediated expression of NNMT. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26200-26220. [PMID: 28412735 PMCID: PMC5432250 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is considered the primary energy source for all cells, and some cancers are addicted to glucose. Here, we investigated the functional consequences of chronic glucose deprivation in serous ovarian cancer cells. We found that cells resistant to glucose starvation (glucose-restricted cells) demonstrated increased metabolic plasticity that was dependent on NNMT (Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase) expression. We further show that ZEB1 induced NNMT, rendered cells resistant to glucose deprivation and recapitulated metabolic adaptations and mesenchymal gene expression observed in glucose-restricted cells. NNMT depletion reversed metabolic plasticity in glucose-restricted cells and prevented de novo formation of glucose-restricted colonies. In addition to its role in glucose independence, we found that NNMT was required for other ZEB1-induced phenotypes, such as increased migration. NNMT protein levels were also elevated in metastatic and recurrent tumors compared to matched primary carcinomas, while normal ovary and fallopian tube tissue had no detectable NNMT expression. Our studies define a novel ZEB1/NNMT signaling axis, which elicits mesenchymal gene expression, as well as phenotypic and metabolic plasticity in ovarian cancer cells upon chronic glucose starvation. Understanding the causes of cancer cell plasticity is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies to counter intratumoral heterogeneity, acquired drug resistance and recurrence in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kanska
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul-Joseph P Aspuria
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Barbie Taylor-Harding
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lindsay Spurka
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vincent Funari
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - W Ruprecht Wiedemeyer
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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114
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Karolak A, Rejniak KA. Micropharmacology: An In Silico Approach for Assessing Drug Efficacy Within a Tumor Tissue. Bull Math Biol 2018; 81:3623-3641. [PMID: 29423880 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy is one of the main anticancer treatments used for most kinds of clinically diagnosed tumors. However, the efficacy of these drugs can be hampered by the physical attributes of the tumor tissue, such as tortuous vasculature, dense and fibrous extracellular matrix, irregular cellular architecture, tumor metabolic gradients, and non-uniform expression of the cell membrane receptors. This can impede the transport of therapeutic agents to tumor cells in sufficient quantities. In addition, tumor microenvironments undergo dynamic spatio-temporal changes during tumor progression and treatment, which can also obstruct drug efficacy. To examine ways to improve drug delivery on a cell-to-tissue scale (single-cell pharmacology), we developed the microscale pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (microPKPD) modeling framework. Our model is modular and can be adjusted to include only the mathematical equations that are crucial for a biological problem under consideration. This modularity makes the model applicable to a broad range of pharmacological cases. As an illustration, we present two specific applications of the microPKPD methodology that help to identify optimal drug properties. The hypoxia-activated drugs example uses continuous drug concentrations, diffusive-advective transport through the tumor interstitium, and passive transmembrane drug uptake. The targeted therapy example represents drug molecules as discrete particles that move by diffusion and actively bind to cell receptors. The proposed modeling approach takes into account the explicit tumor tissue morphology, its metabolic landscape and/or specific receptor distribution. All these tumor attributes can be assessed from patients' diagnostic biopsies; thus, the proposed methodology can be developed into a tool suitable for personalized medicine, such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Karolak
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Katarzyna A Rejniak
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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115
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A microfluidic device for study of the effect of tumor vascular structures on the flow field and HepG2 cellular flow behaviors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:238-243. [PMID: 29309789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To build a microfluidic device with various morphological features of the tumor vasculature for study of the effects of tumor vascular structures on the flow field and tumor cellular flow behaviors. The designed microfluidic device was able to approximatively simulate the in vivo structures of tumor vessels and the flow within it. In this models, the influences of the angle of bifurcation, the number of branches, and the narrow channels on the flow field and the influence of vorticity on the retention of HepG2 cells were significant. Additionally, shear stress below physiological conditions of blood circulation has considerable effect on the formation of the lumen-like structures (LLSs) of HepG2 cells. These results can provide some data and reference in the understanding of the interaction between hemorheological properties and tumor vascular structures in solid tumors.
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116
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Bice BD, Stephens MR, Georges SJ, Venancio AR, Bermant PC, Warncke AV, Affolter KE, Hidalgo JR, Angus-Hill ML. Environmental Enrichment Induces Pericyte and IgA-Dependent Wound Repair and Lifespan Extension in a Colon Tumor Model. Cell Rep 2018; 19:760-773. [PMID: 28445727 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) replicates mind-body therapy by providing complex housing to laboratory animals to improve their activity levels, behavior, and social interactions. Using a Tcf4Het/+ApcMin/+-mediated model of colon tumorigenesis, we found that EE vastly improved the survival of tumor-bearing animals, with differential effect on tumor load in male compared to female animals. Analysis of Tcf4Het/+ApcMin/+ males showed drastically reduced expression of circulating inflammatory cytokines and induced nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) signaling, both of which are common in the wound repair process. Interestingly, EE provoked tumor wound repair resolution through revascularization, plasma cell recruitment and IgA secretion, replacement of glandular tumor structures with pericytes in a process reminiscent of scarring, and normalization of microbiota. These EE-dependent changes likely underlie the profound improvement in survival of colon-tumor-bearing Tcf4Het/+ApcMin/+ males. Our studies highlight the exciting promise of EE in the design of future therapeutic strategies for colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Bice
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Megan R Stephens
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Stephanie J Georges
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ashlee R Venancio
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Peter C Bermant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Annika V Warncke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Kajsa E Affolter
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Julio R Hidalgo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Melinda L Angus-Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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117
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Direct Numerical Simulation of Cellular-Scale Blood Flow in 3D Microvascular Networks. Biophys J 2018; 113:2815-2826. [PMID: 29262374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present, to our knowledge, the first direct numerical simulation of 3D cellular-scale blood flow in physiologically realistic microvascular networks. The vascular networks are designed following in vivo images and data, and are comprised of bifurcating, merging, and winding vessels. Our model resolves the large deformation and dynamics of each individual red blood cell flowing through the networks with high fidelity, while simultaneously retaining the highly complex geometric details of the vascular architecture. To our knowledge, our simulations predict several novel and unexpected phenomena. We show that heterogeneity in hemodynamic quantities, which is a hallmark of microvascular blood flow, appears both in space and time, and that the temporal heterogeneity is more severe than its spatial counterpart. The cells are observed to frequently jam at vascular bifurcations resulting in reductions in hematocrit and flow rate in the daughter and mother vessels. We find that red blood cell jamming at vascular bifurcations results in several orders-of-magnitude increase in hemodynamic resistance, and thus provides an additional mechanism of increased in vivo blood viscosity as compared to that determined in vitro. A striking result from our simulations is negative pressure-flow correlations observed in several vessels, implying a significant deviation from Poiseuille's law. Furthermore, negative correlations between vascular resistance and hematocrit are observed in various vessels, also defying a major principle of particulate suspension flow. To our knowledge, these novel findings are absent in blood flow in straight tubes, and they underscore the importance of considering realistic physiological geometry and resolved cellular interactions in modeling microvascular hemodynamics.
