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Tyson JA, Goldberg EM, Maroof AM, Xu Q, Petros TJ, Anderson SA. Duration of culture and sonic hedgehog signaling differentially specify PV versus SST cortical interneuron fates from embryonic stem cells. Development 2016; 142:1267-78. [PMID: 25804737 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived GABAergic cortical interneurons (cINs) consist of multiple subtypes that are involved in many cortical functions. They also have a remarkable capacity to migrate, survive and integrate into cortical circuitry after transplantation into postnatal cortex. These features have engendered considerable interest in generating distinct subgroups of interneurons from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for the study of interneuron fate and function, and for the development of cell-based therapies. Although advances have been made, the capacity to generate highly enriched pools of subgroup fate-committed interneuron progenitors from PSCs has remained elusive. Previous studies have suggested that the two main MGE-derived interneuron subgroups--those expressing somatostatin (SST) and those expressing parvalbumin (PV)--are specified in the MGE from Nkx2.1-expressing progenitors at higher or lower levels of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, respectively. To further explore the role of Shh and other factors in cIN fate determination, we generated a reporter line such that Nkx2.1-expressing progenitors express mCherry and postmitotic Lhx6-expressing MGE-derived interneurons express GFP. Manipulations of Shh exposure and time in culture influenced the subgroup fates of ESC-derived interneurons. Exposure to higher Shh levels, and collecting GFP-expressing precursors at 12 days in culture, resulted in the strongest enrichment for SST interneurons over those expressing PV, whereas the strongest enrichment for PV interneurons was produced by lower Shh and by collecting mCherry-expressing cells after 17 days in culture. These findings confirm that fate determination of cIN subgroups is crucially influenced by Shh signaling, and provide a system for the further study of interneuron fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Tyson
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ethan M Goldberg
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19083, USA Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19083, USA
| | - Asif M Maroof
- Harvard University Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Qing Xu
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy J Petros
- Department of Neuroscience, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA
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102
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Panchision DM. Concise Review: Progress and Challenges in Using Human Stem Cells for Biological and Therapeutics Discovery: Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Stem Cells 2016; 34:523-36. [PMID: 26840228 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In facing the daunting challenge of using human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells to study complex neural circuit disorders such as schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders, a 2012 National Institute of Mental Health workshop produced a set of recommendations to advance basic research and engage industry in cell-based studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. This review describes progress in meeting these recommendations, including the development of novel tools, strides in recapitulating relevant cell and tissue types, insights into the genetic basis of these disorders that permit integration of risk-associated gene regulatory networks with cell/circuit phenotypes, and promising findings of patient-control differences using cell-based assays. However, numerous challenges are still being addressed, requiring further technological development, approaches to resolve disease heterogeneity, and collaborative structures for investigators of different disciplines. Additionally, since data obtained so far is on small sample sizes, replication in larger sample sets is needed. A number of individual success stories point to a path forward in developing assays to translate discovery science to therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Panchision
- Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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103
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Abstract
Among many mechanisms implicated in the development of neuropathic pain after nerve damage is a profound dysfunction of GABAergic inhibitory controls, manifested by ongoing pain, mechanical hypersensitivity, and thermal hyperalgesia. In some respects, neuropathic pain can be considered a "disease" of the nervous system, with features in common with trauma-induced seizures. Indeed, first-line management involves anticonvulsant therapy. An alternative to pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain is an approach that reestablishes the inhibitory tone that is lost after nerve damage. To this end, we have transplanted embryonic cortical GABAergic precursor neurons into the spinal cord of nerve-injured mice. Using a combination of light and electron microscopic analyses, and also in vitro electrophysiological recordings from spinal cord slice preparations, we demonstrated remarkable integration of the transplants into the host, adult spinal cord. Most importantly, transplants produced a complete reversal of the hypersensitivity in a sciatic nerve injury model and in a paclitaxel-generated chemotherapy model of neuropathic pain. In related studies, we demonstrated that medial ganglionic eminence cell transplants are also effective in a chronic neuropathic itch model in which there is a significant loss of dorsal horn inhibitory interneurons. Most importantly, in contrast to systemic or intrathecal pharmacological therapies, adverse side effects are minimized when the inhibitory control, namely, γ-aminobutyric acid release, occurs in a spinal cord circuit. These studies suggest that therapy targeted at repairing the GABAergic dysfunction is a viable and novel alternative to the management of neuropathic pain and itch, particularly those that are or become refractory to traditional pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan I Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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104
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Wang Q, Hong P, Gao H, Chen Y, Yang Q, Jiang M, Li H. An interneuron progenitor maintains neurogenic potential in vivo and differentiates into GABAergic interneurons after transplantation in the postnatal rat brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19003. [PMID: 26750620 PMCID: PMC4707470 DOI: 10.1038/srep19003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of cortical GABAergic interneurons are involved in numerous neurological disorders including epilepsy, schizophrenia and autism; and replenishment of these cells by transplantation strategy has proven to be a feasible and effective method to help revert the symptoms in several animal models. To develop methodology of generating transplantable GABAergic interneurons for therapy, we previously reported the isolation of a v-myc-induced GABAergic interneuron progenitor clone GE6 from embryonic ganglionic eminence (GE). These cells can proliferate and form functional inhibitory synapses in culture. Here, we tested their differentiation behavior in vivo by transplanting them into the postnatal rat forebrain. We found that GE6 cells migrate extensively in the neonatal forebrain and differentiate into both neurons and glia, but preferentially into neurons when compared with a sister progenitor clone CTX8. The neurogenic potential of GE6 cells is also maintained after transplantation into a non-permissive environment such as adult cortex or when treated with inflammatory cytokine in culture. The GE6-derived neurons were able to mature in vivo as GABAergic interneurons expressing GABAergic, not glutamatergic, presynaptic puncta. Finally, we propose that v-myc-induced human interneuron progenitor clones could be an alternative cell source of transplantable GABAergic interneurons for treating related neurological diseases in future clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- West China Developmental &Stem Cell Institute, Department of Obstetric &Gynecologic and Pediatric, Key Laboratory of Obstetric &Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Peiwei Hong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuntian Chen
