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Laporte P, Lepage A, Fournier J, Catrice O, Moreau S, Jardinaud MF, Mun JH, Larrainzar E, Cook DR, Gamas P, Niebel A. The CCAAT box-binding transcription factor NF-YA1 controls rhizobial infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:481-94. [PMID: 24319255 PMCID: PMC3904707 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis between legume plants and soil rhizobia culminates in the formation of a novel root organ, the 'nodule', containing bacteria differentiated as facultative nitrogen-fixing organelles. MtNF-YA1 is a Medicago truncatula CCAAT box-binding transcription factor (TF), formerly called HAP2-1, highly expressed in mature nodules and required for nodule meristem function and persistence. Here a role for MtNF-YA1 during early nodule development is demonstrated. Detailed expression analysis based on RNA sequencing, quantitiative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), as well as promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusions reveal that MtNF-YA1 is first induced at the onset of symbiotic development during preparation for, and initiation and progression of, symbiotic infection. Moreover, using a new knock-out mutant, Mtnf-ya1-1, it is shown that MtNF-YA1 controls infection thread (IT) progression from initial root infection through colonization of nodule tissues. Extensive confocal and electronic microscopic observations suggest that the bulbous and erratic IT growth phenotypes observed in Mtnf-ya1-1 could be a consequence of the fact that walls of ITs in this mutant are thinner and less coherent than in the wild type. It is proposed that MtNF-YA1 controls rhizobial infection progression by regulating the formation and the wall of ITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Laporte
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Agnes Lepage
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Joëlle Fournier
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Olivier Catrice
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Sandra Moreau
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- INPT-Université de TOULOUSE, ENSAT-Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31326-Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Jeong-Hwan Mun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 150 Suin-ro, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 441-707, Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Estibaliz Larrainzar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- * Present adresss: Dpto. Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, CampusArrosadia 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Douglas R. Cook
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pascal Gamas
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Andreas Niebel
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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102
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Hayashi T, Shimoda Y, Sato S, Tabata S, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Hayashi M. Rhizobial infection does not require cortical expression of upstream common symbiosis genes responsible for the induction of Ca(2+) spiking. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:146-59. [PMID: 24329948 PMCID: PMC4253040 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For the establishment of an effective root nodule symbiosis, a coordinated regulation of the infection processes between the epidermis and cortex is required. However, it remains unclear whether the symbiotic genes identified so far are involved in epidermal and/or cortical infection, e.g. epidermal and cortical infection thread formation or cortical cell division. To analyze the symbiotic gene requirements of the infection process, we have developed an epidermis-specific expression system (pEpi expression system) and examined the symbiotic genes NFR1, NFR5, NUP85, NUP133, CASTOR, POLLUX, CCaMK, CYCLOPS, NSP1 and NSP2 for involvement in the infection process in the epidermis and cortex. Our study shows that expression of the upstream common symbiosis genes CASTOR, POLLUX, NUP85 and NUP133 in the epidermis is sufficient to induce formation of infection threads and cortical cell division, leading to the development of fully effective nodules. Our system also shows a requirement of CCaMK, CYCLOPS, NSP1 and NSP2 for the entire nodulation process, and the different contributions of NFR1 and NFR5 to cortical infection thread formation. Based on these analyses using the pEpi expression system, we propose a functional model of symbiotic genes for epidermal and cortical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Hayashi
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2–1–2 Kannon–dai, Tsukuba, 305–8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shimoda
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2–1–2 Kannon–dai, Tsukuba, 305–8602, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute2–6–7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292–0818, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tabata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute2–6–7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292–0818, Japan
| | - Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2–1–2 Kannon–dai, Tsukuba, 305–8602, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2–1–2 Kannon–dai, Tsukuba, 305–8602, Japan
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103
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Bustos-Sanmamed P, Mao G, Deng Y, Elouet M, Khan GA, Bazin JRM, Turner M, Subramanian S, Yu O, Crespi M, Lelandais-Bri Re C. Overexpression of miR160 affects root growth and nitrogen-fixing nodule number in Medicago truncatula. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1208-1220. [PMID: 32481189 DOI: 10.1071/fp13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Auxin action is mediated by a complex signalling pathway involving transcription factors of the auxin response factor (ARF) family. In Arabidopsis, microRNA160 (miR160) negatively regulates three ARF genes (ARF10/ARF16/ARF17) and therefore controls several developmental processes, including primary and lateral root growth. Here, we analysed the role of miR160 in root development and nodulation in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Bioinformatic analyses identified two main mtr-miR160 variants (mtr-miR160abde and mtr-miR160c) and 17 predicted ARF targets. The miR160-dependent cleavage of four predicted targets in roots was confirmed by analysis of parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE) data and RACE-PCR experiments. Promoter-GUS analyses for mtr-miR160d and mtr-miR160c genes revealed overlapping but distinct expression profiles during root and nodule development. In addition, the early miR160 activation in roots during symbiotic interaction was not observed in mutants of the nodulation signalling or autoregulation pathways. Composite plants that overexpressed mtr-miR160a under two different promoters exhibited distinct defects in root growth and nodulation: the p35S:miR160a construct led to reduced root length associated to a severe disorganisation of the RAM, whereas pCsVMV:miR160a roots showed gravitropism defects and lower nodule numbers. Our results suggest that a regulatory loop involving miR160/ARFs governs root and nodule organogenesis in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Bustos-Sanmamed
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gif sur Yvette F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Guohong Mao
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Ying Deng
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Morgane Elouet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gif sur Yvette F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gif sur Yvette F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J R Mie Bazin
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gif sur Yvette F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Marie Turner
- Department of Plant Science, Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Senthil Subramanian
- Department of Plant Science, Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Oliver Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Martin Crespi
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gif sur Yvette F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Christine Lelandais-Bri Re
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gif sur Yvette F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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104
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Takeda N, Tsuzuki S, Suzaki T, Parniske M, Kawaguchi M. CERBERUS and NSP1 of Lotus japonicus are common symbiosis genes that modulate arbuscular mycorrhiza development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1711-23. [PMID: 23926062 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) and root nodule symbiosis (RNS) are mutualistic plant-microbe interactions that confer nutritional benefits to both partners. Leguminous plants possess a common genetic system for intracellular symbiosis with AM fungi and with rhizobia. Here we show that CERBERUS and NSP1, which respectively encode an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a GRAS transcriptional regulator and which have previously only been implicated in RNS, are involved in AM fungal infection in Lotus japonicus. Hyphal elongation along the longitudinal axis of the root was reduced in the cerberus mutant, giving rise to a lower colonization level. Knockout of NSP1 decreased the frequency of plants colonized by AM fungi or rhizobia. CERBERUS and NSP1 showed different patterns of expression in response to infection with symbiotic microbes. A low constitutive level of CERBERUS expression was observed in the root and an increased level of NSP1 expression was detected in arbuscule-containing cells. Induction of AM marker gene was triggered in both cerberus and nsp1 mutants by infection with symbiotic microbes; however, the mutants showed a weaker induction of marker gene expression than the wild type, mirroring their lower level of colonization. The common symbiosis genes are believed to act in an early signaling pathway for recognition of symbionts and for triggering early symbiotic responses. Our quantitative analysis of symbiotic phenotypes revealed developmental defects of the novel common symbiosis mutants in both symbioses, which demonstrates that common symbiosis mechanisms also contribute to a range of functions at later or different stages of symbiont infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Takeda
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
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105
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Larkan NJ, Ruzicka DR, Edmonds-Tibbett T, Durkin JMH, Jackson LE, Smith FA, Schachtman DP, Smith SE, Barker SJ. The reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) mutation of tomato disrupts five gene sequences including the CYCLOPS/IPD3 homologue. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:573-584. [PMID: 23572326 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in vascular plant roots is an ancient mutualistic interaction that evolved with land plants. More recently evolved root mutualisms have recruited components of the AM signalling pathway as identified with molecular approaches in model legume research. Earlier we reported that the reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) mutation of tomato mapped to chromosome 8. Here we report additional functional characterisation of the rmc mutation using genotype grafts and proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Our results led to identification of the precise genome location of the Rmc locus from which we identified the mutation by sequencing. The rmc phenotype results from a deletion that disrupts five predicted gene sequences, one of which has close sequence match to the CYCLOPS/IPD3 gene identified in legumes as an essential intracellular regulator of both AM and rhizobial symbioses. Identification of two other genes not located at the rmc locus but with altered expression in the rmc genotype is also described. Possible roles of the other four disrupted genes in the deleted region are discussed. Our results support the identification of CYCLOPS/IPD3 in legumes and rice as a key gene required for AM symbiosis. The extensive characterisation of rmc in comparison with its 'parent' 76R, which has a normal mycorrhizal phenotype, has validated these lines as an important comparative model for glasshouse and field studies of AM and non-mycorrhizal plants with respect to plant competition and microbial interactions with vascular plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Larkan