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118
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Thoppil RJ, Cappelli HC, Adapala RK, Kanugula AK, Paruchuri S, Thodeti CK. TRPV4 channels regulate tumor angiogenesis via modulation of Rho/Rho kinase pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 7:25849-61. [PMID: 27029071 PMCID: PMC5041949 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting angiogenesis is considered a promising therapy for cancer. Besides curtailing soluble factor mediated tumor angiogenesis, understanding the unexplored regulation of angiogenesis by mechanical cues may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. We have recently shown that expression and activity of mechanosensitive ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is suppressed in tumor endothelial cells and restoring TRPV4 expression or activation induces vascular normalization and improves cancer therapy. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which TRPV4 modulates angiogenesis are still in their infancy. To explore how TRPV4 regulates angiogenesis, we have employed TRPV4 null endothelial cells (TRPV4KO EC) and TRPV4KO mice. We found that absence of TRPV4 (TRPV4KO EC) resulted in a significant increase in proliferation, migration, and abnormal tube formation in vitro when compared to WT EC. Concomitantly, sprouting angiogenesis ex vivo and vascular growth in vivo was enhanced in TRPV4KO mice. Mechanistically, we observed that loss of TRPV4 leads to a significant increase in basal Rho activity in TRPV4KO EC that corresponded to their aberrant mechanosensitivity on varying stiffness ECM gels. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of the Rho/Rho kinase pathway by Y-27632 normalized abnormal mechanosensitivity and angiogenesis exhibited by TRPV4KO EC in vitro. Finally, Y-27632 treatment increased pericyte coverage and in conjunction with Cisplatin, significantly reduced tumor growth in TRPV4KO mice. Taken together, these data suggest that TRPV4 regulates angiogenesis endogenously via modulation of EC mechanosensitivity through the Rho/Rho kinase pathway and can serve as a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslin J Thoppil
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, OH 44272, Rootstown, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, OH 44240, Kent, USA
| | - Holly C Cappelli
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, OH 44272, Rootstown, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, OH 44240, Kent, USA
| | - Ravi K Adapala
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, OH 44272, Rootstown, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, OH 44240, Kent, USA
| | - Anantha K Kanugula
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, OH 44272, Rootstown, USA
| | | | - Charles K Thodeti
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, OH 44272, Rootstown, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, OH 44240, Kent, USA
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119
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Caballero D, Blackburn SM, de Pablo M, Samitier J, Albertazzi L. Tumour-vessel-on-a-chip models for drug delivery. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3760-3771. [PMID: 28861562 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers for drug delivery have great potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, due to their enhanced selectivity and efficacy. Despite this great promise, researchers have had limited success in the clinical translation of this approach. One of the main causes of these difficulties is that standard in vitro models, typically used to understand nanocarriers' behaviour and screen their efficiency, do not provide the complexity typically encountered in living systems. In contrast, in vivo models, despite being highly physiological, display serious bottlenecks which threaten the relevancy of the obtained data. Microfluidics and nanofabrication can dramatically contribute to solving this issue, providing 3D high-throughput models with improved resemblance to in vivo systems. In particular, microfluidic models of tumour blood vessels can be used to better elucidate how new nanocarriers behave in the microcirculation of healthy and cancerous tissues. Several key steps of the drug delivery process such as extravasation, immune response and endothelial targeting happen under flow in capillaries and can be accurately modelled using microfluidics. In this review, we will present how tumour-vessel-on-a-chip systems can be used to investigate targeted drug delivery and which key factors need to be considered for the rational design of these materials. Future applications of this approach and its role in driving forward the next generation of targeted drug delivery methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Caballero
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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120
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Li YX, Gautam V, Brüstle A, Cockburn IA, Daria VR, Gillespie C, Gaus K, Alt C, Lee WM. Flexible polygon-mirror based laser scanning microscope platform for multiphoton in-vivo imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1526-1537. [PMID: 28164461 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Commercial microscopy systems make use of tandem scanning i.e. either slow or fast scanning. We constructed, for the first time, an advanced control system capable of delivering a dynamic line scanning speed ranging from 2.7 kHz to 27 kHz and achieve variable frame rates from 5 Hz to 50 Hz (512 × 512). The dynamic scanning ability is digitally controlled by a new customized open-source software named PScan1.0. This permits manipulation of scanning rates either to gain higher fluorescence signal at slow frame rate without increasing laser power or increase frame rates to capture high speed events. By adjusting imaging speed from 40 Hz to 160 Hz, we capture a range of calcium waves and transient peaks from soma and dendrite of single fluorescence neuron (CAL-520AM). Motion artifacts arising from respiratory and cardiac motion in small animal imaging reduce quality of real-time images of single cells in-vivo. An image registration algorithm, integrated with PScan1.0, was shown to perform both real time and post-processed motion correction. The improvement is verified by quantification of blood flow rates. This work describes all the steps necessary to develop a high performance and flexible polygon-mirror based multiphoton microscope system for in-vivo biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Li
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australia National University, North Road, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - V Gautam
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Garran Road, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - A Brüstle
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Garran Road, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - I A Cockburn
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Garran Road, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - V R Daria
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Garran Road, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - C Gillespie
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Garran Road, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - K Gaus
- Australia- EMBL Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australia Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Alt
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - W M Lee
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australia National University, North Road, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australia Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Australian National University, Australia
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121
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Zeller-Plumhoff B, Roose T, Clough GF, Schneider P. Image-based modelling of skeletal muscle oxygenation. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0992. [PMID: 28202595 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply of oxygen in sufficient quantity is vital for the correct functioning of all organs in the human body, in particular for skeletal muscle during exercise. Disease is often associated with both an inhibition of the microvascular supply capability and is thought to relate to changes in the structure of blood vessel networks. Different methods exist to investigate the influence of the microvascular structure on tissue oxygenation, varying over a range of application areas, i.e. biological in vivo and in vitro experiments, imaging and mathematical modelling. Ideally, all of these methods should be combined within the same framework in order to fully understand the processes involved. This review discusses the mathematical models of skeletal muscle oxygenation currently available that are based upon images taken of the muscle microvasculature in vivo and ex vivo Imaging systems suitable for capturing the blood vessel networks are discussed and respective contrasting methods presented. The review further informs the association between anatomical characteristics in health and disease. With this review we give the reader a tool to understand and establish the workflow of developing an image-based model of skeletal muscle oxygenation. Finally, we give an outlook for improvements needed for measurements and imaging techniques to adequately investigate the microvascular capability for oxygen exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zeller-Plumhoff
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung, Geesthacht, Germany .,Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - T Roose
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G F Clough
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - P Schneider
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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122
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Overcoming obstacles in the tumor microenvironment: Recent advancements in nanoparticle delivery for cancer theranostics. Biomaterials 2017; 156:217-237. [PMID: 29207323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite rapid advancements in the field of nanotechnology, there is mounting frustration in the scientific community regarding the translational impact of nanomedicine. Modest therapeutic performance of FDA-approved nanomedicines combined with multiple disappointing clinical trials (such as phase III HEAT trial) have raised questions about the future of nanomedicine. Encouraging breakthroughs, however, have been made in the last few years towards the development of new classes of nanoparticles that can respond to tumor microenvironmental conditions and successfully deliver therapeutic agents to cancer cells. Concurrently, a great deal of effort has also been devoted to alter various parameters of tumor pathophysiology to pre-treat tumors before nanoparticles are administered. Such 'priming' treatments improve access of the systemically administered agents to the tumor and promote drug penetration into the deeper layers of tumor tissue. This review will highlight recent advances in cancer nanomedicine exploiting both nanoparticle design and tumor microenvironment modification; and provide a critical perspective on the future development of nanomedicine delivery in oncology.