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- West China Developmental &Stem Cell Institute, Department of Obstetric &Gynecologic and Pediatric, Key Laboratory of Obstetric &Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Mei Jiang
- West China Developmental &Stem Cell Institute, Department of Obstetric &Gynecologic and Pediatric, Key Laboratory of Obstetric &Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hedong Li
- West China Developmental &Stem Cell Institute, Department of Obstetric &Gynecologic and Pediatric, Key Laboratory of Obstetric &Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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105
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Suzuki IK, Vanderhaeghen P. Is this a brain which I see before me? Modeling human neural development with pluripotent stem cells. Development 2016; 142:3138-50. [PMID: 26395142 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human brain is arguably the most complex structure among living organisms. However, the specific mechanisms leading to this complexity remain incompletely understood, primarily because of the poor experimental accessibility of the human embryonic brain. Over recent years, technologies based on pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been developed to generate neural cells of various types. While the translational potential of PSC technologies for disease modeling and/or cell replacement therapies is usually put forward as a rationale for their utility, they are also opening novel windows for direct observation and experimentation of the basic mechanisms of human brain development. PSC-based studies have revealed that a number of cardinal features of neural ontogenesis are remarkably conserved in human models, which can be studied in a reductionist fashion. They have also revealed species-specific features, which constitute attractive lines of investigation to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development of the human brain, and its link with evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo K Suzuki
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), and ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), and ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels B-1070, Belgium WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
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106
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GABA-ergic cell therapy for epilepsy: Advances, limitations and challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 62:35-47. [PMID: 26748379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diminution in the number of gamma-amino butyric acid positive (GABA-ergic) interneurons and their axon terminals, and/or alterations in functional inhibition are conspicuous brain alterations believed to contribute to the persistence of seizures in acquired epilepsies such as temporal lobe epilepsy. This has steered a perception that replacement of lost GABA-ergic interneurons would improve inhibitory synaptic neurotransmission in the epileptic brain region and thereby reduce the occurrence of seizures. Indeed, studies using animal prototypes have reported that grafting of GABA-ergic progenitors derived from multiple sources into epileptic regions can reduce seizures. This review deliberates recent advances, limitations and challenges concerning the development of GABA-ergic cell therapy for epilepsy. The efficacy and limitations of grafts of primary GABA-ergic progenitors from the embryonic lateral ganglionic eminence and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), neural stem/progenitor cells expanded from MGE, and MGE-like progenitors generated from human pluripotent stem cells for alleviating seizures and co-morbidities of epilepsy are conferred. Additional studies required for possible clinical application of GABA-ergic cell therapy for epilepsy are also summarized.
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107
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DeBoer EM, Anderson SA. Fate determination of cerebral cortical GABAergic interneurons and their derivation from stem cells. Brain Res 2015; 1655:277-282. [PMID: 26723568 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons modulate cortical excitation, and their dysfunction is implicated in a multitude of neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Consequently, the study of cortical interneuron development, and their derivation from stem cells for transplantation therapy, has garnered intense scientific interest. In this review, we discuss some of the molecular signals involved in cortical interneuron fate determination, and describe how this has informed the use of mouse and human embryonic stem cell biology in generating cortical interneurons in vitro. We highlight the tremendous progress that has been made recently using stem cells to derive cortical interneurons, as well as challenges that have arisen. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:StemsCellsinPsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M DeBoer
- Department of Psychiatry, Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA.
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA.
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108
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O'Shea KS, McInnis MG. Neurodevelopmental origins of bipolar disorder: iPSC models. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 73:63-83. [PMID: 26608002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition characterized by pathological fluctuations in mood from mania to depression. Adoption, twin and family studies have consistently identified a significant hereditary component to BP, yet there is no clear genetic event or consistent neuropathology. BP has been suggested to have a developmental origin, although this hypothesis has been difficult to test since there are no viable neurons or glial cells to analyze, and research has relied largely on postmortem brain, behavioral and imaging studies, or has examined proxy tissues including saliva, olfactory epithelium and blood cells. Neurodevelopmental factors, particularly pathways related to nervous system development, cell migration, extracellular matrix, H3K4 methylation, and calcium signaling have been identified in large gene expression and GWAS studies as altered in BP. Recent advances in stem cell biology, particularly the ability to reprogram adult somatic tissues to a pluripotent state, now make it possible to interrogate these pathways in viable cell models. A number of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from BP patient and healthy control (C) individuals have been derived in several laboratories, and their ability to form cortical neurons examined. Early studies suggest differences in activity, calcium signaling, blocks to neuronal differentiation, and changes in neuronal, and possibly glial, lineage specification. Initial observations suggest that differentiation of BP patient-derived neurons to dorsal telencephalic derivatives may be impaired, possibly due to alterations in WNT, Hedgehog or Nodal pathway signaling. These investigations strongly support a developmental contribution to BP and identify novel pathways, mechanisms and opportunities for improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sue O'Shea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3051 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5765, United States.
