101
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Di Pardo A, Amico E, Scalabrì F, Pepe G, Castaldo S, Elifani F, Capocci L, De Sanctis C, Comerci L, Pompeo F, D’Esposito M, Filosa S, Crispi S, Maglione V. Impairment of blood-brain barrier is an early event in R6/2 mouse model of Huntington Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41316. [PMID: 28117381 PMCID: PMC5259798 DOI: 10.1038/srep41316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, due to the concomitant disruption of the tight junctions (TJs), normally required for the maintenance of BBB function, and to the altered transport of molecules between blood and brain and vice-versa, has been suggested to significantly contribute to the development and progression of different brain disorders including Huntington's disease (HD). Although the detrimental consequence the BBB breakdown may have in the clinical settings, the timing of its alteration remains elusive for many neurodegenerative diseases. In this study we demonstrate for the first time that BBB disruption in HD is not confined to established symptoms, but occurs early in the disease progression. Despite the obvious signs of impaired BBB permeability were only detectable in concomitance with the onset of the disease, signs of deranged TJs integrity occur precociously in the disease and precede the onset of overt symptoms. To our perspective this finding may add a new dimension to the horizons of pathological mechanisms underlying this devastating disease, however much remains to be elucidated for understanding how specific BBB drug targets can be approached in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Comerci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, IBBR, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio D’Esposito
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Filosa
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, IBBR, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Crispi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, IBBR, CNR, Napoli, Italy
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102
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Deck BL, Rick J, Xie SX, Chen-Plotkin A, Duda JE, Morley JF, Chahine LM, Dahodwala N, Trojanowski JQ, Weintraub D. Statins and Cognition in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:661-667. [PMID: 28922167 PMCID: PMC5675567 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between statins and cognition in Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Analyses were performed to determine associations between statin use and cross-sectional and longitudinal cognitive performance in PD. METHODS Neuropsychological tests, medication logs, and ratings of functional abilities were collected from 313 PD participants longitudinally. RESULTS At baseline, statin users (SU; N = 129) were older, more likely male, and had shorter PD duration than non-statin users (NSU; N = 184). In Cross-sectional analysis, SU performed better on global cognition, Trails B, semantic fluency, and phonemic fluency tasks. Rate of long-term global cognitive (Dementia Rating Scale-2 and MoCA) decline was significantly less in SU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Deck
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Rick
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon X. Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alice Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John E. Duda
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James F. Morley
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lana M. Chahine
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nabila Dahodwala
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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103
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Sarkar S, Liachenko S, Paule MG, Bowyer J, Hanig JP. Brain endothelial dysfunction following pyrithiamine induced thiamine deficiency in the rat. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:298-309. [PMID: 27984051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency can lead to neurological disorders such as Wernicke's encephalopathy and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS) in humans. These thiamine deficiency disorders have been attributed to vascular leakage, blood-brain barrier breakdown and neuronal loss in the diencephalon and brain stem. However, endothelial dysfunction following thiamine deficiency and its relationship to the phenomenon of neurodegeneration has not been clearly elucidated. The present study sought to begin to address this issue by evaluating vascular morphology and integrity in a pyrithiamine (PT)-induced rat model of thiamine deficiency. Adjacent brain sections were used to either assess vascular integrity through immunohistochemical localization of rat endothelial cell antigen (RECA-1) and endothelial brain barrier antigen (EBA-1) or neurodegeneration using the de Olmos cupric silver method. GFAP and CD11b immunolabeling was used to evaluate astrocytic and microglial/macrophagic changes. Extensive neurodegeneration occurred concomitant with both vascular damage (thinning and breakage) and microglial activation in the inferior olive, medial thalamic area, and medial geniculate nuclei of pyrithiamine treated rats. Likewise, glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1), which is mostly expressed in endothelial cells, was also severely decreased in this pyrithiamine induced thiamine deficient rat model. MRI scans of these animals prior to sacrifice show that the pyrithiamine induced thiamine deficient animals have abnormal T2 relaxation values, which are commensurate with, and possibly predictive of, the neurodegeneration and/or endothelial dysfunction subsequently observed histologically in these same animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sarkar
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR-72079, USA.