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123
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Owyong M, Hosseini-Nassab N, Efe G, Honkala A, van den Bijgaart RJE, Plaks V, Smith BR. Cancer Immunotherapy Getting Brainy: Visualizing the Distinctive CNS Metastatic Niche to Illuminate Therapeutic Resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 33-35:23-35. [PMID: 29145972 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) and its success in treating primary and metastatic cancer may offer substantially improved outcomes for patients. Despite recent advancements, many malignancies remain resistant to CIT, among which are brain metastases, a particularly virulent disease with no apparent cure. The immunologically unique niche of the brain has prompted compelling new questions in immuno-oncology such as the effects of tissue-specific differences in immune response, heterogeneity between primary tumors and distant metastases, and the role of spatiotemporal dynamics in shaping an effective anti-tumor immune response. Current methods to examine the immunobiology of metastases in the brain are constrained by tissue processing methods that limit spatial data collection, omit dynamic information, and cannot recapitulate the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. In the current review, we describe how high-resolution, live imaging tools, particularly intravital microscopy (IVM), are instrumental in answering these questions. IVM of pre-clinical cancer models enables short- and long-term observations of critical immunobiology and metastatic growth phenomena to potentially generate revolutionary insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain metastasis, interactions of CIT with immune elements therein, and influence of chemo- and radiotherapy. We describe the utility of IVM to study brain metastasis in mice by tracking the migration and growth of fluorescently-labeled cells, including cancer cells and immune subsets, while monitoring the physical environment within optical windows using imaging dyes and other signal generation mechanisms to illuminate angiogenesis, hypoxia, and/or CIT drug expression within the metastatic niche. Our review summarizes the current knowledge regarding brain metastases and the immune milieu, presents the current status of CIT and its prospects in targeting brain metastases to circumvent therapeutic resistance, and proposes avenues to utilize IVM to study CIT drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models that will ultimately facilitate novel drug discovery and innovative combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Owyong
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | | | - Gizem Efe
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Alexander Honkala
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
| | - Renske J E van den Bijgaart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and Oncoimmunology Laboratory, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vicki Plaks
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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124
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Huang R, Andersen LMK, Rofstad EK. Metastatic pathway and the microvascular and physicochemical microenvironments of human melanoma xenografts. J Transl Med 2017; 15:203. [PMID: 29017512 PMCID: PMC5634823 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma of the skin can metastasize through blood vessels and lymphatics. The primary tumor develops a vascular microenvironment characterized by abnormal blood vessels and lymphatics and a physicochemical microenvironment characterized by low oxygen tension, regions with hypoxic tissue, and high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). This study aimed at identifying relationships between the metastatic route of melanomas and characteristic features of the microvascular and physicochemical microenvironments of the primary tumor. METHODS Two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models (E-13, N-15) and four cell line-derived xenografts (CDX) models (C-10, D-12, R-18, T-22) of human melanoma were included in the study. Tumors were transplanted to an orthotopic site in BALB/c-nu/nu mice, and when the tumors had grown to a volume of 500-600 mm3, the IFP of the primary tumor was measured and the hypoxia marker pimonidazole was administered before the host mouse was euthanized. The primary tumor, lungs, and six pairs of lymph nodes were evaluated by examining hematoxylin/eosin-stained and immunostained histological preparations. The expression of angiogenesis-related genes was assessed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS C-10, D-12, and E-13 tumors disseminated primarily by the hematogenous route and developed pulmonary metastases. These tumors showed high angiogenic activity and high expression of the F3 gene as well as ANGPT2 and TIE1, genes encoding proteins of the angiopoietin-tie system. N-15, R-18, and T-22 tumors disseminated mainly by the lymphogenous route and developed metastases in draining lymph nodes. These tumors had highly elevated IFP and showed high expression of NRP2, a gene encoding neuropilin-2. CONCLUSION The primary metastatic route of orthotopic human melanoma xenografts and the development of lung and lymph node metastases are influenced significantly by the microvascular and physicochemical microenvironments of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Huang
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Mari K. Andersen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K. Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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125
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A cerebellar window for intravital imaging of normal and disease states in mice. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:2251-2262. [PMID: 28981123 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a prominent part of the vertebrate hindbrain that is critically involved in the regulation of important body functions such as movement coordination, maintenance of balance and posture, and motor control. Here, we describe a cerebellar window that provides access to the mouse cerebellum for intravital imaging, thereby allowing for a detailed characterization of the dynamic processes in this region of the brain. First, the skull overlying the cerebellum is removed, and then the window is applied to the region of interest. Windows may be exchanged depending on the desired imaging modality. This technique has a variety of applications. In the setting of medulloblastoma, spontaneous or orthotopically implanted lesions can be imaged, and tumor morphology and size can be monitored using ultrasonography. Multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy (MPLSM) or optical-frequency-domain imaging (OFDI) can be applied for in vivo visualization and analysis of cellular and vascular structures in a variety of disease states, including malignancies and ataxia telangiectasia. This protocol describes a novel and rapid method for cerebellar window construction that can be set up in under an hour.