- School of Plant Biology M090, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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106
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Martins TV, Evans MJ, Woolfenden HC, Morris RJ. Towards the Physics of Calcium Signalling in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:541-88. [PMID: 27137393 PMCID: PMC4844391 DOI: 10.3390/plants2040541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is an abundant element with a wide variety of important roles within cells. Calcium ions are inter- and intra-cellular messengers that are involved in numerous signalling pathways. Fluctuating compartment-specific calcium ion concentrations can lead to localised and even plant-wide oscillations that can regulate downstream events. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to these complex patterns that vary both in space and time can be challenging, even in cases for which individual components have been identified. Taking a systems biology approach, mathematical and computational techniques can be employed to produce models that recapitulate experimental observations and capture our current understanding of the system. Useful models make novel predictions that can be investigated and falsified experimentally. This review brings together recent work on the modelling of calcium signalling in plants, from the scale of ion channels through to plant-wide responses to external stimuli. Some in silico results that have informed later experiments are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vaz Martins
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew J Evans
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hugh C Woolfenden
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard J Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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107
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23785372 PMCID: PMC3685011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan McCouch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
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108
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Delaux PM, Séjalon-Delmas N, Bécard G, Ané JM. Evolution of the plant-microbe symbiotic 'toolkit'. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:298-304. [PMID: 23462549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial associations between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a major role in terrestrial environments and in the sustainability of agroecosystems. Proteins, microRNAs, and small molecules have been identified in model angiosperms as required for the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations and define a symbiotic 'toolkit' used for other interactions such as the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Based on recent studies, we propose an evolutionary framework for this toolkit. Some components appeared recently in angiosperms, whereas others are highly conserved even in land plants unable to form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. The exciting finding that some components pre-date the appearance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi suggests the existence of unknown roles for this toolkit and even the possibility of symbiotic associations in charophyte green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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109
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cell- and tissue-specific transcriptome analyses of Medicago truncatula root nodules. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64377. [PMID: 23734198 PMCID: PMC3667139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes have the unique ability to host nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria as symbiosomes inside root nodule cells. To get insight into this key process, which forms the heart of the endosymbiosis, we isolated specific cells/tissues at different stages of symbiosome formation from nodules of the model legume Medicago truncatula using laser-capture microdissection. Next, we determined their associated expression profiles using Affymetrix Medicago GeneChips. Cells were collected from the nodule infection zone divided into a distal (where symbiosome formation and division occur) and proximal region (where symbiosomes are mainly differentiating), as well as infected cells from the fixation zone containing mature nitrogen fixing symbiosomes. As non-infected cells/tissue we included nodule meristem cells and uninfected cells from the fixation zone. Here, we present a comprehensive gene expression map of an indeterminate Medicago nodule and selected genes that show specific enriched expression in the different cells or tissues. Validation of the obtained expression profiles, by comparison to published gene expression profiles and experimental verification, indicates that the data can be used as digital “in situ”. This digital “in situ” offers a genome-wide insight into genes specifically associated with subsequent stages of symbiosome and nodule cell development, and can serve to guide future functional studies.
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110
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Wang C, Zhu H, Jin L, Chen T, Wang L, Kang H, Hong Z, Zhang Z. Splice variants of the SIP1 transcripts play a role in nodule organogenesis in Lotus japonicus. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 82:97-111. [PMID: 23494209 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
SymRK-interacting protein 1 (SIP1) has previously been shown to interact with the symbiosis receptor kinase, SymRK, in Lotus japonicus. A longer variant of the SIP1 transcript, SIP1L, was isolated and characterized. SIP1L contains an additional 17 amino acids that make its C-terminus a complete heat shock protein 20 (Hsp20)-like domain. In contrast to SIP1S, the longer splicing variant SIP1L could not interact with SymRK. Both SIP1L and SIP1S transcripts could be detected in developing nodules and other plant tissues, although the former was always more abundant than the latter. SIP1L and SIP1S formed heteromeric protein complexes, which were co-localized in the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nuclei. Expression of SIP1-RNAi in transgenic hairy roots resulted in impairment in the nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal development, suggesting an important role of SIP1 in the common symbiosis pathway. Overexpression of either SIP1L or SIP1S increased the number of nodules formed on transgenic hairy roots, indicating a positive role of SIP1 in nodulation. The SIP1S-like transcript was not detected in other higher plants tested, and the SIP1L-like proteins of these plants were capable of interacting with the SymRK orthologs. It is proposed that the loss of the ability of SIP1L to interact with SymRK in Lotus is compensated by the expression of a shorter splicing variant, SIP1S, which binds SymRK and may play a role in relaying the symbiosis signals to downstream cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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111
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Speak, friend, and enter: signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:252-63. [PMID: 23493145 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 834] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants associate with a wide range of microorganisms, with both detrimental and beneficial outcomes. Central to plant survival is the ability to recognize invading microorganisms and either limit their intrusion, in the case of pathogens, or promote the association, in the case of symbionts. To aid in this recognition process, elaborate communication and counter-communication systems have been established that determine the degree of ingress of the microorganism into the host plant. In this Review, I describe the common signalling processes used by plants during mutualistic interactions with microorganisms as diverse as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria.
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112
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Upadhyaya CP, Gururani MA, Prasad R, Verma A. A Cell Wall Extract from Piriformospora indica Promotes Tuberization in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Via Enhanced Expression of Ca+2 Signaling Pathway and Lipoxygenase Gene. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:743-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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113
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Charpentier M, Vaz Martins T, Granqvist E, Oldroyd GE, Morris RJ. The role of DMI1 in establishing Ca (2+) oscillations in legume symbioses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e22894. [PMID: 23299416 PMCID: PMC3656989 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca (2+)) is a key secondary messenger in many plant signaling pathways. One such pathway is the SYM pathway, required in the establishment of both arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial root symbioses with legume host plants. (1) When the host plant has perceived the diffusible signals from the microbial symbionts, one of the earliest physiological responses are Ca (2+) oscillations in and around the nucleus. (2) These oscillations are essential for activating downstream gene expression, but the precise mechanisms of encoding and decoding the Ca (2+) signals are unclear and still under intense investigation. Here we put forward a hypothesis for the mechanism of the cation channel DMI1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Granqvist
- Computational and Systems Biology; John Innes Centre; Norwich, UK
| | | | - Richard J. Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology; John Innes Centre; Norwich, UK
- Correspondence to: Richard J. Morris,
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114
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Venkateshwaran M, Volkening JD, Sussman MR, Ané JM. Symbiosis and the social network of higher plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:118-27. [PMID: 23246268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the Internet era, communicating with friends and colleagues via social networks constitutes a significant proportion of our daily activities. Similarly animals and plants also interact with many organisms, some of which are pathogens and do no good for the plant, while others are beneficial symbionts. Almost all plants indulge in developing social networks with microbes, in particular with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and emerging evidence indicates that most employ an ancient and widespread central 'social media' pathway made of signaling molecules within what is called the SYM pathway. Some plants, like legumes, are particularly active recruiters of friends, as they have established very sophisticated and beneficial interactions with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, also via the SYM pathway. Interestingly, many members of the Brassicaceae, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, seem to have removed themselves from this ancestral social network and lost the ability to engage in mutually favorable interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Despite these generalizations, recent studies exploring the root microbiota of A. thaliana have found that in natural conditions, A. thaliana roots are colonized by many different bacterial species and therefore may be using different and probably more recent 'social media' for these interactions. In general, recent advances in the understanding of such molecular machinery required for plant-symbiont associations are being obtained using high throughput genomic profiling strategies including transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The crucial mechanistic understanding that such data reveal may provide the infrastructure for future efforts to genetically manipulate crop social networks for our own food and fiber needs.