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5765, United States
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109
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Peng S, Xu J, Pelkey KA, Chandra G, Zhang Z, Bagh MB, Yuan X, Wu LG, McBain CJ, Mukherjee AB. Suppression of agrin-22 production and synaptic dysfunction in Cln1 (-/-) mice. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:1085-104. [PMID: 26734660 PMCID: PMC4693586 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress in the brain is highly prevalent in many neurodegenerative disorders including lysosomal storage disorders, in which neurodegeneration is a devastating manifestation. Despite intense studies, a precise mechanism linking oxidative stress to neuropathology in specific neurodegenerative diseases remains largely unclear. METHODS Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is a devastating neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal-1 (CLN1) gene encoding palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1. Previously, we reported that in the brain of Cln1 (-/-) mice, which mimic INCL, and in postmortem brain tissues from INCL patients, increased oxidative stress is readily detectable. We used molecular, biochemical, immunohistological, and electrophysiological analyses of brain tissues of Cln1 (-/-) mice to study the role(s) of oxidative stress in mediating neuropathology. RESULTS Our results show that in Cln1 (-/-) mice oxidative stress in the brain via upregulation of the transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-δ, stimulated expression of serpina1, which is an inhibitor of a serine protease, neurotrypsin. Moreover, in the Cln1 (-/-) mice, suppression of neurotrypsin activity by serpina1 inhibited the cleavage of agrin (a large proteoglycan), which substantially reduced the production of agrin-22, essential for synaptic homeostasis. Direct whole-cell recordings at the nerve terminals of Cln1 (-/-) mice showed inhibition of Ca(2+) currents attesting to synaptic dysfunction. Treatment of these mice with a thioesterase-mimetic small molecule, N-tert (Butyl) hydroxylamine (NtBuHA), increased agrin-22 levels. INTERPRETATION Our findings provide insight into a novel pathway linking oxidative stress with synaptic pathology in Cln1 (-/-) mice and suggest that NtBuHA, which increased agrin-22 levels, may ameliorate synaptic dysfunction in this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Peng
- Section on Developmental Genetics Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892-1830
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Synaptic Transmission Section (HNQ23-R) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892
| | - Kenneth A Pelkey
- The Program in Developmental Neuroscience Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892-3715
| | - Goutam Chandra
- Section on Developmental Genetics Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892-1830
| | - Zhongjian Zhang
- Section on Developmental Genetics Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892-1830
| | - Maria B Bagh
- Section on Developmental Genetics Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892-1830
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- The Program in Developmental Neuroscience Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892-3715
| | - Ling-Gang Wu
- Synaptic Transmission Section (HNQ23-R) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892
| | - Chris J McBain
- The Program in Developmental Neuroscience Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892-3715
| | - Anil B Mukherjee
- Section on Developmental Genetics Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892-1830
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110
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Siehr MS, Noebels JL. Early rescue of interneuron disease trajectory in developmental epilepsies. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 36:82-8. [PMID: 26517286 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of over 150 monogenic epilepsies and advances in early genetic diagnoses have launched a search for molecular strategies and developmental timetables to reverse or even prevent the course of these debilitating brain disorders. Orthologous rodent models of key disease genes are providing important examples of the range of targets, and serve as valuable test systems for perinatal therapeutic approaches. While gene-specific analyses of single rare 'orphan' diseases are each narrow in scope, they illuminate downstream pathways converging onto interneurons, and treatments that strengthen inhibition during cortical maturation may provide broad protection against these seemingly disparate gene errors. Several genes, even those linked to malformations, show promise for postnatal correction before the onset of their clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan S Siehr
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Noebels
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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111
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The effect of fetal rat brain extract on morphology of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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112
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Potential of GABA-ergic cell therapy for schizophrenia, neuropathic pain, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Brain Res 2015; 1638:74-87. [PMID: 26423935 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several neurological and psychiatric disorders present hyperexcitability of neurons in specific regions of the brain or spinal cord, partly because of some loss and/or dysfunction of gamma-amino butyric acid positive (GABA-ergic) inhibitory interneurons. Strategies that enhance inhibitory neurotransmission in the affected brain regions may therefore ease several or most deficits linked to these disorders. This perception has incited a huge interest in testing the efficacy of GABA-ergic interneuron cell grafting into regions of the brain or spinal cord exhibiting hyperexcitability, dearth of GABA-ergic interneurons or impaired inhibitory neurotransmission, using preclinical models of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Interneuron progenitors from the embryonic ventral telencephalon capable of differentiating into diverse subclasses of interneurons have particularly received much consideration because of their ability for dispersion, migration and integration with the host neural circuitry after grafting. The goal of this review is to discuss the premise, scope and advancement of GABA-ergic cell therapy for easing neurological deficits in preclinical models of schizophrenia, chronic neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. As grafting studies in these prototypes have so far utilized either primary cells from the embryonic medial and lateral ganglionic eminences or neural progenitor cells expanded from these eminences as donor material, the proficiency of these cell types is highlighted. Moreover, future studies that are essential prior to considering the possible clinical application of these cells for the above neurological conditions are proposed. Particularly, the need for grafting studies utilizing medial ganglionic eminence-like progenitors generated from human pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation approaches or somatic cells through direct reprogramming methods are emphasized. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: PSC and the brain.
