101
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Solomon M, Liu Y, Berezin MY, Achilefu S. Optical imaging in cancer research: basic principles, tumor detection, and therapeutic monitoring. Med Princ Pract 2011; 20:397-415. [PMID: 21757928 PMCID: PMC7388590 DOI: 10.1159/000327655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and rapid detection of diseases is of great importance for assessing the molecular basis of pathogenesis, preventing the onset of complications, and implementing a tailored therapeutic regimen. The ability of optical imaging to transcend wide spatial imaging scales ranging from cells to organ systems has rejuvenated interest in using this technology for medical imaging. Moreover, optical imaging has at its disposal diverse contrast mechanisms for distinguishing normal from pathologic processes and tissues. To accommodate these signaling strategies, an array of imaging techniques has been developed. Importantly, light absorption, and emission methods, as well as hybrid optical imaging approaches are amenable to both small animal and human studies. Typically, complex methods are needed to extract quantitative data from deep tissues. This review focuses on the development of optical imaging platforms, image processing techniques, and molecular probes, as well as their applications in cancer diagnosis, staging, and monitoring therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metasebya Solomon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Berezin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
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102
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Bagaria HG, Wong MS. Polyamine–salt aggregate assembly of capsules as responsive drug delivery vehicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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103
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Shelton RL, Applegate BE. Ultrahigh resolution photoacoustic microscopy via transient absorption. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:676-686. [PMID: 21258499 PMCID: PMC3017994 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel, hybrid imaging modality, Transient Absorption Ultrasonic Microscopy (TAUM), which takes advantage of the optical nonlinearities afforded by transient absorption to achieve ultrahigh-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. The theoretical point spread function for TAUM is functionally equivalent to confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy, potentially enabling cellular/subcellular photoacoustic imaging. A prototype TAUM system was designed, built, and used to image a cross-section through several capillaries in the excised cheek pouch of a Syrian Hamster. The well-resolved capillaries in the TAUM image provided experimental evidence of the spatial resolution. These results suggest that TAUM has excellent potential for producing volumetric images with cellular/subcellular resolution in three dimensions deep inside living tissue.
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104
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Mienkina MP, Friedrich CS, Gerhardt NC, Wilkening WG, Hofmann MR, Schmitz G. Experimental evaluation of photoacoustic coded excitation using unipolar golay codes. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2010; 57:1583-93. [PMID: 20639152 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2010.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers are commonly used as light sources for photoacoustic imaging. However, laser diodes are attractive as an alternative to Nd:YAG lasers because they are less expensive and more compact. Although laser diodes deliver about three orders of magnitude less light pulse energy than Nd:YAG lasers (tens of microjoules compared with tens of millijoules), their pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is four to five orders of magnitude higher (up to 1 MHz compared with tens of hertz); this enables the use of averaging to improve SNR without compromising the image acquisition rate. In photoacoustic imaging, the PRF is limited by the maximum acoustic time-of-flight. This limit can be overcome by using coded excitation schemes in which the coding eliminates ambiguities between echoes induced by subsequent pulses. To evaluate the benefits of photoacoustic coded excitation (PACE), the performance of unipolar Golay codes is investigated analytically and validated experimentally. PACE imaging of a copper slab using laser diodes at a PRF of 1 MHz and a modified clinical ultrasound scanner is successfully demonstrated. Considering laser safety regulations and taking into account a comparison between a laser diode system and Nd:YAG systems with respect to SNR, we conclude that PACE is feasible for small animal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Mienkina
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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105
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Evaluation of Temperature-Sensitive, Indocyanine Green-Encapsulating Micelles for Noninvasive Near-Infrared Tumor Imaging. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1900-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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106
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de la Zerda A, Liu Z, Bodapati S, Teed R, Vaithilingam S, Khuri-Yakub BT, Chen X, Dai H, Gambhir SS. Ultrahigh sensitivity carbon nanotube agents for photoacoustic molecular imaging in living mice. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:2168-72. [PMID: 20499887 PMCID: PMC2893026 DOI: 10.1021/nl100890d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is an emerging modality that overcomes to a great extent the resolution and depth limitations of optical imaging while maintaining relatively high-contrast. However, since many diseases will not manifest an endogenous photoacoustic contrast, it is essential to develop exogenous photoacoustic contrast agents that can target diseased tissue(s). Here we present a novel photoacoustic contrast agent, Indocyanine Green dye-enhanced single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT-ICG). We conjugated this contrast agent with cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides to molecularly target the alpha(v)beta(3) integrins, which are associated with tumor angiogenesis. Intravenous administration of this tumor-targeted contrast agent to tumor-bearing mice showed significantly higher photoacoustic signal in the tumor than in mice injected with the untargeted contrast agent. The new contrast agent gave a markedly 300 times higher photoacoustic contrast in living tissues than previously reported SWNTs, leading to subnanomolar sensitivities. Finally, we show that the new contrast agent can detect approximately 20 times fewer cancer cells than previously reported SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam de la Zerda