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Reynoso MA, Blanco FA, Zanetti ME. Insights into post-transcriptional regulation during legume-rhizobia symbiosis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e23102. [PMID: 23221780 PMCID: PMC3657005 DOI: 10.4161/psb.23102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
During the past ten years, changes in the transcriptome have been assessed at different stages of the legume-rhizobia association by the use of DNA microarrays and, more recently, by RNA sequencing technologies. These studies allowed the identification of hundred or thousand of genes whose steady-state mRNA levels increase or decrease upon bacterial infection or in nodules as compared with uninfected roots. However, transcriptome based-approaches do not distinguish between mRNAs that are being actively translated, stored as messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs) or targeted for degradation. Despite that the increase in steady-state levels of an mRNA does not necessarily correlate with an increase in abundance or activity of the encoded protein, this information has been commonly used to select genes that are candidates to play a role during nodule organogenesis or bacterial infection. Such criterion does not take into account the post-transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of gene expression. One of such mechanisms, which has significant impact on gene expression, is the selective recruitment of mRNAs to the translational machinery. Here, we review the post-transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of gene expression in the context of the ecological and agronomical important symbiotic interaction established between roots of legumes and the nitrogen fixing bacteria collectively known as rhizobia. In addition, we discuss how the development of new technologies that allow the assessment of these regulatory layers would help to understand the genetic network governing legume rhizobia symbiosis.
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Reynoso MA, Blanco FA, Bailey-Serres J, Crespi M, Zanetti ME. Selective recruitment of mRNAs and miRNAs to polyribosomes in response to rhizobia infection in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:289-301. [PMID: 23050939 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Translation of mRNAs is a key regulatory step that contributes to the coordination and modulation of eukaryotic gene expression during development or adaptation to the environment. mRNA stability or translatability can be regulated by the action of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs), which control diverse biological processes. Under low nitrogen conditions, leguminous plants associate with soil bacteria and develop a new organ specialized in nitrogen fixation: the nodule. To gain insight into the translational regulation of mRNAs during nodule formation, the association of mRNAs and sRNAs to polysomes was characterized in roots of the model legume Medicago truncatula during the symbiotic interaction with Sinorhizobium meliloti. Quantitative comparison of steady-state and polysomal mRNAs for 15 genes involved in nodulation identified a group of transcripts with slight or no change in total cellular abundance that were significantly upregulated at the level of association with polysomes in response to rhizobia. This group included mRNAs encoding receptors like kinases required either for nodule organogenesis, bacterial infection or both, and transcripts encoding GRAS and NF-Y transcription factors (TFs). Quantitative analysis of sRNAs in total and polysomal RNA samples revealed that mature microRNAs (miRNAs) were associated with the translational machinery, notably, miR169 and miR172, which target the NF-YA/HAP2 and AP2 TFs, respectively. Upon inoculation, levels of miR169 pronouncedly decreased in polysomal complexes, concomitant with the increased accumulation of the NF-YA/HAP2 protein. These results indicate that both mRNAs and miRNAs are subject to differential recruitment to polysomes, and expose the importance of selective mRNA translation during root nodule symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Alberto Reynoso
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, FCE-UNLP CCT-CONICET Calle 115 y 49, C.P. 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Flavio Antonio Blanco
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, FCE-UNLP CCT-CONICET Calle 115 y 49, C.P. 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
| | - Martín Crespi
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - María Eugenia Zanetti
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, FCE-UNLP CCT-CONICET Calle 115 y 49, C.P. 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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Roberts NJ, Morieri G, Kalsi G, Rose A, Stiller J, Edwards A, Xie F, Gresshoff PM, Oldroyd GE, Downie JA, Etzler ME. Rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses in Lotus japonicus require lectin nucleotide phosphohydrolase, which acts upstream of calcium signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:556-67. [PMID: 23136382 PMCID: PMC3532285 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation in legumes requires the recognition of rhizobially made Nod factors. Genetic studies have revealed that the perception of Nod factors involves LysM domain receptor-like kinases, while biochemical approaches have identified LECTIN NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHOHYDROLASE (LNP) as a Nod factor-binding protein. Here, we show that antisense inhibition of LNP blocks nodulation in Lotus japonicus. This absence of nodulation was due to a defect in Nod factor signaling based on the observations that the early nodulation gene NODULE INCEPTION was not induced and that both Nod factor-induced perinuclear calcium spiking and calcium influx at the root hair tip were blocked. However, Nod factor did induce root hair deformation in the LNP antisense lines. LNP is also required for infection by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices, suggesting that LNP plays a role in the common signaling pathway shared by the rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses. Taken together, these observations indicate that LNP acts at a novel position in the early stages of symbiosis signaling. We propose that LNP functions at the earliest stage of the common nodulation and mycorrhization symbiosis signaling pathway downstream of the Nod factor receptors; it may act either by influencing signaling via changes in external nucleotides or in conjunction with the LysM receptor-like kinases for recognition of Nod factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gurpreet Kalsi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Alan Rose
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Jiri Stiller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Anne Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Giles E.D. Oldroyd
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - J. Allan Downie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
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Kim DH, Parupalli S, Azam S, Lee SH, Varshney RK. Comparative sequence analysis of nitrogen fixation-related genes in six legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:300. [PMID: 23986765 PMCID: PMC3749373 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Legumes play an important role as food and forage crops in international agriculture especially in developing countries. Legumes have a unique biological process called nitrogen fixation (NF) by which they convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Although legume genomes have undergone polyploidization, duplication and divergence, NF-related genes, because of their essential functional role for legumes, might have remained conserved. To understand the relationship of divergence and evolutionary processes in legumes, this study analyzes orthologs and paralogs for selected 20 NF-related genes by using comparative genomic approaches in six legumes i.e., Medicago truncatula (Mt), Cicer arietinum, Lotus japonicus, Cajanus cajan (Cc), Phaseolus vulgaris (Pv), and Glycine max (Gm). Subsequently, sequence distances, numbers of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (Ks) and non-synonymous substitutions per non-synonymous site (Ka) between orthologs and paralogs were calculated and compared across legumes. These analyses suggest the closest relationship between Gm and Cc and the highest distance between Mt and Pv in six legumes. Ks proportional plots clearly showed ancient genome duplication in all legumes, whole genome duplication event in Gm and also speciation pattern in different legumes. This study also reports some interesting observations e.g., no peak at Ks 0.4 in Gm-Gm, location of two independent genes next to each other in Mt and low Ks values for outparalogs for three genes as compared to other 12 genes. In summary, this study underlines the importance of NF-related genes and provides important insights in genome organization and evolutionary aspects of six legume species analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Center of Excellence in Genomics, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Swathi Parupalli
- Center of Excellence in Genomics, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarwar Azam
- Center of Excellence in Genomics, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