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113
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Akhtar AA, Breunig JJ. Lost highway(s): barriers to postnatal cortical neurogenesis and implications for brain repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:216. [PMID: 26136658 PMCID: PMC4468390 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genesis of the cerebral cortex is a highly complex and tightly-orchestrated process of cell division, migration, maturation, and integration. Developmental missteps often have catastrophic consequences on cortical function. Further, the cerebral cortex, in which neurogenesis takes place almost exclusively prenatally, has a very poor capacity for replacement of neurons lost to injury or disease. A multitude of factors underlie this deficit, including the depletion of radial glia, the gliogenic switch which mitigates continued neurogenesis, diminished neuronal migratory streams, and inflammatory processes associated with disease. Despite this, there are glimmers of hope that new approaches may allow for more significant cortical repair. Herein, we review corticogenesis from the context of regeneration and detail the strategies to promote neurogenesis, including interneuron transplants and glial reprogramming. Such strategies circumvent the "lost highways" which are critical for cortical development but are absent in the adult. These new approaches may provide for the possibility of meaningful clinical regeneration of elements of cortical circuitry lost to trauma and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Abbasi Akhtar
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua J Breunig
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
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114
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Molecular underpinnings of prefrontal cortex development in rodents provide insights into the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:795-809. [PMID: 25450230 PMCID: PMC4486649 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC), seat of the highest-order cognitive functions, constitutes a conglomerate of highly specialized brain areas and has been implicated to have a role in the onset and installation of various neurodevelopmental disorders. The development of a properly functioning PFC is directed by transcription factors, guidance cues and other regulatory molecules and requires the intricate and temporal orchestration of a number of developmental processes. Disturbance or failure of any of these processes causing neurodevelopmental abnormalities within the PFC may contribute to several of the cognitive deficits seen in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we elaborate on the specific processes underlying prefrontal development, such as induction and patterning of the prefrontal area, proliferation, migration and axonal guidance of medial prefrontal progenitors, and their eventual efferent and afferent connections. We furthermore integrate for the first time the available knowledge from genome-wide studies that have revealed genes linked to neurodevelopmental disorders with experimental molecular evidence in rodents. The integrated data suggest that the pathogenic variants in the neurodevelopmental disorder-associated genes induce prefrontal cytoarchitectonical impairments. This enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of prefrontal (mis)development underlying the four major neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, that is, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, and may thus provide clues for the development of novel therapies.
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115
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Leza JC, García-Bueno B, Bioque M, Arango C, Parellada M, Do K, O'Donnell P, Bernardo M. Inflammation in schizophrenia: A question of balance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:612-26. [PMID: 26092265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been renewed interest in immune/inflammatory changes and their associated oxidative/nitrosative consequences as key pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia and related disorders. Both brain cell components (microglia, astrocytes, and neurons) and peripheral immune cells have been implicated in inflammation and the resulting oxidative/nitrosative stress (O&NS) in schizophrenia. Furthermore, down-regulation of endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms has been identified in biological samples from patients, although the degree and progression of the inflammatory process and the nature of its self-regulatory mechanisms vary from early onset to full-blown disease. This review focuses on the interactions between inflammation and O&NS, their damaging consequences for brain cells in schizophrenia, the possible origins of inflammation and increased O&NS in the disorder, and current pharmacological strategies to deal with these processes (mainly treatments with anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drugs as add-ons to antipsychotics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Leza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Bioque
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kim Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Miguel Bernardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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116
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Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies hold considerable promise for many currently devastating neurological disorders. Substantial progress has been made in the derivation of disease-relevant human donor cell populations. Behavioral data in relevant animal models of disease have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy for several cell-based approaches. Consequently, cGMP grade cell products are currently being developed for first in human clinical trials in select disorders. Despite the therapeutic promise, the presumed mechanism of action of donor cell populations often remains insufficiently validated. It depends greatly on the properties of the transplanted cell type and the underlying host pathology. Several new technologies have become available to probe mechanisms of action in real time and to manipulate in vivo cell function and integration to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Results from such studies generate crucial insight into the nature of brain repair that can be achieved today and push the boundaries of what may be possible in the future.
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117
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Bosch C, Martínez A, Masachs N, Teixeira CM, Fernaud I, Ulloa F, Pérez-Martínez E, Lois C, Comella JX, DeFelipe J, Merchán-Pérez A, Soriano E. FIB/SEM technology and high-throughput 3D reconstruction of dendritic spines and synapses in GFP-labeled adult-generated neurons. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:60. [PMID: 26052271 PMCID: PMC4440362 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine analysis of synaptic contacts is usually performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and its combination with neuronal labeling techniques. However, the complex 3D architecture of neuronal samples calls for their reconstruction from serial sections. Here we show that focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) allows efficient, complete, and automatic 3D reconstruction of identified dendrites, including their spines and synapses, from GFP/DAB-labeled neurons, with a resolution comparable to that of TEM. We applied this technology to analyze the synaptogenesis of labeled adult-generated granule cells (GCs) in mice. 3D reconstruction of dendritic spines in GCs aged 3–4 and 8–9 weeks revealed two different stages of dendritic spine development and unexpected features of synapse formation, including vacant and branched dendritic spines and presynaptic terminals establishing synapses with up to 10 dendritic spines. Given the reliability, efficiency, and high resolution of FIB/SEM technology and the wide use of DAB in conventional EM, we consider FIB/SEM fundamental for the detailed characterization of identified synaptic contacts in neurons in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Bosch
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Parc Cientific de Barcelona, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Parc Cientific de Barcelona, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Masachs
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Parc Cientific de Barcelona, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Cátia M Teixeira
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Parc Cientific de Barcelona, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernaud
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo Madrid, Spain ; Instituto Cajal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) Madrid, Spain
