101
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Xie L, Wang G, Zhou H, Zhang F, Guo Z, Liu C, Zhang X, Zhu L. Functional long circulating single walled carbon nanotubes for fluorescent/photoacoustic imaging-guided enhanced phototherapy. Biomaterials 2016; 103:219-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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102
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Pucelik B, Arnaut LG, Stochel G, Dąbrowski JM. Design of Pluronic-Based Formulation for Enhanced Redaporfin-Photodynamic Therapy against Pigmented Melanoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22039-55. [PMID: 27492026 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with redaporfin (a fluorinated sulfonamide bacteriochlorin, F2BMet or LUZ11) was improved using Pluronic-based (P123, F127) formulations. Neither redaporfin encapsulated in Pluronic nor micelles alone exhibited cytotoxicity in a broad concentration range. Comprehensive in vitro studies against B16F10 melanoma cells showed that redaporfin-P123 micelles enhanced cellular uptake and increased oxidative stress compared with redaporfin-F127 or photosensitizer alone after short incubation times. ROS-sensitive fluorescent probes showed that the increased oxidative stress is due, at least in part, to a more efficient formation of hydroxyl radicals, and causes strong light-dose dependent apoptosis and necrosis. Tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic studies in tumor-bearing mice show that the Pluronic P123 formulation of redaporfin increases its bioavailability as well as the tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-skin ratios, in comparison with Cremophor EL and Pluronic F127 formulations. Redaporfin in P123 was most successful in the PDT of C57BL/6J mice bearing subcutaneously implanted B16F10 melanoma tumors. Vascular-targeted PDT combining 1.5 mg kg(-1) redaporfin in P123 with a light dose of 74 J cm(-2) led to 100% complete cures (i.e., no tumor regrowth over one year post-treatment). This remarkable result reveals that modification of redaporfin with Pluronic block copolymers overcomes the resistance of melanoma cells to PDT possibly via increased tumor selectivity and enhanced ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pucelik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Luis G Arnaut
- CQC, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra , Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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103
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Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Effects of Photocatalysis Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Are Strongly Potentiated by Addition of Potassium Iodide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5445-53. [PMID: 27381399 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00980-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis describes the excitation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (a wide-band gap semiconductor) by UVA light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can destroy many organic molecules. This photocatalysis process is used for environmental remediation, while antimicrobial photocatalysis can kill many classes of microorganisms and can be used to sterilize water and surfaces and possibly to treat infections. Here we show that addition of the nontoxic inorganic salt potassium iodide to TiO2 (P25) excited by UVA potentiated the killing of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi by up to 6 logs. The microbial killing depended on the concentration of TiO2, the fluence of UVA light, and the concentration of KI (the best effect was at 100 mM). There was formation of long-lived antimicrobial species (probably hypoiodite and iodine) in the reaction mixture (detected by adding bacteria after light), but short-lived antibacterial reactive species (bacteria present during light) produced more killing. Fluorescent probes for ROS (hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen) were quenched by iodide. Tri-iodide (which has a peak at 350 nm and a blue product with starch) was produced by TiO2-UVA-KI but was much reduced when methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cells were also present. The model tyrosine substrate N-acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester was iodinated in a light dose-dependent manner. We conclude that UVA-excited TiO2 in the presence of iodide produces reactive iodine intermediates during illumination that kill microbial cells and long-lived oxidized iodine products that kill after light has ended.
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104
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The hydroxypyridinone iron chelator CP94 increases methyl-aminolevulinate-based photodynamic cell killing by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species. Redox Biol 2016; 9:90-99. [PMID: 27454766 PMCID: PMC4961297 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl-aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy (MAL-PDT) is utilised clinically for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers and pre-cancers and the hydroxypyridinone iron chelator, CP94, has successfully been demonstrated to increase MAL-PDT efficacy in an initial clinical pilot study. However, the biochemical and photochemical processes leading to CP94-enhanced photodynamic cell death, beyond the well-documented increases in accumulation of the photosensitiser protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), have not yet been fully elucidated. This investigation demonstrated that MAL-based photodynamic cell killing of cultured human squamous carcinoma cells (A431) occurred in a predominantly necrotic manner following the generation of singlet oxygen and ROS. Augmenting MAL-based photodynamic cell killing with CP94 co-treatment resulted in increased PpIX accumulation, MitoSOX-detectable ROS generation (probably of mitochondrial origin) and necrotic cell death, but did not affect singlet oxygen generation. We also report (to our knowledge, for the first time) the detection of intracellular PpIX-generated singlet oxygen in whole cells via electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in conjunction with a spin trap. Augmentation of MAL-based photodynamic cell killing with CP94 increases necrosis. CP94 augmentation increases generation of ROS, likely to be mitochondria-localised. PpIX-generated 1O2 was detected in whole cells by EPR spectroscopy. Photodynamic cell killing was dependent primarily on 1O2. Superoxide/other ROS also contributed to the efficacy of photodynamic cell killing.
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105
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106
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Kim IW, Park JM, Roh YJ, Kim JH, Choi MG, Hasan T. Direct measurement of singlet oxygen by using a photomultiplier tube-based detection system. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 159:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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107
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Zhang R, Feng G, Zhang CJ, Cai X, Cheng X, Liu B. Real-Time Specific Light-Up Sensing of Transferrin Receptor: Image-Guided Photodynamic Ablation of Cancer Cells through Controlled Cytomembrane Disintegration. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4841-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Chong-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Xiaolei Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Xiamin Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (Astar), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
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108
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Iron stimulates plasma-activated medium-induced A549 cell injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20928. [PMID: 26865334 PMCID: PMC4750041 DOI: 10.1038/srep20928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma is applicable to living cells and has emerged as a novel technology for cancer therapy. Plasma has recently been shown to affect cells not only by direct irradiation, but also by indirect treatments with previously prepared plasma-activated medium (PAM). Iron is an indispensable element but is also potentially toxic because it generates the hydroxyl radical (•OH) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via the Fenton reaction. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the contribution of iron to PAM-induced A549 adenocarcinoma cell apoptosis. We detected the generation of •OH and elevation of intracellular ferrous ions in PAM-treated cells and found that they were inhibited by iron chelator. The elevations observed in ferrous ions may have been due to their release from the intracellular iron store, ferritin. Hydroxyl radical-induced DNA injury was followed by the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, depletion of NAD+ and ATP, and elevations in intracellular Ca2+. The sensitivities of normal cells such as smooth muscle cells and keratinocytes to PAM were less than that of A549 cells. These results demonstrated that H2O2 in PAM and/or •OH generated in the presence of iron ions disturbed the mitochondrial-nuclear network in cancer cells.