- CGIAR Generation Challenge Programme, c/o CIMMYTMexico DF, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Rajeev K. Varshney, Center of Excellence in Genomics, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), #300 Building, Hyderabad, AP 502 324, India e-mail:
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Pii Y, Molesini B, Masiero S, Pandolfini T. The non-specific lipid transfer protein N5 of Medicago truncatula is implicated in epidermal stages of rhizobium-host interaction. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:233. [PMID: 23217154 PMCID: PMC3564872 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The symbiotic interaction between leguminous plants and rhizobia involves two processes: bacterial infection, resulting in the penetration of bacteria in epidermal and cortical cells, and root nodule organogenesis. Root nodule symbiosis is activated by rhizobial signalling molecules, called Nodulation factors (NFs). NF perception induces the expression of several genes called early nodulins. The early nodulin N5 of Medicago truncatula is a lipid transfer protein that has been shown to positively regulate nodulation although it displays in vitro inhibitory activity against Sinorhizobium meliloti. The purpose of this work was to investigate the role of MtN5 by studying its spatial and temporal pattern of expression during the symbiotic interaction, also in relation to known components of the symbiotic signalling pathway, and by analysing the phenotypic alterations displayed by rhizobia-inoculated MtN5-silenced roots. RESULTS We show here that MtN5 is a NF-responsive gene expressed at a very early phase of symbiosis in epidermal cells and root hairs. MtN5 expression is induced in vitro by rhizobial effector molecules and by auxin and cytokinin, phytohormones involved in nodule organogenesis. Furthermore, lipid signaling is implicated in the response of MtN5 to rhizobia, since the activity of phospholipase D is required for MtN5 induction in S. meliloti-inoculated roots. MtN5-silenced roots inoculated with rhizobia display an increased root hair curling and a reduced number of invaded primordia compared to that in wild type roots, but with no impairment to nodule primordia formation. This phenotype is associated with the stimulation of ENOD11 expression, an early marker of infection, and with the down-regulation of Flotillin 4 (FLOT4), a protein involved in rhizobial entry. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that MtN5 acts downstream of NF perception and upstream of FLOT4 in regulating pre-infection events. The positive effect of MtN5 on nodule primordia invasion is linked to the restriction of bacterial spread at the epidermal level. Furthermore, MtN5 seems to be dispensable for nodule primordia formation. These findings provide new information about the complex mechanism that controls the competence of root epidermal cells for rhizobial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youry Pii
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Barbara Molesini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pandolfini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
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Granqvist E, Wysham D, Hazledine S, Kozlowski W, Sun J, Charpentier M, Martins TV, Haleux P, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Downie JA, Oldroyd GE, Morris RJ. Buffering capacity explains signal variation in symbiotic calcium oscillations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:2300-10. [PMID: 23027664 PMCID: PMC3510149 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.205682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form symbioses with rhizobial bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that aid plant nutrition. A critical component in the establishment of these symbioses is nuclear-localized calcium (Ca(2+)) oscillations. Different components on the nuclear envelope have been identified as being required for the generation of the Ca(2+) oscillations. Among these an ion channel, Doesn't Make Infections1, is preferentially localized on the inner nuclear envelope and a Ca(2+) ATPase is localized on both the inner and outer nuclear envelopes. Doesn't Make Infections1 is conserved across plants and has a weak but broad similarity to bacterial potassium channels. A possible role for this cation channel could be hyperpolarization of the nuclear envelope to counterbalance the charge caused by the influx of Ca(2+) into the nucleus. Ca(2+) channels and Ca(2+) pumps are needed for the release and reuptake of Ca(2+) from the internal store, which is hypothesized to be the nuclear envelope lumen and endoplasmic reticulum, but the release mechanism of Ca(2+) remains to be identified and characterized. Here, we develop a mathematical model based on these components to describe the observed symbiotic Ca(2+) oscillations. This model can recapitulate Ca(2+) oscillations, and with the inclusion of Ca(2+)-binding proteins it offers a simple explanation for several previously unexplained phenomena. These include long periods of frequency variation, changes in spike shape, and the initiation and termination of oscillations. The model also predicts that an increase in buffering capacity in the nucleoplasm would cause a period of rapid oscillations. This phenomenon was observed experimentally by adding more of the inducing signal.
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Cerri MR, Frances L, Laloum T, Auriac MC, Niebel A, Oldroyd GE, Barker DG, Fournier J, de Carvalho-Niebel F. Medicago truncatula ERN transcription factors: regulatory interplay with NSP1/NSP2 GRAS factors and expression dynamics throughout rhizobial infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:2155-72. [PMID: 23077241 PMCID: PMC3510138 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.203190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobial nodulation factors (NFs) activate a specific signaling pathway in Medicago truncatula root hairs that involves the complex interplay of Nodulation Signaling Pathway1 (NSP1)/NSP2 GRAS and Ethylene Response Factor Required for Nodulation1 (ERN1) transcription factors (TFs) to achieve full ENOD11 transcription. ERN1 acts as a direct transcriptional regulator of ENOD11 through the activation of the NF-responsive "NF box." Here, we show that NSP1, when combined with NSP2, can act as a strong positive regulator of ERN1 and ENOD11 transcription. Although ERN1 and NSP1/NSP2 both activate ENOD11, two separate promoter regions are involved that regulate expression during consecutive symbiotic stages. Our findings indicate that ERN1 is required to activate NF-elicited ENOD11 expression exclusively during early preinfection, while NSP1/NSP2 mediates ENOD11 expression during subsequent rhizobial infection. The relative contributions of ERN1 and the closely related ERN2 to the rhizobial symbiosis were then evaluated by comparing their regulation and in vivo dynamics. ERN1 and ERN2 exhibit expression profiles compatible with roles during NF signaling and subsequent infection. However, differences in expression levels and spatiotemporal profiles suggest specialized functions for these two TFs, ERN1 being involved in stages preceding and accompanying infection thread progression while ERN2 is only involved in certain stages of infection. By cross complementation, we show that ERN2, when expressed under the control of the ERN1 promoter, can restore both NF-elicited ENOD11 expression and nodule formation in an ern1 mutant background. This indicates that ERN1 and ERN2 possess similar biological activities and that functional diversification of these closely related TFs relies primarily on changes in tissue-specific expression patterns.
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Mapping the genetic basis of symbiotic variation in legume-rhizobium interactions in Medicago truncatula. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2012; 2:1291-303. [PMID: 23173081 PMCID: PMC3484660 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mutualisms are known to be genetically variable, where the genotypes differ in the fitness benefits they gain from the interaction. To date, little is known about the loci that underlie such genetic variation in fitness or whether the loci influencing fitness are partner specific, and depend on the genotype of the interaction partner. In the legume-rhizobium mutualism, one set of potential candidate genes that may influence the fitness benefits of the symbiosis are the plant genes involved in the initiation of the signaling pathway between the two partners. Here we performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in Medicago truncatula in two different rhizobium strain treatments to locate regions of the genome influencing plant traits, assess whether such regions are dependent on the genotype of the rhizobial mutualist (QTL × rhizobium strain), and evaluate the contribution of sequence variation at known symbiosis signaling genes. Two of the symbiotic signaling genes, NFP and DMI3, colocalized with two QTL affecting average fruit weight and leaf number, suggesting that natural variation in nodulation genes may potentially influence plant fitness. In both rhizobium strain treatments, there were QTL that influenced multiple traits, indicative of either tight linkage between loci or pleiotropy, including one QTL with opposing effects on growth and reproduction. There was no evidence for QTL × rhizobium strain or genotype × genotype interactions, suggesting either that such interactions are due to small-effect loci or that more genotype-genotype combinations need to be tested in future mapping studies.