| | - Fausto Ulloa
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Parc Cientific de Barcelona, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Pérez-Martínez
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Parc Cientific de Barcelona, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Lois
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joan X Comella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR) Barcelona, Spain ; Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo Madrid, Spain ; Instituto Cajal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Merchán-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo Madrid, Spain ; Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Sistemas Informáticos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Parc Cientific de Barcelona, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Insituto de Salul Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR) Barcelona, Spain ; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats Academia Barcelona, Spain
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118
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Dabrowski A, Terauchi A, Strong C, Umemori H. Distinct sets of FGF receptors sculpt excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis. Development 2015; 142:1818-30. [PMID: 25926357 PMCID: PMC4440923 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the brain must establish a balanced network of excitatory and inhibitory synapses during development for the brain to function properly. An imbalance between these synapses underlies various neurological and psychiatric disorders. The formation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses requires precise molecular control. In the hippocampus, the structure crucial for learning and memory, fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) and FGF7 specifically promote excitatory or inhibitory synapse formation, respectively. Knockout of either Fgf gene leads to excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in the mouse hippocampus and manifests in an altered susceptibility to epileptic seizures, underscoring the importance of FGF-dependent synapse formation. However, the receptors and signaling mechanisms by which FGF22 and FGF7 induce excitatory and inhibitory synapse differentiation are unknown. Here, we show that distinct sets of overlapping FGF receptors (FGFRs), FGFR2b and FGFR1b, mediate excitatory or inhibitory presynaptic differentiation in response to FGF22 and FGF7. Excitatory presynaptic differentiation is impaired in Fgfr2b and Fgfr1b mutant mice; however, inhibitory presynaptic defects are only found in Fgfr2b mutants. FGFR2b and FGFR1b are required for an excitatory presynaptic response to FGF22, whereas only FGFR2b is required for an inhibitory presynaptic response to FGF7. We further find that FGFRs are required in the presynaptic neuron to respond to FGF22, and that FRS2 and PI3K, but not PLCγ, mediate FGF22-dependent presynaptic differentiation. Our results reveal the specific receptors and signaling pathways that mediate FGF-dependent presynaptic differentiation, and thereby provide a mechanistic understanding of precise excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation in the mammalian brain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurogenesis/genetics
- Neurogenesis/physiology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Synapses/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Dabrowski
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Akiko Terauchi
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Cameron Strong
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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119
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Agadi S, Shetty AK. Concise Review: Prospects of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Status Epilepticus and Chronic Epilepsy. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2093-103. [PMID: 25851047 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear cells (MNCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow and other sources have received significant attention as donor cells for treating various neurological disorders due to their robust neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, it is relatively easy to procure these cells from both autogenic and allogenic sources. Currently, there is considerable interest in examining the usefulness of these cells for conditions such as status epilepticus (SE) and chronic epilepsy. A prolonged seizure activity in SE triggers neurodegeneration in the limbic brain areas, which elicits epileptogenesis and evolves into a chronic epileptic state. Because of their potential for providing neuroprotection, diminishing inflammation and curbing epileptogenesis, early intervention with MNCs or MSCs appears attractive for treating SE as such effects may restrain the development of chronic epilepsy typified by spontaneous seizures and learning and memory impairments. Delayed administration of these cells after SE may also be useful for easing spontaneous seizures and cognitive dysfunction in chronic epilepsy. This concise review evaluates the current knowledge and outlook pertaining to MNC and MSC therapies for SE and chronic epilepsy. In the first section, the behavior of these cells in animal models of SE and their efficacy to restrain neurodegeneration, inflammation, and epileptogenesis are discussed. The competence of these cells for suppressing seizures and improving cognitive function in chronic epilepsy are conferred in the next section. The final segment ponders issues that need to be addressed to pave the way for clinical application of these cells for SE and chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Agadi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, McLane's Children's Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, Texas, USA.,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
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120
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Götz M, Sirko S, Beckers J, Irmler M. Reactive astrocytes as neural stem or progenitor cells: In vivo lineage, In vitro potential, and Genome-wide expression analysis. Glia 2015; 63:1452-68. [PMID: 25965557 PMCID: PMC5029574 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review the stem cell hallmarks of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) during development and in some niches of the adult mammalian brain to then compare these with reactive astrocytes acquiring stem cell hallmarks after traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Notably, even endogenous NSCs including the earliest NSCs, the neuroepithelial cells, generate in most cases only a single type of progeny and self‐renew only for a rather short time in vivo. In vitro, however, especially cells cultured under neurosphere conditions reveal a larger potential and long‐term self‐renewal under the influence of growth factors. This is rather well comparable to reactive astrocytes in the traumatic or ischemic brain some of which acquire neurosphere‐forming capacity including multipotency and long‐term self‐renewal in vitro, while they remain within their astrocyte lineage in vivo. Both reactive astrocytes and endogenous NSCs exhibit stem cell hallmarks largely in vitro, but their lineage differs in vivo. Both populations generate largely a single cell type in vivo, but endogenous NSCs generate neurons and reactive astrocytes remain in the astrocyte lineage. However, at some early postnatal stages or in some brain regions reactive astrocytes can be released from this fate restriction, demonstrating that they can also enact neurogenesis. Thus, reactive astrocytes and NSCs share many characteristic hallmarks, but also exhibit key differences. This conclusion is further substantiated by genome‐wide expression analysis comparing NSCs at different stages with astrocytes from the intact and injured brain parenchyma. GLIA 2015;63:1452–1468
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systemic Neurology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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121
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Davis MF, Figueroa Velez DX, Guevarra RP, Yang MC, Habeeb M, Carathedathu MC, Gandhi SP. Inhibitory Neuron Transplantation into Adult Visual Cortex Creates a New Critical Period that Rescues Impaired Vision. Neuron 2015; 86:1055-1066. [PMID: 25937171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The maturation of inhibitory circuits in juvenile visual cortex triggers a critical period in the development of the visual system. Although several manipulations of inhibition can alter the timing of the critical period, none have demonstrated the creation of a new critical period in adulthood. We developed a transplantation method to reactivate critical period plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Transplanted embryonic inhibitory neurons from the medial ganglionic eminence reinstate ocular dominance plasticity in adult recipients. Transplanted inhibitory cells develop cell-type-appropriate molecular characteristics and visually evoked responses. In adult mice impaired by deprivation during the juvenile critical period, transplantation also recovers both visual cortical responses and performance on a behavioral test of visual acuity. Plasticity and recovery are induced when the critical period would have occurred in the donor animal. These results reveal that the focal reactivation of visual cortical plasticity using inhibitory cell transplantation creates a new critical period that restores visual perception after childhood deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa F Davis