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109
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Tang CY, Wu FY, Yang MK, Guo YM, Lu GH, Yang YH. A Classic Near-Infrared Probe Indocyanine Green for Detecting Singlet Oxygen. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:219. [PMID: 26861313 PMCID: PMC4783951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The revelation of mechanisms of photodynamic therapy (PDT) at the cellular level as well as singlet oxygen (1O2) as a second messengers requires the quantification of intracellular 1O2. To detect singlet oxygen, directly measuring the phosphorescence emitted from 1O2 at 1270 nm is simple but limited for the low quantum yield and intrinsic efficiency of 1O2 emission. Another method is chemically trapping 1O2 and measuring fluorescence, absorption and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR). In this paper, we used indocyanine green (ICG), the only near-infrared (NIR) probe approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to detect 1O2in vitro. Once it reacts with 1O2, ICG is decomposed and its UV absorption at 780 nm decreases with the laser irradiation. Our data demonstrated that ICG could be more sensitive and accurate than Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green reagent® (SOSG, a commercialized fluorescence probe) in vitro, moreover, ICG functioned with Eosin Y while SOSG failed. Thus, ICG would reasonably provide the possibility to sense 1O2in vitro, with high sensitivity, selectivity and suitability to most photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Feng-Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Min-Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yu-Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Gui-Hua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yong-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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110
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Sarbadhikary P, Dube A, Gupta PK. Synthesis and characterization of photodynamic activity of an iodinated Chlorin p6copper complex. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14026b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel iodinated copper complex of Chlorinp6that acts as type I photosensitizer and capable of inducing phototoxicity in cancer cells under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Sarbadhikary
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
- Indore 452013
- India
| | - Alok Dube
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
- Indore 452013
- India
- Laser Biomedical Application and Instrumentation Division
| | - Pradeep Kumar Gupta
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
- Indore 452013
- India
- Laser Biomedical Application and Instrumentation Division
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111
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Ruthenium(II) bipyridine complexes with pendant anthracenyl and naphthyl moieties: A strategy for a ROS generator with DNA binding selectivity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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112
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Nadhman A, Nazir S, Khan MI, Ayub A, Muhammad B, Khan M, Shams DF, Yasinzai M. Visible-light-responsive ZnCuO nanoparticles: benign photodynamic killers of infectious protozoans. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6891-903. [PMID: 26604755 PMCID: PMC4639553 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s91666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings suffer from several infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoans. Recently, there has been a great interest in developing biocompatible nanostructures to deal with infectious agents. This study investigated benign ZnCuO nanostructures that were visible-light-responsive due to the resident copper in the lattice. The nanostructures were synthesized through a size-controlled hot-injection process, which was adaptable to the surface ligation processes. The nanostructures were then characterized through transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, diffused reflectance spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering, and photoluminescence analysis to measure crystallite nature, size, luminescence, composition, and band-gap analyses. Antiprotozoal efficiency of the current nanoparticles revealed the photodynamic killing of Leishmania protozoan, thus acting as efficient metal-based photosensitizers. The crystalline nanoparticles showed good biocompatibility when tested for macrophage toxicity and in hemolysis assays. The study opens a wide avenue for using toxic material in resident nontoxic forms as an effective antiprotozoal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Nadhman
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan ; Nanosciences and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Samina Nazir
- Nanosciences and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Attiya Ayub
- Nanosciences and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan ; Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Dhodial, Pakistan
| | | | - Momin Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dilawar Farhan Shams
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan ; Center of Interdisciplinary Research, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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113
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Cui ZG, Ogawa R, Tsuneyama K, Yan G, Tao L, Shimomura A, Inadera H. Insight into the molecular mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 induction by docosahexaenoic acid in U937 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 238:180-8. [PMID: 26163453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has anti-inflammatory effects on myeloid cells in response to various stimuli. To date, little is known about whether fatty acids can affect HO-1 induction. Here, we report the induction of HO-1 by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the associated molecular mechanisms in human myelomonocytic lymphoma U937 cells. When U937 cells were treated with DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid, palmitic acid or oleic acid, DHA was the most effective inducer of HO-1. The activation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3β did not significantly change after DHA treatment. However, DHA increased the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), but not of other mitogen-activated protein kinases such as p38 and JNK. The increase in HO-1 expression was significantly inhibited by U0126, an ERK1/2 inhibitor. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and its binding to the HO-1 promoter significantly increased upon DHA treatment. An increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species was detected by dichlorofluorescein diacetate, but not by hydroethidium or 2-[6-(4-hydroxy)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl] benzoic acid after DHA treatment. Pretreatment with NAC dramatically inhibited the ERK1/2 activation, binding of Nrf-2 to antioxidant response elements (AREs) located in the HO-1 promoter and the induction of HO-1 by DHA. In conclusion, DHA increased HO-1 expression in U937 cells via activation of ERK1/2 and increased Nrf-2 binding to ARE in the HO-1 promoter. These findings will help develop better strategies for treating inflammatory disorders with DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Guo Cui
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Ogawa
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Gen Yan
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, PR China.