| | - Serguei Liachenko
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR-72079, USA
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR-72079, USA
| | - John Bowyer
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR-72079, USA
| | - Joseph P Hanig
- Office of Testing & Research, CDER/FDA, White Oak, MD-20993, USA
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104
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Skladnev NV, Ganeshan V, Kim JY, Burton TJ, Mitrofanis J, Stone J, Johnstone DM. Widespread brain transcriptome alterations underlie the neuroprotective actions of dietary saffron. J Neurochem 2016; 139:858-871. [PMID: 27696408 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary saffron has shown promise as a neuroprotective intervention in clinical trials of retinal degeneration and dementia and in animal models of multiple CNS disorders, including Parkinson's disease. This therapeutic potential makes it important to define the relationship between dose and protection and the mechanisms involved. To explore these two issues, mice were pre-conditioned by providing an aqueous extract of saffron (0.01% w/v) as their drinking water for 2, 5 or 10 days before administration of the parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP (50 mg/kg). Five days of saffron pre-conditioning provided the greatest benefit against MPTP-induced neuropathology, significantly mitigating both loss of functional dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (p < 0.01) and abnormal neuronal activity in the caudate-putamen complex (p < 0.0001). RNA microarray analysis of the brain transcriptome of mice pre-conditioned with saffron for 5 days revealed differential expression of 424 genes. Bioinformatics analysis identified enrichment of molecular pathways (e.g. adherens junction, TNFR1 and Fas signaling) and expression changes in candidate genes (Cyr61, Gpx8, Ndufs4, and Nos1ap) with known neuroprotective actions. The apparent biphasic nature of the dose-response relationship between saffron and measures of neuroprotection, together with the stress-inducible nature of many of the up-regulated genes and pathways, lend credence to the idea that saffron, like various other phytochemicals, is a hormetic stimulus, with functions beyond its strong antioxidant capacity. These findings provide impetus for a more comprehensive evaluation of saffron as a neuroprotective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Skladnev
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Varshika Ganeshan
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Thomas J Burton
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Mitrofanis
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Stone
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel M Johnstone
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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105
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Malek N, Lawton MA, Swallow DMA, Grosset KA, Marrinan SL, Bajaj N, Barker RA, Burn DJ, Hardy J, Morris HR, Williams NM, Wood N, Ben-Shlomo Y, Grosset DG. Vascular disease and vascular risk factors in relation to motor features and cognition in early Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1518-1526. [PMID: 27324570 PMCID: PMC5082556 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vascular disease (and vascular risk factors), cognition and motor phenotype in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Recently diagnosed PD cases were enrolled in a multicenter prospective observational longitudinal cohort study. Montreal cognitive assessment (normal >23, mild cognitive impairment 22 to 23 or lower but without functional impairment, and dementia 21 or less with functional impairment) and Movement Disorder Society Unified PD Rating Scale part 3 (UPDRS 3) scores were analyzed in relation to a history of vascular events and risk factors. RESULTS In 1759 PD cases, mean age 67.5 (standard deviation 9.3) years, mean disease duration 1.3 (standard deviation 0.9) years, 65.2% were men, 4.7% had a history of prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, and 12.5% had cardiac disease (angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure). In cases without a history of vascular disease, hypertension was recorded in 30.4%, high cholesterol 27.3%, obesity 20.7%, diabetes 7.2%, and cigarette smoking in 4.6%. Patients with prior stroke or transient ischemic attack were more likely to have cognitive impairment (42% vs 25%) and postural instability gait difficulty (53.5% vs 39.5%), but these findings were not significant after adjustment for age, sex, and disease duration (P = .075). The presence of more than 2 vascular risks was associated with worse UPDRS 3 motor scores (beta coefficient 4.05, 95% confidence interval 1.48, 6.61, p = .002) and with cognitive impairment (ordinal odds ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.34, 3.74, p = .002). In 842 patients (47.8%) with structural brain imaging, white matter leukoaraiosis, but not lacunar or territorial infarction, was associated with impaired cognition (p = .006) and postural instability gait difficulty (p = .010). CONCLUSION Vascular comorbidity is significantly associated with cognitive and gait impairment in patients with early PD, which may have prognostic and treatment implications. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Malek
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael A Lawton
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Diane M A Swallow
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Marrinan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nin Bajaj
- Department of Neurology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David J Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel M Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Donald G Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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106