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dario X Figueroa Velez
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Roblen P Guevarra
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael C Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mariyam Habeeb
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mathew C Carathedathu
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sunil P Gandhi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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122
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Vogt D, Wu PR, Sorrells SF, Arnold C, Alvarez-Buylla A, Rubenstein JLR. Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Cells for In Vivo Studies. J Vis Exp 2015:52740. [PMID: 25938985 PMCID: PMC4541591 DOI: 10.3791/52740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic cortical interneurons, derived from the embryonic medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE), are functionally and morphologically diverse. Inroads have been made in understanding the roles of distinct cortical interneuron subgroups, however, there are still many mechanisms to be worked out that may contribute to the development and maturation of different types of GABAergic cells. Moreover, altered GABAergic signaling may contribute to phenotypes of autism, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Specific Cre-driver lines have begun to parcel out the functions of unique interneuron subgroups. Despite the advances in mouse models, it is often difficult to efficiently study GABAergic cortical interneuron progenitors with molecular approaches in vivo. One important technique used to study the cell autonomous programming of these cells is transplantation of MGE cells into host cortices. These transplanted cells migrate extensively, differentiate, and functionally integrate. In addition, MGE cells can be efficiently transduced with lentivirus immediately prior to transplantation, allowing for a multitude of molecular approaches. Here we detail a protocol to efficiently transduce MGE cells before transplantation for in vivo analysis, using available Cre-driver lines and Cre-dependent expression vectors. This approach is advantageous because it combines precise genetic manipulation with the ability of these cells to disperse after transplantation, permitting greater cell-type specific resolution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco;
| | - Pei-Rung Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco
| | - Christine Arnold
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco
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123
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Thompson LH, Björklund A. Reconstruction of brain circuitry by neural transplants generated from pluripotent stem cells. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 79:28-40. [PMID: 25913029 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (embryonic stem cells, ESCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) have the capacity to generate neural progenitors that are intrinsically patterned to undergo differentiation into specific neuronal subtypes and express in vivo properties that match the ones formed during normal embryonic development. Remarkable progress has been made in this field during recent years thanks to the development of more refined protocols for the generation of transplantable neuronal progenitors from pluripotent stem cells, and the access to new tools for tracing of neuronal connectivity and assessment of integration and function of grafted neurons. Recent studies in brains of neonatal mice or rats, as well as in rodent models of brain or spinal cord damage, have shown that ESC- or iPSC-derived neural progenitors can be made to survive and differentiate after transplantation, and that they possess a remarkable capacity to extend axons over long distances and become functionally integrated into host neural circuitry. Here, we summarize these recent developments in the perspective of earlier studies using intracerebral and intraspinal transplants of primary neurons derived from fetal brain, with special focus on the ability of human ESC- and iPSC-derived progenitors to reconstruct damaged neural circuitry in cortex, hippocampus, the nigrostriatal system and the spinal cord, and we discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that determine the growth properties of the grafted neurons and their capacity to establish target-specific long-distance axonal connections in the damaged host brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan H Thompson
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anders Björklund
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden.
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124
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Arshad A, Vose LR, Vinukonda G, Hu F, Yoshikawa K, Csiszar A, Brumberg JC, Ballabh P. Extended Production of Cortical Interneurons into the Third Trimester of Human Gestation. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2242-2256. [PMID: 25882040 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the developmental origins of interneurons in the third trimester of pregnancy and the timing of completion of interneuron neurogenesis have remained unknown. Here, we show that the total and cycling Nkx2.1(+)and Dlx2(+)interneuron progenitors as well as Sox2(+)precursor cells were higher in density in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) compared with the lateral ganglionic eminence and cortical ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) of 16-35 gw subjects. The proliferation of these progenitors reduced as a function of gestational age, almost terminating by 35 gw. Proliferating Dlx2(+)cells were higher in density in the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) compared with the MGE, and persisted beyond 35 gw. Consistent with these findings, Sox2, Nkx2.1, Dlx2, and Mash1 protein levels were higher in the ganglionic eminences relative to the cortical VZ/SVZ. The density of gamma-aminobutyric acid-positive (GABA(+)) interneurons was higher in the cortical VZ/SVZ relative to MGE, but Nkx2.1 or Dlx2-expressing GABA(+)cells were more dense in the MGE compared with the cortical VZ/SVZ. The data suggest that the MGE and CGE are the primary source of cortical interneurons. Moreover, their generation continues nearly to the end of pregnancy, which may predispose premature infants to neurobehavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linnea R Vose
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Govindaiah Vinukonda
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Kazuaki Yoshikawa
- Institute for Protein Research Osaka University Yamadaoka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Joshua C Brumberg
- Psychology and Biology PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Praveen Ballabh
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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125
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Immunocytochemical localization of DNA double-strand breaks in human and rat brains. Neuroscience 2015; 290:196-203. [PMID: 25637486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-mitotic neurons are particularly susceptible to DNA double-strand breaks during their relatively long lifespan. Here, we report the anatomical distribution and subcellular localization of a molecule first identified as a DNA damage checkpoint protein. Immunocytochemical analysis of 53BP1 showed that this nuclear molecule is widely expressed in adult human and rat brains. Further, we showed that 53BP1 routinely co-clusters with γ-aminobutyric acid neurons throughout the rat neuraxis. Notably, 53BP1 is only expressed in neuronal cells as the DNA damage checkpoint protein was virtually absent from glial cells. Finally, we found that human neural progenitors showed a differential index of DNA fragmentation at different stages of cellular differentiation. These data provide additional and important anatomical findings for the distribution and phenotype of DNA double-strand breaks in the mammalian brain, and suggest that DNA fragmentation is a spontaneous event routinely occurring in neural progenitors and adult neurons.