| | - Lingling Tao
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Akiko Shimomura
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Hidekuni Inadera
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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114
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Kasimova KR, Sadasivam M, Landi G, Sarna T, Hamblin MR. Potentiation of photoinactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria mediated by six phenothiazinium dyes by addition of azide ion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:1541-8. [PMID: 25177833 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) using phenothiazinium dyes is mediated by reactive oxygen species consisting of a combination of singlet oxygen (quenched by azide), hydroxyl radicals and other reactive oxygen species. We recently showed that addition of sodium azide paradoxically potentiated APDI of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using methylene blue as the photosensitizer, and this was due to electron transfer to the dye triplet state from azide anion, producing azidyl radical. Here we compare this effect using six different homologous phenothiazinium dyes: methylene blue, toluidine blue O, new methylene blue, dimethylmethylene blue, azure A, and azure B. We found both significant potentiation (up to 2 logs) and also significant inhibition (>3 logs) of killing by adding 10 mM azide depending on Gram classification, washing the dye from the cells, and dye structure. Killing of E. coli was potentiated with all 6 dyes after a wash, while S. aureus killing was only potentiated by MB and TBO with a wash and DMMB with no wash. More lipophilic dyes (higher log P value, such as DMMB) were more likely to show potentiation. We conclude that the Type I photochemical mechanism (potentiation with azide) likely depends on the microenvironment, i.e. higher binding of dye to bacteria. Bacterial dye-binding is thought to be higher with Gram-negative compared to Gram-positive bacteria, when unbound dye has been washed away, and with more lipophilic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamola R Kasimova
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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115
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Żamojć K, Zdrowowicz M, Jacewicz D, Wyrzykowski D, Chmurzyński L. Fluorescent and Luminescent Probes for Monitoring Hydroxyl Radical under Biological Conditions. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:160-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1045118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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116
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Flemmig J, Remmler J, Zschaler J, Arnhold J. Detection of the halogenating activity of heme peroxidases in leukocytes by aminophenyl fluorescein. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:768-76. [PMID: 25536418 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.999676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The formation of hypochlorous and hypobromous acids by heme peroxidases is a key property of certain immune cells. These products are not only involved in defense against pathogenic microorganisms and in regulation of inflammatory processes, but contribute also to tissue damage in certain pathologies. After a short introduction about experimental approaches for the assessment of the halogenating activity in vitro and in cell suspensions, we are focusing on novel applications of fluorescent dye systems to detect the formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in leukocytes. Special attention is directed to properties and applications of the non-fluorescent dye aminophenyl fluorescein that is converted by HOCl, HOBr, and other strong oxidants to fluorescein. This dye allows the detection of the halogenating activity in samples containing free myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase as well as in intact granulocytes using fluorescence spectroscopy and flow cytometry, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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117
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Dou QQ, Rengaramchandran A, Selvan ST, Paulmurugan R, Zhang Y. Core-shell upconversion nanoparticle - semiconductor heterostructures for photodynamic therapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8252. [PMID: 25652742 PMCID: PMC4317689 DOI: 10.1038/srep08252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Core-shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) with diverse chemical compositions have been attracting greater attention in recent years. However, it has been a challenge to develop CSNPs with different crystal structures due to the lattice mismatch of the nanocrystals. Here we report a rational design of core-shell heterostructure consisting of NaYF4:Yb,Tm upconversion nanoparticle (UCN) as the core and ZnO semiconductor as the shell for potential application in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The core-shell architecture (confirmed by TEM and STEM) enables for improving the loading efficiency of photosensitizer (ZnO) as the semiconductor is directly coated on the UCN core. Importantly, UCN acts as a transducer to sensitize ZnO and trigger the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce cancer cell death. We also present a firefly luciferase (FLuc) reporter gene based molecular biosensor (ARE-FLuc) to measure the antioxidant signaling response activated in cells during the release of ROS in response to the exposure of CSNPs under 980 nm NIR light. The breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and 4T1) exposed to CSNPs showed significant release of ROS as measured by aminophenyl fluorescein (APF) and ARE-FLuc luciferase assays, and ~45% cancer cell death as measured by MTT assay, when illuminated with 980 nm NIR light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qing Dou
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A * STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Adith Rengaramchandran
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Subramanian Tamil Selvan
- 1] Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A * STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602 [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575
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118
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Nadhman A, Nazir S, Khan MI, Arooj S, Bakhtiar M, Shahnaz G, Yasinzai M. PEGylated silver doped zinc oxide nanoparticles as novel photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy against Leishmania. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:230-8. [PMID: 25266330 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe daylight responsive silver (Ag) doped semiconductor nanoparticles of zinc oxide (DSNs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Leishmania. The developed materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Rutherford backscattering (RBS), diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and band-gap analysis. The Ag doped semiconductor nanoparticles of zinc oxide were PEGylated to enhance their biocompatibility. The DSNs demonstrated effective daylight response in the PDT of Leishmania protozoans, through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with a quantum yield of 0.13 by nondoped zinc oxide nanoparticles (NDSN) whereas 0.28 by DSNs. None of the nanoparticles have shown any antileishmanial activity in dark, confirming that only ROS produced in the daylight were involved in the killing of leishmanial cells. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles were found biocompatible. Using reactive oxygen species scavengers, cell death was attributable mainly to 77-83% singlet oxygen and 18-27% hydroxyl radical. The nanoparticles caused permeability of the cell membrane, leading to the death of parasites. Further, the uptake of nanoparticles by Leishmania cells was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). We believe that these DSNs are widely applicable for the PDT of leishmaniasis, cancers, and other infections due to daylight response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Nadhman
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Nanosciences and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Shahdra Valley Road, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Samina Nazir
- Nanosciences and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Shahdra Valley Road, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | | | - Syeda Arooj
- Nanosciences and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Shahdra Valley Road, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Gul Shahnaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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119
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Antimicrobial activity of the imipenem/rifampicin combination against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:3015-25. [PMID: 25298216 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the antimicrobial activity of imipenem and rifampicin alone and in combination against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for each isolate grown in suspension and in biofilm using a microbroth dilution method. Chequerboard assays and the agar disk diffusion assay were used to determine synergistic, indifferent or antagonistic interactions between imipenem and rifampicin. We used the tissue culture plate method for A. baumannii biofilm formation to measure the percentage of biofilm inhibition and the amount of extracellular DNA after the treatment. To understand the synergistic mechanisms, we conducted hydroxyl radical formation assays. The results were verified by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Imipenem and rifampicin showed effective antimicrobial activity against suspensions and biofilm cultures of A. baumannii, respectively. Synergistic antimicrobial effects between imipenem and rifampicin were observed in 13 and 17 of the 20 clinical isolates when in suspension and in biofilms, respectively. Imipenem and rifampicin alone and in combination generated hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive oxygen forms and the major components of bactericidal agents. Furthermore, treatment with imipenem and rifampicin individually or in combination has obvious antibiofilm effects. The synergistic activity of imipenem and rifampicin against clinical isolates of A. baumannii (in suspension and in biofilms) was observed in vitro. Therefore, we conclude that imipenem combined with rifampicin has the potential to be used as a combinatorial therapy for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by A. baumannii.
