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Subramanya SB, Venkataraman B, Meeran MFN, Goyal SN, Patil CR, Ojha S. Therapeutic Potential of Plants and Plant Derived Phytochemicals against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123776. [PMID: 30486484 PMCID: PMC6321362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), which is also known as paracetamol or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol is a safe and potent drug for fever, pain and inflammation when used at its normal therapeutic doses. It is available as over-the-counter drug and used by all the age groups. The overdose results in acute liver failure that often requires liver transplantation. Current clinical therapy for APAP-induced liver toxicity is the administration of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a sulphydryl compound an approved drug which acts by replenishing cellular glutathione (GSH) stores in the liver. Over the past five decades, several studies indicate that the safety and efficacy of herbal extracts or plant derived compounds that are used either as monotherapy or as an adjunct therapy along with conventional medicines for hepatotoxicity have shown favorable responses. Phytochemicals mitigate necrotic cell death and protect against APAP-induced liver toxicityby restoring cellular antioxidant defense system, limiting oxidative stress and subsequently protecting mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Recent experimental evidences indicat that these phytochemicals also regulate differential gene expression to modulate various cellular pathways that are implicated in cellular protection. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the role of the phytochemicals, which are shown to be efficacious in clinically relevant APAP-induced hepatotoxicity experimental models. In this review, we have made comprehensive attempt to delineate the molecular mechanism and the cellular targets that are modulated by the phytochemicals to mediate the cytoprotective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. In this review, we have also defined the challenges and scope of phytochemicals to be developed as drugs to target APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep B Subramanya
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - Balaji Venkataraman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra 424 001, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India.
| | - Chandragouda R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
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Bessone F, Dirchwolf M, Rodil MA, Razori MV, Roma MG. Review article: drug-induced liver injury in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - a physiopathological and clinical integrated view. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:892-913. [PMID: 30194708 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, since it is strongly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome pandemics. NAFLD may affect drug disposal and has common pathophysiological mechanisms with drug-induced liver injury (DILI); this may predispose to hepatoxicity induced by certain drugs that share these pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, drugs may trigger fatty liver and inflammation per se by mimicking NAFLD pathophysiological mechanisms. AIMS To provide a comprehensive update on (a) potential mechanisms whereby certain drugs can be more hepatotoxic in NAFLD patients, (b) the steatogenic effects of drugs, and (c) the mechanism involved in drug-induced steatohepatitis (DISH). METHODS A language- and date-unrestricted Medline literature search was conducted to identify pertinent basic and clinical studies on the topic. RESULTS Drugs can induce macrovesicular steatosis by mimicking NAFLD pathogenic factors, including insulin resistance and imbalance between fat gain and loss. Other forms of hepatic fat accumulation exist, such as microvesicular steatosis and phospholipidosis, and are mostly associated with acute mitochondrial dysfunction and defective lipophagy, respectively. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is also commonly involved in DISH. Patients with pre-existing NAFLD may be at higher risk of DILI induced by certain drugs, and polypharmacy in obese individuals to treat their comorbidities may be a contributing factor. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between DILI and NAFLD may be reciprocal: drugs can cause NAFLD by acting as steatogenic factors, and pre-existing NAFLD could be a predisposing condition for certain drugs to cause DILI. Polypharmacy associated with obesity might potentiate the association between this condition and DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Melisa Dirchwolf
- Unidad de Transplante Hepático, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Privado de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Agustina Rodil
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Razori
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Du K, Ramachandran A, Weemhoff JL, Woolbright BL, Jaeschke AH, Chao X, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. Mito-tempo protects against acute liver injury but induces limited secondary apoptosis during the late phase of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:163-178. [PMID: 30324313 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that delayed treatment with Mito-tempo (MT), a mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic, protects against the early phase of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity by inhibiting peroxynitrite formation. However, whether this protection is sustained to the late phase of toxicity is unknown. To investigate the late protection, C57Bl/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP followed by 20 mg/kg MT 1.5 h or 3 h later. We found that both MT treatments protected against the late phase of APAP hepatotoxicity at 12 and 24 h. Surprisingly, MT-treated mice demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic hepatocytes, while the necrotic phenotype was observed almost exclusively in mice treated with APAP alone. In addition, there was a significant increase in caspase-3 activity and cleavage in the livers of MT-treated mice. Immunostaining for active caspase-3 revealed that the positively stained hepatocytes were exclusively in centrilobular areas. Treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor ZVD-fmk (10 mg/kg) 2 h post-APAP neutralized this caspase activation and provided additional protection against APAP hepatotoxicity. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine, the current standard of care for APAP poisoning, protected but did not induce this apoptotic phenotype. Mechanistically, MT treatment inhibited APAP-induced RIP3 kinase expression, and RIP3-deficient mice showed caspase activation and apoptotic morphology in hepatocytes analogous to MT treatment. These data suggest that while necrosis is the primary cause of cell death after APAP hepatotoxicity, treatment with the antioxidant MT may switch the mode of cell death to secondary apoptosis in some cells. Modulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and RIP3 kinase expression play critical roles in this switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - James L Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Andrew H Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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El-Sayed AEKB, Aboulthana WM, El-Feky AM, Ibrahim NE, Seif MM. Bio and phyto-chemical effect of Amphora coffeaeformis extract against hepatic injury induced by paracetamol in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2007-2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Animal models of drug-induced liver injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:1031-1039. [PMID: 31007174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) presents unique challenges for consumers, clinicians, and regulators. It is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US. It is also one of the most common reasons for termination of new drugs during pre-clinical testing and withdrawal of new drugs post-marketing. DILI is generally divided into two forms: intrinsic and idiosyncratic. Many of the challenges with DILI are due in large part to poor understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Although useful models of intrinsic DILI are available, they are frequently misused. Modeling idiosyncratic DILI presents greater challenges, but promising new models have recently been developed. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a critical review of the most popular animal models of DILI, and to discuss the future of DILI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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106
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Mansouri A, Gattolliat CH, Asselah T. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Signaling in Chronic Liver Diseases. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:629-647. [PMID: 30012333 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Ultrastructural mitochondrial lesions, altered mitochondrial dynamics, decreased activity of respiratory chain complexes, and impaired ability to synthesize adenosine triphosphate are observed in liver tissues from patients with alcohol-associated and non-associated liver diseases. Increased lipogenesis with decreased fatty acid β-oxidation leads to the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes, which, combined with increased levels of reactive oxygen species, contributes to insulin resistance in patients with steatohepatitis. Moreover, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species mediate metabolic pathway signaling; alterations in these pathways affect development and progression of chronic liver diseases. Mitochondrial stress and lesions promote cell death, liver fibrogenesis, inflammation, and the innate immune responses to viral infections. We review the involvement of mitochondrial processes in development of chronic liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty, alcohol-associated, and drug-associated liver diseases, as well as hepatitis B and C, and discuss how they might be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Mansouri
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Charles-Henry Gattolliat
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tarik Asselah
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France; Department of Hepatology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.