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126
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Functional integration of human neural precursor cells in mouse cortex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120281. [PMID: 25763840 PMCID: PMC4357458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the electrophysiological properties and functional integration of different phenotypes of transplanted human neural precursor cells (hNPCs) in immunodeficient NSG mice. Postnatal day 2 mice received unilateral injections of 100,000 GFP+ hNPCs into the right parietal cortex. Eight weeks after transplantation, 1.21% of transplanted hNPCs survived. In these hNPCs, parvalbumin (PV)-, calretinin (CR)-, somatostatin (SS)-positive inhibitory interneurons and excitatory pyramidal neurons were confirmed electrophysiologically and histologically. All GFP+ hNPCs were immunoreactive with anti-human specific nuclear protein. The proportions of PV-, CR-, and SS-positive cells among GFP+ cells were 35.5%, 15.7%, and 17.1%, respectively; around 15% of GFP+ cells were identified as pyramidal neurons. Those electrophysiologically and histological identified GFP+ hNPCs were shown to fire action potentials with the appropriate firing patterns for different classes of neurons and to display spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs and sIPSCs). The amplitude, frequency and kinetic properties of sEPSCs and sIPSCs in different types of hNPCs were comparable to host cells of the same type. In conclusion, GFP+ hNPCs produce neurons that are competent to integrate functionally into host neocortical neuronal networks. This provides promising data on the potential for hNPCs to serve as therapeutic agents in neurological diseases with abnormal neuronal circuitry such as epilepsy.
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127
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Tozzi A. Information processing in the CNS: a supramolecular chemistry? Cogn Neurodyn 2015; 9:463-77. [PMID: 26379797 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-015-9337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How does central nervous system process information? Current theories are based on two tenets: (a) information is transmitted by action potentials, the language by which neurons communicate with each other-and (b) homogeneous neuronal assemblies of cortical circuits operate on these neuronal messages where the operations are characterized by the intrinsic connectivity among neuronal populations. In this view, the size and time course of any spike is stereotypic and the information is restricted to the temporal sequence of the spikes; namely, the "neural code". However, an increasing amount of novel data point towards an alternative hypothesis: (a) the role of neural code in information processing is overemphasized. Instead of simply passing messages, action potentials play a role in dynamic coordination at multiple spatial and temporal scales, establishing network interactions across several levels of a hierarchical modular architecture, modulating and regulating the propagation of neuronal messages. (b) Information is processed at all levels of neuronal infrastructure from macromolecules to population dynamics. For example, intra-neuronal (changes in protein conformation, concentration and synthesis) and extra-neuronal factors (extracellular proteolysis, substrate patterning, myelin plasticity, microbes, metabolic status) can have a profound effect on neuronal computations. This means molecular message passing may have cognitive connotations. This essay introduces the concept of "supramolecular chemistry", involving the storage of information at the molecular level and its retrieval, transfer and processing at the supramolecular level, through transitory non-covalent molecular processes that are self-organized, self-assembled and dynamic. Finally, we note that the cortex comprises extremely heterogeneous cells, with distinct regional variations, macromolecular assembly, receptor repertoire and intrinsic microcircuitry. This suggests that every neuron (or group of neurons) embodies different molecular information that hands an operational effect on neuronal computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Tozzi
- ASL Napoli 2 Nord, Distretto 45, Via Santa Chiara, 80023 Caivano, Naples, Italy
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128
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Reprogramming patient-derived cells to study the epilepsies. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:360-6. [PMID: 25710838 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epilepsies and related disorders of brain circuitry present significant challenges associated with the use of human cells to study disease mechanisms and develop new therapies. Some of these obstacles are being overcome through the use of induced pluripotent stem cells to obtain patient-derived neural cells for in vitro studies and as a source of cell-based treatments. The field is evolving rapidly with the addition of genome-editing approaches and expanding protocols for generating different neural cell types and three-dimensional tissues, but the application of these techniques to neurological disorders, and particularly to the epilepsies, is in its infancy. We discuss the progress made and the distinct advantages and limitations of using patient-derived cells to study or treat epilepsy, as well as critical future directions for the field.
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Abstract
Decades of experimental work have established an imbalance of excitation and inhibition as the leading mechanism of the transition from normal brain function to seizure. In epilepsy, these transitions are rare and abrupt. Transition processes incorporating positive feedback, such as activity-dependent disinhibition, could provide these uncommon timing features. A rapidly expanding array of genetic etiologies will help delineate the molecular mechanism(s). This delineation will entail quite a bit of cell biology. The genes discovered so far are more remarkable for their diversity than their similarities.