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120
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Huang L, Krayer M, Roubil JGS, Huang YY, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Hamblin MR. Stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins mediate selective broad-spectrum photoinactivation of drug-resistant pathogens at nanomolar concentrations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:119-27. [PMID: 25463659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins (BC37, BC38 and BC39) were recently reported to show exceptional activity (low nanomolar) in mediating photodynamic killing of human cancer cells after a 24h incubation upon excitation with near-infrared light (730 nm). The presence of cationic quaternary ammonium groups in each compound suggested likely activity as antimicrobial photosensitizers. Herein this hypothesis was tested against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms that have all recently drawn attention due to increased drug-resistance (Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii; and fungal yeasts, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). All three bacteriochlorins were highly effective against both Gram-positive species (>6 logs of eradication at ⩽ 200 nM and 10 J/cm(2)). The dicationic bacteriochlorin (BC38) was best against the Gram-negative species (>6 logs at 1-2 μM) whereas the lipophilic monocationic bacteriochlorin (BC39) was best against the fungi (>6 logs at 1 μM). The bacteriochlorins produced substantial singlet oxygen (and apparently less Type-1 reactive-oxygen species such as hydroxyl radical) as judged by activation of fluorescent probes and comparison with 1H-phenalen-1-one-2-sulfonic acid; the order of activity was BC37 > BC38 > BC39. A short incubation time (30 min) resulted in selectivity for microbial cells over HeLa human cells. The highly active photodynamic inactivation of microbial cells may stem from the amphiphilic and cationic features of the bacteriochlorins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - John G S Roubil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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121
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Hwang J, Choi H, Kim A, Yun J, Yu R, Woo ER, Lee D. Hibicuslide C-induced cell death in Candida albicans
involves apoptosis mechanism. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1400-11. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.H. Hwang
- School of Life Sciences; BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - H. Choi
- School of Life Sciences; BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - A.R. Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Chosun University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - J.W. Yun
- Department of Biotechnology; Daegu University; Kyungsan Korea
| | - R. Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Ulsan; Ulsan Korea
| | - E.-R. Woo
- College of Pharmacy; Chosun University; Gwangju South Korea
| | - D.G. Lee
- School of Life Sciences; BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
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122
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You Y, Nam W. Designing photoluminescent molecular probes for singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and iron–oxygen species. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01637h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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123
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Guo X, Bian P, Liang J, Wang Y, Li L, Wang J, Yuan H, Chen S, Xu A, Wu L. Synergistic effects induced by a low dose of diesel particulate extract and ultraviolet-A in Caenorhabditis elegans: DNA damage-triggered germ cell apoptosis. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:990-1001. [PMID: 24841043 PMCID: PMC4067152 DOI: 10.1021/tx500137f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust has been classified as a potential carcinogen and is associated with various health effects. A previous study showed that the doses for manifesting the mutagenetic effects of diesel exhaust could be reduced when coexposed with ultraviolet-A (UVA) in a cellular system. However, the mechanisms underlying synergistic effects remain to be clarified, especially in an in vivo system. In the present study, using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as an in vivo system we studied the synergistic effects of diesel particulate extract (DPE) plus UVA, and the underlying mechanisms were dissected genetically using related mutants. Our results demonstrated that though coexposure of wild type worms at young adult stage to low doses of DPE (20 μg/mL) plus UVA (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 J/cm2) did not affect worm development (mitotic germ cells and brood size), it resulted in a significant induction of germ cell death. Using the strain of hus-1::gfp, distinct foci of HUS-1::GFP was observed in proliferating germ cells, indicating the DNA damage after worms were treated with DPE plus UVA. Moreover, the induction of germ cell death by DPE plus UVA was alleviated in single-gene loss-of-function mutations of core apoptotic, checkpoint HUS-1, CEP-1/p53, and MAPK dependent signaling pathways. Using a reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe, it was found that the production of ROS in worms coexposed to DPE plus UVA increased in a time-dependent manner. In addition, employing a singlet oxygen (1O2) trapping probe, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, coupled with electron spin resonance analysis, we demonstrated the increased 1O2 production in worms coexposed to DPE plus UVA. These results indicated that UVA could enhance the apoptotic induction of DPE at low doses through a DNA damage-triggered pathway and that the production of ROS, especially (1)O2, played a pivotal role in initiating the synergistic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
- Institute
of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy
of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Po Bian
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Junting Liang
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Luzhi Li
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - An Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
- School
of Nuclear Science and Technology, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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124
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Kessel D, Reiners JJ. Enhanced efficacy of photodynamic therapy via a sequential targeting protocol. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:889-95. [PMID: 24617972 DOI: 10.1111/php.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine determinants of the discovery that low-dose lysosomal photodamage (lyso-PDT) could potentiate the efficacy of subsequent low-dose mitochondrial photodamage (mito-PDT). The chlorin NPe6 and the benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) were used to separately target lysosomes and mitochondria, respectively, in murine hepatoma cells. Lyso-PDT (LD(5) conditions) followed by mito-PDT (LD(15) conditions) enhanced the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of procaspases-3/7 and photokilling. Reversing the sequence was less effective. The optimal sequence did not enhance reactive oxygen species formation above that obtained with low-dose mito-PDT. In contrast, alkalinization of lysosomes with bafilomycin also enhanced low-dose mito-PDT photokilling, but via a different pathway. This involves redistribution of iron from lysosomes to mitochondria leading to enhanced hydroxyl radical formation, effects not observed after the sequential procedure. Moreover, Ru360, an inhibitor of mitochondrial calcium and iron uptake, partially suppressed the ability of bafilomycin to enhance mito-PDT photokilling without affecting the enhanced efficacy of the sequential protocol. We conclude that sequential PDT protocol promotes PDT efficacy by a process not involving iron translocation, but via promotion of the pro-apoptotic signal that derives from mitochondrial photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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125
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Roxin Á, Chen J, Paton AS, Bender TP, Zheng G. Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Photogeneration of Bacteriopheophorbide a Derivatives by Exocyclic E-Ring Opening and Charge Modifications. J Med Chem 2013; 57:223-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401538h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Áron Roxin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute, UHN, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute, UHN, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew S. Paton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute, UHN, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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126
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Vatansever F, de Melo WCMA, Avci P, Vecchio D, Sadasivam M, Gupta A, Chandran R, Karimi M, Parizotto NA, Yin R, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial strategies centered around reactive oxygen species--bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic therapy, and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:955-89. [PMID: 23802986 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can attack a diverse range of targets to exert antimicrobial activity, which accounts for their versatility in mediating host defense against a broad range of pathogens. Most ROS are formed by the partial reduction in molecular oxygen. Four major ROS are recognized comprising superoxide (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and singlet oxygen ((1)O2), but they display very different kinetics and levels of activity. The effects of O2•- and H2O2 are less acute than those of •OH and (1)O2, because the former are much less reactive and can be detoxified by endogenous antioxidants (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) that are induced by oxidative stress. In contrast, no enzyme can detoxify •OH or (1)O2, making them extremely toxic and acutely lethal. The present review will highlight the various methods of ROS formation and their mechanism of action. Antioxidant defenses against ROS in microbial cells and the use of ROS by antimicrobial host defense systems are covered. Antimicrobial approaches primarily utilizing ROS comprise both bactericidal antibiotics and nonpharmacological methods such as photodynamic therapy, titanium dioxide photocatalysis, cold plasma, and medicinal honey. A brief final section covers reactive nitrogen species and related therapeutics, such as acidified nitrite and nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Vatansever
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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127
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Kawasaki S, Mizuguchi K, Sato M, Kono T, Shimizu H. A novel astaxanthin-binding photooxidative stress-inducible aqueous carotenoprotein from a eukaryotic microalga isolated from asphalt in midsummer. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1027-40. [PMID: 23737502 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble orange carotenoid proteins (OCPs) that bind 3'-hydroxyechinenone are found in cyanobacteria, and are thought to play a key role in photoprotection. The distribution of OCPs in eukaryotes remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified a novel OCP that predominantly binds astaxanthin from a eukaryotic microalga, strain Ki-4, isolated from a dry surface of heated asphalt in midsummer. A purified astaxanthin-binding OCP, named AstaP, shows high solubility in water with an absorption peak at 484 nm, and possesses a heat-stable activity that quenches singlet oxygen. The deduced amino acid sequence of AstaP comprises an N-terminal hydrophobic signal peptide, fasciclin domains found in secreted and cell surface proteins, and N-linked glycosylation sites, the first example of a carotenoprotein among fasciclin family proteins. AstaP homologs of unknown function are distributed mainly in organisms from the hydrosphere, such as marine bacteria, cyanobacteria, sea anemone and eukaryotic microalgae; however, AstaP exhibits a unique extraordinarily high isoelectric point (pI) value among homologs. The gene encoding AstaP, as well as the AstaP peptide, is expressed abundantly under conditions of dehydration and salt stress in conjunction with high light exposure. As a unique aqueous carotenoprotein, AstaP will provide a novel function of OCPs in protection against extreme photooxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kawasaki
- Department of Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan.