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107
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Ma Q, Shao H, Feng Y, Zhang L, Li P, Hu X, Ma Z, Lou H, Zeng X, Luo G. A new bioluminescent imaging technology for studying oxidative stress in the testis and its impacts on fertility. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:51-60. [PMID: 29803806 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive oxidative stress (OS) leads to cellular dysfunctions and cell death and constitutes a major cause of male infertility. However, the etiologies of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in male infertility is not fully understood. One major limitation is the lack of an in vivo imaging system that can be used to effectively study the impact of excessive ROS in the testis. Recently, we discovered that the hepatocellular carcinoma reporter (HCR) mice previously generated in our laboratory also expressed luciferase in the spermatids of the testis. The goal of the current study is to use the HCR mice to detect OS in the testis and to investigate the potential use of this new system in studying OS-induced male infertility. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed in HCR mice that were treated with peroxy caged luciferin-1 (PCL-1), an OS reporter, to establish a new mouse model for in vivo monitoring of the OS status inside the male reproductive tract. Subsequently, the effect of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose on the OS inside the testis and male fertility were determined. Lastly, APAP was co-administered with glutathione, an antioxidant reagent, to test if the HCR mice can serve as a model for the effective and rapid assessment of the potency of individual agents in modifying the OS inside the mouse testis. RESULTS The OS level in the testis in the HCR mice was readily detected by BLI. The use of this new model led to the discovery that APAP caused a sudden rise of OS in the testis and was a potent toxicant for the male reproductive system. Moreover, administration of glutathione was effective in preventing the APAP-induced elevation of OS and in ameliorating all of the OS-induced anomalies in the testis. CONCLUSIONS The HCR mice represent an excellent model for monitoring OS change in the mouse testis by real time BLI. APAP is a potent male reproductive toxicant and APAP-treated mice represent a valid model for OS-induced male infertility. This model can be used to study OS-induced damage in male reproductive tract and in assessing the effects of therapeutic agents on the relative levels of OS and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Haozhen Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Linpeng Zhang
- Shandong Stroke Association, Affiliated Hospitals of Weifang Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Pengshou Li
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Zhitao Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Hua Lou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xianwei Zeng
- Shandong Stroke Association, Affiliated Hospitals of Weifang Medical College, Shandong, China.
| | - Guangbin Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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108
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The role of apoptosis in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:709-718. [PMID: 29920288 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although necrosis is recognized as the main mode of cell death induced by acetaminophen (APAP) overdose in animals and humans, more recently an increasing number of publications, especially in the herbal medicine and dietary supplement field, claim an important contribution of apoptotic cell death in the pathophysiology. However, most of these conclusions are based on parameters that are not specific for apoptosis. Therefore, the objective of this review was to re-visit the key signaling events of receptor-mediated apoptosis and APAP-induced programmed necrosis and critically analyze the parameters that are being used as evidence for apoptotic cell death. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons of parameters such as Bax, Bcl-2, caspase processing and DNA fragmentation in both modes of cell death clearly show fundamental differences between apoptosis and cell death induced by APAP. These observations together with the lack of efficacy of pan-caspase inhibitors in the APAP model strongly supports the conclusion that APAP hepatotoxicity is dominated by necrosis or programmed necrosis and does not involve relevant apoptosis. In order not to create a new controversy, it is important to understand how to use these "apoptosis" parameters and properly interpret the data. These issues are discussed in this review.
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109
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Ramachandran A, Visschers RGJ, Duan L, Akakpo JY, Jaeschke H. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: current understanding and future perspectives. J Clin Transl Res 2018. [PMID: 30873497 PMCID: PMC6261533 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.04.201801.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical cellular organelles for energy generation and are now also recognized as playing important roles in cellular signaling. Their central role in energy metabolism, as well as their high abundance in hepatocytes, make them important targets for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. This review summarizes the current mechanistic understanding of the role of mitochondria in drug-induced hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen, diclofenac, anti-tuberculosis drugs such as rifampin and isoniazid, anti-epileptic drugs such as valproic acid and constituents of herbal supplements such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The utilization of circulating mitochondrial-specific biomarkers in understanding mechanisms of toxicity in humans will also be examined. In summary, it is well-established that mitochondria are central to acetaminophen-induced cell death. However, the most promising areas for clinically useful therapeutic interventions after acetaminophen toxicity may involve the promotion of adaptive responses and repair processes including mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, In contrast, the limited understanding of the role of mitochondria in various aspects of hepatotoxicity by most other drugs and herbs requires more detailed mechanistic investigations in both animals and humans. Development of clinically relevant animal models and more translational studies using mechanistic biomarkers are critical for progress in this area. Relevance for patients:This review focuses on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in liver injury mechanisms of clinically important drugs like acetaminophen, diclofenac, rifampicin, isoniazid, amiodarone and others. A better understanding ofthe mechanisms in animal models and their translation to patients will be critical for the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Ruben G J Visschers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Kandel SE, Ni HM, Kumer SC, Rumack BH, Jaeschke H. 4-Methylpyrazole protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice and in primary human hepatocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1310-1322. [PMID: 29739258 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118774902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Liver injury due to acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the major cause of acute liver failure in the United States. While treatment with N-acetylcysteine is the current standard of care for APAP overdose, anecdotal evidence suggests that administration of 4-methylpyrazole (4MP) may be beneficial in the clinic. The objective of the current study was to examine the protective effect of 4MP and its mechanism of action. Male C57BL/6J mice were co-treated with 300 mg/kg of APAP and 50 mg/kg of 4MP. The severe liver injury induced by APAP at 6 h as indicated by elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase activities, centrilobular necrosis, and nuclear DNA fragmentation was almost completely eliminated by 4MP. In addition, 4MP largely prevented APAP-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), mitochondrial translocation of phospho-JNK and Bax, and the release of mitochondrial intermembrane proteins. Importantly, 4MP inhibited the generation of APAP protein adducts and formation of APAP-glutathione (GSH) conjugates and attenuated the depletion of the hepatic GSH content. These findings are relevant to humans because 4MP also prevented APAP-induced cell death in primary human hepatocytes. In conclusion, early treatment with 4MP can completely prevent liver injury after APAP overdose by inhibiting cytochrome P450 and preventing generation of the reactive metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Akakpo
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - A Ramachandran
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S E Kandel
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - H M Ni
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S C Kumer
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - B H Rumack
- 3 Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - H Jaeschke
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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111
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Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Oxidant Stress and Lipid Peroxidation in Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (APEX, N.C.) 2018; 5:145-158. [PMID: 29682614 PMCID: PMC5903282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most frequent cause of liver injury and acute liver failure in many western countries. The mechanism of APAP-induced hepatocyte necrosis has been investigated extensively. The formation of a reactive metabolite and its binding to cellular proteins was initially thought to be responsible for cell death. A competing hypothesis was introduced that questioned the relevance of protein binding and instead suggested that P450-derived oxidant stress and lipid peroxidation causes APAP-induced liver injury. However, work over the last 15 years has reconciled some of these apparent contradictory hypotheses. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in APAP hepatotoxicity. Detailed investigations into the sources and relevance of the oxidant stress have clearly shown the critical role of the electron transport chain of mitochondria as main source of the oxidant stress. Other potential sources of ROS such as cytochrome P450 enzymes or NADPH oxidase on phagocytes are of limited relevance. The mitochondria-derived superoxide and peroxynitrite formation is initiated by the binding of the reactive metabolite to mitochondrial proteins and the amplification by mitogen activated protein kinases. The consequences of this oxidant stress are the opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore with cessation of ATP synthesis, nuclear DNA fragmentation and ultimately cell necrosis. Lipid peroxidation is not a relevant mechanism of cell death but can be a marker of ROS formation. These mechanistic insights suggest that targeting mitochondrial oxidant stress is a promising therapeutic option for APAP hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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112
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Rada P, Pardo V, Mobasher MA, García-Martínez I, Ruiz L, González-Rodríguez Á, Sanchez-Ramos C, Muntané J, Alemany S, James LP, Simpson KJ, Monsalve M, Valdecantos MP, Valverde ÁM. SIRT1 Controls Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity by Modulating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1187-1208. [PMID: 29084443 PMCID: PMC9545809 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a key player in liver physiology and a therapeutic target against hepatic inflammation. We evaluated the role of SIRT1 in the proinflammatory context and oxidative stress during acetaminophen (APAP)-mediated hepatotoxicity. RESULTS SIRT1 protein levels decreased in human and mouse livers following APAP overdose. SIRT1-Tg mice maintained higher levels of SIRT1 on APAP injection than wild-type mice and were protected against hepatotoxicity by modulation of antioxidant systems and restrained inflammatory responses, with decreased oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokine messenger RNA levels, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling, and cell death. Mouse hepatocytes stimulated with conditioned medium of APAP-treated macrophages (APAP-CM) showed decreased SIRT1 levels; an effect mimicked by interleukin (IL)1β, an activator of NFκB. This negative modulation was abolished by neutralizing IL1β in APAP-CM or silencing p65-NFκB in hepatocytes. APAP-CM of macrophages from SIRT1-Tg mice failed to downregulate SIRT1 protein levels in hepatocytes. In vivo administration of the NFκB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 preserved SIRT1 levels and protected from APAP-mediated hepatotoxicity. INNOVATION Our work evidenced the unique role of SIRT1 in APAP hepatoprotection by targeting oxidative stress and inflammation. CONCLUSION SIRT1 protein levels are downregulated by IL1β/NFκB signaling in APAP hepatotoxicity, resulting in inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus, maintenance of SIRT1 during APAP overdose by inhibiting NFκB might be clinically relevant. Rebound Track: This work was rejected during standard peer review and rescued by Rebound Peer Review (Antioxid Redox Signal 16:293-296, 2012) with the following serving as open reviewers: Rafael de Cabo, Joaquim Ros, Kalervo Hiltunen, and Neil Kaplowitz. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1187-1208.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rada