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Yang P, Pavlovic D, Waldvogel H, Dragunow M, Synek B, Turner C, Faull R, Guan J. String Vessel Formation is Increased in the Brain of Parkinson Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:821-36. [PMID: 26444086 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND String vessels are collapsed basement membrane without endothelium and have no function in circulation. String vessel formation contributes to vascular degeneration in Alzheimer disease. By comparing to age-matched control cases we have recently reported endothelial degeneration in brain capillaries of human Parkinson disease (PD). OBJECTIVE Current study evaluated changes of basement membrane of capillaries, string vessel formation and their association with astrocytes, blood-brain-barrier integrity and neuronal degeneration in PD. METHODS Brain tissue from human cases of PD and age-matched controls was used. Immunohistochemical staining for collagen IV, GFAP, NeuN, tyrosine hydroxylase, fibrinogen and Factor VIII was evaluated by image analysis in the substantia nigra, caudate nucleus and middle frontal gyrus. RESULTS While the basement-membrane-associated vessel density was similar between the two groups, the density of string vessels was significantly increased in the PD cases, particularly in the substantia nigra. Neuronal degeneration was found in all brain regions. Astrocytes and fibrinogen were increased in the caudate nuclei of PD cases compared with control cases. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial degeneration and preservation of basement membrane result in an increase of string vessel formation in PD. The data may suggest a possible role for cerebral hypoperfusion in the neuronal degeneration characteristic of PD, which needs further investigation. Elevated astrocytosis in the caudate nucleus of PD cases could be associated with disruption of the blood-brain barrier in this brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panzao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Darja Pavlovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Beth Synek
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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107
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Kuan WL, Bennett N, He X, Skepper JN, Martynyuk N, Wijeyekoon R, Moghe PV, Williams-Gray CH, Barker RA. α-Synuclein pre-formed fibrils impair tight junction protein expression without affecting cerebral endothelial cell function. Exp Neurol 2016; 285:72-81. [PMID: 27632900 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been shown that there is impaired cerebral endothelial function in many chronic neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Such problems have also been reported in Parkinson's disease, in which α-synuclein aggregation is the pathological hallmark. However, little is known about the relationship between misfolded α-synuclein and endothelial function. In the present study, we therefore examined whether α-synuclein preformed fibrils affect endothelial function in vitro. Using a well-established endothelial cell model, we found that the expression of tight junction proteins, in particular zona occludens-1 and occludin, was significantly perturbed in the presence of fibril-seeded neurotoxicity. Disrupted expression of these proteins was also found in the postmortem brains of patients dying with Parkinson's disease. There was though little evidence in vitro of functional impairments in endothelial cell function in terms of transendothelial electrical resistance and permeability. This study therefore shows for the first time that misfolded α-synuclein can interact and affect the cerebral endothelial system, although its relevance to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Kuan
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom.
| | - Neal Bennett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Xiaoling He
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy N Skepper
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Anatomy Building, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Nataly Martynyuk
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Ruwani Wijeyekoon
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Prabhas V Moghe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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108
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Lange C, Storkebaum E, de Almodóvar CR, Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P. Vascular endothelial growth factor: a neurovascular target in neurological diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:439-54. [PMID: 27364743 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain function critically relies on blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients, to establish a barrier for neurotoxic substances, and to clear waste products. The archetypal vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, arose in evolution as a signal affecting neural cells, but was later co-opted by blood vessels to regulate vascular function. Consequently, VEGF represents an attractive target to modulate brain function at the neurovascular interface. On the one hand, VEGF is neuroprotective, through direct effects on neural cells and their progenitors and indirect effects on brain perfusion. In accordance, preclinical studies show beneficial effects of VEGF administration in neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral neuropathies and epilepsy. On the other hand, pathologically elevated VEGF levels enhance vessel permeability and leakage, and disrupt blood-brain barrier integrity, as in demyelinating diseases, for which blockade of VEGF may be beneficial. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the role and therapeutic potential of VEGF in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lange
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology (KU Leuven) and Vesalius Research Center (VIB), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49 - 912, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Storkebaum
- Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstrasse 20, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Roentgenstrasse 20, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology (KU Leuven) and Vesalius Research Center (VIB), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49 - 912, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology (KU Leuven) and Vesalius Research Center (VIB), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49 - 912, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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109
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Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 51:41-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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110