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Liao J, Singh S, Hossain MS, Andersen SU, Ross L, Bonetta D, Zhou Y, Sato S, Tabata S, Stougaard J, Szczyglowski K, Parniske M. Negative regulation of CCaMK is essential for symbiotic infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:572-84. [PMID: 22775286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest responses of legumes to symbiotic signalling is oscillation of the calcium concentration in the nucleoplasm of root epidermal cells. Integration and decoding of the calcium-spiking signal involve a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) and its phosphorylation substrates, such as CYCLOPS. Here we describe the Lotus japonicus ccamk-14 mutant that originated from a har1-1 suppressor screen. The ccamk-14 mutation causes a serine to asparagine substitution at position 337 located within the calmodulin binding site, which we determined to be an in vitro phosphorylation site in CCaMK. We show that ccamk-14 exerts cell-specific effects on symbiosis. The mutant is characterized by an increased frequency of epidermal infections and significantly compromised cortical infections by Mesorhizobium loti and also the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The S337 residue is conserved across angiosperm CCaMKs, and testing discrete substitutions at this site showed that it participates in a negative regulation of CCaMK activity, which is required for the cell-type-specific integration of symbiotic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Liao
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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Bapaume L, Reinhardt D. How membranes shape plant symbioses: signaling and transport in nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:223. [PMID: 23060892 PMCID: PMC3464683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms that cannot evade adverse environmental conditions, plants have evolved various adaptive strategies to cope with environmental stresses. One of the most successful adaptations is the formation of symbiotic associations with beneficial microbes. In these mutualistic interactions the partners exchange essential nutrients and improve their resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and in root nodule symbiosis (RNS), AM fungi and rhizobia, respectively, penetrate roots and accommodate within the cells of the plant host. In these endosymbiotic associations, both partners keep their plasma membranes intact and use them to control the bidirectional exchange of signaling molecules and nutrients. Intracellular accommodation requires the exchange of symbiotic signals and the reprogramming of both interacting partners. This involves fundamental changes at the level of gene expression and of the cytoskeleton, as well as of organelles such as plastids, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the central vacuole. Symbiotic cells are highly compartmentalized and have a complex membrane system specialized for the diverse functions in molecular communication and nutrient exchange. Here, we discuss the roles of the different cellular membrane systems and their symbiosis-related proteins in AM and RNS, and we review recent progress in the analysis of membrane proteins involved in endosymbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
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Loridon K, Burgarella C, Chantret N, Martins F, Gouzy J, Prospéri JM, Ronfort J. Single-nucleotide polymorphism discovery and diversity in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Mol Ecol Resour 2012; 13:84-95. [PMID: 23017123 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extensive genomic resources are available in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Here, we present the discovery and design of the first array of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in M. truncatula through large-scale Sanger resequencing of genomic fragments spanning the genome, in a diverse panel of 16 M. truncatula accessions. Both anonymous fragments and fragments targeting candidate genes for flowering phenology and symbiosis were surveyed for nucleotide variation in almost 230 kb of unique genomic regions. A set of 384 SNP markers was designed for an Illumina's GoldenGate assay, genotyped on a collection of 192 inbred lines (CC192) representing the geographical range of the species and used to survey the diversity of two natural populations. Finally, 86% of the tested SNPs were of high quality and exhibited polymorphism in the CC192 collection. Even at the population level, we detected polymorphism for more than 50% of the selected SNPs. Analysis of the allele frequency spectrum in the CC192 showed a reduced ascertainment bias, mostly limited to very rare alleles (frequency <0.01). The substantial polymorphism detected at the species and population levels, the high marker quality and the potential to survey large samples of individuals make this set of SNP markers a valuable tool to improve our understanding of the effect of demographic and selective factors that shape the natural genetic diversity within the selfing species Medicago truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Loridon
- INRA, UMR AGAP, 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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Rose CM, Venkateshwaran M, Volkening JD, Grimsrud PA, Maeda J, Bailey DJ, Park K, Howes-Podoll M, den Os D, Yeun LH, Westphall MS, Sussman MR, Ané JM, Coon JJ. Rapid phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic changes in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:724-44. [PMID: 22683509 PMCID: PMC3434772 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic associations between legumes and rhizobia usually commence with the perception of bacterial lipochitooligosaccharides, known as Nod factors (NF), which triggers rapid cellular and molecular responses in host plants. We report here deep untargeted tandem mass spectrometry-based measurements of rapid NF-induced changes in the phosphorylation status of 13,506 phosphosites in 7739 proteins from the model legume Medicago truncatula. To place these phosphorylation changes within a biological context, quantitative phosphoproteomic and RNA measurements in wild-type plants were compared with those observed in mutants, one defective in NF perception (nfp) and one defective in downstream signal transduction events (dmi3). Our study quantified the early phosphorylation and transcription dynamics that are specifically associated with NF-signaling, confirmed a dmi3-mediated feedback loop in the pathway, and suggested "cryptic" NF-signaling pathways, some of them being also involved in the response to symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Rose
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Jeremy D. Volkening
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Paul A. Grimsrud
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Junko Maeda
- §Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Derek J. Bailey
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kwanghyun Park
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- **Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Désirée den Os
- §Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- §§Present address: Penn State Biology Department, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Li Huey Yeun
- §Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michael S. Westphall
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michael R. Sussman
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- §Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‡‡Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Ryu H, Cho H, Choi D, Hwang I. Plant hormonal regulation of nitrogen-fixing nodule organogenesis. Mol Cells 2012; 34:117-26. [PMID: 22820920 PMCID: PMC3887813 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes have evolved symbiotic interactions with rhizobial bacteria to efficiently utilize nitrogen. Recent progress in symbiosis has revealed several key components of host plants required for nitrogen-fixing nodule organogenesis, in which complicated metabolic and signaling pathways in the host plant are reprogrammed to generate nodules in the cortex upon perception of the rhizobial Nod factor. Following the recognition of Nod factors, plant hormones are likely to be essential throughout nodule organogenesis for integration of developmental and environmental signaling cues into nodule development. Here, we review the molecular events involved in plant hormonal regulation and signaling cross-talk for nitrogen-fixing nodule development, and discuss how these signaling networks are integrated into Nod factor-mediated signaling during plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Ryu
- Department of Life Science, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Life Science, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Daeseok Choi
- Department of Life Science, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Science, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
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Pislariu CI, D. Murray J, Wen J, Cosson V, Muni RRD, Wang M, A. Benedito V, Andriankaja A, Cheng X, Jerez IT, Mondy S, Zhang S, Taylor ME, Tadege M, Ratet P, Mysore KS, Chen R, Udvardi MK. A Medicago truncatula tobacco retrotransposon insertion mutant collection with defects in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1686-99. [PMID: 22679222 PMCID: PMC3425206 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A Tnt1-insertion mutant population of Medicago truncatula ecotype R108 was screened for defects in nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Primary screening of 9,300 mutant lines yielded 317 lines with putative defects in nodule development and/or nitrogen fixation. Of these, 230 lines were rescreened, and 156 lines were confirmed with defective symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mutants were sorted into six distinct phenotypic categories: 72 nonnodulating mutants (Nod-), 51 mutants with totally ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix-), 17 mutants with partially ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix+/-), 27 mutants defective in nodule emergence, elongation, and nitrogen fixation (Nod+/- Fix-), one mutant with delayed and reduced nodulation but effective in nitrogen fixation (dNod+/- Fix+), and 11 supernodulating mutants (Nod++Fix+/-). A total of 2,801 flanking sequence tags were generated from the 156 symbiotic mutant lines. Analysis of flanking sequence tags revealed 14 insertion alleles of the following known symbiotic genes: NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3/CCaMK), ERF REQUIRED FOR NODULATION, and SUPERNUMERARY NODULES (SUNN). In parallel, a polymerase chain reaction-based strategy was used to identify Tnt1 insertions in known symbiotic genes, which revealed 25 additional insertion alleles in the following genes: DMI1, DMI2, DMI3, NIN, NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY1 (NSP1), NSP2, SUNN, and SICKLE. Thirty-nine Nod- lines were also screened for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis phenotypes, and 30 mutants exhibited defects in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Morphological and developmental features of several new symbiotic mutants are reported. The collection of mutants described here is a source of novel alleles of known symbiotic genes and a resource for cloning novel symbiotic genes via Tnt1 tagging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - JiangQi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Viviane Cosson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - RajaSekhara Reddy Duvvuru Muni
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Vagner A. Benedito
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Andry Andriankaja
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Ivone Torres Jerez
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Samuel Mondy
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Mark E. Taylor
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Million Tadege