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128
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Huang L, Wang M, Dai T, Sperandio FF, Huang YY, Xuan Y, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with decacationic monoadducts and bisadducts of [70]fullerene: in vitro and in vivo studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 9:253-66. [PMID: 23738632 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy uses photosensitizers designed to bind to microorganisms and generate reactive oxygen species when illuminated with visible light. MATERIALS & METHODS We synthesized a highly water-soluble [70]fullerene monoadduct, C70[>M(C3N6(+)C3)2]-(I(-))10 (LC17), and bisadduct, C70[>M(C3N6(+)C3)2][>M(C3N6C3)2] (LC18), both with a well-defined decacationic quaternary ammonium iodide moiety with ten positive charges per C70 to give water solubility and bacterial binding. We determined the antimicrobial effects against human pathogens, Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative species (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) when activated by UVA or white light. RESULTS White light was more effective with LC17, while UVA light was more effective with LC18. Both compounds were effective in a mouse model of Gram-negative third-degree burn infections determined by bioluminescence imaging. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION We propose that the attachment of an additional deca(tertiary-ethylenylamino)malonate arm to C70 allowed the moiety to act as a potent electron donor and increased the generation yield of hydroxyl radicals under UVA illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
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129
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Pillay V, Seedat A, Choonara YE, du Toit LC, Kumar P, Ndesendo VMK. A review of polymeric refabrication techniques to modify polymer properties for biomedical and drug delivery applications. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:692-711. [PMID: 23543606 PMCID: PMC3665995 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers are extensively used in the pharmaceutical and medical field because of their unique and phenomenal properties that they display. They are capable of demonstrating drug delivery properties that are smart and novel, such properties that are not achievable by employing the conventional excipients. Appropriately, polymeric refabrication remains at the forefront of process technology development in an endeavor to produce more useful pharmaceutical and medical products because of the multitudes of smart properties that can be attained through the alteration of polymers. Small alterations to a polymer by either addition, subtraction, self-reaction, or cross reaction with other entities have the capability of generating polymers with properties that are at the level to enable the creation of novel pharmaceutical and medical products. Properties such as stimuli-responsiveness, site targeting, and chronotherapeutics are no longer figures of imaginations but have become a reality through utilizing processes of polymer refabrication. This article has sought to review the different techniques that have been employed in polymeric refabrication to produce superior products in the pharmaceutical and medical disciplines. Techniques such as grafting, blending, interpenetrating polymers networks, and synthesis of polymer complexes will be viewed from a pharmaceutical and medical perspective along with their synthetic process required to attain these products. In addition to this, each process will be evaluated according to its salient features, impeding features, and the role they play in improving current medical devices and procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viness Pillay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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130
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Abstract
Theories of radiationless conversions and of chemical processes were employed to
design better photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In addition to
photostability and intense absorption in the near infrared, these
photosensitizers were required to generate high yields of long-lived triplet
states that could efficiently transfer their energy, or an electron, to
molecular oxygen. The guidance provided by the theories was combined with the
ability to synthesize large quantities of pure photosensitizers and with the
biological screening of graded hydrophilicities/lipophilicities. The theoretical
prediction that halogenated sulfonamide tetraphenylbacteriochlorins could
satisfy all the criteria for ideal PDT photosensitizers was verified
experimentally.
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131
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Sperandio FF, Sharma SK, Wang M, Jeon S, Huang YY, Dai T, Nayka S, de Sousa SCOM, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Photoinduced electron-transfer mechanisms for radical-enhanced photodynamic therapy mediated by water-soluble decacationic C₇₀ and C₈₄O₂ Fullerene Derivatives. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 9:570-9. [PMID: 23117043 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fullerenes are promising candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Thus, C₇₀ and novel C₈₄O₂ fullerenes were functionalized with and without an additional deca-tertiary ethyleneamino-chain as an electron source, giving rise to two distinct pairs of photosensitizers, the monoadducts LC-17, LC-19 and the bisadducts LC18 and LC-20 to perform PDT in HeLa cells with UVA, blue, green, white and red light. Shorter wavelengths gave more phototoxicity with LC-20 while LC-19 was better at longer wavelengths; the ratio between killing obtained with LC-19 and LC-20 showed an almost perfect linear correlation (R = 0.975) with wavelength. The incorporation of a deca-tertiary amine chain in the C₈₄O₂ fullerene gave more PDT killing when excited with shorter wavelengths or in the presence of low ascorbate concentration through higher generation of hydroxyl radicals. Photoactivated C₈₄O₂ fullerenes induced apoptosis of HeLa cancer cells, together with mitochondrial and lysosomal damage demonstrated by acridine orange and rhodamine 123 fluorescent probes. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Photoactivated C₇₀ and C₈₄O₂ fullerenes were demonstrated to induce apoptosis of HeLa cancer cells, together with mitochondrial and lysosomal damage, as a function of wavelength. The study is paving the way to future clinical uses of these agents in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe F Sperandio
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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132
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Huang YY, Balasubramanian T, Yang E, Luo D, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D, Hamblin MR. Stable synthetic bacteriochlorins for photodynamic therapy: role of dicyano peripheral groups, central metal substitution (2H, Zn, Pd), and Cremophor EL delivery. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2155-67. [PMID: 23065820 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of four stable synthetic bacteriochlorins was tested in vitro in HeLa cells for their potential in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The parent bacteriochlorin (BC), dicyano derivative (NC)(2)BC and corresponding zinc chelate (NC)(2)BC-Zn and palladium chelate (NC)(2)BC-Pd were studied. Direct dilution of a solution of bacteriochlorin in an organic solvent (N,N-dimethylacetamide) into serum-containing medium was compared with the dilution of bacteriochlorin in Cremophor EL (CrEL; polyoxyethylene glycerol triricinoleate) micelles into the same medium. CrEL generally reduced aggregation (as indicated by absorption and fluorescence) and increased activity up to tenfold (depending on bacteriochlorin), although it decreased cellular uptake. The order of PDT activity against HeLa human cancer cells after 24 h incubation and illumination with 10 J cm(-2) of near-infrared (NIR) light is (NC)(2)BC-Pd (LD(50)=25 nM) > (NC)(2)BC > (NC)(2)BC-Zn ≈ BC. Subcellular localization was determined to be in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes, depending on the bacteriochlorin. (NC)(2)BC-Pd showed PDT-mediated damage to mitochondria and lysosomes, and the greatest production of