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Sunil Bodapati
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Teed
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Srikant Vaithilingam
- Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Laboratory for Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- ;
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- ;
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107
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Yang X, Stein EW, Ashkenazi S, Wang LV. Nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 1:360-8. [PMID: 20049803 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been designed and applied as contrast enhancers in various optical imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography, fluorescence imaging, and optical reflectance microscopy. As an emerging hybrid imaging modality, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has also benefited from the application of these nanoparticle-based contrast agents. We review this rapidly growing field and describe the applications of nanoparticles in PAI. Particular focus is given to nanoparticles whose absorption mechanism is based on surface plasmon resonance, including gold nanoshells, nanorods, and nanocages. Dye-embedded nanoparticles are also reviewed. Specifically, the design and application of each nanoparticle-based contrast agent in relation to the field of PAI are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmai Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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108
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Yu J, Javier D, Yaseen MA, Nitin N, Richards-Kortum R, Anvari B, Wong MS. Self-assembly synthesis, tumor cell targeting, and photothermal capabilities of antibody-coated indocyanine green nanocapsules. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:1929-38. [PMID: 20092330 PMCID: PMC2834762 DOI: 10.1021/ja908139y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New colloidal materials that can generate heat upon irradiation are being explored for photothermal therapy as a minimally invasive approach to cancer treatment. The near-infrared dye indocyanine green (ICG) could serve as a basis for such a material, but its encapsulation and subsequent use are difficult to carry out. We report the three-step room-temperature synthesis of approximately 120-nm capsules loaded with ICG within salt-cross-linked polyallylamine aggregates, and coated with antiepidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibodies for tumor cell targeting capability. We studied the synthesis conditions such as temperature and water dilution to control the capsule size and characterized the size distribution via dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. We further studied the specificity of tumor cell targeting using three carcinoma cell lines with different levels of EGFR expression and investigated the photothermal effects of ICG containing nanocapsules on EGFR-rich tumor cells. Significant thermal toxicity was observed for encapsulated ICG as compared to free ICG at 808 nm laser irradiation with radiant exposure of 6 W/cm(2). These results illustrate the ability to design a colloidal material with cell targeting and heat generating capabilities using noncovalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - David Javier
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Yaseen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | | | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 99251, USA
| | - Michael S. Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
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109
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Chen LC, Wei CW, Souris JS, Cheng SH, Chen CT, Yang CS, Li PC, Lo LW. Enhanced photoacoustic stability of gold nanorods by silica matrix confinement. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:016010. [PMID: 20210456 DOI: 10.1117/1.3292574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has garnered much attention for its high contrast and excellent spatial resolution of perfused tissues. Gold nanorods (GNRs) have been employed to further enhance the imaging contrast of PAT. However, the photon fluences typically needed for PA wave induction often also result in GNR shape changes that significantly reduce the efficiency of acoustic wave generation. In this work, we propose, synthesize, and evaluate amorphous silica-coated gold nanorods (GNR-Si) in an effort to improve contrast agent stability and ameliorate efficiency loss during photoacoustic (PA) wave induction. TEM and optical absorption spectra measurements of GNR and GNR-Si show that encasing GNRs within amorphous silica provides substantial protection of nanorod conformation from thermal deformation. PA signals generated by GNR-Si demonstrate considerably greater resistance to degradation of signal intensity with repetitive pulsing than do uncoated GNRs, thereby enabling much longer, high-contrast imaging sessions than previously possible. The prolongation of high-contrast imaging, and biocompatibility and easy surface functionalization for targeting ligands afforded by amorphous silica, suggest GNR-Si to be potentially significant for the clinical translation of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leng-Chun Chen
- National Health Research Institutes, Division of Medical Engineering Research, Zhunan, Miaoli Country, Taiwan
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110
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Yaseen MA, Yu J, Jung B, Wong MS, Anvari B. Biodistribution of encapsulated indocyanine green in healthy mice. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1321-32. [PMID: 19799463 DOI: 10.1021/mp800270t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG) is a fluorescent probe used in various optically mediated diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, utility of ICG remains limited by its unstable optical properties and nonspecific localization. We have encapsulated ICG within electrostatically assembled mesocapsules (MCs) to explore its potential for targeted optical imaging and therapy. In this study, we investigate how the surface coating and size of the MCs influences ICG's biodistribution in vivo. ICG was administered intravenously to Swiss Webster mice as a free solution or encapsulated within either 100 nm diameter MCs coated with dextran; 500 nm diameter MCs coated with dextran; or 100 nm diameter MCs coated with 10 nm ferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, themselves coated with polyethylene glycol. ICG was extracted from harvested blood and organs at various times and its amount quantified with fluorescence measurements. MCs containing ICG accumulated in organs of the reticuloendothelial system, namely, the liver and spleen, as well as the lungs. The circulation kinetics of ICG appeared unaffected by encapsulation; however, the deposition within organs other than the liver suggests a different biodistribution mechanism. Results suggest that the capsules' coating influences their biodistribution to a greater extent than their size. The MC encapsulation system allows for delivery of ICG to organs other than the liver, enabling the potential development of new optical imaging and therapeutic strategies.