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Rujin Chen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
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Gouws LM, Botes E, Wiese AJ, Trenkamp S, Torres-Jerez I, Tang Y, Hills PN, Usadel B, Lloyd JR, Fernie AR, Kossmann J, van der Merwe MJ. The plant growth promoting substance, lumichrome, mimics starch, and ethylene-associated symbiotic responses in lotus and tomato roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:120. [PMID: 22701462 PMCID: PMC3371600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis involves responses that maintain the plant host and symbiotic partner's genetic program; yet these cues are far from elucidated. Here we describe the effects of lumichrome, a flavin identified from Rhizobium spp., applied to lotus (Lotus japonicus) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Combined transcriptional and metabolite analyses suggest that both species shared common pathways that were altered in response to this application under replete, sterile conditions. These included genes involved in symbiosis, as well as transcriptional and metabolic responses related to enhanced starch accumulation and altered ethylene metabolism. Lumichrome priming also resulted in altered colonization with either Mesorhizobium loti (for lotus) or Glomus intraradices/G. mossea (for tomato). It enhanced nodule number but not nodule formation in lotus; while leading to enhanced hyphae initiation and delayed arbuscule maturation in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezel M. Gouws
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Eileen Botes
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anna J. Wiese
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sandra Trenkamp
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Yuhong Tang
- The Samuel Roberts Noble FoundationArdmore, OK, USA
| | - Paul N. Hills
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Björn Usadel
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - James R. Lloyd
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Jens Kossmann
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Margaretha J. van der Merwe
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
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133
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Calcagno C, Novero M, Genre A, Bonfante P, Lanfranco L. The exudate from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus induces nitric oxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:259-69. [PMID: 21744141 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. While there is evidence for NO accumulation during legume nodulation, almost no information exists for arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). Here, we investigated the occurrence of NO in the early stages of Medicago truncatula-Gigaspora margarita interaction, focusing on the plant response to fungal diffusible molecules. NO was visualized in root organ cultures and seedlings by confocal microscopy using the specific probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate. Five-minute treatment with the fungal exudate was sufficient to induce significant NO accumulation. The specificity of this response to AM fungi was confirmed by the lack of response in the AM nonhost Arabidopsis thaliana and by analyzing mutants impaired in mycorrhizal capacities. NO buildup resulted to be partially dependent on DMI1, DMI2, and DMI3 functions within the so-called common symbiotic signaling pathway which is shared between AM and nodulation. Significantly, NO accumulation was not induced by the application of purified Nod factor, while lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, known to elicit defense-related NO production in plants, induced a significantly different response pattern. A slight upregulation of a nitrate reductase (NR) gene and the reduction of NO accumulation when the enzyme is inhibited by tungstate suggest NR as a possible source of NO. Genetic and cellular evidence, therefore, suggests that NO accumulation is a novel component in the signaling pathway that leads to AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
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134
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Espinoza LDCL, Huguet T, Julier B. Multi-population QTL detection for aerial morphogenetic traits in the model legume Medicago truncatula. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:739-54. [PMID: 22075808 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula, as a model species, is useful to study the genetic control of traits of agronomic interest in legumes species. Aerial morphogenesis is a key component of forage and seed yield. It was measured in four mapping populations originating from five parental lines. Single and multi-population quantitative trait locus (QTL) detections were carried out. A large variation was observed within populations and transgressive segregation was noted. Most traits showed high heritabilities in all seasons. Length of primary branches (LPB, cm) was positively correlated to branch elongation rate (BER, cm day(-1)) and aerial dry matter (ADM, g). Flowering time (FT, °C day(-1)) showed negative correlations with length of main stem (LMS, cm) and BER. One hundred and forty-one QTLs for BER, LMS, FT, LPB, diameter of primary branches (DPB), number of primary branches (NPB), number of nodes (NI) and ADM were identified and localized over all eight chromosomes. Single and multi-population analyses showed that the most important regions for aerial morphogenetic traits were chromosomes 1, 2, 7 and 8. Multi-population analysis revealed three regions of major QTLs affecting aerial morphogenetic traits (LPB, LMS, NPB, BER and FT). A region involved in flowering time variation was revealed on chromosome 6 on a single population. These results were used to identify candidate genes that could control variation for aerial morphogenesis traits in this species and in related crop legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz del Carmen Lagunes Espinoza
- INRA, UR 4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, BP 80006, 86600, Lusignan, France
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135
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136
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Shimoda Y, Han L, Yamazaki T, Suzuki R, Hayashi M, Imaizumi-Anraku H. Rhizobial and fungal symbioses show different requirements for calmodulin binding to calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:304-21. [PMID: 22253228 PMCID: PMC3289572 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.092197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is a key regulator of root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses and is believed to be a decoder for Ca(2+) signals induced by microbial symbionts. However, it is unclear how CCaMK is activated by these microbes. Here, we investigated in vivo activation of CCaMK in symbiotic signaling, focusing mainly on the significance of and epistatic relationships among functional domains of CCaMK. Loss-of-function mutations in EF-hand motifs revealed the critical importance of the third EF hand for CCaMK activation to promote infection of endosymbionts. However, a gain-of-function mutation (T265D) in the kinase domain compensated for these loss-of-function mutations in the EF hands. Mutation of the CaM binding domain abolished CaM binding and suppressed CCaMK(T265D) activity in rhizobial infection, but not in mycorrhization, indicating that the requirement for CaM binding to CCaMK differs between root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses. Homology modeling and mutagenesis studies showed that the hydrogen bond network including Thr265 has an important role in the regulation of CCaMK. Based on these genetic, biochemical, and structural studies, we propose an activation mechanism of CCaMK in which root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses are distinguished by differential regulation of CCaMK by CaM binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Shimoda
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Lu Han
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Yamazaki
- Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Rintaro Suzuki
- Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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137
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Horváth B, Yeun LH, Domonkos A, Halász G, Gobbato E, Ayaydin F, Miró K, Hirsch S, Sun J, Tadege M, Ratet P, Mysore KS, Ané JM, Oldroyd GED, Kaló P. Medicago truncatula IPD3 is a member of the common symbiotic signaling pathway required for rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1345-58. [PMID: 21692638 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-11-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form endosymbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi which facilitate nutrient uptake. Both symbiotic interactions require a molecular signal exchange between the plant and the symbiont, and this involves a conserved symbiosis (Sym) signaling pathway. In order to identify plant genes required for intracellular accommodation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and AM fungi, we characterized Medicago truncatula symbiotic mutants defective for rhizobial infection of nodule cells and colonization of root cells by AM hyphae. Here, we describe mutants impaired in the interacting protein of DMI3 (IPD3) gene, which has been identified earlier as an interacting partner of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein, a member of the Sym pathway. The ipd3 mutants are impaired in both rhizobial and mycorrhizal colonization and we show that IPD3 is necessary for appropriate Nod-factor-induced gene expression. This indicates that IPD3 is a member of the common Sym pathway. We observed differences in the severity of ipd3 mutants that appear to be the result of the genetic background. This supports the hypothesis that IPD3 function is partially redundant and, thus, additional genetic components must exist that have analogous functions to IPD3. This explains why mutations in an essential component of the Sym pathway have defects at late stages of the symbiotic interactions.
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138
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Rightmyer AP, Long SR. Pseudonodule formation by wild-type and symbiotic mutant Medicago truncatula in response to auxin transport inhibitors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1372-84. [PMID: 21809981 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-11-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobium and allied bacteria form symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules on legume roots. Plant hormones play key roles in nodule formation. We treated Medicago truncatula roots with auxin transport inhibitors (ATI) N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) to induce the formation of pseudonodules. M. truncatula mutants defective for rhizobial Nod factor signal transduction still formed pseudonodules in response to ATI. However, a M. truncatula ethylene-insensitive supernodulator, sickle 1-1, did not form pseudonodules in response to TIBA, suggesting that the ethylene response pathway is involved in ATI-induced pseudonodule formation. We compared the transcriptional responses of M. truncatula roots treated with ATI to roots inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti. Some genes showed consistently parallel expression in ATI-induced and Rhizobium-induced nodules. For other genes, the transcriptional response of M. truncatula roots 1 and 7 days after ATI treatment was in the opposite direction to roots treated with S. meliloti; then, by 21 days, the transcriptional patterns for the two conditions became similar. We silenced 17 genes that were upregulated in both ATI and S. meliloti treatments to determine their effect on nodule formation. Some gene-silenced roots showed a decrease in nodulation efficiency, suggesting a role in nodule formation but not in later nodule functions.