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Pardo
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - Maysa A Mobasher
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain .,3 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Al Jouf University , Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irma García-Martínez
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ruiz
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - Águeda González-Rodríguez
- 4 Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Ramos
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- 5 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain .,6 Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy and Transplant Organs, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS)/University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville, Spain
| | - Susana Alemany
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura P James
- 7 Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Arkansas Children's Hospital , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kenneth J Simpson
- 8 Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - María Monsalve
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Valdecantos
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
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113
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Yan M, Huo Y, Yin S, Hu H. Mechanisms of acetaminophen-induced liver injury and its implications for therapeutic interventions. Redox Biol 2018; 17:274-283. [PMID: 29753208 PMCID: PMC6006912 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced acute liver failure in many developed countries. Mitochondrial oxidative stress is considered to be the predominant cellular event in APAP-induced liver injury. Accordingly, N-acetyl cysteine, a known scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is recommended as an effective clinical antidote against APAP-induced acute liver injury (AILI) when it is given at an early phase; however, the narrow therapeutic window limits its use. Hence, the development of novel therapeutic approaches that can offer broadly protective effects against AILI is clearly needed. To this end, it is necessary to better understand the mechanisms of APAP hepatotoxicity. Up to now, in addition to mitochondrial oxidative stress, many other cellular processes, including phase I/phase II metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, sterile inflammation, microcirculatory dysfunction, and liver regeneration, have been identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of AILI, providing new targets for developing more effective therapeutic interventions against APAP-induced liver injury. In this review, we summarize intracellular and extracellular events involved in APAP hepatotoxicity, along with emphatic discussions on the possible therapeutic approaches targeting these different cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yazhen Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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114
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Meridor D, Cohen A, Khalfin B, Uppalapati L, Kasher R, Nathan I, Parola AH. The Protective Effect of Humanin Derivative AGA(C8R)-HNG17 Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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115
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Ye H, Nelson LJ, Gómez del Moral M, Martínez-Naves E, Cubero FJ. Dissecting the molecular pathophysiology of drug-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1373-1385. [PMID: 29632419 PMCID: PMC5889818 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i13.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has become a major topic in the field of Hepatology and Gastroenterology. DILI can be clinically divided into three phenotypes: hepatocytic, cholestatic and mixed. Although the clinical manifestations of DILI are variable and the pathogenesis complicated, recent insights using improved preclinical models, have allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms that trigger liver damage. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DILI. The toxicity of the drug eventually induces hepatocellular damage through multiple molecular pathways, including direct hepatic toxicity and innate and adaptive immune responses. Drugs or their metabolites, such as the common analgesic, acetaminophen, can cause direct hepatic toxicity through accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. The innate and adaptive immune responses play also a very important role in the occurrence of idiosyncratic DILI. Furthermore, we examine common forms of hepatocyte death and their association with the activation of specific signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Immunology, Ophtalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Institute for BioEngineering (Human Liver Tissue Engineering), School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, The Kingâs Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3 JL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Gómez del Moral
- Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Naves
- Department of Immunology, Ophtalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophtalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
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116
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Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US, and decades of intense study of its pathogenesis resulted in the development of the antidote N-acetylcysteine, which facilitates scavenging of the reactive metabolite and is the only treatment in clinical use. However, the narrow therapeutic window of this intervention necessitates a better understanding of the intricacies of APAP-induced liver injury for the development of additional therapeutic approaches that can benefit late-presenting patients. More recent investigations into APAP hepatotoxicity have established the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in mediating liver injury as well as clarified mechanisms of APAP-induced hepatocyte cell death. Thus, it is now established that mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress is a key mechanistic feature involved in downstream signaling after APAP overdose. The identification of specific mediators of necrotic cell death further establishes the regulated nature of APAP-induced hepatocyte cell death. In addition, the discovery of the role of mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in APAP-induced liver injury provides additional insight into the elaborate cell signaling mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this important clinical problem. In spite of these new insights into the mechanisms of liver injury, significant controversy still exists on the role of innate immunity in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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117
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Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Is Keratin-18 only a Marker of Cell Death in Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3. [PMID: 29928749 DOI: 10.21037/jlpm.2018.03.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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118
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Jaeschke H. Comments on Caspase-Mediated Anti-Apoptotic Effect of Ginsenoside Rg5, a Main Rare Ginsenoside, on Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1732-1733. [PMID: 29405710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center , 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
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119
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Nagatome M, Kondo Y, Kadowaki D, Saishyo Y, Irikura M, Irie T, Ishitsuka Y. Ethyl pyruvate attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury and prevents cellular injury induced by N-acetyl- p-benzoquinone imine. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00521. [PMID: 29560444 PMCID: PMC5857623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen, a common analgesic/antipyretic, is a frequent cause of acute liver failure in Western countries. The development of an effective cure against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is crucial. Ethyl pyruvate, an ethyl ester derivative of pyruvic acid, has been identified as a possible candidate against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in animal experiments. However, the mode of the hepatoprotective action of ethyl pyruvate remains unclear. We examined the hepatoprotective effect of ethyl pyruvate against hepatocyte injury and oxidative stress in a mouse model of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. In addition, to examine whether ethyl pyruvate has direct hepatocellular protection against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity to counteract the influence of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, we examined the effects of ethyl pyruvate on cellular injury induced by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, a toxic metabolite of acetaminophen, in a human hepatocyte cell line, HepG2 cells. Treatment with ethyl pyruvate significantly prevented increases in serum transaminase levels and hepatic centrilobular necrosis induced with an acetaminophen overdose in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Although hepatic DNA fragmentation induced by acetaminophen was also attenuated with ethyl pyruvate, nitrotyrosine formation was not inhibited. Ehyl pyruvate significantly attenuated mitochondria dehydrogenase inactivity induced by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine in HepG2 cells. The attenuating effect was also observed in a rat hepatocyte cell line. Increases in annexin V and propidium iodide-stained cells induced by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine were prevented with ethyl pyruvate in HepG2 cells. Pyruvic acid, a parent compound of ethyl pyruvate, tended to attenuate these changes. The results indicate that ethyl pyruvate has direct hepatocellular protection against N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine induced injury observed in acetaminophen overdose. The in vivo and in vitro results suggest that ethyl pyruvate attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury via, at least in part, its cellular protective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Nagatome
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kadowaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saishyo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Irikura
- Laboratory of Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University, 22-1 Tamagawa-Cho, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsumi Irie
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ishitsuka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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120
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have long been implicated in the pathophysiology of acute liver injury. However, the translation of these findings to the clinic and the development of therapeutic agents have been slow mainly due to the poor mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology and the many indirect approaches used to characterize the role of oxidant stress in liver injury. The current review discusses in depth the sources of reactive oxygen, the oxidants involved and the impact of this oxidant stress in the mechanism of cell death in 3 different clinically relevant acute liver injury models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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121
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González-Ponce HA, Rincón-Sánchez AR, Jaramillo-Juárez F, Moshage H. Natural Dietary Pigments: Potential Mediators against Hepatic Damage Induced by Over-The-Counter Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Drugs. Nutrients 2018; 10:E117. [PMID: 29364842 PMCID: PMC5852693 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics are among the most widely prescribed and purchased drugs around the world. Most analgesics, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen, are metabolized in the liver. The hepatocytes are responsible for drug metabolism and detoxification. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are phase I enzymes expressed mainly in hepatocytes and they account for ≈75% of the metabolism of clinically used drugs and other xenobiotics. These metabolic reactions eliminate potentially toxic compounds but, paradoxically, also result in the generation of toxic or carcinogenic metabolites. Cumulative or overdoses of OTC analgesic drugs can induce acute liver failure (ALF) either directly or indirectly after their biotransformation. ALF is the result of massive death of hepatocytes induced by oxidative stress. There is an increased interest in the use of natural dietary products as nutritional supplements and/or medications to prevent or cure many diseases. The therapeutic activity of natural products may be associated with their antioxidant capacity, although additional mechanisms may also play a role (e.g., anti-inflammatory actions). Dietary antioxidants such as flavonoids, betalains and carotenoids play a preventive role against OTC analgesics-induced ALF. In this review, we will summarize the pathobiology of OTC analgesic-induced ALF and the use of natural pigments in its prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herson Antonio González-Ponce
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana Rosa Rincón-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Jaramillo-Juárez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science Center, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico.