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126
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Torii M, Fukui T, Inoue M, Kanao S, Umetani K, Shirai M, Inagaki T, Tsuchimochi H, Pearson JT, Toi M. Analysis of the microvascular morphology and hemodynamics of breast cancer in mice using SPring-8 synchrotron radiation microangiography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:1039-1047. [PMID: 28862627 PMCID: PMC5580789 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517008372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor vasculature is characterized by morphological and functional abnormalities. However, analysis of the dynamics in blood flow is still challenging because of limited spatial and temporal resolution. Synchrotron radiation (SR) microangiography above the K-edge of the iodine contrast agent can provide high-contrast imaging of microvessels in time orders of milliseconds. In this study, mice bearing the human breast cancer cell lines MDAMB231 and NOTCH4 overexpression in MDAMB231 (MDAMB231NOTCH4+) and normal mice were assessed using SR microangiography. NOTCH is transmembrane protein that has crucial roles for vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, and NOTCH4 is considered to be a cause of high-flow arteriovenous shunting. A subgroup of mice received intravenous eribulin treatment, which is known to improve intratumor core circulation (MDAMB231_eribulin). Microvessel branches from approximately 200 µm to less than 20 µm in diameter were observed within the same visual field. The mean transition time (MTT) was measured as a dynamic parameter and quantitative analysis was performed. MTT in MDAMB231 was longer than that in normal tissue, and MDAMB231NOTCH4+ showed shorter MTT [5.0 ± 1.4 s, 3.6 ± 1.0 s and 3.6 ± 1.1 s (mean ± standard deviation), respectively]. After treatment, average MTT was correlated to tumor volume (r = 0.999) in MDAMB231_eribulin, while in contrast there was no correlation in MDAMB231 (r = -0.026). These changes in MTT profile are considered to be driven by the modulation of intratumoral circulation dynamics. These results demonstrate that a SR microangiography approach enables quantitative analysis of morphological and dynamic characteristics of tumor vasculature in vivo. Further studies will reveal new findings concerning vessel function in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Torii
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Fukui
- Medical Imaging System Development Center, Canon, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Inoue
- Medical Imaging System Development Center, Canon, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kanao
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Umetani
- Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mikiyasu Shirai
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadakatsu Inagaki
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - James T. Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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127
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Liu K, Zhang X, Xu W, Chen J, Yu J, Gamble JR, McCaughan GW. Targeting the vasculature in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: Starving versus normalizing blood supply. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8:e98. [PMID: 28617447 PMCID: PMC5518951 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional treatments for intermediate or advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and anti-angiogenesis therapies were developed to starve tumor blood supply. A new approach of normalizing structurally and functionally abnormal tumor vasculature is emerging. While TACE improves survival in selected patients, the resulting tumor hypoxia stimulates proliferation, angiogenesis, treatment resistance and metastasis, which limits its overall efficacy. Vessel normalization decreases hypoxia and improves anti-tumor immune infiltrate and drug delivery. Several pre-clinical agents aimed at normalizing tumor vasculature in HCC appear promising. Although anti-angiogenic agents with vessel normalizing potential have been trialed in advanced HCC with modest results, to date their primary intention had been to starve the tumor. Judicious use of anti-angiogenic therapies is required to achieve vessel normalization yet avoid excessive pruning of vessels. This balance, termed the normalization window, is yet uncharacterized in HCC. However, the optimal class, dose and schedule of vascular normalization agents, alone or in combination with other therapies needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinbiao Chen
- Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jennifer R Gamble
- Centre for the Endothelium, Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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128
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Sasikumar A, Kamalasanan K. Nanomedicine for prostate cancer using nanoemulsion: A review. J Control Release 2017; 260:111-123. [PMID: 28583444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a worldwide issue, with burgeoning rise in prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Targeted drug delivery, a long sort solution in this regard using controlled release (CR) - nanocarriers, is still a challenge. There is an emerging criticism that, the challenges are due to less appreciation for the biological barriers and lack of corresponding newer technologies. Over the years, more understanding about the biological barriers has come with the progress in characterization techniques. Correspondingly, there is a change in opinion about approaches in clinical trial that; focus of the end point need to be shifted towards disease stabilization for these explorative technologies. Currently, there is a requirement to overcome these newly identified challenges to develop newer affordable therapeutics. The ongoing clinical protocol for therapy using CR-nanocarriers is intravenous injection followed by local targeting to cancer site. This is the most accepted protocol and new CR-nanocarriers are being developed to suit this protocol. In this review, recent progress in treatment of PCa using CR-nanocarriers is analyzed with respect to newly identified biological barriers and design challenges. Possibilities of exploring nanoemulsion (NE) platform for targeted drug delivery to PCa are examined. Repurposing of drugs and combination therapy using NE platform targeted to PCa can be explored for design and development of affordable nanomedicine. In 20yrs. from now there expected to be numerous affordable nanomedicine technologies available in market exploring these lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindsiva Sasikumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Amrita University, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Kaladhar Kamalasanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Amrita University, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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129
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Suijkerbuijk SJE, van Rheenen J. From good to bad: Intravital imaging of the hijack of physiological processes by cancer cells. Dev Biol 2017; 428:328-337. [PMID: 28473106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of tissues is tightly regulated at the cellular, tissue and organismal level. Interestingly, tumor cells have found ways to hijack many of these physiological processes at all the different levels. Here we review how intravital microscopy techniques have provided new insights into our understanding of tissue homeostasis and cancer progression. In addition, we highlight the different strategies that tumor cells have adopted to use these physiological processes for their own benefit. We describe how visualization of these dynamic processes in living mice has broadened to our view on cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J E Suijkerbuijk
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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130
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Arpino JM, Nong Z, Li F, Yin H, Ghonaim N, Milkovich S, Balint B, O’Neil C, Fraser GM, Goldman D, Ellis CG, Pickering JG. Four-Dimensional Microvascular Analysis Reveals That Regenerative Angiogenesis in Ischemic Muscle Produces a Flawed Microcirculation. Circ Res 2017; 120:1453-1465. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Angiogenesis occurs after ischemic injury to skeletal muscle, and enhancing this response has been a therapeutic goal. However, to appropriately deliver oxygen, a precisely organized and exquisitely responsive microcirculation must form. Whether these network attributes exist in a regenerated microcirculation is unknown, and methodologies for answering this have been lacking.
Objective:
To develop 4-dimensional methodologies for elucidating microarchitecture and function of the reconstructed microcirculation in skeletal muscle.
Methods and Results:
We established a model of complete microcirculatory regeneration after ischemia-induced obliteration in the mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle. Dynamic imaging of red blood cells revealed the regeneration of an extensive network of flowing neo-microvessels, which after 14 days structurally resembled that of uninjured muscle. However, the skeletal muscle remained hypoxic. Red blood cell transit analysis revealed slow and stalled flow in the regenerated capillaries and extensive arteriolar-venular shunting. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneity in capillary red cell transit was highly constrained, and red blood cell oxygen saturation was low and inappropriately variable. These abnormalities persisted to 120 days after injury. To determine whether the regenerated microcirculation could regulate flow, the muscle was subjected to local hypoxia using an oxygen-permeable membrane. Hypoxia promptly increased red cell velocity and flux in control capillaries, but in neocapillaries, the response was blunted. Three-dimensional confocal imaging revealed that neoarterioles were aberrantly covered by smooth muscle cells, with increased interprocess spacing and haphazard actin microfilament bundles.