hydroxyl radicals as determined using a hydroxyphenylfluorescein probe. The incorporation of cyano substituents provides an excellent motif for the enhancement of the photoactivity and photostability of bacteriochlorins as PDT photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Hwang IS, Hwang JS, Hwang JH, Choi H, Lee E, Kim Y, Lee DG. Synergistic effect and antibiofilm activity between the antimicrobial peptide coprisin and conventional antibiotics against opportunistic bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2012; 66:56-60. [PMID: 23053486 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Coprisin is a 43-mer defensin-like peptide from the dung beetle, Copris tripartitus. In this study, we tested its minimum inhibitory concentration and performed combination assays to confirm the antibacterial susceptibility of coprisin and synergistic effects with antibiotics. The synergistic effects were evaluated by testing the effects of coprisin in combination with ampicillin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol. The results showed that coprisin possessed antibacterial properties and had synergistic activities with the antibiotics. To understand the synergistic mechanism(s), we conducted hydroxyl radical assays. Coprisin alone and in combination with antibiotics generated hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive oxygen forms and the major property of bactericidal agents. Furthermore, the antibiofilm effect of coprisin alone and in combination with antibiotics was investigated. Biofilm formation is the source of many relentless and chronic bacterial infections. The results indicated that coprisin alone and in combination with antibiotics also had antibiofilm activity. Therefore, we conclude that coprisin has the potential to be used as a combinatorial therapeutic agent for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-sok Hwang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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134
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Tseng JC, Benink HA, McDougall MG, Chico-Calero I, Kung AL. In Vivo Fluorescent Labeling of Tumor Cells with the HaloTag® Technology. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2012; 6:48-54. [PMID: 23115613 PMCID: PMC3480697 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301206010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many fluorescent sensors are currently available for in vitro bio-physiological microscopic imaging. The ability to label cells in living animals with these fluorescent sensors would help translate some of these assays into in vivo applications. To achieve this goal, the first step is to establish a method for selectively labeling target cells with exogenous fluorophores. Here we tested whether the HaloTag® protein tagging system provides specific labeling of xenograft tumors in living animals. After systemic delivery of fluorophore-conjugated ligands, we performed whole animal planar fluorescent imaging to determine uptake in tag-expressing HCT116 xenografts. Our results demonstrate that HaloTag ligands containing red or near-infrared fluorophores have enhanced tumor uptake and are suitable for non-invasive in vivo imaging. Our proof-of-concept results establish feasibility for using HaloTag technology for bio-physiological imaging in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Tseng
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy relies on the interaction between light, oxygen and a photosensitizing agent. Its medical significance relates to the ability of certain agents, usually based on porphyrin or phthalocyanine structures, to localize somewhat selectively in neoplastic cells and their vasculature. Subsequent irradiation, preferably at a sufficiently high wavelength to have a significant pathway through tissues, results in a photophysical reaction whereby the excited state of the photosensitizing agent transfers energy to molecular oxygen and results in the formation of reactive oxygen species. Analogous reactive nitrogen species are also formed. These contain both nitrogen and oxygen atoms. The net result is both direct tumor cell death and a shutdown of the tumor vasculature. Other processes may also occur that promote the anti-tumor response but these are outside the scope of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI 48201 (USA) phone: +0013135771787
| | - John Reiners
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48201 (USA) phone: +0013135775594
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136
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Musbat L, Weitman H, Ehrenberg B. Azide quenching of singlet oxygen in suspensions of microenvironments of neutral and surface charged liposomes and micelles. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:253-8. [PMID: 22827592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The azide anion is often used as a physical quencher of singlet oxygen, the important active intermediate in photosensitized oxidation. An observed effect of azide on the rate of a reaction is considered an indication to the involvement of singlet oxygen. In most biological photosensitizations, the light-absorbing sensitizer is located in a membrane or in an intracellular organelle, whereas azide is water soluble. The quenching it causes relies on a physical encounter with singlet oxygen during the latter's short lifetime. This can happen either if azide penetrates into the membrane's lipid phase or if singlet oxygen is intercepted when diffusing in the aqueous phase. We demonstrate in this article the difference, in liposomes' suspension, between the effect of azide when using a water-soluble and membrane-bound chemical targets of singlet oxygen, whereas this difference does not exist when micelles are used. We explain the difference on the population of sensitizer and target in the liposome vs micelle. We also show the effect that exists on azide quenching of singlet oxygen by electrically charged lipids in liposomes. This is a result of the accumulation or dilution of azide in the debye layer near the membranes' surface, due to the surface Gouy-Chapman potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Musbat
- Department of Physics, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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137
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Feasibility Study on Quantitative Measurements of Singlet Oxygen Generation Using Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green. J Fluoresc 2012; 23:41-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-012-1114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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138
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Huang L, Xuan Y, Koide Y, Zhiyentayev T, Tanaka M, Hamblin MR. Type I and Type II mechanisms of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:490-9. [PMID: 22760848 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) employs a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) and visible light, which in the presence of oxygen produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen ((1) O(2), produced via Type II mechanism) and hydroxyl radical (HO(.), produced via Type I mechanism). This study examined the relative contributions of (1) O(2) and HO(.) to APDT killing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluorescence probes, 3'-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-fluorescein (HPF) and singlet oxygen sensor green reagent (SOSG) were used to determine HO(.) and (1) O(2) produced by illumination of two PS: tris-cationic-buckminsterfullerene (BB6) and a conjugate between polyethylenimine and chlorin(e6) (PEI-ce6). Dimethylthiourea is a HO(.) scavenger, while sodium azide (NaN(3)) is a quencher of (1) O(2). Both APDT and killing by Fenton reaction (chemical generation of HO(.)) were carried out on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). RESULTS Conjugate PEI-ce6 mainly produced (1) O(2) (quenched by NaN(3)), while BB6 produced HO(.) in addition to (1) O(2) when NaN(3) potentiated probe activation. NaN(3) also potentiated HPF activation by Fenton reagent. All bacteria were killed by Fenton reagent but Gram-positive bacteria needed a higher concentration than Gram-negatives. NaN(3) potentiated Fenton-mediated killing of all bacteria. The ratio of APDT killing between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was 2 or 4:1 for BB6 and 25:1 for conjugate PEI-ce6. There was a NaN(3) dose-dependent inhibition of APDT killing using both PEI-ce6 and BB6 against Gram-negative bacteria while NaN(3) almost failed to inhibit killing of Gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSION Azidyl radicals may be formed from NaN(3) and HO(.). It may be that Gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to HO(.) while Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to (1) O(2). The differences in NaN(3) inhibition may reflect differences in the extent of PS binding to bacteria (microenvironment) or differences in penetration of NaN(3) into cell walls of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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139