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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122
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Kennon-McGill S, McGill MR. Extrahepatic toxicity of acetaminophen: critical evaluation of the evidence and proposed mechanisms. J Clin Transl Res 2018. [PMID: 30895271 PMCID: PMC5815839 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.03.201703.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity over the last several decades has focused on the pathophysiology of liver injury, but increasingly attention is paid to other known and possible adverse effects. It has been known for decades that APAP causes acute kidney injury, but confusion exists regarding prevalence, and the mechanisms have not been well investigated. More recently, evidence for pulmonary, endocrine, neurological, and neurodevelopmental toxicity has been reported in a number of published experimental, clinical, and epidemiological studies, but the quality of those studies has varied. It is important to view those data critically due to implications for regulation and clinical practice. Here, we review evidence and proposed mechanisms for extrahepatic adverse effects of APAP and weigh weaknesses and strengths in the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
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123
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Ren Z, Chen S, Ning B, Guo L. Use of Liver-Derived Cell Lines for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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124
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Young MJ. Off-Target Effects of Drugs that Disrupt Human Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:74. [PMID: 29214156 PMCID: PMC5702650 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were the first drugs used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Development of severe mitochondrial toxicity has been well documented in patients infected with HIV and administered NRTIs. In vitro biochemical experiments have demonstrated that the replicative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma, Polg, is a sensitive target for inhibition by metabolically active forms of NRTIs, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs). Once incorporated into newly synthesized daughter strands NtRTIs block further DNA polymerization reactions. Human cell culture and animal studies have demonstrated that cell lines and mice exposed to NRTIs display mtDNA depletion. Further complicating NRTI off-target effects on mtDNA maintenance, two additional DNA polymerases, Pol beta and PrimPol, were recently reported to localize to mitochondria as well as the nucleus. Similar to Polg, in vitro work has demonstrated both Pol beta and PrimPol incorporate NtRTIs into nascent DNA. Cell culture and biochemical experiments have also demonstrated that antiviral ribonucleoside drugs developed to treat hepatitis C infection act as off-target substrates for POLRMT, the mitochondrial RNA polymerase and primase. Accompanying the above-mentioned topics, this review examines: (1) mtDNA maintenance in human health and disease, (2) reports of DNA polymerases theta and zeta (Rev3) localizing to mitochondria, and (3) additional drugs with off-target effects on mitochondrial function. Lastly, mtDNA damage may induce cell death; therefore, the possibility of utilizing compounds that disrupt mtDNA maintenance to kill cancer cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States
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125
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Du K, Ramachandran A, McGill MR, Mansouri A, Asselah T, Farhood A, Woolbright BL, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:339-350. [PMID: 28827156 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is an adaptive response to maintain metabolic homeostasis after mitochondrial dysfunction. Induction of MB during APAP hepatotoxicity has not been studied. To investigate this, mice were treated with toxic doses of APAP and euthanized between 0 and 96 h. At early time points, APAP caused both mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction of mitochondrial mass, indicated by reduced activity of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I and IV and depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), respectively. Both ETC activity and mtDNA gradually recovered after 12 h, suggesting that MB occurs at late time points after APAP overdose. Immunofluorescent staining of mitochondria with mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom20 further demonstrated that MB occurs selectively in hepatocytes surrounding necrotic areas. MB signaling mediators including PPARγ co-activator 1-α (Pgc-1α), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (Nrf-1) and mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1) were induced. Pgc-1α was selectively increased in hepatocytes surrounding necrotic areas. In addition, the time course of MB induction coincides with increased liver regeneration. Post-treatment with the known MB inducer SRT1720 increased Pgc-1α expression and liver regeneration, resulting in protection against late liver injury after APAP overdose. Thus, induction of MB is an important feature during APAP hepatotoxicity and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Abdellah Mansouri
- Hepatology Department, Beaujon Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, France; INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Denis Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Tarik Asselah
- Hepatology Department, Beaujon Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, France; INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Denis Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Anwar Farhood
- Department of Pathology, St. David's North Austin Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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126
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Cheng D, Xu W, Yuan L, Zhang X. Investigation of Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Its Remediation Pathway with Reaction-Based Fluorescent Probes. Anal Chem 2017. [PMID: 28627888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is considered a serious problem related to public health, due to its unpredictability and acute response. The level of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) generated in liver has long been regarded as a biomarker for the prediction and measurement of DILI. Herein we present two reaction-based fluorescent probes (Naph-ONOO- and Rhod-ONOO-) for ONOO- through a novel and universally applicable mechanism: ONOO--mediated deprotection of α-keto caged fluorophores. Among them, Rhod-ONOO- can selectively accumulate and react in mitochondria, one of the main sources of ONOO-, with a substantial lower nanomolar sensitivity of 43 nM. The superior selectivity and sensitivity of two probes enable real-time imaging of peroxynitrite generation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated live cells, with a remarkable difference from cells doped with other interfering reactive oxygen species, in either one- or two-photon imaging modes. More importantly, we elucidated the drug-induced hepatotoxicity pathway with Rhod-ONOO- and revealed that CYP450/CYP2E1-mediated enzymatic metabolism of acetaminophen leads to ONOO- generation in liver cells. This is the first time to showcase the drug-induced hepatotoxicity pathways by use of a small-molecule fluorescent probe. We hence conclude that fluorescent probes can engender a deeper understanding of reactive species and their pathological revelations. The reaction-based fluorescent probes will be a potentially useful chemical tool to assay drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
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Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Role of the inflammasome in acetaminophen-induced liver injury and acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2017; 66:836-848. [PMID: 27913221 PMCID: PMC5362341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced acute liver failure carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. Acetaminophen overdose is the number one cause of acute liver failure and remains a major problem in Western medicine. Administration of N-acetyl cysteine is an effective antidote when given before the initial rise in toxicity; however, many patients present to the hospital after this stage occurs. As such, treatments which can alleviate late-stage acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure are imperative. While the initial mechanisms of toxicity are well described, a debate has recently occurred in the literature over whether there is a second phase of injury, mediated by inflammatory processes. Critical to this potential inflammatory process is the activation of caspase-1 and interleukin-1β by a molecular complex known as the inflammasome. Several different stimuli for the formation of multiple different inflammasome complexes have been identified. Formation of the NACHT, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and pyrin (PYD) domains-containing protein 3 (Nalp3) inflammasome in particular, has directly been attributed to late-stage acetaminophen toxicity. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms of acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice and man with a particular focus on the role of inflammation and the inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Peng J, Samanta A, Zeng X, Han S, Wang L, Su D, Loong DTB, Kang NY, Park SJ, All AH, Jiang W, Yuan L, Liu X, Chang YT. Real-Time In Vivo Hepatotoxicity Monitoring through Chromophore-Conjugated Photon-Upconverting Nanoprobes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xiao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Sanyang Han