Conclusions:
Despite robust neovascularization, the microcirculation formed by regenerative angiogenesis in skeletal muscle is profoundly flawed in both structure and function, with no evidence for normalizing over time. This network-level dysfunction must be recognized and overcome to advance regenerative approaches for ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Michael Arpino
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Zengxuan Nong
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Fuyan Li
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Hao Yin
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Nour Ghonaim
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Stephanie Milkovich
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Brittany Balint
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Caroline O’Neil
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Graham M. Fraser
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Daniel Goldman
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - Christopher G. Ellis
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
| | - J. Geoffrey Pickering
- From the Robarts Research Institute (J.-M.A., Z.N., F.L., H.Y., B.B., C.O., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (C.G.E., J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (J.-M.A., S.M., B.B., G.M.F., D.G., C.G.E., J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), and Biomedical Engineering (N.G., D.G.), Western University, London, Canada; and Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (G.M.F.)
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131
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Koyama S, Matsunaga S, Imanishi M, Maekawa Y, Kitano H, Takeuchi H, Tomita S. Tumour blood vessel normalisation by prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor repaired sensitivity to chemotherapy in a tumour mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45621. [PMID: 28361934 PMCID: PMC5374523 DOI: 10.1038/srep45621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are important tissue structures that deliver oxygen and nutrition. In tumour tissue, abnormal blood vessels, which are hyperpermeable and immature, are often formed; these tissues also have irregular vascularisation and intravasation. This situation leads to hypoperfusion in tumour tissue along with low oxygen and nutrition depletion; this is also called the tumour microenvironment and is characterised by hypoxia, depleted nutrition, low pH and high interstitial pressure. This environment induces resistance to anticancer drugs, which causes an increase in anticancer drug doses, leading to increased side effects. We hypothesised that normalised tumour blood vessels would improve tumour tissue perfusion, resupply nutrition and re-oxygenate the tumour tissue. Chemotherapy would then be more effective and cause a decrease in anticancer drug doses. Here we report a neovascularisation-inducing drug that improved tumour vascular abnormalities, such as low blood flow, blood leakage and abnormal vessel structure. These results could lead to not only an increased chemo-sensitivity and tissue-drug distribution but also an up-regulated efficiency for cancer chemotherapy. This suggests that tumour blood vessel normalisation therapy accompanied by angiogenesis may be a novel strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Koyama
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.,Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Motor Organs, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsunaga
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaki Imanishi
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoichi Maekawa
- Department of Parasitology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.,Domain of Integrated Life Systems, Gifu Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nanosciences and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kitano
- Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Motor Organs, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takeuchi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Motor Organs, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tomita
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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132
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Abstract
In vivo imaging, which enables us to peer deeply within living subjects, is producing tremendous opportunities both for clinical diagnostics and as a research tool. Contrast material is often required to clearly visualize the functional architecture of physiological structures. Recent advances in nanomaterials are becoming pivotal to generate the high-resolution, high-contrast images needed for accurate, precision diagnostics. Nanomaterials are playing major roles in imaging by delivering large imaging payloads, yielding improved sensitivity, multiplexing capacity, and modularity of design. Indeed, for several imaging modalities, nanomaterials are now not simply ancillary contrast entities, but are instead the original and sole source of image signal that make possible the modality's existence. We address the physicochemical makeup/design of nanomaterials through the lens of the physical properties that produce contrast signal for the cognate imaging modality-we stratify nanomaterials on the basis of their (i) magnetic, (ii) optical, (iii) acoustic, and/or (iv) nuclear properties. We evaluate them for their ability to provide relevant information under preclinical and clinical circumstances, their in vivo safety profiles (which are being incorporated into their chemical design), their modularity in being fused to create multimodal nanomaterials (spanning multiple different physical imaging modalities and therapeutic/theranostic capabilities), their key properties, and critically their likelihood to be clinically translated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ronain Smith
- Stanford University , 3155 Porter Drive, #1214, Palo Alto, California 94304-5483, United States
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- The James H. Clark Center , 318 Campus Drive, First Floor, E-150A, Stanford, California 94305-5427, United States
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133
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Melsens E, Verberckmoes B, Rosseel N, Vanhove C, Descamps B, Pattyn P, Ceelen W. The VEGFR Inhibitor Cediranib Improves the Efficacy of Fractionated Radiotherapy in a Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Model. Eur Surg Res 2016; 58:95-108. [PMID: 28002822 DOI: 10.1159/000452741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Radiotherapy (RT) increases local tumor control in locally advanced rectal cancer, but complete histological response is seen in only a minority of cases. Antiangiogenic therapy has been proposed to improve RT efficacy by "normalizing" the tumor microvasculature. Here, we examined whether cediranib, a pan-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, improves microvascular function and tumor control in combination with RT in a mouse colorectal cancer (CRC) model. METHODS CRC xenografts (HT29) were grown subcutaneously in mice. Animals were treated for 5 consecutive days with vehicle, RT (1.8 Gy daily), cediranib (6 mg/kg po), or combined therapy (cediranib 2 h prior to radiation). Tumor volume was measured with calipers. Vascular changes were analyzed by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, oxygenation and interstitial fluid pressure probes and histology. To investigate vascular changes more in detail, a second set of mice were fitted with titanium dorsal skinfold window chambers, wherein a HT29 tumor cell suspension was injected. In vivo fluorescence microscopy was performed before and after treatment (same treatment protocol). RESULTS In vivo microscopy analyses showed that VEGFR inhibition with cediranib led to a "normalization" of the vessel wall, with decreased microvessel permeability (p < 0.0001) and tortuosity (p < 0.01), and a trend to decreased vessel diameters. This seemed to lead to lower tumor hypoxia rates in the cediranib and combination groups compared to the control and RT groups. This led to an increased tumor control in the combination group compared to controls or monotherapy (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The combination of RT with cediranib enhances tumor control in a CRC xenograft mouse model. Microvascular analyses suggest that cediranib leads to vascular normalization and improved oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Melsens
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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134