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Butzloff S, Groves MR, Wrenger C, Müller IB. Cytometric quantification of singlet oxygen in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Cytometry A 2012; 81:698-703. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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140
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Hu ZY, Wang J, Cheng G, Zhu XF, Huang P, Yang D, Zeng YX. Apogossypolone targets mitochondria and light enhances its anticancer activity by stimulating generation of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:41-53. [PMID: 21192843 PMCID: PMC4012262 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Apogossypolone (ApoG2), a novel derivative of gossypol, has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and to have antitumor activity in multiple types of cancer cells. Recent reports suggest that gossypol stimulates the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leukemia and colorectal carcinoma cells; however, gossypol-mediated cell death in leukemia cells was reported to be ROS-independent. This study was conducted to clarify the effect of ApoG2-induced ROS on mitochondria and cell viability, and to further evaluate its utility as a treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We tested the photocytotoxicity of ApoG2 to the poorly differentiated NPC cell line CNE-2 using the ROS-generating TL/10 illumination system. The rapid ApoG2-induced cell death was partially reversed by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), but the ApoG2-induced reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was not reversed by NAC. In the presence of TL/10 illumination, ApoG2 generated massive amounts of singlet oxygen and was more effective in inhibiting cell growth than in the absence of illumination. We also determined the influence of light on the anti-proliferative activity of ApoG2 using a CNE-2–xenograft mouse model. ApoG2 under TL/10 illumination healed tumor wounds and suppressed tumor growth more effectively than ApoG2 treatment alone. These results indicate that the ApoG2-induced CNE-2 cell death is partly ROS-dependent. ApoG2 may be used with photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
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141
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The antioxidative effect of de novo generated vitamin B6 in Plasmodium falciparum validated by protein interference. Biochem J 2012; 443:397-405. [PMID: 22242896 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is able to synthesize de novo PLP (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate), the active form of vitamin B6. In the present study, we have shown that the de novo synthesized PLP is used by the parasite to detoxify 1O2 (singlet molecular oxygen), a highly destructive reactive oxygen species arising from haemoglobin digestion. The formation of 1O2 and the response of the parasite were monitored by live-cell fluorescence microscopy, by transcription analysis and by determination of PLP levels in the parasite. Pull-down experiments of transgenic parasites overexpressing the vitamin B6-biosynthetic enzymes PfPdx1 and PfPdx2 clearly demonstrated an interaction of the two proteins in vivo which results in an elevated PLP level from 12.5 μM in wild-type parasites to 36.6 μM in the PfPdx1/PfPdx2-overexpressing cells and thus to a higher tolerance towards 1O2. In contrast, by applying the dominant-negative effect on the cellular level using inactive mutants of PfPdx1 and PfPdx2, P. falciparum becomes susceptible to 1O2. Our results demonstrate clearly the crucial role of vitamin B6 biosynthesis in the detoxification of 1O2 in P. falciparum. Besides the known role of PLP as a cofactor of many essential enzymes, this second important task of the vitamin B6 de novo synthesis as antioxidant emphasizes the high potential of this pathway as a target of new anti-malarial drugs.
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142
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Mikulich A, Kavaliauskiene S, Juzenas P. Blebbistatin, a myosin inhibitor, is phototoxic to human cancer cells under exposure to blue light. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:870-7. [PMID: 22507270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blebbistatin is a new inhibitor of cell motility. It is used to study dynamics of cytokinesis machinery in cells. However, the potential of this inhibitor as an anticancer agent has not been studied so far. METHODS Cytotoxicity of blebbistatin was evaluated in five human cell lines, FEMX-I melanoma, U87 glioma, androgen independent Du145 and androgen sensitive LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma, and F11-hTERT immortalized fibroblasts. Phototoxicity of blebbistatin was assessed in these cell lines after their exposure to a blue light (390-470 nm). Photostability of blebbistatin and its reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating properties were measured during irradiation with the blue light. RESULTS Blebbistatin at a concentration range of 10-200 μmol/L was toxic to all studied cells. Toxic concentrations (TC) were about 10-25 μmol/L corresponding to TC10, 50-100 μmol/L to TC50 and 140-190 μmol/L to TC90. Only for the U87 glioma cells TC90 could not be measured as the highest studied concentration of 200 μmol/L gave around 70% toxicity. However, after exposure to the blue light blebbistatin exhibited phototoxicity on the cells, with a cytotoxicity enhancement ratio that was greatest for the FEMX-I cells (about 9) followed by LNCaP (5), Du145 (3), U87 (2) and F11-hTERT (1.7) cells. CONCLUSIONS Blebbistatin inhibits cell motility and viability. Under exposure to the blue light blebbistatin exhibits photodynamic action on human cancer cells. During the irradiation blebbistatin oxidizes dihydrorhodamine 123 but not Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings offer new possibilities for blebbistatin as a potential anticancer and photodynamic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr Mikulich
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello NO-0310 Oslo, Norway
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143
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Dąbrowski JM, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Urbańska K, Simões S, Stochel G, Cortes L. Combined effects of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical in photodynamic therapy with photostable bacteriochlorins: evidence from intracellular fluorescence and increased photodynamic efficacy in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1188-200. [PMID: 22285766 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides of halogenated bacteriochlorins bearing Cl or F substituents in the ortho positions of the phenyl rings have adequate properties for photodynamic therapy, including strong absorption in the near-infrared (λ(max) ≈ 750 nm, ε ≈ 10(5) M(-1) cm(-1)), controlled photodecomposition, large cellular uptake, intracellular localization in the endoplasmic reticulum, low cytotoxicity, and high phototoxicity against A549 and S91 cells. The roles of type I and type II photochemical processes are assessed by singlet oxygen luminescence and intracellular hydroxyl radical detection. Phototoxicity of halogenated sulfonamide bacteriochlorins does not correlate with singlet oxygen quantum yields and must be mediated both by electron transfer (superoxide ion, hydroxyl radicals) and by energy transfer (singlet oxygen). The photodynamic efficacy is enhanced when cellular death is induced by both singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals.