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; National University of Singapore; 119228 Singapore Singapore
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Dongdong Su
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Daniel Teh Boon Loong
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 117456 Singapore Singapore
| | - Nam-Young Kang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Angelo Homayoun All
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; National University of Singapore; 119228 Singapore Singapore
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neurology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore USA
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; National University of Singapore; 119228 Singapore Singapore
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A* STAR); 117602 Singapore Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
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Peng J, Samanta A, Zeng X, Han S, Wang L, Su D, Loong DTB, Kang NY, Park SJ, All AH, Jiang W, Yuan L, Liu X, Chang YT. Real-Time In Vivo Hepatotoxicity Monitoring through Chromophore-Conjugated Photon-Upconverting Nanoprobes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4165-4169. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xiao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Sanyang Han
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; National University of Singapore; 119228 Singapore Singapore
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Dongdong Su
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Daniel Teh Boon Loong
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 117456 Singapore Singapore
| | - Nam-Young Kang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
| | - Angelo Homayoun All
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; National University of Singapore; 119228 Singapore Singapore
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neurology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore USA
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; National University of Singapore; 119228 Singapore Singapore
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A* STAR); 117602 Singapore Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A* STAR); 138667 Singapore Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore Singapore
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver has a number of functions in innate immunity. These functions predispose the liver to innate immune-mediated liver injury when inflammation goes unchecked. Significant progress has been made in the last 25 years on sterile inflammatory liver injury in a number of models; however, a great deal of controversy and many questions about the nature of sterile inflammation still exist. AIM The goal of this article is to review sterile inflammatory liver injury using both a basic approach to what constitutes the inflammatory injury, and through examination of current models of liver injury and inflammation. This information will be tied to human patient conditions when appropriate. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Inflammation is one of the most critical factors for managing in-patient liver disease in a number of scenarios. More information is needed for both scientists and clinicians to develop rational treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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131
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Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and their translation to the human pathophysiology. J Clin Transl Res 2017; 3:157-169. [PMID: 28670625 PMCID: PMC5489132 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.03.2017s1.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and mechanisms of liver injury induced by APAP overdose have been the focus of extensive investigation. Studies in the mouse model, which closely reproduces the human condition, have shown that hepatotoxicity is initiated by formation of a reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which depletes cellular glutathione and forms protein adducts on mitochondrial proteins. This leads to mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress, accompanied by activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its translocation to the mitochondria. This then amplifies the mitochondrial oxidant stress, resulting in translocation of Bax and dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondria, which induces mitochondrial fission, and ultimately induction of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT). The induction of MPT triggers release of intermembrane proteins such as apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G into the cytosol and their translocation to the nucleus, causing nuclear DNA fragmentation and activation of regulated necrosis. Though these cascades of events were primarily identified in the mouse model, studies on human hepatocytes and analysis of circulating biomarkers from patients after APAP overdose, indicate that a number of mechanistic events are identical in mice and humans. Circulating biomarkers also seem to be useful in predicting the course of liver injury after APAP overdose in humans and hold promise for significant clinical use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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132
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González LT, Minsky NW, Espinosa LEM, Aranda RS, Meseguer JP, Pérez PC. In vitro assessment of hepatoprotective agents against damage induced by acetaminophen and CCl 4. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:39. [PMID: 28086854 PMCID: PMC5234107 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro bioassays are important in the evaluation of plants with possible hepatoprotective effects. The aims of this study were to evaluate the pretreatment of HepG2 cells with hepatoprotective agents against the damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and paracetamol (APAP). METHODS Antioxidative activity was measured using an assay to measure 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. The in vitro hepatotoxicity of CCl4 and APAP, and the cytotoxic and hepatoprotective properties of silymarin (SLM), silybinin (SLB), and silyphos (SLP) were evaluated by measuring cell viability; activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); total antioxidant capacity (TAOxC); and reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA) levels). RESULTS Only SLB and SLM showed strong antioxidative activity in the DPPH assay (39.71 ± 0.85 μg/mL and 14.14 ± 0.65 μg/mL, respectively). CCl4 induced time- and concentration-dependent changes. CCl4 had significant effects on cell viability, enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, TAOxC, and SOD and GSH levels. These differences remained significant up to an exposure time of 3 h. APAP induced a variety of dose- and time-dependent responses up to 72 h of exposure. SLM, SLB, and SLP were not cytotoxic. Only SLB at a concentration of 100 μg/mL or 150 μg/mL significantly decreased the enzyme activities and MDA level, and prevented depletion of total antioxidants compared with CCl4. CONCLUSIONS CCl4 was more consistent than APAP in inducing cell injury. Only SLB provided hepatoprotection. AST, LDH, and MDA levels were good markers of liver damage.
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Amin KA, Hashem KS, Alshehri FS, Awad ST, Hassan MS. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Efficiency of Selenium Nanoparticles Against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatic Damage. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 175:136-145. [PMID: 27220627 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Overdoses of acetaminophen (APAP), a famous and widely used drug, may have hepatotoxic effects. Nanoscience is a novel scientific discipline that provides specific tools for medical science problems including using nano trace elements in hepatic diseases. Our study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective role of selenium nanoparticles (Nano-Se) against APAP-induced hepatic injury. Twenty-four male rats were classified into three equal groups: a control group that received 0.9 % NaCl, an APAP-treated group (oral administration), and a group treated with Nano-Se (10-20 nm, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection) and APAP (oral administration). APAP overdose induced significant elevations in liver function biomarkers, hepatic lipid peroxidation, hepatic catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased the reduced glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, and stimulated significant DNA damage in hepatocytes, compared to control rats. Nano-Se administration improved the hepatic antioxidant protection mechanism and decreased cellular sensitivity to DNA fragmentation. Nano-Se exhibits a protective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through improved liver function and oxidative stress mediated by catalase, SOD, and GSH and decreases hepatic DNA fragmentation, a hepatic biomarker of cell death. Nano-Se could be a novel hepatoprotective strategy to inhibit oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Adel Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Dammam, PO Box 383, Dammam, 31113, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt.