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139
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Kosuta S, Held M, Hossain MS, Morieri G, Macgillivary A, Johansen C, Antolín-Llovera M, Parniske M, Oldroyd GED, Downie AJ, Karas B, Szczyglowski K. Lotus japonicus symRK-14 uncouples the cortical and epidermal symbiotic program. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:929-940. [PMID: 21595760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
SYMRK is a leucine-rich-repeat (LRR)-receptor kinase that mediates intracellular symbioses of legumes with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. It participates in signalling events that lead to epidermal calcium spiking, an early cellular response that is typically considered as central for intracellular accommodation and nodule organogenesis. Here, we describe the Lotus japonicus symRK-14 mutation that alters a conserved GDPC amino-acid sequence in the SYMRK extracellular domain. Normal infection of the epidermis by fungal or bacterial symbionts was aborted in symRK-14. Likewise, epidermal responses of symRK-14 to bacterial signalling, including calcium spiking, NIN gene expression and infection thread formation, were significantly reduced. In contrast, no major negative effects on the formation of nodule primordia and cortical infection were detected. Cumulatively, our data show that the symRK-14 mutation uncouples the epidermal and cortical symbiotic program, while indicating that the SYMRK extracellular domain participates in transduction of non-equivalent signalling events. The GDPC sequence was found to be highly conserved in LRR-receptor kinases in legumes and non-legumes, including the evolutionarily distant bryophytes. Conservation of the GDPC sequence in nearly one-fourth of LRR-receptor-like kinases in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana suggests, however, that this sequence might also play an important non-symbiotic function in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kosuta
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, ON N5V4T3 Canada
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140
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Francia D, Chiltz A, Lo Schiavo F, Pugin A, Bonfante P, Cardinale F. AM fungal exudates activate MAP kinases in plant cells in dependence from cytosolic Ca(2+) increase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:963-9. [PMID: 21561784 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The molecular dialogue occurring prior to direct contact between the fungal and plant partners of arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses begins with the release of fungal elicitors, so far only partially identified chemically, which can activate specific signaling pathways in the host plant. We show here that the activation of MAPK is also induced by exudates of germinating spores of Gigaspora margarita in cultured cells of the non-leguminous species tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), as well as in those of the model legume Lotus japonicus. MAPK activity peaked about 15 min after the exposure of the host cells to the fungal exudates (FE). FE were also responsible for a rapid and transient increase in free cytosolic Ca(2+) in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and tobacco cells, and pre-treatment with a Ca(2+)-channel blocker (La(3+)) showed that in these cells, MAPK activation was dependent on the cytosolic Ca(2+) increase. A partial dependence of MAPK activity on the common Sym pathway could be demonstrated for a cell line of L. japonicus defective for LjSym4 and hence unable to establish an AM symbiosis. Our results show that MAPK activation is triggered by an FE-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) transient, and that a Sym genetic determinant acts to modulate the intensity and duration of this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriana Francia
- DiVaPRA, Patologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via L. da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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141
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Capoen W, Sun J, Wysham D, Otegui MS, Venkateshwaran M, Hirsch S, Miwa H, Downie JA, Morris RJ, Ané JM, Oldroyd GED. Nuclear membranes control symbiotic calcium signaling of legumes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14348-53. [PMID: 21825141 PMCID: PMC3161518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107912108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear-associated oscillations in calcium act as a secondary messenger in the symbiotic signaling pathway of legumes. These are decoded by a nuclear-localized calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, the activation of which is sufficient to drive downstream responses. This implies that the calcium oscillations within the nucleus are the predominant signals for legume symbiosis. However, the mechanisms that allow targeted release of calcium in the nuclear region have not been defined. Here we show that symbiosis-induced calcium changes occur in both the nucleoplasm and the perinuclear cytoplasm and seem to originate from the nuclear membranes. Reaction diffusion simulations suggest that spike generation within the nucleoplasm is not possible through transmission of a calcium wave from the cytoplasm alone and that calcium is likely to be released across the inner nuclear membrane to allow nuclear calcium changes. In agreement with this, we found that the cation channel DMI1, which is essential for symbiotic calcium oscillations, is preferentially located on the inner nuclear membrane, implying an essential function for the inner nuclear membrane in symbiotic calcium signaling. Furthermore, a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) essential for symbiotic calcium oscillations is targeted to the inner nuclear membrane, as well as the outer nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We propose that release of calcium across the inner nuclear membrane allows targeted release of the ER calcium store, and efficient reloading of this calcium store necessitates the capture of calcium from the nucleoplasm and nuclear-associated cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Capoen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Departments of
| | - Jongho Sun
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Departments of
| | - Derin Wysham
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Departments of
| | | | | | - Sibylle Hirsch
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Departments of
| | - Hiroki Miwa
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Departments of
| | - J. Allan Downie
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Departments of
| | - Richard J. Morris
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Departments of
| | | | - Giles E. D. Oldroyd
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; and Departments of
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142
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Oldroyd GED, Murray JD, Poole PS, Downie JA. The rules of engagement in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis. Annu Rev Genet 2011; 45:119-44. [PMID: 21838550 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobial bacteria enter a symbiotic association with leguminous plants, resulting in differentiated bacteria enclosed in intracellular compartments called symbiosomes within nodules on the root. The nodules and associated symbiosomes are structured for efficient nitrogen fixation. Although the interaction is beneficial to both partners, it comes with rigid rules that are strictly enforced by the plant. Entry into root cells requires appropriate recognition of the rhizobial Nod factor signaling molecule, and this recognition activates a series of events, including polarized root-hair tip growth, invagination associated with bacterial infection, and the promotion of cell division in the cortex leading to the nodule meristem. The plant's command of the infection process has been highlighted by its enforcement of terminal differentiation upon the bacteria within nodules of some legumes, and this can result in a loss of bacterial viability while permitting effective nitrogen fixation. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the plant allows bacterial infection and promotes the formation of the nodule, as well as the details of how this intimate association plays out inside the cells of the nodule where a complex interchange of metabolites and regulatory peptides force the bacteria into a nitrogen-fixing organelle-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E D Oldroyd
- John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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143
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Takeda N, Haage K, Sato S, Tabata S, Parniske M. Activation of a Lotus japonicus subtilase gene during arbuscular mycorrhiza is dependent on the common symbiosis genes and two cis-active promoter regions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:662-70. [PMID: 21261463 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-10-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The subtilisin-like serine protease SbtM1 is strongly and specifically induced during arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. Another subtilase gene, SbtS, is induced during early stages of nodulation and AM. Transcript profiling in plant symbiosis mutants revealed that the AM-induced expression of SbtM1 and the gene family members SbtM3 and SbtM4 is dependent on the common symbiosis pathway, whereas an independent pathway contributes to the activation of SbtS. We used the specific spatial expression patterns of SbtM1 promoter β-d-glucuronidase (GUS) fusions to isolate cis elements that confer AM responsiveness. A promoter deletion and substitution analysis defined two cis regions (region I and II) in the SbtM1 promoter necessary for AM-induced GUS activity. 35S minimal promoter fusions revealed that either of the two regions is sufficient for AM responsiveness when tested in tandem repeat arrangement. Sequence-related regions were found in the promoters of AM-induced subtilase genes in Medicago truncatula and rice, consistent with an ancient origin of these elements predating the divergence of the angiosperms.