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Gioiella F, Urciuolo F, Imparato G, Brancato V, Netti PA. An Engineered Breast Cancer Model on a Chip to Replicate ECM-Activation In Vitro during Tumor Progression. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:3074-3084. [PMID: 27925458 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new model of breast cancer is proposed featuring both epithelial and stromal tissues arranged on a microfluidic chip. The main task of the work is the in vitro replication of the stromal activation during tumor epithelial invasion. The activation of tumor stroma and its morphological/compositional changes play a key role in tumor progression. Despite emerging evidences, to date the activation of tumor stroma in vitro has not been achieved yet. The tumor-on-chip proposed in this work is built in order to replicate the features of its native counterpart: multicellularity (tumor epithelial cell and stromal cell); 3D engineered stroma compartment composed of cell-assembled extracellular matrix (ECM); reliable 3D tumor architecture. During tumor epithelial invasion the stroma displayed an activation process at both cellular and ECM level. Similarly of what repeated in vivo, ECM remodeling is found in terms of hyaluronic acid and fibronectin overexpression in the stroma compartment. Furthermore, the cell-assembled ECM featuring the stromal tissue, allowed on-line monitoring of collagen remodeling during stroma activation process via real time multiphoton microscopy. Also, trafficking of macromolecules within the stromal compartment has been monitored in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Gioiella
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; P.le Tecchio 80 80125 Napoli Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Napoli Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Napoli Italy
| | - Virginia Brancato
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; P.le Tecchio 80 80125 Napoli Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; P.le Tecchio 80 80125 Napoli Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Napoli Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI); University of Naples Federico II; P.le Tecchio 80 80125 Napoli Italy
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135
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Fu W, Zhuo J, Hu L. Differential effects of recombinant human endostatin treatment on differentiated and undifferentiated blood vessels in Lewis lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:196-200. [PMID: 28123541 PMCID: PMC5245054 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of recombinant human (rh-)endostatin treatment on differentiated and undifferentiated tumor vasculature in Lewis lung cancer for the first time. Lewis lung carcinoma models were established. The animals were treated daily with varying doses of rh-endostatin or physiological saline for 14 days. Intravital microscopy was performed following treatment. The expression of CD31 and CD34 was determined by immunohistochemical staining, and microvessel density (MVD) was determined. Rh-endostatin treatment significantly decreased the tumor volume compared with the control group. Rh-endostatin treatment normalized the architecture of the vascular network. CD31+ cells decreased following rh-endostatin treatment, whereas CD34+ cells were unaffected by the treatment. Accordingly, the MVD value of CD31+ cells in rh-endostatin treatment groups significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the MVD value of CD34+ cells in the rh-endostatin treatment groups did not decrease. Undifferentiated tumor blood vessels were significantly inhibited by rh-endostatin treatment. In conclusion, the normalization of the tumor vasculature by endostatin may be related to the differential effects of endostatin on differentiated and undifferentiated blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhuo
- Department of Ultrasonography, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Likuan Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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136
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Burks HE, Phamduy TB, Azimi MS, Saksena J, Burow ME, Collins-Burow BM, Chrisey DB, Murfee WL. Laser Direct-Write Onto Live Tissues: A Novel Model for Studying Cancer Cell Migration. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2333-8. [PMID: 26923437 PMCID: PMC4946993 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into the mechanisms driving cancer cell behavior and the subsequent development of novel targeted therapeutics requires comprehensive experimental models that mimic the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Recently, our laboratories have combined a novel tissue culture model and laser direct-write, a form of bioprinting, to spatially position single or clustered cancer cells onto ex vivo microvascular networks containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and interstitial cell populations. Herein, we highlight this new model as a tool for quantifying cancer cell motility and effects on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in an intact network that matches the complexity of a real tissue. Application of our proposed methodology offers an innovative ex vivo tissue perspective for evaluating the effects of gene expression and targeted molecular therapies on cancer cell migration and invasion. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2333-2338, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope E. Burks
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Theresa B. Phamduy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Mohammad S. Azimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Jayant Saksena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | | | | | | | - Walter L. Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
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137
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Woodby B, Scott M, Bodily J. The Interaction Between Human Papillomaviruses and the Stromal Microenvironment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:169-238. [PMID: 27865458 PMCID: PMC5727914 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in stratified squamous epithelia and cause a variety of malignancies. Current efforts in HPV biology are focused on understanding the virus-host interactions that enable HPV to persist for years or decades in the tissue. The importance of interactions between tumor cells and the stromal microenvironment has become increasingly apparent in recent years, but how stromal interactions impact the normal, benign life cycle of HPVs, or progression of lesions to cancer is less understood. Furthermore, how productively replicating HPV impacts cells in the stromal environment is also unclear. Here we bring together some of the relevant literature on keratinocyte-stromal interactions and their impacts on HPV biology, focusing on stromal fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. We discuss how HPV oncogenes in infected cells manipulate other cells in their environment, and, conversely, how neighboring cells may impact the efficiency or course of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Woodby
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - M Scott
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Bodily
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States.
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138
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Hosseini Y, Agah M, Verbridge SS. Endothelial cell sensing, restructuring, and invasion in collagen hydrogel structures. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:1432-41. [PMID: 26379187 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental tools to model cell-tissue interactions will likely lead to new ways to both understand and treat cancer. While the mechanical properties and regulation of invasion have been recently studied for tumor cells, they have received less attention in the context of tumor vascular dynamics. In this article, we have investigated the interaction between the surfaces of structures encountered by endothelial cells invading their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) during angiogenesis. For this purpose, we have fabricated round and sharp geometries with various curvature and sharpness indices in collagen hydrogel over a wide range of stiffness to mimic different microenvironments varying from normal to tumor tissues. We have then cultured endothelial cells on these structures to investigate the bi-directional interaction between the cells and ECM. We have observed that cell invasion frequency is higher from the structures with the highest sharpness and curvature index, while interestingly the dependence of invasion on the local micro-geometry is strongest for the highest density matrices. Notably, structures with the highest invasion length are linked with higher deformation of side structures, which may be related to traction force-activated signaling suggesting further investigation. We have noted that round structures are more favorable for cell adhesion and in some cases round structures drive cell invasion faster than sharp ones. These results highlight the ability of endothelial cells to sense small variations in ECM geometry, and respond with a balance of matrix invasion as well as deformation, with potential implications for feedback mechanisms that may enhance vascular abnormality in response to tumor-induced ECM alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hosseini
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA.