| | - Khalid Shaban Hashem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt
| | - Fawziah Saleh Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Dammam, PO Box 383, Dammam, 31113, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Said T Awad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Hassan
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt
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134
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Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. CELLULAR INJURY IN LIVER DISEASES 2017:55-76. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53774-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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135
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De León-Nava MA, Álvarez-Delgado C, Donis-Maturano L, Hernández-Ruiz J, Manjarrez-Reyna AN, Cruz-Avilés E, Leon-Cabrera S, Morales-Montor J, Fragoso JM, Escobedo G. A non-hepatotropic parasite infection increases mortality in the acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure murine model: possible roles for IL-5 and IL-6. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:757-764. [PMID: 27812602 PMCID: PMC5146742 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of a non-hepatotropic parasite infection (Taenia crassiceps) on the outcome of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in mice. Uninfected and T. crassiceps infected mice orally received either 300 mg/kg acetaminophen or water as vehicle (n = 5 per group). Survival analysis, hepatocyte necrosis, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, CYP2E1 protein, interleukin (IL-) 5, and IL-6 were assessed for all groups. All infected mice died within 16 h after exposure to acetaminophen (Tc+APAP group), whereas only one-third of uninfected animals exposed to acetaminophen (APAP group) died. Uninfected (Control group) and infected (Tc group) mice that received the vehicle showed no liver damage. Tc+APAP mice exhibited massive liver necrosis characterised by marked balloning degeneration of hepatocytes and higher serum ALT compared to Control, Tc, and APAP animals. Liver tissue from Tc+APAP mice also displayed increased expression of CYP2E1 protein and higher mRNA and protein levels of IL-5 and IL-6 compared to the other groups. These findings suggest that non-hepatotropic parasite infections may increase mortality following acute liver failure by promoting hepatocyte necrosis via IL-5 and IL-6-dependent CYP2E1 overproduction. This study identifies new potential risk factors associated with severe acute liver failure in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A De León-Nava
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Baja California, México
| | - Carolina Álvarez-Delgado
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Baja California, México
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Baja California, México
| | - Joselin Hernández-Ruiz
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Hospital General de México Dr Eduardo Liceaga, Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Aaron N Manjarrez-Reyna
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Hospital General de México Dr Eduardo Liceaga, Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edgar Cruz-Avilés
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Hospital General de México Dr Eduardo Liceaga, Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sonia Leon-Cabrera
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Unidad de Biomedicina, Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Los Reyes Iztacala, México
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Inmunología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José M Fragoso
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Hospital General de México Dr Eduardo Liceaga, Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Ciudad de México, México
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136
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Duan L, Davis JS, Woolbright BL, Du K, Cahkraborty M, Weemhoff J, Jaeschke H, Bourdi M. Differential susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced liver injury in sub-strains of C57BL/6 mice: 6N versus 6J. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:107-118. [PMID: 27773698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity are considered relevant for the human pathophysiology. The C57BL/6 strain is most popular because it is the background strain of gene knock-out mice. However, conflicting results in the literature may have been caused by sub-strain mismatches, e.g. C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N. This study was initiated to determine the mechanism behind the sub-strain susceptibility to APAP toxicity. C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice were dosed with 200 mg/kg APAP and sacrificed at different time points. C57BL/6N mice developed significantly more liver injury as measured by plasma ALT activities and histology. Although there was no difference in glutathione depletion or cytochrome P450 activity between groups, C57BL/6N had a higher glutathione disulfide-to-glutathione ratio and more APAP protein adducts. C57BL/6N showed more mitochondrial translocation of phospho-JNK and BAX, and more release of mitochondrial intermembrane proteins apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC), which caused more DNA fragmentation. The increased mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed in vitro as C57BL/6N hepatocytes had a more precipitous drop in JC-1 fluorescence after APAP exposure. CONCLUSION C57BL/6N mice are more susceptible to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, likely due to increased formation of APAP-protein adducts and a subsequent enhancement of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with aggravated nuclear DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - John S Davis
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA.
| | | | - Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Mala Cahkraborty
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - James Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Mohammed Bourdi
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA.
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137
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Oxidative stress during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Sources, pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential. Redox Biol 2016; 10:148-156. [PMID: 27744120 PMCID: PMC5065645 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is characterized by an extensive oxidative stress. However, its source, pathophysiological role and possible therapeutic potential if targeted, have been controversially described. Earlier studies argued for cytochrome P450-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) during APAP metabolism, which resulted in massive lipid peroxidation and subsequent liver injury. However, subsequent studies convincingly challenged this assumption and the current paradigm suggests that mitochondria are the main source of ROS, which impair mitochondrial function and are responsible for cell signaling resulting in cell death. Although immune cells can be a source of ROS in other models, no reliable evidence exists to support a role for immune cell-derived ROS in APAP hepatotoxicity. Recent studies suggest that mitochondrial targeted antioxidants can be viable therapeutic agents against hepatotoxicity induced by APAP overdose, and re-purposing existing drugs to target oxidative stress and other concurrent signaling events can be a promising strategy to increase its potential application in patients with APAP overdose. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS and RNS that are responsible for the toxicity. Cytochrome P450 and inflammatory cells are probably not relevant sources of ROS for the toxicity. Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a promising therapeutic target against APAP overdose.
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138
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Du K, Ramachandran A, Weemhoff JL, Chavan H, Xie Y, Krishnamurthy P, Jaeschke H. Editor's Highlight: Metformin Protects Against Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity by Attenuation of Mitochondrial Oxidant Stress and Dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:214-226. [PMID: 27562556 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) causes severe liver injury and even acute liver failure in both mice and human. A recent study by Kim et al. (2015, Metformin ameliorates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity via Gadd45β-dependent regulation of JNK signaling in mice. J. Hepatol. 63, 75-82) showed that metformin, a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, protected against APAP hepatotoxicity in mice. However, its exact protective mechanism has not been well clarified. To investigate this, C57BL/6J mice were treated with 400 mg/kg APAP and 350 mg/kg metformin was given 0.5 h pre- or 2 h post-APAP. Our data showed that pretreatment with metformin protected against APAP hepatotoxicity, as indicated by the over 80% reduction in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and significant decrease in centrilobular necrosis. Metabolic activation of APAP, as indicated by glutathione depletion and APAP-protein adducts formation, was also slightly inhibited. However, 2 h post-treatment with metformin still reduced liver injury by 50%, without inhibition of adduct formation. Interestingly, neither pre- nor post-treatment of metformin inhibited c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation or its mitochondrial translocation. In contrast, APAP-induced mitochondrial oxidant stress and dysfunction were greatly attenuated in these mice. In addition, mice with 2 h post-treatment with metformin also showed significant inhibition of complex I activity, which may contribute to the decreased mitochondrial oxidant stress. Furthermore, the protection was reproduced in JNK activation-absent HepaRG cells treated with 20 mM APAP followed by 0.5 or 1 mM metformin 6 h later, confirming JNK-independent protection mechanisms. Thus, metformin protects against APAP hepatotoxicity by attenuating the mitochondrial oxidant stress and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction, and may be a potential therapeutic option for APAP overdose patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - James L Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hemantkumar Chavan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yuchao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Partha Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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139