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Walker DG, Lue LF, Serrano G, Adler CH, Caviness JN, Sue LI, Beach TG. Altered Expression Patterns of Inflammation-Associated and Trophic Molecules in Substantia Nigra and Striatum Brain Samples from Parkinson's Disease, Incidental Lewy Body Disease and Normal Control Cases. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:507. [PMID: 26834537 PMCID: PMC4712383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of inflammation has been consistently associated with pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD)-affected brains, and has been suggested as a causative factor. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, whose loss results in the clinical symptoms associated with PD, are particularly susceptible to inflammatory damage and oxidative stress. Inflammation in the striatum, where SN dopaminergic neurons project, is also a feature of PD brains. It is not known whether inflammatory changes occur first in striatum or SN. Many animal models of PD have implicated certain inflammatory molecules with dopaminergic cell neuronal loss; however, there have been few studies to validate these findings by measuring the levels of these and other inflammatory factors in human PD brain samples. This study also included samples from incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD) cases, since ILBD is considered a non-symptomatic precursor to PD, with subjects having significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-producing neurons. We hypothesized that there may be a progressive change in key inflammatory factors in ILBD samples intermediate between neurologically normal and PD. To address this, we used a quantitative antibody-array platform (Raybiotech-Quantibody arrays) to measure the levels of 160 different inflammation-associated cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and related molecules in extracts of SN and striatum from clinically and neuropathologically characterized PD, ILBD, and normal control cases. Patterns of changes in inflammation and related molecules were distinctly different between SN and striatum. Our results showed significantly different levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-15, monokine induced by gamma interferon, and IL-6 soluble receptor in SN between disease groups. A different panel of 13 proteins with significant changes in striatum, with IL-15 as the common feature, was identified. Although the ability to detect some proteins was limited by sensitivity, patterns of expression indicated involvement of certain T-cell cytokines, vascular changes, and loss of certain growth factors, with disease progression. The results demonstrate the feasibility of profiling inflammatory molecules using diseased human brain samples, and have provided additional targets to validate in relation to PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Banner Sun Health Research InstituteSun City, AZ, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research InstituteSun City, AZ, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Geidy Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - John N Caviness
- Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute Sun City, AZ, USA
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111
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Plácido AI, Pereira CMF, Correira SC, Carvalho C, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI. Phosphatase 2A Inhibition Affects Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria Homeostasis Via Cytoskeletal Alterations in Brain Endothelial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:154-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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112
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Becker DL, Phillips AR, Duft BJ, Kim Y, Green CR. Translating connexin biology into therapeutics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 50:49-58. [PMID: 26688335 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is 45 years since gap junctions were first described. Universities face increasing commercial pressures and declining federal funding, with governments and funding foundations showing greater interest in gaining return on their investments. This review outlines approaches taken to translate gap junction research to clinical application and the challenges faced. The need for commercialisation is discussed and key concepts behind research patenting briefly described. Connexin channel roles in disease and injury are also discussed, as is identification of the connexin hemichannel as a therapeutic target which appears to play a role in both the start and perpetuation of the inflammasome pathway. Furthermore connexin hemichannel opening results in vascular dieback in acute injury and chronic disease. Translation to human indications is illustrated from the perspective of one connexin biotechnology company, CoDa Therapeutics, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | | - Yeri Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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113
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Kolinko Y, Krakorova K, Cendelin J, Tonar Z, Kralickova M. Microcirculation of the brain: morphological assessment in degenerative diseases and restoration processes. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:75-93. [PMID: 25337818 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain microcirculation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various brain diseases. Several specific features of the circulation in the brain and its functions deserve special attention. The brain is extremely sensitive to hypoxia, and brain edema is more dangerous than edema in other tissues. Brain vessels are part of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents the penetration of some of the substances in the blood into the brain tissue. Herein, we review the processes of angiogenesis and the changes that occur in the brain microcirculation in the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases. There are no uniform vascular changes in the neurodegenerative diseases. In some cases, the vascular changes are secondary consequences of the pathological process, but they could also be involved in the pathogenesis of the primary disease and contribute to the degeneration of neurons, based on their quantitative characteristics. Additionally, we described the stereological methods that are most commonly used for generating qualitative and quantitative data to assess changes in the microvascular bed of the brain.