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111
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Jose J, Manohar S, Kolkman RGM, Steenbergen W, van Leeuwen TG. Imaging of tumor vasculature using Twente photoacoustic systems. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2009; 2:701-17. [PMID: 19718681 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200910025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid imaging modality based on the detection of acoustic waves generated by the absorption of short laser pulses in biological tissue. It combines the advantages of excellent contrast achieved in optical techniques with the high resolution of ultrasound imaging. In this article we present a review of the work done at the University of Twente to image tumor angiogenesis in vivo using this technique. We start with a description and the technical details of the different photoacoustic systems developed in our laboratory, with their validation on phantoms. We then discuss small-animal studies with results of serial imaging of angiogenesis over a 10-day period at the site of tumor induction in a rat. Further, we present clinical results using a photoacoustic mammoscope of breast cancer imaging based on angiogenesis-driven optical absorption contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Jose
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Biophysical Engineering Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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112
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Kirchherr AK, Briel A, Mäder K. Stabilization of indocyanine green by encapsulation within micellar systems. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:480-91. [PMID: 19228053 DOI: 10.1021/mp8001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG) is a fluorescence dye that is widely used for near-infrared imaging. Application of this dye is limited by its numerous disadvantageous properties in aqueous solution, including its concentration-dependent aggregation, poor aqueous stability in vitro and low quantum yield. Additionally, ICG is highly bound to nonspecific plasma proteins, leading to rapid elimination from the body with a half-life of 3-4 min. In this study, encapsulation of ICG within various micellar systems was investigated with the aim of overcoming these limitations. The aggregation behavior of different aqueous ICG formulations was studied using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and absorption spectroscopy. The micellar systems were characterized by their optical properties, particle size distribution, zeta potential and hemolytic activity. Encapsulation efficiency was determined using analytical ultracentrifugation. The best results were achieved for ICG encapsulated within aqueous Solutol HS 15 micelles. This formulation exhibited a lower aggregation behavior, a 3-fold increased quantum yield and high aqueous stability (over 4 weeks) compared to free aqueous ICG. The micelles were found to have an average diameter of 12 nm and a zeta potential close to zero (-2.1 +/- 1.7 mV). Encapsulation efficiency of ICG was high at 95%. The formulation did not display significant hemolytic activity. Consequently, Solutol HS 15 micelles are suitable nanocarriers for ICG which improve the optical properties and stability of the dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrin Kirchherr
- Cardiovascular Imaging & Contrast Media Research, Therapeutic Research Group Diagnostic Imaging, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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113
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Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is probably the fastest growing biomedical imaging technology owing to its capability of high-resolution sensing of rich optical contrast in vivo at depths beyond the optical transport mean free path (~1 mm in the skin). Existing high-resolution optical imaging technologies, such as confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy, have fundamentally impacted biomedicine but cannot reach such depths. Taking advantage of low ultrasonic scattering, PAT indirectly improves tissue transparency by 100 to 1000 fold and consequently enables deeply penetrating functional and molecular imaging at high spatial resolution. Further, PAT holds the promise of in vivo imaging at multiple length scales ranging from subcellular organelles to organs with the same contrast origin, an important application in multiscale systems biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong V Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899
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114
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of science for designing tools and devices of size 1 to 100 nm with unique function at the cellular, atomic and molecular levels. The concept of using nanotechnology in medical research and clinical practice is known as nanomedicine. Nanoparticles possess some novel properties not seen with the macro molecules and they can be manipulated by attaching therapeutic components to help in diagnosis and treatment. They can also be used to probe cellular movements and molecular changes associated with pathological states. Nanodevices like carbon nanotubes to locate and deliver anticancer drugs at the specific tumour site are under research. Nanotechnology promises construction of artificial cells, enzymes and genes. This will help in the replacement therapy of many disorders which are due to deficiency of enzymes, mutation of genes or any repair in the synthesis of proteins. Currently nanodevices like respirocytes, microbivores and probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding have a greater application in treatment of anaemia and infections. Thus in the present scenario, nanotechnology is spreading its wings to address the key problems in the field of medicine. Hence this review discusses in detail the applications of nanotechnology in medicine with more emphasis on drug delivery and therapy.