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He JJ, Ma J, Elsheikha HM, Song HQ, Huang SY, Zhu XQ. Transcriptomic analysis of mouse liver reveals a potential hepato-enteric pathogenic mechanism in acute Toxoplasma gondii infection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:427. [PMID: 27488578 PMCID: PMC4973073 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide spread pathogen which can infect all tissues of its host. The transcriptomic responses of infected brain and spleen have been reported. However, our knowledge of the global transcriptomic change in infected liver is limited. Additionally, T. gondii infection represents a highly dynamic process involving complex biological responses of the host at many levels. Herein, we describe such processes at a global level by discovering gene expression changes in mouse livers after acute infection with T. gondii ToxoDB#9 strain. Results Global transcriptomic analysis identified 2,758 differentially expressed transcripts in infected liver, of which 1,356 were significantly downregulated and 1,402 upregulated. GO and KEGG database analyses showed that host immune responses were upregulated, while the metabolic-related processes/pathways were downregulated, especially xenobiotic metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and bile biosynthesis and secretion. The metabolism of more than 800 chemical compounds including anti-Toxoplasma prescribed medicines were predicted to be modulated during acute T. gondii infection due to the downregulation of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first global transcriptomic analysis of mouse liver infected by T. gondii. The present data indicate that during the early stage of liver infection, T. gondii can induce changes in liver xenobiotic metabolism, upregulating inflammatory response and downregulating hepatocellular PPAR signaling pathway, altering host bile biosynthesis and secretion pathway; these changes could enhance host intestinal dysbacteriosis and thus contribute to the pathological changes of both liver and intestine of infected mice. These findings describe the biological changes in infected liver, providing a potential mechanistic pathway that links hepatic and intestinal pathologies to T. gondii infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1716-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Hui-Qun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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140
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Hu J, Kholmukhamedov A, Lindsey CC, Beeson CC, Jaeschke H, Lemasters JJ. Translocation of iron from lysosomes to mitochondria during acetaminophen-induced hepatocellular injury: Protection by starch-desferal and minocycline. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:418-426. [PMID: 27345134 PMCID: PMC4996678 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes hepatotoxicity involving mitochondrial dysfunction and the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Iron is a critical catalyst for ROS formation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Previous studies show that APAP disrupts lysosomes, which release ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) into the cytosol to trigger the MPT and cell killing. Here, our aim was to investigate whether iron released from lysosomes after APAP is then taken up into mitochondria via the mitochondrial electrogenic Ca(2+), Fe(2+) uniporter (MCFU) to cause mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Hepatocytes were isolated from fasted male C57BL/6 mice. Necrotic cell killing was assessed by propidium iodide fluorimetry. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) was visualized by confocal microscopy of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM). Chelatable Fe(2+) was monitored by quenching of calcein (cytosol) and mitoferrofluor (MFF, mitochondria). ROS generation was monitored by confocal microscopy of MitoSox Red and plate reader fluorimetry of chloromethyldihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate (cmH2DCF-DA). Administered 1h before APAP (10mM), the lysosomally targeted iron chelator, starch-desferal (1mM), and the MCFU inhibitors, Ru360 (100nM) and minocycline (4µM), decreased cell killing from 83% to 41%, 57% and 53%, respectively, after 10h. Progressive quenching of calcein and MFF began after ~4h, signifying increased cytosolic and mitochondrial chelatable Fe(2+). Mitochondria then depolarized after ~10h. Dipyridyl, a membrane-permeable iron chelator, dequenched calcein and MFF fluorescence after APAP. Starch-desferal, but not Ru360 and minocycline, suppressed cytosolic calcein quenching, whereas starch-desferal, Ru360 and minocycline all suppressed mitochondrial MFF quenching and mitochondrial depolarization. Starch-desferal, Ru360 and minocycline also each decreased ROS formation. Moreover, minocycline 1h after APAP decreased cell killing by half. In conclusion, release of Fe(2+) from lysosomes followed by uptake into mitochondria via MCFU occurs during APAP hepatotoxicity. Mitochondrial iron then catalyzes toxic hydroxyl radical formation, which triggers the MPT and cell killing. The efficacy of minocycline post-treatment shows minocycline as a possible therapeutic agent against APAP hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangting Hu
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Andaleb Kholmukhamedov
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Christopher C Lindsey
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Institute of Theoretical & Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation.
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141
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Du K, Farhood A, Jaeschke H. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-Tempo protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:761-773. [PMID: 27002509 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is characterized by an extensive mitochondrial oxidant stress. However, its importance as a drug target has not been clarified. To investigate this, fasted C57BL/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP and the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-Tempo (MT) was given 1.5 h later. APAP caused severe liver injury in mice, as indicated by the increase in plasma ALT activities and centrilobular necrosis. MT dose-dependently reduced the injury. Importantly, MT did not affect APAP-protein adducts formation, glutathione depletion or c-jun N-terminal kinase activation and its mitochondrial translocation. In contrast, hepatic glutathione disulfide and peroxynitrite formation were dose-dependently reduced by MT, indicating its effective mitochondrial oxidant stress scavenging capacity. Consequently, mitochondrial translocation of Bax and release of mitochondrial intermembrane proteins such as apoptosis-inducing factor were prevented, and nuclear DNA fragmentation was eliminated. To demonstrate the importance of mitochondria-specific antioxidant property of MT, we compared its efficacy with Tempo, which has the same pharmacological mode of action as MT but lacks the mitochondria targeting moiety. In contrast to the dramatic protection by MT, the same molar dose of Tempo did not significantly reduce APAP hepatotoxicity. In contrast, even a 3 h post-treatment with MT reduced 70 % of the injury, and the combination of MT with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) provided superior protection than NAC alone. We conclude that MT protects against APAP overdose in mice by attenuating the mitochondrial oxidant stress and preventing peroxynitrite formation and the subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. MT is a promising therapeutic agent for APAP overdose patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anwar Farhood
- Department of Pathology, St. David's North Austin Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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142
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McGill MR, Kennon-McGill S, Durham D, Jaeschke H. Hearing, reactive metabolite formation, and oxidative stress in cochleae after a single acute overdose of acetaminophen: an in vivo study. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:104-11. [PMID: 26982240 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1122136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the liver is the primary target organ in acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity, other organs are affected. Previous data suggested that chronic APAP abuse can be ototoxic and the mechanism involves APAP-induced oxidative stress and reactive metabolite (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, NAPQI)-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the effect of a single acute overdose on hearing has not been tested. OBJECTIVES To determine if a single acute APAP overdose causes hearing damage, and to explore possible mechanisms of APAP ototoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice were treated with a single human-relevant overdose of APAP (300 mg APAP per kg bodyweight). Blood, liver and cochleae were harvested at 0, 2, 6 and 24 h post-APAP. In some mice, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to a range of frequencies were measured at 24 h. The furosemide plus kanamycin (FS/K) model of drug ototoxicity was used as a positive control for hearing loss. NAPQI formation after APAP was assessed by measuring glutathione depletion and covalent protein binding, and oxidative stress was assessed by measuring glutathione disulfide. RESULTS There was no evidence of reactive metabolite formation or hearing loss after a single overdose of APAP at a clinically relevant dose. However, there was a transient increase in oxidative stress. DISCUSSION Although a single acute overdose was not ototoxic, there was evidence of oxidative stress which may support a role for oxidative stress in hearing loss due to chronic APAP abuse. CONCLUSION A single human-relevant acute overdose of APAP causes transient oxidative stress in cochleae but not hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- b Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Dianne Durham
- b Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
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143
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Ghanem CI, Pérez MJ, Manautou JE, Mottino AD. Acetaminophen from liver to brain: New insights into drug pharmacological action and toxicity. Pharmacol Res 2016; 109:119-31. [PMID: 26921661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known analgesic and antipyretic drug. It is considered to be safe when administered within its therapeutic range, but in cases of acute intoxication, hepatotoxicity can occur. APAP overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the northern hemisphere. Historically, studies on APAP toxicity have been focused on liver, with alterations in brain function attributed to secondary effects of acute liver failure. However, in the last decade the pharmacological mechanism of APAP as a cannabinoid system modulator has been documented and some articles have reported "in situ" toxicity by APAP in brain tissue at high doses. Paradoxically, low doses of APAP have been reported to produce the opposite, neuroprotective effects. In this paper we present a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of hepatic toxicity as well as a thorough review of both toxic and beneficial effects of APAP in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Ghanem
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María J Pérez
- Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Aldo D Mottino
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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144
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Maes M, Vinken M, Jaeschke H. Experimental models of hepatotoxicity related to acute liver failure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 290:86-97. [PMID: 26631581 PMCID: PMC4691574 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure can be the consequence of various etiologies, with most cases arising from drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Western countries. Despite advances in this field, the management of acute liver failure continues to be one of the most challenging problems in clinical medicine. The availability of adequate experimental models is of crucial importance to provide a better understanding of this condition and to allow identification of novel drug targets, testing the efficacy of new therapeutic interventions and acting as models for assessing mechanisms of toxicity. Experimental models of hepatotoxicity related to acute liver failure rely on surgical procedures, chemical exposure or viral infection. Each of these models has a number of strengths and weaknesses. This paper specifically reviews commonly used chemical in vivo and in vitro models of hepatotoxicity associated with acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States