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114
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Xu Y, Wei X, Liu X, Liao J, Lin J, Zhu C, Meng X, Xie D, Chao D, Fenoy AJ, Cheng M, Tang B, Zhang Z, Xia Y, Wang Q. Low Cerebral Glucose Metabolism: A Potential Predictor for the Severity of Vascular Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease. Aging Dis 2015; 6:426-36. [PMID: 26618044 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the association between cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMRGlc) and the severity of Vascular Parkinsonism (VP) and Parkinson's disease (PD). A cross-sectional study was performed to compare CMRGlc in normal subjects vs. VP and PD patients. Twelve normal subjects, 22 VP, and 11 PD patients were evaluated with the H&Y and MMSE, and underwent 18F-FDG measurements. Pearson's correlations were used to identify potential associations between the severity of VP/PD and CMRGlc. A pronounced reduction of CMRGlc in the frontal lobe and caudate putamen was detected in patients with VP and PD when compared with normal subjects. The VP patients displayed a slight CMRGlc decrease in the caudate putamen and frontal lobe in comparison with PD patients. These decreases in CMRGlc in the frontal lobe and caudate putamen were significantly correlated with the VP patients' H&Y, UPDRS II, UPDRS III, MMSE, cardiovascular, and attention/memory scores. Similarly, significant correlations were observed in patients with PD. This is the first clinical study finding strong evidence for an association between low cerebral glucose metabolism and the severity of VP and PD. Our findings suggest that these changes in glucose metabolism in the frontal lobe and caudate putamen may underlie the pathophysiological mechanisms of VP and PD. As the scramble to find imaging biomarkers or predictors of the disease intensifies, a better understanding of the roles of cerebral glucose metabolism may give us insight into the pathogenesis of VP and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Xu
- 1 Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- 1 Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xu Liu
- 1 Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Jinchi Liao
- 1 Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- 1 Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiaochun Meng
- 4 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Dongsi Xie
- 4 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Dongman Chao
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Albert J Fenoy
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Muhua Cheng
- 4 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- 5 The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- 5 The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ying Xia
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- 1 Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
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115
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St-Amour I, Aubé B, Rieux M, Cicchetti F. Targeting cerebrovascular impairments in Huntington's disease: a novel treatment perspective. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:389-93. [PMID: 26517444 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle St-Amour
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benoit Aubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie Rieux
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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116
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Veselý B, Antonini A, Rektor I. The contribution of white matter lesions to Parkinson's disease motor and gait symptoms: a critical review of the literature. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 123:241-50. [PMID: 26483133 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
White matter lesions (WML) associated with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) may be observed on magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. WML are an important factor contributing to postural, gait, and cognitive impairment in the elderly without PD and worsening the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous articles are available on this topic. Whether WML modify and negatively influence the clinical symptoms, and course of PD is a subject of debate. The aim of this review is to examine the available literature on the contribution of WML to PD motor symptoms in relation to clinical characteristics and methods of assessing WML on MRI. After reviewing the database, we identified 19 studies reporting the relationship between WML and PD; ten studies focusing on the impact of WML on the cognitive status in PD were excluded. We analysed altogether nine studies reporting the relationship between WML and motor signs of PD. The review found association between WML severity and freezing of gait, less significant to responsiveness to dopaminergic treatment and postural instability; no negative impact on tremor and falls was observed. The impact of WML on bradykinesia and rigidity was inconsistent. Comorbid WML is associated with worsening axial motor performance, probably independently from the degree of nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation in PD. Reducing the vascular risk factors that cause WML may be helpful in preventing the development of axial symptoms and ultimately in improving the quality of life of patients with PD. Given the lack of systematic studies, additional research in this field is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Veselý
- Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Nitra, Špitálska 6, 949 01, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - Ivan Rektor
- First Department of Neurology, Center of Neuroscience and Movement Disorders Centre, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), St. Anne's University Hospital, School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
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117
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhou J. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease and its potential as therapeutic target. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:19. [PMID: 26464797 PMCID: PMC4603346 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and the presence of α-synuclein-containing aggregates in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Chronic neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of PD pathophysiology. Post-mortem analyses of human PD patients and experimental animal studies indicate that activation of glial cells and increases in pro-inflammatory factor levels are common features of the PD brain. Chronic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activated astrocytes and microglia leads to the exacerbation of DA neuron degeneration in the SNpc. Besides, peripheral immune system is also implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Infiltration and accumulation of immune cells from the periphery are detected in and around the affected brain regions of PD patients. Moreover, inflammatory processes have been suggested as promising interventional targets for PD and even other neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the role of inflammation in PD will provide new insights into the pathological processes and help to establish effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will summarize recent progresses in the neuroimmune aspects of PD and highlight the potential therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
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118
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Veselý B, Rektor I. The contribution of white matter lesions (WML) to Parkinson's disease cognitive impairment symptoms: A critical review of the literature. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 22 Suppl 1:S166-70. [PMID: 26391185 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the impact of white matter lesions (WML) of cerebrovascular origin on cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. A search of PUBMED and Googlescholar.com revealed eleven studies that met the inclusion criteria: diagnosis based on the United Kingdom Brain Bank criteria (UK BBC); cognitive assessment; WML assessed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by semiquantitative visual scales or automated method. Eight studies described the negative impact of WML on cognition in PD. Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia had significantly more WML than the group without MCI and dementia. There was significant relationship between increasing total WML volume and worse performance on executive function, memory and language. Patients with vascular parkinsonism and dopaminergic denervation had more severe frontal lobe dysfunctions than patients with PD. In contrast in three studies there was no negative correlation between WML and cognition. Although the progression of neurodegenerative process in advanced stage of PD has been recognized as being mainly responsible for cognitive impairment in PD, WML may also be a contributing factor. It is possible that by reducing the vascular risk factors that cause WML cognitive impairment could be prevented or slowed down.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Rektor
- Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Centre of Neuroscience, Brno Czech Republic.