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115
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Huang SW, Eary JF, Jia C, Huang L, Ashkenazi S, O'Donnell M. Differential-absorption photoacoustic imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:2393-5. [PMID: 19684793 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present differential-absorption photoacoustic imaging, which detects the difference between transient and ground-state absorption, for contrast enhancement based on suppressing undesired objects. Two tubes were imaged. One contains a Pt(II) octaethylporphine (PtOEP) dye solution and serves as an object of interest, while the other contains an IR-783 (from Sigma-Aldrich) dye solution and serves as an object to suppress. Although the IR-783 tube dominates the conventional photoacoustic image, it is suppressed by 43 dB and consequently significantly overwhelmed by the PtOEP tube in the differential-absorption photoacoustic image. Imaging depth in this mode is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wen Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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116
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Abstract
Nanoparticle-based molecular imaging has emerged as an interdisciplinary field which involves physics, chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have unique properties which make them suitable for applications in a variety of imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance, near-infrared fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, photoacoustic tomography, and radionuclide-based imaging. In this review, we will summarize the current state-of-the-art of SWCNTs in molecular imaging applications. Multifunctionality is the key advantage of nanoparticles over traditional approaches. Targeting ligands, imaging labels, therapeutic drugs, and many other agents can all be integrated into the nanoparticle to allow for targeted molecular imaging and molecular therapy by encompassing many biological and biophysical barriers. A multifunctional, SWCNT-based nanoplatform holds great potential for clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ting Gao
- Tyco Electronics Corporation, 306 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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117
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Bozkulak O, Yamaci RF, Tabakoglu O, Gulsoy M. Photo-toxic effects of 809-nm diode laser and indocyanine green on MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2009; 6:117-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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118
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Fallon D, Yan L, Hanson GW, Patch SK. RF testbed for thermoacoustic tomography. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:064301. [PMID: 19566215 DOI: 10.1063/1.3133802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Thermoacoustic signal excitation is a function of intrinsic tissue properties and illuminating electric field. De-ionized (DI) water is a preferred acoustic coupling medium for thermoacoustics because acoustic and electromagnetic waves propagate in DI water with very little loss. We have designed a water-filled testbed propagating a controlled electric field with respect to pulse shape, power, and polarization. Directional coupler line sections permit measurement of incident, reflected, and transmitted powers. Both S-parameters and E(y) measurement show that the electric-field distribution is relatively uniform in testbed. Comparing baseline power measurements to those taken with a test object in place yields power loss in the object, which should correlate to thermoacoustic signal strength. Moreover, power loss--and therefore thermoacoustic computerized tomography signal strength--is sensitive to the orientation of the object to the polarization of the electric field. This testbed will enable quantitative characterization of the thermoacoustic contrast mechanism in ex vivo tissue specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fallon
- Electronics Research Inc., P.O. Box 1176, Gray, Maine 04039, USA
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119
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McDonald MA, Jankovic L, Shahzad K, Burcher M, Li KCP. Acoustic fingerprints of dye-labeled protein submicrosphere photoacoustic contrast agents. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:034032. [PMID: 19566325 DOI: 10.1117/1.3155519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dye-labeled protein microspheres, submicron in size and capable of producing thermoelastically generated ultrasound in response to laser stimulation, are presented as contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. Incident laser energy absorbed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled elastin submicrospheres results in thermoelastically generated sound production. Plotted A-line graphs reveal a distinctive morphology and a greater than two orders of magnitude increase in signal amplitude subsequent to converting FITC elastin into submicrospheres (despite a four orders of magnitude decrease in concentration). Evidence of nonlinearity and enhancement of ultrasound backscatter indicate a potential use in contrast-enhanced harmonic imaging. Photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging of FITC-elastin submicrospheres in a water-filled phantom vessel shows enhanced contrast at low concentration and clear delineation of the phantom vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A McDonald
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8313, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8313, USA.