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145
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Khayyat A, Tobwala S, Hart M, Ercal N. N-acetylcysteine amide, a promising antidote for acetaminophen toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2015; 241:133-42. [PMID: 26602168 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) is one of the most widely used over the counter antipyretic and analgesic medications. It is safe at therapeutic doses, but its overdose can result in severe hepatotoxicity, a leading cause of drug-induced acute liver failure in the USA. Depletion of glutathione (GSH) is one of the initiating steps in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity; therefore, one strategy for restricting organ damage is to restore GSH levels by using GSH prodrugs. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a GSH precursor, is the only currently approved antidote for an acetaminophen overdose. Unfortunately, fairly high doses and longer treatment times are required due to its poor bioavailability. In addition, oral and I.V. administration of NAC in a hospital setting are laborious and costly. Therefore, we studied the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), a novel antioxidant with higher bioavailability, and compared it with NAC in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice. Our results showed that NACA is better than NAC at a low dose (106mg/kg) in preventing oxidative stress and protecting against APAP-induced damage. NACA significantly increased GSH levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio in the liver to 66.5% and 60.5% of the control, respectively; and it reduced the level of ALT by 30%. However, at the dose used, NAC was not effective in combating the oxidative stress induced by APAP. Thus, NACA appears to be better than NAC in reducing the oxidative stress induced by APAP. It would be of great value in the health care field to develop drugs like NACA as more effective and safer options for the prevention and therapeutic intervention in APAP-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahdab Khayyat
- Chemistry Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Shakila Tobwala
- Chemistry Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Marcia Hart
- Comparative Medicine Program, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Chemistry Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
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146
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McGill MR, Du K, Weemhoff JL, Jaeschke H. Critical review of resveratrol in xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:309-18. [PMID: 26561740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of natural products is increasingly popular. In fact, many patients with liver diseases self-medicate with herbal supplements. Resveratrol (RSV), in particular, is a common natural product that can reduce injury in experimental models of liver disease. Xenobiotic hepatotoxicity is a particularly important area-of-need for therapeutics. Drug-induced liver injury, for example, is the most common cause of acute liver failure (ALF) and ALF-induced deaths in many countries. Importantly, RSV protects against hepatotoxicity in animal models in vivo caused by several drugs and chemicals and may be an effective intervention. Although many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the protection, not all are consistent with other data. Furthermore, RSV suffers from other issues, including limited bioavailability due to extensive hepatic metabolism. The purpose of this article is to summarize recent findings on the protective effects of RSV in xenobiotic-induced liver injury and other forms of liver injury and to provide a critical review of the underlying mechanisms. New mechanisms that are more consistent with data emerging from the toxicology field are suggested. Efforts to move RSV into clinical use are also considered. Overall, RSV is a promising candidate for therapeutic use, but additional studies are needed to better understand its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - James L Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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147
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Du K, McGill MR, Xie Y, Jaeschke H. Benzyl alcohol protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes but causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death at higher doses. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:253-61. [PMID: 26522885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is a serious public health problem in western countries. Current treatment options for APAP poisoning are limited and novel therapeutic intervention strategies are needed. A recent publication suggested that benzyl alcohol (BA) protects against APAP hepatotoxicity and could serve as a promising antidote for APAP poisoning. To assess the protective mechanisms of BA, C56Bl/6J mice were treated with 400 mg/kg APAP and/or 270 mg/kg BA. APAP alone caused extensive liver injury at 6 h and 24 h post-APAP. This injury was attenuated by BA co-treatment. Assessment of protein adduct formation demonstrated that BA inhibits APAP metabolic activation. In support of this, in vitro experiments also showed that BA dose-dependently inhibits cytochrome P450 activities. Correlating with the hepatoprotection of BA, APAP-induced oxidant stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were reduced. Similar results were obtained in primary mouse hepatocytes. Interestingly, BA alone caused mitochondrial membrane potential loss and cell toxicity at high doses, and its protective effect could not be reproduced in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). We conclude that BA protects against APAP hepatotoxicity mainly by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes in mice. Considering its toxic effect and the loss of protection in PHH, BA is not a clinically useful treatment option for APAP overdose patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Yuchao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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148
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Uysal HB, Dağlı B, Yılmaz M, Kahyaoğlu F, Gökçimen A, Ömürlü İK, Demirci B. Biochemical and Histological Effects of Thiamine Pyrophosphate against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 118:70-6. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Bektas Uysal
- Department of Internal Medicine; Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine; Aydin Turkey
| | - Bekir Dağlı
- Department of Emergency; Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine; Aydin Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yılmaz
- Department of Biochemistry; Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine; Aydin Turkey
| | - Fadime Kahyaoğlu
- Department of Histology; Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine; Aydin Turkey
| | - Alparslan Gökçimen
- Department of Histology; Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine; Aydin Turkey
| | - İmran Kurt Ömürlü
- Department of Biostatistics; Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine; Aydin Turkey
| | - Buket Demirci
- Department of Medical Pharmacology; Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine; Aydin Turkey
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149
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Mitochondrial protein adducts formation and mitochondrial dysfunction during N-acetyl-m-aminophenol (AMAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:213-22. [PMID: 26431796 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
3'-Hydroxyacetanilide orN-acetyl-meta-aminophenol (AMAP) is generally regarded as a non-hepatotoxic analog of acetaminophen (APAP). Previous studies demonstrated the absence of toxicity after AMAP in mice, hamsters, primary mouse hepatocytes and several cell lines. In contrast, experiments with liver slices suggested that it may be toxic to human hepatocytes; however, the mechanism of toxicity is unclear. To explore this,we treated primary human hepatocytes (PHH) with AMAP or APAP for up to 48 h and measured several parameters to assess metabolism and injury. Although less toxic than APAP, AMAP dose-dependently triggered cell death in PHH as indicated by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Similar to APAP, AMAP also significantly depleted glutathione (GSH) in PHH and caused mitochondrial damage as indicated by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) release and the JC-1 assay. However, unlike APAP, AMAP treatment did not cause relevant c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in the cytosol or phospho-JNK translocation to mitochondria. To compare, AMAP toxicity was assessed in primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH). No cytotoxicity was observed as indicated by the lack of lactate dehydrogenase release and no PI staining. Furthermore, there was no GSH depletion or mitochondrial dysfunction after AMAP treatment in PMH. Immunoblotting for arylated proteins suggested that AMAP treatment caused extensive mitochondrial protein adduct formation in PHH but not in PMH. In conclusion, AMAP is hepatotoxic in PHH and the mechanism involves the formation of mitochondrial protein adducts and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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150
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Wang W, Li J, Wang Z, Gao H, Su L, Xie J, Chen X, Liang H, Wang C, Han Y. Oral hepatoprotective ability evaluation of purple sweet potato anthocyanins on acute and chronic chemical liver injuries. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 69:539-48. [PMID: 24442992 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, chemical liver injury cases increased significantly in Asian countries, and the imbalance in redox system was believed to be the main cause. Purple sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPA) have been shown to exert antioxidant activity and oxidative-stress-associated functional protein modulation through various signaling pathways, so it is considered to have the potential of liver injury preventive activity. In order to evaluate the hepatoprotective potency of PSPA according to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant effects, three acute chemical liver injury models were set up with ethanol, acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride. PSPA at moderate and high doses obviously attenuated the tested serum biomarker levels and liver index in our experiments. Besides, one chronic liver injury model set up with carbon tetrachloride was also applied, in which PSPA was orally administrated after the liver damage had been formed. Both the serum biomarker levels and histopathological analysis showed that PSPA was able to attenuated chronic liver injury. Our experimental results demonstrated the potential of PSPA as an oral hepatoprotective agent against chemical liver injury from food plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Wang
- Medical College of Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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