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119
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Waldvogel HJ, Dragunow M, Faull RLM. Disrupted vasculature and blood-brain barrier in Huntington disease. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:158-9. [PMID: 26018216 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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120
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Li HJ, Yu Y, Chen Y, Liang HY. Vascular risk factors aggravate the progression of Parkinson's disease: a five-year follow-up study in Chinese patients. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:9897-9903. [PMID: 26309021 PMCID: PMC4537966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some studies have found that vascular risk factors were related to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. In order to investigate the comorbidities of the vascular risk factors with PD and their impact on PD progression, we launched a five-year follow-up study in 247 outpatients with probable PD. METHODS The incidence of vascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and carotid atherosclerotic plaque analyzed. The Hoen and Yahr score with and without vascular risk factors were compared at initial and at final evaluation. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis showed that age, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia were significant variables that are associated with the Hoen and Yahr scales. Younger patients with hypertension or hyperhomocysteinemia showed a greater increasing in the Hoen and Yahr score. There were no significant correlations among the Hoen and Yahr score with sex, initial of the Hoen and Yahr score, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia or carotid atherosclerotic plaque. CONCLUSION The vascular risk factors are common comorbidities of PD. Younger, more educated patients are more likely to have quicker dyskinesia decline. In addition, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia may aggravate the progression of PD. The prevention and treatment of hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia are important for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Jun Li
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Taizhou Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Taizhou Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Taizhou Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Taizhou Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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121
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Daviaud N, Garbayo E, Sindji L, Martínez-Serrano A, Schiller PC, Montero-Menei CN. Survival, differentiation, and neuroprotective mechanisms of human stem cells complexed with neurotrophin-3-releasing pharmacologically active microcarriers in an ex vivo model of Parkinson's disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:670-84. [PMID: 25925835 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stem cell-based regenerative therapies hold great potential for the treatment of degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). We recently reported the repair and functional recovery after treatment with human marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells adhered to neurotrophin-3 (NT3) releasing pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAMs) in hemiparkinsonian rats. In order to comprehend this effect, the goal of the present work was to elucidate the survival, differentiation, and neuroprotective mechanisms of MIAMI cells and human neural stem cells (NSCs), both adhering to NT3-releasing PAMs in an ex vivo organotypic model of nigrostriatal degeneration made from brain sagittal slices. It was shown that PAMs led to a marked increase in MIAMI cell survival and neuronal differentiation when releasing NT3. A significant neuroprotective effect of MIAMI cells adhering to PAMs was also demonstrated. NSCs barely had a neuroprotective effect and differentiated mostly into dopaminergic neuronal cells when adhering to PAM-NT3. Moreover, those cells were able to release dopamine in a sufficient amount to induce a return to baseline levels. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stanniocalcin-1 as potential mediators of the neuroprotective effect of MIAMI cells and NSCs, respectively. It was also shown that VEGF locally stimulated tissue vascularization, which might improve graft survival, without excluding a direct neuroprotective effect of VEGF on dopaminergic neurons. These results indicate a prospective interest of human NSC/PAM and MIAMI cell/PAM complexes in tissue engineering for PD. SIGNIFICANCE Stem cell-based regenerative therapies hold great potential for the treatment of degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The present work elucidates and compares the survival, differentiation, and neuroprotective mechanisms of marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible cells and human neural stem cells both adhered to neurotrophin-3-releasing pharmacologically active microcarriers in an ex vivo organotypic model of PD made from brain sagittal slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Daviaud
- INSERM U1066, Micro et nanomédecines biomimétiques, Angers, France; L'université Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, Angers University, Angers, France; Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa," Autonomous University of Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Miami Veterans Healthcare System, Department of Orthopedics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Elisa Garbayo
- INSERM U1066, Micro et nanomédecines biomimétiques, Angers, France; L'université Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, Angers University, Angers, France; Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa," Autonomous University of Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Miami Veterans Healthcare System, Department of Orthopedics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Laurence Sindji
- INSERM U1066, Micro et nanomédecines biomimétiques, Angers, France; L'université Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, Angers University, Angers, France; Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa," Autonomous University of Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Miami Veterans Healthcare System, Department of Orthopedics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alberto Martínez-Serrano