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120
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Mienkina MP, Friedrich CS, Hensel K, Gerhardt NC, Hofmann MR, Schmitz G. Evaluation of Ferucarbotran (Resovist®) as a photoacoustic contrast agent / Evaluation von Ferucarbotran (Resovist®) als photoakustisches Kontrastmittel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 54:83-8. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt.2009.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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121
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Yaseen MA, Yu J, Wong MS, Anvari B. In-vivo fluorescence imaging of mammalian organs using charge-assembled mesocapsule constructs containing indocyanine green. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:20577-20587. [PMID: 19065196 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG) is a fluorescent probe used in clinical imaging. However, its utility remains limited by optical instability, rapid circulation kinetics, and exclusive uptake by the liver. Using mesocapsule (MC) constructs to encapsulate ICG, we have developed a technology to stabilize ICG's optical properties and alter its biodistribution. We present in vivo fluorescence images of mammalian organs to demonstrate the potential application of our ICG encapsulation technology for optical imaging of specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Yaseen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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122
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Sharma P, Brown SC, Bengtsson N, Zhang Q, Walter GA, Grobmyer SR, Santra S, Jiang H, Scott EW, Moudgil BM. Gold-Speckled Multimodal Nanoparticles for Noninvasive Bioimaging. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2008; 20:6087-6094. [PMID: 19466201 PMCID: PMC2664628 DOI: 10.1021/cm801020s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal Gold-speckled silica nanoparticles as contrast agents for noninvasive imaging with magnetic resonance imaging and photoacoustic tomography have been prepared in a simple one-pot synthesis using nonionic microemulsions. Magnetic resonance contrast is provided through gadolinium incorporated in the silica matrix, whereas the photoacoustic signal originates from nonuniform, discontinuous gold nanodomains speckled across the silica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brij M. Moudgil
- Corresponding author. Tel.: (352) 846-1194. Fax: (352) 846-1196. E-mail:
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DE LA ZERDA ADAM, ZAVALETA CRISTINA, KEREN SHAY, VAITHILINGAM SRIKANT, BODAPATI SUNIL, LIU ZHUANG, LEVI JELENA, SMITH BRYANR, MA TEJEN, ORALKAN OMER, CHENG ZHEN, CHEN XIAOYUAN, DAI HONGJIE, KHURI-YAKUB BUTRUST, GAMBHIR SANJIVS. Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 3:557-62. [PMID: 18772918 PMCID: PMC2562547 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging of living subjects offers higher spatial resolution and allows deeper tissues to be imaged compared with most optical imaging techniques. As many diseases do not exhibit a natural photoacoustic contrast, especially in their early stages, it is necessary to administer a photoacoustic contrast agent. A number of contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging have been suggested previously, but most were not shown to target a diseased site in living subjects. Here we show that single-walled carbon nanotubes conjugated with cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides can be used as a contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging of tumours. Intravenous administration of these targeted nanotubes to mice bearing tumours showed eight times greater photoacoustic signal in the tumour than mice injected with non-targeted nanotubes. These results were verified ex vivo using Raman microscopy. Photoacoustic imaging of targeted single-walled carbon nanotubes may contribute to non-invasive cancer imaging and monitoring of nanotherapeutics in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- ADAM DE LA ZERDA
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - CRISTINA ZAVALETA
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - SHAY KEREN
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - SRIKANT VAITHILINGAM
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - SUNIL BODAPATI
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - ZHUANG LIU
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - JELENA LEVI
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - BRYAN R. SMITH
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - TE-JEN MA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - OMER ORALKAN
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - ZHEN CHENG
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - XIAOYUAN CHEN
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - HONGJIE DAI
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - BUTRUS T. KHURI-YAKUB
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - SANJIV S. GAMBHIR
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
- e-mail:
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Rossi F, Matteini P, Ratto F, Menabuoni L, Lenzetti I, Pini R. Laser tissue welding in ophthalmic surgery. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2008; 1:331-342. [PMID: 19343656 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200810028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Laser welding of ocular tissues is an alternative technique or adjunct to conventional suturing in ophthalmic surgery. It is based on the photothermal interaction of laser light with the main components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. The advantages of the welding procedure with respect to standard suturing and stapling are reduced operation times, lesser inflammation, faster healing and increased ability to induce tissue regeneration. The procedure we set up is based on the use of an infrared diode laser in association with the topical application of the chromophore Indocyanine Green. Laser light may be delivered either continuously or in pulses, thus identifying two different techniques that have been applied clinically in various types of transplants of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rossi
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Abstract
Hypoxia, a condition of insufficient O2 to support metabolism, occurs when the vascular supply is interrupted, as in stroke or myocardial infarction, or when a tumor outgrows its vascular supply. When otherwise healthy tissues lose their O2 supply acutely, the cells usually die, whereas when cells gradually become hypoxic, they adapt by up-regulating the production of numerous proteins that promote their survival. These proteins slow the rate of growth, switch the mitochondria to glycolysis, stimulate growth of new vasculature, inhibit apoptosis, and promote metastatic spread. The consequence of these changes is that patients with hypoxic tumors invariably experience poor outcome to treatment. This has led the molecular imaging community to develop assays for hypoxia in patients, including regional measurements from O2 electrodes placed under CT guidance, several nuclear medicine approaches with imaging agents that accumulate with an inverse relationship to O2, MRI methods that measure either oxygenation directly or lactate production as a consequence of hypoxia, and optical methods with NIR and bioluminescence. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are reviewed, along with the individual strategies for validating different imaging methods. Ultimately the proof of value is in the clinical performance to predict outcome, select an appropriate cohort of patients to benefit from a hypoxia-directed treatment, or plan radiation fields that result in better local control. Hypoxia imaging in support of molecular medicine has become an important success story over the last decade and provides a model and some important lessons for development of new molecular imaging probes or techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Krohn
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6004, USA.
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Erpelding TN, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Nanotechnology in the diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2008; 2:635-649. [PMID: 23495775 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.6.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease in which ruptured plaques can lead to serious thrombotic events, including myocardial infarction or stroke. Often these cardiovascular events occur with no previous recognition of symptoms and only moderate stenosis. New diagnostic techniques are needed for earlier diagnosis and staging of atherosclerotic disease, so appropriate treatments, interventional procedures, or lifestyle changes can begin. Recent developments in nanotechnology could advance clinical imaging of molecular biomarkers, particularly for cardiovascular diagnosis. OBJECTIVE In this review, selected nanotechnologies under development for early detection of atherosclerotic disease and identification of vulnerable plaques are presented. METHOD The scope of this review encompasses molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using nanoparticle contrast agents. Nanoparticle approaches are grouped by their corresponding diagnostic imaging modality. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Diagnostic imaging techniques employing nanoparticle contrast agents targeted to molecular signatures of atherosclerotic disease offer hope for improved non-invasive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd N Erpelding
- Philips Research North America, 345 Scarborough Road, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510, USA
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Allison RR, Mota HC, Bagnato VS, Sibata CH. Bio-nanotechnology and photodynamic therapy--state of the art review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2008; 5:19-28. [PMID: 19356632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and bio-nanotechnology (NT) show striking similarities in clinical design and mechanistics. The PDT paradigm of photosensitizer application, light activation and singlet oxygen generation does in fact occur on the nanoscale level as does the resultant outcomes. NT has the ability to explain as well as modify each of the critical steps of PDT particularly photosensitizer design and delivery, light source miniaturization and optimization, location and intensity of the photodynamic reaction as well as offering a far greater insight into dosimetry and mechanisms of action. This review will explore the current and potential future interactions and modifications NT may have on PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Allison
- Brody School of Medicine at ECU, Radiation Oncology, 600 Moye Blvd LJCC172, Greenville, NC 28758, USA
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Current Awareness in Contrast Media and Molecular Imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2008; 3:86-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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