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144
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Bolon YT, Haun WJ, Xu WW, Grant D, Stacey MG, Nelson RT, Gerhardt DJ, Jeddeloh JA, Stacey G, Muehlbauer GJ, Orf JH, Naeve SL, Stupar RM, Vance CP. Phenotypic and genomic analyses of a fast neutron mutant population resource in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:240-53. [PMID: 21321255 PMCID: PMC3091049 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.170811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenized populations have become indispensable resources for introducing variation and studying gene function in plant genomics research. In this study, fast neutron (FN) radiation was used to induce deletion mutations in the soybean (Glycine max) genome. Approximately 120,000 soybean seeds were exposed to FN radiation doses of up to 32 Gray units to develop over 23,000 independent M2 lines. Here, we demonstrate the utility of this population for phenotypic screening and associated genomic characterization of striking and agronomically important traits. Plant variation was cataloged for seed composition, maturity, morphology, pigmentation, and nodulation traits. Mutants that showed significant increases or decreases in seed protein and oil content across multiple generations and environments were identified. The application of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to lesion-induced mutants for deletion mapping was validated on a midoleate x-ray mutant, M23, with a known FAD2-1A (for fatty acid desaturase) gene deletion. Using CGH, a subset of mutants was characterized, revealing deletion regions and candidate genes associated with phenotypes of interest. Exome resequencing and sequencing of PCR products confirmed FN-induced deletions detected by CGH. Beyond characterization of soybean FN mutants, this study demonstrates the utility of CGH, exome sequence capture, and next-generation sequencing approaches for analyses of mutant plant genomes. We present this FN mutant soybean population as a valuable public resource for future genetic screens and functional genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tsi Bolon
- Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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145
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Dolgikh EA, Leppyanen IV, Osipova MA, Savelyeva NV, Borisov AY, Tsyganov VE, Geurts R, Tikhonovich IA. Genetic dissection of Rhizobium-induced infection and nodule organogenesis in pea based on ENOD12A and ENOD5 expression analysis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:285-96. [PMID: 21309975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In legumes, perception of rhizobial lipochitooligosacharide-based molecules (Nod factors) and subsequent signal transduction triggers transcription of plant symbiosis-specific genes (early nodulins). We present genetic dissection of Nod factor-controlled processes in Pisum sativum using two early nodulin genes PsENOD12a and PsENOD5, that are differentially up-regulated during symbiosis. A novel set of non-nodulating pea mutants in fourteen loci was examined, among which seven loci are not described in Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. Mutants defective in Pssym10, Pssym8, Pssym19, Pssym9 and Pssym7 exhibited no PsENOD12a and PsENOD5 activation in response to Nod factor-producing rhizobia. Thus, a conserved signalling module from the LysM receptor kinase encoded by Pssym10 down to the GRAS transcription factor encoded by Pssym7 is essential for Nod factor-induced gene expression. Of the two investigated genes, PsENOD5 was more strictly regulated; not only requiring the SYM10-SYM7 module, but also SYM35 (NIN transcription factor), SYM14, SYM16 and SYM34. Since Pssym35, Pssym14, Pssym34 and Pssym16 mutants show arrested infection and nodule formation at various stages, PsENOD5 expression seems to be essential for later symbiotic events, when rhizobia enter into plant tissues. Activation of PsENOD12a only requires components involved in early steps of signalling and can be considered as a marker of early symbiotic events preceding infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg, Russia.
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146
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Kang H, Zhu H, Chu X, Yang Z, Yuan S, Yu D, Wang C, Hong Z, Zhang Z. A novel interaction between CCaMK and a protein containing the Scythe_N ubiquitin-like domain in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1312-24. [PMID: 21209278 PMCID: PMC3046588 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.167965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is a key regulator for both rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. Deregulation of CCaMK by either a point mutation in the autophosphorylation site or the deletion of the carboxyl-terminal regulatory domain results in spontaneous nodule formation without rhizobia. However, the underlying biochemical mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, using the kinase domain of CCaMK as a bait in yeast two-hybrid screening, we identify a novel protein, CIP73 (for CCaMK-interacting protein of approximately 73 kD), that interacts with CCaMK. CIP73 contains a Scythe_N ubiquitin-like domain and belongs to the large ubiquitin superfamily. Deletion and mutagenesis analysis demonstrate that CIP73 could only interact with CCaMK when the calmodulin-binding domain and three EF-hand motifs are removed from the kinase domain. The amino-terminal 80 amino acid residues (80-160) of CCaMK are required for interacting with CIP73 in yeast cells. On the other hand, protein pull-down assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay in Nicotiana benthamiana show that the full-length CCaMK could interact with CIP73 in vitro and in planta. Importantly, CCaMK phosphorylates the amino terminus of CIP73 in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent manner in vitro. CIP73 transcripts are preferentially expressed in roots, and very low expression is detected in leaves, stems, and nodules. The expression in roots is significantly decreased after inoculation of Mesorhizobium loti. RNA interference knockdown of CIP73 expression by hairy root transformation in Lotus japonicus led to decreased nodule formation, suggesting that CIP73 performed an essential role in nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.K., H.Z., X.C., Z.Y., S.Y., D.Y., C.W., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844–3052 (Z.H.)
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147
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Mukherjee A, Ané JM. Germinating spore exudates from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: molecular and developmental responses in plants and their regulation by ethylene. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:260-70. [PMID: 21043574 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-10-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi stimulate root development and induce expression of mycorrhization-specific genes in both eudicots and monocots. Diffusible factors released by AM fungi have been shown to elicit similar responses in Medicago truncatula. Colonization of roots by AM fungi is inhibited by ethylene. We compared the effects of germinating spore exudates (GSE) from Glomus intraradices in monocots and in eudicots, their genetic control, and their regulation by ethylene. GSE modify root architecture and induce symbiotic gene expression in both monocots and eudicots. The genetic regulation of root architecture and gene expression was analyzed using M. truncatula and rice symbiotic mutants. These responses are dependent on the common symbiotic pathway as well as another uncharacterized pathway. Significant differences between monocots and eudicots were observed in the genetic control of plant responses to GSE. However, ethylene inhibits GSE-induced symbiotic gene expression and root development in both groups. Our results indicate that GSE signaling shares similarities and differences in monocots versus eudicots, that only a subset of AM signaling pathways has been co-opted in legumes for the establishment of root nodulation with rhizobia, and that regulation of these pathways by ethylene is a feature conserved across higher land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Mukherjee
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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148
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Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature 2011; 469:58-63. [PMID: 21209659 DOI: 10.1038/nature09622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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149
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Murray JD, Muni RRD, Torres-Jerez I, Tang Y, Allen S, Andriankaja M, Li G, Laxmi A, Cheng X, Wen J, Vaughan D, Schultze M, Sun J, Charpentier M, Oldroyd G, Tadege M, Ratet P, Mysore KS, Chen R, Udvardi MK. Vapyrin, a gene essential for intracellular progression of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, is also essential for infection by rhizobia in the nodule symbiosis of Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:244-52. [PMID: 21223389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular invasion of root cells is required for the establishment of successful endosymbioses in legumes of both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobial bacteria. In both interactions a requirement for successful entry is the activation of a common signalling pathway that includes five genes required to generate calcium oscillations and two genes required for the perception of the calcium response. Recently, it has been discovered that in Medicago truncatula, the Vapyrin (VPY) gene is essential for the establishment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we show by analyses of mutants that the same gene is also required for rhizobial colonization and nodulation. VPY encodes a protein featuring a Major Sperm Protein domain, typically featured on proteins involved in membrane trafficking and biogenesis, and a series of ankyrin repeats. Plants mutated in this gene have abnormal rhizobial infection threads and fewer nodules, and in the case of interactions with AM fungi, epidermal penetration defects and aborted arbuscule formation. Calcium spiking in root hairs in response to supplied Nod factors is intact in the vpy-1 mutant. This, and the elevation of VPY transcripts upon application of Nod factors which we show to be dependent on NFP, DMI1, and DMI3, indicates that VPY acts downstream of the common signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Murray
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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150
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Chabaud M, Genre A, Sieberer BJ, Faccio A, Fournier J, Novero M, Barker DG, Bonfante P. Arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphopodia and germinated spore exudates trigger Ca2+ spiking in the legume and nonlegume root epidermis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:347-55. [PMID: 20880223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
• The aim of this study was to investigate Ca(2+) responses to endosymbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the host root epidermis following pre-infection hyphopodium formation in both legumes and nonlegumes, and to determine to what extent these responses could be mimicked by germinated fungal spore exudate. • Root organ cultures of both Medicago truncatula and Daucus carota, expressing the nuclear-localized cameleon reporter NupYC2.1, were used to monitor AM-elicited Ca(2+) responses in host root tissues. • Ca(2+) spiking was observed in cells contacted by AM hyphopodia for both hosts, with highest frequencies correlating with the epidermal nucleus positioned facing the fungal contact site. Treatment with AM spore exudate also elicited Ca(2+) spiking within the AM-responsive zone of the root and, in both cases, spiking was dependent on the M. truncatula common SYM genes DMI1/2, but not on the rhizobial Nod factor perception gene NFP. • These findings support the conclusion that AM fungal root penetration is preceded by a SYM pathway-dependent oscillatory Ca(2+) response, whose evolutionary origin predates the divergence between asterid and rosid clades. Our results further show that fungal symbiotic signals are already generated during spore germination, and that cameleon-expressing root organ cultures represent a novel AM-specific bio-assay for such signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Chabaud
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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