- INSERM U1066, Micro et nanomédecines biomimétiques, Angers, France; L'université Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, Angers University, Angers, France; Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa," Autonomous University of Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Miami Veterans Healthcare System, Department of Orthopedics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Paul C Schiller
- INSERM U1066, Micro et nanomédecines biomimétiques, Angers, France; L'université Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, Angers University, Angers, France; Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa," Autonomous University of Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Miami Veterans Healthcare System, Department of Orthopedics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Claudia N Montero-Menei
- INSERM U1066, Micro et nanomédecines biomimétiques, Angers, France; L'université Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, Angers University, Angers, France; Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa," Autonomous University of Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Miami Veterans Healthcare System, Department of Orthopedics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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122
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Guillermo RB, Yang P, Vickers MH, McJarrow P, Guan J. Supplementation with complex milk lipids during brain development promotes neuroplasticity without altering myelination or vascular density. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:25765. [PMID: 25818888 PMCID: PMC4377325 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.25765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Supplementation with complex milk lipids (CML) during postnatal brain development has been shown to improve spatial reference learning in rats. Objective The current study examined histo-biological changes in the brain following CML supplementation and their relationship to the observed improvements in memory. Design The study used the brain tissues from the rats (male Wistar, 80 days of age) after supplementing with either CML or vehicle during postnatal day 10–80. Immunohistochemical staining of synaptophysin, glutamate receptor-1, myelin basic protein, isolectin B-4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein was performed. The average area and the density of the staining and the numbers of astrocytes and capillaries were assessed and analysed. Results Compared with control rats, CML supplementation increased the average area of synaptophysin staining and the number of GFAP astrocytes in the CA3 sub-region of the hippocampus (p<0.01), but not in the CA4 sub-region. The supplementation also led to an increase in dopamine output in the striatum that was related to nigral dopamine expression (p<0.05), but did not alter glutamate receptors, myelination or vascular density. Conclusion CML supplementation may enhance neuroplasticity in the CA3 sub-regions of the hippocampus. The brain regions-specific increase of astrocyte may indicate a supporting role for GFAP in synaptic plasticity. CML supplementation did not associate with postnatal white matter development or vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamond B Guillermo
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Panzao Yang
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul McJarrow
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jian Guan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;
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123
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Pienaar IS, Lee CH, Elson JL, McGuinness L, Gentleman SM, Kalaria RN, Dexter DT. Deep-brain stimulation associates with improved microvascular integrity in the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:392-405. [PMID: 25533682 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has become an accepted treatment for motor symptoms in a subset of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The mechanisms why DBS is effective are incompletely understood, but previous studies show that DBS targeted in brain structures other than the STN may modify the microvasculature. However, this has not been studied in PD subjects who have received STN-DBS. Here we investigated the extent and nature of microvascular changes in post-mortem STN samples from STN-DBS PD patients, compared to aged controls and PD patients who had not been treated with STN-DBS. We used immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent methods to assess serial STN-containing brain sections from PD and STN-DBS PD cases, compared to similar age controls using specific antibodies to detect capillaries, an adherens junction and tight junction-associated proteins as well as activated microglia. Cellular features in stained sections were quantified by confocal fluorescence microscopy and stereological methods in conjunction with in vitro imaging tools. We found significant upregulation of microvessel endothelial cell thickness, length and density but lowered activated microglia density and striking upregulation of all analysed adherens junction and tight junction-associated proteins in STN-DBS PD patients compared to non-DBS PD patients and controls. Moreover, in STN-DBS PD samples, expression of an angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), was significantly upregulated compared to the other groups. Our findings suggest that overexpressed VEGF and downregulation of inflammatory processes may be critical mechanisms underlying the DBS-induced microvascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse S Pienaar
- Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - Cecilia Heyne Lee
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L Elson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Louisa McGuinness
- Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Gentleman
- Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - David T Dexter
- Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Di Santo S, Seiler S, Fuchs AL, Staudigl J, Widmer HR. The secretome of endothelial progenitor cells promotes brain endothelial cell activity through PI3-kinase and MAP-kinase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95731. [PMID: 24755675 PMCID: PMC3995762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis and vascular remodelling are crucial events in tissue repair mechanisms promoted by cell transplantation. Current evidence underscores the importance of the soluble factors secreted by stem cells in tissue regeneration. In the present study we investigated the effects of paracrine factors derived from cultured endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) on rat brain endothelial cell properties and addressed the signaling pathways involved. Methods Endothelial cells derived from rat brain (rBCEC4) were incubated with EPC-derived conditioned medium (EPC-CM). The angiogenic response of rBCEC4 to EPC-CM was assessed as effect on cell number, migration and tubular network formation. In addition, we have compared the outcome of the in vitro experiments with the effects on capillary sprouting from rat aortic rings. The specific PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 and the MEK/ERK inhibitor PD98059 were used to study the involvement of these two signaling pathways in the transduction of the angiogenic effects of EPC-CM. Results Viable cell number, migration and tubule network formation were significantly augmented upon incubation with EPC-CM. Similar findings were observed for aortic ring outgrowth with significantly longer sprouts. The EPC-CM-induced activities were significantly reduced by the blockage of the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Similarly to the outcome of the rBCEC4 experiments, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways significantly interfered with capillary sprouting induced by EPC-CM. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that EPC-derived paracrine factors substantially promote the angiogenic response of brain microvascular endothelial cells. In addition, our findings identified the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways to play a central role in mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Santo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Seiler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Lena Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Staudigl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rudolf Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Cyclic glycine-proline regulates IGF-1 homeostasis by altering the binding of IGFBP-3 to IGF-1. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4388. [PMID: 24633053 PMCID: PMC3955921 DOI: 10.1038/srep04388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is essential for metabolism, development and survival. Insufficient IGF-1 is associated with poor recovery from wounds whereas excessive IGF-1 contributes to growth of tumours. We have shown that cyclic glycine-proline (cGP), a metabolite of IGF-1, can normalise IGF-1 function by showing its efficacy in improving the recovery from ischemic brain injury in rats and inhibiting the growth of lymphomic tumours in mice. Further investigation in cell culture suggested that cGP promoted the activity of IGF-1 when it was insufficient, but inhibited the activity of IGF-1 when it was excessive. Mathematical modelling revealed that the efficacy of cGP was a modulated IGF-1 effect via changing the binding of IGF-1 to its binding proteins, which dynamically regulates the balance between bioavailable and non-bioavailable IGF-1. Our data reveal a novel mechanism of auto-regulation of IGF-1, which has physiological and pathophysiological consequences and potential pharmacological utility.
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Zhang J, O'Carroll SJ, Henare K, Ching LM, Ormonde S, Nicholson LFB, Danesh-Meyer HV, Green CR. Connexin hemichannel induced vascular leak suggests a new paradigm for cancer therapy. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1365-71. [PMID: 24548560 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is 40 years since cancer growth was correlated with neovascularisation. Anti-angiogenic drugs remain at the forefront of cancer investigations but progress has been disappointing and unexpected toxicities are emerging. Gap junction channels are implicated in lesion spread following injury, with channel blockers shown to improve healing; in particular preventing vascular disruption and/or restoring vascular integrity. Here we briefly review connexin roles in vascular leak and endothelial cell death that occurs following acute wounds and during chronic disease, and how connexin channel regulation has been used to ameliorate vascular disruption. We then review chronic inflammatory disorders and trauma in the eye, concluding that vascular disruption under these conditions mimics that seen in tumours, and can be prevented with connexin hemichannel modulation. We apply this knowledge to tumour vessel biology, proposing that contrary to current opinion, these data suggest a need to protect, maintain and/or restore cancer vasculature. This may lead to reduced tumour hypoxia, promote the survival of normal cells, and enable improved therapeutic delivery or more effective radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kimiora Henare
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lai-Ming Ching
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan Ormonde
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise F B Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Guan J, MacGibbon A, Zhang R, Elliffe DM, Moon S, Liu DX. Supplementation of complex milk lipid concentrate (CMLc) improved the memory of aged rats. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 18:22-9. [PMID: 24257209 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The socio-economic impact from age-related mental decline is escalating. Supplementation of functional foods for sustaining mental health is desirable. We examined the effect of long-term supplementation of complex milk lipid concentrate (CMLc), mixed dairy phospholipids, on memory and associated vascular and neuronal changes in aged rats. METHODS Fisher/Norway Brown rats were used. Two groups of aged rats (24 months) were fed with either gelatin-formulated CMLc or blank gelatin as the control, for 4 months. To determine age-related changes, a young group (5 months) was also fed with blank gelatin. Morris water maze tests were carried out after the supplementation and brain tissues were collected for biological analysis. RESULTS The aged control rats learnt to locate the platform slower than the young control rats during acquisition trials (*P < 0.05), and made fewer entries to and more initial heading errors from the platform zone during testing trials (*P < 0.05). The CMLc supplementation improved memory by showing the reduced initial heading errors in a delayed probe trial ((#)P < 0.05). We also found that the aged rats with CMLc supplementation improved vascular density, dopamine output, and neuroplasticity ((#)P < 0.05) in the brain regions involved in memory compared with that of the aged control rats. DISCUSSION The data suggested that the supplementation of CMLc during the early stage of brain aging may prevent memory decline possibly through improving vascular and neuronal function.
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