| | - M Agah
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - S S Verbridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
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139
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Nakamura Y, Mochida A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Nanodrug Delivery: Is the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect Sufficient for Curing Cancer? Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2225-2238. [PMID: 27547843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers several attractive design features that have prompted its exploration for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanosized drugs have a large loading capacity, the ability to protect the payload from degradation, a large surface on which to conjugate targeting ligands, and controlled or sustained release. Nanosized drugs also leak preferentially into tumor tissue through permeable tumor vessels and are then retained in the tumor bed due to reduced lymphatic drainage. This process is known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. However, while the EPR effect is widely held to improve delivery of nanodrugs to tumors, it in fact offers less than a 2-fold increase in nanodrug delivery compared with critical normal organs, resulting in drug concentrations that are not sufficient for curing most cancers. In this Review, we first overview various barriers for nanosized drug delivery with an emphasis on the capillary wall's resistance, the main obstacle to delivering drugs. Then, we discuss current regulatory issues facing nanomedicine. Finally, we discuss how to make the delivery of nanosized drugs to tumors more effective by building on the EPR effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Ai Mochida
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
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140
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Yue X, Morales AR, Githaiga GW, Woodward AW, Tang S, Sawada J, Komatsu M, Liu X, Belfield KD. RGD-conjugated two-photon absorbing near-IR emitting fluorescent probes for tumor vasculature imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:10716-25. [PMID: 26351137 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01536g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Observation of the activation and inhibition of angiogenesis processes is important in the progression of cancer. Application of targeting peptides, such as a small peptide that contains adjacent L-arginine (R), glycine (G) and L-aspartic acid (D) residues can afford high selectivity and deep penetration in vessel imaging. To facilitate deep tissue vasculature imaging, probes that can be excited via two-photon absorption (2PA) in the near-infrared (NIR) and subsequently emit in the NIR are essential. In this study, the enhancement of tissue image quality with RGD conjugates was investigated with new NIR-emitting pyranyl fluorophore derivatives in two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Linear and nonlinear photophysical properties of the new probes were comprehensively characterized; significantly the probes exhibited good 2PA over a broad spectral range from 700-1100 nm. Cell and tissue images were then acquired and examined, revealing deep penetration and high contrast with the new pyranyl RGD-conjugates up to 350 μm in tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Yue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Alma R Morales
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grace W Githaiga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Adam W Woodward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Simon Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Junko Sawada
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Masanobu Komatsu
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Kevin D Belfield
- College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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141
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Schießl IM, Castrop H. Deep insights: intravital imaging with two-photon microscopy. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1505-16. [PMID: 27352273 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton microscopy is widely used to assess the structure and function of organs in live animals. Although different tissues vary in their accessibility for intravital multiphoton imaging, considerable progress has been made in the imaging quality of all tissues due to substantial technical improvements in the relevant imaging components, such as optics, excitation laser, detectors, and signal analysis software. In this review, we provide an overview of the technical background of intravital multiphoton microscopy. Then, we note a few seminal findings that were made through the use of multiphoton microscopy. Finally, we address the technical limitations of the method and provide an outlook for how these limitations may be overcome through future technical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schießl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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142
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Gruionu G, Bazou D, Maimon N, Onita-Lenco M, Gruionu LG, Huang P, Munn LL. Implantable tissue isolation chambers for analyzing tumor dynamics in vivo. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1840-1851. [PMID: 27128791 PMCID: PMC5155583 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00237d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of new blood vessels from the surrounding tissue is central to tumor progression and involves a fundamental transition of the normal, organized vasculature into a dense disarray of vessels that infiltrates the tumor. At present, studying the co-development of the tumor and recruited normal tissue is experimentally challenging because many of the important events occur rapidly and over short length scales in a dense three-dimensional space. To overcome these experimental limitations, we partially confined tumors within biocompatible and optically clear tissue isolation chambers (TICs) and implanted them in mice to create a system that is more amenable to microscopic analysis. Our goal was to integrate the tumor into a recruited host tissue - complete with vasculature - and demonstrate that the system recapitulates relevant features of the tumor microenvironment. We show that the TICs allow clear visualization of the cellular events associated with tumor growth and progression at the host-tumor interface including cell infiltration, matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. The tissue within the chamber is viable for more than a month, and the process is robust in both the skin and brain. Treatment with losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, decreased the collagen density and fiber length in the TIC, consistent with the known activity of this drug. We further show that collagen fibers display characteristic tumor signatures and play a central role in angiogenesis, guiding the migration of tethered endothelial sprouts. The methodology combines accessible methods of microfabrication with animal models and will enable more informative studies of the cellular mechanisms of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gruionu
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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143
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Leuci V, Maione F, Rotolo R, Giraudo E, Sassi F, Migliardi G, Todorovic M, Gammaitoni L, Mesiano G, Giraudo L, Luraghi P, Leone F, Bussolino F, Grignani G, Aglietta M, Trusolino L, Bertotti A, Sangiolo D. Lenalidomide normalizes tumor vessels in colorectal cancer improving chemotherapy activity. J Transl Med 2016; 14:119. [PMID: 27149858 PMCID: PMC4857418 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis inhibition is a promising approach for treating metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Recent evidences support the seemingly counterintuitive ability of certain antiangiogenic drugs to promote normalization of residual tumor vessels with important clinical implications. Lenalidomide is an oral drug with immune-modulatory and anti-angiogenic activity against selected hematologic malignancies but as yet little is known regarding its effectiveness for solid tumors. The aim of this study was to determine whether lenalidomide can normalize colorectal cancer neo-vessels in vivo, thus reducing tumor hypoxia and improving the benefit of chemotherapy. Methods We set up a tumorgraft model with NOD/SCID mice implanted with a patient-derived colorectal cancer liver metastasis. The mice were treated with oral lenalidomide (50 mg/Kg/day for 28 days), intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil (5FU) (20 mg/Kg twice weekly for 3 weeks), combination (combo) of lenalidomide and 5FU or irrelevant vehicle. We assessed tumor vessel density (CD146), pericyte coverage (NG2; alphaSMA), in vivo perfusion capability of residual vessels (lectin distribution essay), hypoxic areas (HP2-100 Hypoxyprobe) and antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. Results Treatment with lenalidomide reduced tumor vessel density (p = 0.0001) and enhanced mature pericyte coverage of residual vessels (p = 0.002). Perfusion capability of tumor vessels was enhanced in mice treated with lenalidomide compared to controls (p = 0.004). Accordingly, lenalidomide reduced hypoxic tumor areas (p = 0.002) and enhanced the antitumor activity of 5FU in vivo. The combo treatment delayed tumor growth (p = 0.01) and significantly reduced the Ki67 index (p = 0.0002). Lenalidomide alone did not demonstrate antitumor activity compared to untreated controls in vivo or against 4 different mCRC cell lines in vitro. Conclusions We provide the first evidence of tumor vessel normalization and hypoxia reduction induced by lenalidomide in mCRC in vivo. This effect, seemingly counterintuitive for an antiangiogenic compound, translates into indirect antitumor activity thus enhancing the therapeutic index of chemotherapy. Our findings suggest that further research should be carried out on synergism between lenalidomide and conventional therapies for treating solid tumors that might benefit from tumor vasculature normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Leuci
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Medical Oncology-Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - F Maione
- Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - R Rotolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Medical Oncology-Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - E Giraudo
- Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Sassi
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - G Migliardi
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - M Todorovic
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology-Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - L Gammaitoni
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology-Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - G Mesiano
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology-Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - L Giraudo
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology-Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - P Luraghi
- Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - F Leone
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Division and Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - F Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Vascular Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - G Grignani
- Division and Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - M Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Division and Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - L Trusolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - A Bertotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - D Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy. .,Laboratory of Medical Oncology-Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
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Scheele CLGJ, Maynard C, van Rheenen J. Intravital Insights into Heterogeneity, Metastasis, and Therapy Responses. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:205-216. [PMID: 28741572 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression is driven by a series of genetic and microenvironmental changes. These events lead to heterogeneous tumors which consist of a variety of cells from which some cells may possess properties which promote survival after therapy and metastasis. Recent advances in intravital microscopy (IVM) have enabled visualization of this tumor heterogeneity over time at a single-cell resolution. We highlight here the latest IVM studies that have revealed the dynamic interactions between the tumor cells and their local microenvironment. We review the most recent data that exposes how these dynamic interactions cause an additional increase in tumor heterogeneity, resulting in multiple metastatic strategies and facilitating therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colinda L G J Scheele
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carrie Maynard
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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145
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Intraoperative intravital microscopy permits the study of human tumour vessels. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10684. [PMID: 26883450 PMCID: PMC4757793 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour vessels have been studied extensively as they are critical sites for drug delivery, anti-angiogenic therapies and immunotherapy. As a preclinical tool, intravital microscopy (IVM) allows for in vivo real-time direct observation of vessels at the cellular level. However, to date there are no reports of intravital high-resolution imaging of human tumours in the clinical setting. Here we report the feasibility of IVM examinations of human malignant disease with an emphasis on tumour vasculature as the major site of tumour-host interactions. Consistent with preclinical observations, we show that patient tumour vessels are disorganized, tortuous and ∼50% do not support blood flow. Human tumour vessel diameters are larger than predicted from immunohistochemistry or preclinical IVM, and thereby have lower wall shear stress, which influences delivery of drugs and cellular immunotherapies. Thus, real-time clinical imaging of living human tumours is feasible and allows for detection of characteristics within the tumour microenvironment.