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144
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Hwang IS, Lee J, Hwang JH, Kim KJ, Lee DG. Silver nanoparticles induce apoptotic cell death in Candida albicans through the increase of hydroxyl radicals. FEBS J 2012; 279:1327-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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145
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Moserova I, Kralova J. Role of ER stress response in photodynamic therapy: ROS generated in different subcellular compartments trigger diverse cell death pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32972. [PMID: 22403731 PMCID: PMC3293927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the molecular mechanisms of photoinduced cell death using porphyrins with similar structure differing only in the position of the ethylene glycol (EG) chain on the phenyl ring. Meta- and para-positioned EG chains targeted porphyrins to different subcellular compartments. After photoactivation, both types of derivatives induced death of tumor cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS). Para derivatives pTPP(EG)4 and pTPPF(EG)4 primarily accumulated in lysosomes activated the p38 MAP kinase cascade, which in turn induced the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In contrast, meta porphyrin derivative mTPP(EG)4 localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induced dramatic changes in Ca(2+) homeostasis manifested by Ca(2+) rise in the cytoplasm, activation of calpains and stress caspase-12 or caspase-4. ER stress developed into unfolded protein response. Immediately after irradiation the PERK pathway was activated through phosphorylation of PERK, eIF2α and induction of transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP, which regulate stress response genes. PERK knockdown and PERK deficiency protected cells against mTPP(EG)4-mediated apoptosis, confirming the causative role of the PERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Moserova
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Kralova
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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146
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Kessel D, Price M. Evaluation of diethyl-3-3'-(9,10-anthracenediyl)bis acrylate as a probe for singlet oxygen formation during photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:717-20. [PMID: 22296586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell-permeable anthracene analog diethyl-3-3'-(9,10-anthracenediyl)bis acrylate (DADB) was recently identified as a highly selective probe for singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)). Now, we show that DADB can be used to monitor (1)O(2) formation in cell culture during photodynamic therapy. An atypical property of DADB is that fluorescence emission is decreased upon oxidation. Using photosensitizers that target specific organelles, we determined that DADB could detect (1)O(2) whether formed in ER, mitochondria or lysosomes. DADB fluorescence was not, however, significantly altered when the photosensitizing agent was the palladium bacteriopheophorbide termed WST11, an agent reported to produce mainly oxygen radicals upon irradiation in an aqueous environment, whereas singlet oxygen was formed in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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147
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Hwang IS, Lee J, Jin HG, Woo ER, Lee DG. Amentoflavone Stimulates Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:207-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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148
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149
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Huang L, Zhiyentayev T, Xuan Y, Azhibek D, Kharkwal GB, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria using polyethylenimine-chlorin(e6) conjugates: Effect of polymer molecular weight, substitution ratio of chlorin(e6) and pH. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:313-23. [PMID: 21500226 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a novel technique to treat local infections. Previously we reported that the attachment of chlorin(e6) to polyethylenimine (PEI) polymers to form PEI-ce6 conjugates is an effective way to improve ce6 PDT activity against bacteria. The aim of this work was to explore how the polymer molecular weight, substitution ratio (SR) of ce6 and pH value affect the PDT efficacy. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We have synthesized PEI-ce6(10) (MW = 60,000, SR = 1) and PEI-ce6(11) (MW = 60,000, SR = 5) and compared these with the previous PEI-ce6(9) (MW = 10,000, SR = 1). We tested the PDT efficacy of these three conjugates against Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. fecalis) at three different pH values (5.0, 7.4, 10.0) that may affect the charge on both the bacterial cells and on the conjugate (that has both basic and acidic groups). RESULTS PEI-ce6(9) and PEI-ce6(10) were the most effective against these tested bacteria. The PDT effect of all three conjugates depended on pH values. The effective order was pH = 10.0 > pH = 7.4 > pH = 5.0 on E. coli. For S. aureus and E. fecalis the order was pH = 5.0 > pH = 10.0 > pH = 7.4. PEI-ce6(11) PDT activity was worse than PEI-ce6(10) activity which is probably connected to the fact that ce6 molecules are self-quenched within the PEI-ce6(11) molecule. Ce6 quenching within the PEI-ce6 molecules was proved by analyzing fluorescence spectra of PEI-ce6 conjugates at different pH values. There were no differences in bacterial uptake between different pH values in three PEI-ce6 conjugates. CONCLUSION We assume high pH (rather than low pH as was hypothesized) disaggregates the conjugates, so the higher pH was more effective than the lower pH against E. coli. But for Gram-positive bacteria, low pH was more effective possibly due to more overall positive charge on the conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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150
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Poiroux G, Pitié M, Culerrier R, Lafont E, Ségui B, Van Damme EJM, Peumans WJ, Bernadou J, Levade T, Rougé P, Barre A, Benoist H. Targeting of T/Tn antigens with a plant lectin to kill human leukemia cells by photochemotherapy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23315. [PMID: 21858067 PMCID: PMC3157357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemotherapy is used both for solid tumors and in extracorporeal treatment of various hematologic disorders. Nevertheless, its development in oncology remains limited, because of the low selectivity of photosensitizers (PS) towards human tumor cells. To enhance PS efficiency, we recently covalently linked a porphyrin (TrMPyP) to a plant lectin (Morniga G), known to recognize with high affinity tumor-associated T and Tn antigens. The conjugation allowed a quick uptake of PS by Tn-positive Jurkat leukemia cells and efficient PS-induced phototoxicity. The present study was performed: (i) to evaluate the targeting potential of the conjugate towards tumor and normal cells and its phototoxicity on various leukemia cells, (ii) to investigate the mechanism of conjugate-mediated cell death. The conjugate: (i) strongly increased (×1000) the PS phototoxicity towards leukemic Jurkat T cells through an O-glycan-dependent process; (ii) specifically purged tumor cells from a 1∶1 mixture of Jurkat leukemia (Tn-positive) and healthy (Tn-negative) lymphocytes, preserving the activation potential of healthy lymphocytes; (iii) was effective against various leukemic cell lines with distinct phenotypes, as well as fresh human primary acute and chronic lymphoid leukemia cells; (iv) induced mostly a caspase-independent cell death, which might be an advantage as tumor cells often resist caspase-dependent cell death. Altogether, the present observations suggest that conjugation with plant lectins can allow targeting of photosensitizers towards aberrant glycosylation of tumor cells, e.g. to purge leukemia cells from blood and to preserve the normal leukocytes in extracorporeal photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Poiroux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1037, Equipe 4, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CHU Rangueil, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UMR UPS-CNRS 5546, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marguerite Pitié
- Centre National de la Recherhce Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Raphaël Culerrier
- Université de Toulouse, UMR UPS-CNRS 5546, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Elodie Lafont
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1037, Equipe 4, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CHU Rangueil, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 35 chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Ségui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1037, Equipe 4, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CHU Rangueil, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 35 chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Willy J. Peumans
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Bernadou
- Université de Toulouse, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 35 chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherhce Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Levade
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1037, Equipe 4, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CHU Rangueil, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Rougé
- Université de Toulouse, UMR UPS-CNRS 5546, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Annick Barre
- Université de Toulouse, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 35 chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UMR UPS-CNRS 5546, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hervé Benoist
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1037, Equipe 4, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CHU Rangueil, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 35 chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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