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146
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Mechanisms and biomaterials in pH-responsive tumour targeted drug delivery: A review. Biomaterials 2016; 85:152-67. [PMID: 26871891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the mainstay in the treatment of various cancers, chemotherapy plays a vital role, but still faces many challenges, such as poor tumour selectivity and multidrug resistance (MDR). Targeted drug delivery using nanotechnology has provided a new strategy for addressing the limitations of the conventional chemotherapy. In the last decade, the volume of research published in this area has increased tremendously, especially with functional nano drug delivery systems (nanocarriers). Coupling a specific stimuli-triggered drug release mechanism with these delivery systems is one of the most prevalent approaches for improving therapeutic outcomes. Among the various stimuli, pH triggered delivery is regarded as the most general strategy, targeting the acidic extracellular microenvironment and intracellular organelles of solid tumours. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of pH-sensitive nanocarriers for tumour-targeted drug delivery. The review focuses on the chemical design of pH-sensitive biomaterials, which are used to fabricate nanocarriers for extracellular and/or intracellular tumour site-specific drug release. The pH-responsive biomaterials bring forth conformational changes in these nanocarriers through various mechanisms such as protonation, charge reversal or cleavage of a chemical bond, facilitating tumour specific cell uptake or drug release. A greater understanding of these mechanisms will help to design more efficient drug delivery systems to address the challenges encountered in conventional chemotherapy.
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147
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Buchoux A, Valluri P, Smith S, Stokes AA, Hoskins PR, Sboros V. Manufacturing of microcirculation phantoms using rapid prototyping technologies. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:5908-11. [PMID: 26737636 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a method for the manufacturing of a microcirculation phantom that may be used to investigate hemodynamics using optics based methods. We made an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) negative mold, manufactured in a Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printer, embedded it in Polydimethysilioxane (PDMS) and dissolved it from within using acetone. We successfully made an enlarged three-dimensional (3D) network of microcirculation, and tested it using red blood cell (RBC) analogues. This phantom may be used for testing medical imaging technology.
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148
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Astin JW, Crosier PS. Lymphatics, Cancer and Zebrafish. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:199-218. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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149
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Lee E, Song HHG, Chen CS. Biomimetic on-a-chip platforms for studying cancer metastasis. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2015; 11:20-27. [PMID: 27570735 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a multi-step, secondary tumor formation that is responsible for the vast majority of deaths in cancer patients. Animal models have served as one of the major tools for studying metastatic diseases. However, these metastasis models inherently lack the ability to decouple many of the key parameters that might contribute to cancer progression, and therefore ultimately limit detailed, mechanistic investigation of metastasis. Recently, organ-on-a-chip model systems have been developed for various tissue types with the potential to recapitulate major components of metastasis. Here, we discuss recent advances in in vitro biomimetic on-a-chip models for cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esak Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States; The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - H-H Greco Song
- The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States; The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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150
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Aghighi M, Golovko D, Ansari C, Marina NM, Pisani L, Kurlander L, Klenk C, Bhaumik S, Wendland M, Daldrup-Link HE. Imaging Tumor Necrosis with Ferumoxytol. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142665. [PMID: 26569397 PMCID: PMC4646285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) are promising contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). USPIO mediated proton relaxation rate enhancement is strongly dependent on compartmentalization of the agent and can vary depending on their intracellular or extracellular location in the tumor microenvironment. We compared the T1- and T2-enhancement pattern of intracellular and extracellular USPIO in mouse models of cancer and pilot data from patients. A better understanding of these MR signal effects will enable non-invasive characterizations of the composition of the tumor microenvironment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six 4T1 and six MMTV-PyMT mammary tumors were grown in mice and imaged with ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI. R1 relaxation rates were calculated for different tumor types and different tumor areas and compared with histology. The transendothelial leakage rate of ferumoxytol was obtained by our measured relaxivity of ferumoxytol and compared between different tumor types, using a t-test. Additionally, 3 patients with malignant sarcomas were imaged with ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI. T1- and T2-enhancement patterns were compared with histopathology in a descriptive manner as a proof of concept for clinical translation of our observations. RESULTS 4T1 tumors showed central areas of high signal on T1 and low signal on T2 weighted MR images, which corresponded to extracellular nanoparticles in a necrotic core on histopathology. MMTV-PyMT tumors showed little change on T1 but decreased signal on T2 weighted images, which correlated to compartmentalized nanoparticles in tumor associated macrophages. Only 4T1 tumors demonstrated significantly increased R1 relaxation rates of the tumor core compared to the tumor periphery (p<0.001). Transendothelial USPIO leakage was significantly higher for 4T1 tumors (3.4±0.9x10-3 mL/min/100cm3) compared to MMTV-PyMT tumors (1.0±0.9x10-3 mL/min/100 cm3). Likewise, ferumoxytol imaging in patients showed similar findings with high T1 signal in areas of tumor necrosis and low signal in areas of intracellularly compartmentalized iron. CONCLUSION Differential T1- and T2-enhancement patterns of USPIO in tumors enable conclusions about their intracellular and extracellular location. This information can be used to characterize the composition of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aghighi
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Golovko
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Celina Ansari
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Neyssa M. Marina
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Laura Pisani
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Lonnie Kurlander
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Srabani Bhaumik
- GE Global Research Center, Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael Wendland
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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