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130
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Graham DL, Durai HH, Garden JD, Cohen EL, Echevarria FD, Stanwood GD. Loss of dopamine D2 receptors increases parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:297-305. [PMID: 25393953 PMCID: PMC4372074 DOI: 10.1021/cn500235m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Disruption
to dopamine homeostasis during brain development has been implicated
in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and
schizophrenia. Inappropriate expression or activity of GABAergic interneurons
are common features of many of these disorders. We discovered a persistent
upregulation of GAD67+ and parvalbumin+ neurons within the anterior
cingulate cortex of dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice, while other
GABAergic interneuron markers were unaffected. Interneuron distribution
and number were not altered in the striatum or in the dopamine-poor
somatosensory cortex. The changes were already present by postnatal
day 14, indicating a developmental etiology. D2eGFP BAC transgenic
mice demonstrated the presence of D2 receptor expression within a
subset of parvalbumin-expressing cortical interneurons, suggesting
the possibility of a direct cellular mechanism through which D2 receptor
stimulation regulates interneuron differentiation or survival. D2
receptor knockout mice also exhibited decreased depressive-like behavior
compared with wild-type controls in the tail suspension test. These
data indicate that dopamine signaling modulates interneuron number
and emotional behavior and that developmental D2 receptor loss or
blockade could reveal a potential mechanism for the prodromal basis
of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L. Graham
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Heather H. Durai
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jamie D. Garden
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Evan L. Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Franklin D. Echevarria
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Gregg D. Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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131
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Cortical plasticity induced by transplantation of embryonic somatostatin or parvalbumin interneurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18339-44. [PMID: 25489113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421844112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic inhibition has been shown to play an important role in the opening of critical periods of brain plasticity. We recently have shown that transplantation of GABAergic precursors from the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), the source of neocortical parvalbumin- (PV(+)) and somatostatin-expressing (SST(+)) interneurons, can induce a new period of ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) after the endogenous period has closed. Among the diverse subtypes of GABAergic interneurons PV(+) cells have been thought to play the crucial role in ODP. Here we have used MGE transplantation carrying a conditional allele of diphtheria toxin alpha subunit and cell-specific expression of Cre recombinase to deplete PV(+) or SST(+) interneurons selectively and to investigate the contributions of each of these types of interneurons to ODP. As expected, robust plasticity was observed in transplants containing PV(+) cells but in which the majority of SST(+) interneurons were depleted. Surprisingly, transplants in which the majority of PV(+) cells were depleted induced plasticity as effectively as those containing PV(+) cells. In contrast, depleting both cell types blocked induction of plasticity. These findings reveal that PV(+) cells do not play an exclusive role in ODP; SST(+) interneurons also can drive cortical plasticity and contribute to the reshaping of neural networks. The ability of both PV(+) and SST(+) interneurons to induce de novo cortical plasticity could help develop new therapeutic approaches for brain repair.
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132
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Abstract
Stem cells represent a promising source of neurons for the potential treatment of a host of neurological conditions, including epilepsy. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Cunningham et al. (2014) use cortical GABAergic interneuron progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells to treat chronic temporal lobe epilepsy in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Goldberg
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19083, USA; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19083, USA
| | - Douglas A Coulter
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19083, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19083, USA.
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133
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Cunningham M, Cho JH, Leung A, Savvidis G, Ahn S, Moon M, Lee PKJ, Han JJ, Azimi N, Kim KS, Bolshakov VY, Chung S. hPSC-derived maturing GABAergic interneurons ameliorate seizures and abnormal behavior in epileptic mice. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:559-73. [PMID: 25517465 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Seizure disorders debilitate more than 65,000,000 people worldwide, with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) being the most common form. Previous studies have shown that transplantation of GABA-releasing cells results in suppression of seizures in epileptic mice. Derivation of interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has been reported, pointing to clinical translation of quality-controlled human cell sources that can enhance inhibitory drive and restore host circuitry. In this study, we demonstrate that hPSC-derived maturing GABAergic interneurons (mGINs) migrate extensively and integrate into dysfunctional circuitry of the epileptic mouse brain. Using optogenetic approaches, we find that grafted mGINs generate inhibitory postsynaptic responses in host hippocampal neurons. Importantly, even before acquiring full electrophysiological maturation, grafted neurons were capable of suppressing seizures and ameliorating behavioral abnormalities such as cognitive deficits, aggressiveness, and hyperactivity. These results provide support for the potential of hPSC-derived mGIN for restorative cell therapy for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Cunningham
- Laboratory for Neural Reconstruction, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Jun-Hyeong Cho
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Amanda Leung
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - George Savvidis
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Sandra Ahn
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Minho Moon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Paula K J Lee
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Jason J Han
- MRC Electron and Light Microscopy Core Facility, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Nima Azimi
- Laboratory for Neural Reconstruction, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Sangmi Chung
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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134
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Long Q, Fan C, Kai W, Luo Q, Xin W, Wang P, Wang A, Wang Z, Han R, Fei Z, Qiu B, Liu W. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression is associated with hippocampal apoptosis during epileptogenesis. Brain Res 2014; 1590:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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135
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Broccoli V, Giannelli SG, Mazzara PG. Modeling physiological and pathological human neurogenesis in the dish. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:183. [PMID: 25104921 PMCID: PMC4109586 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
New advances in directing the neuronal differentiation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs, abbreviation intended to convey both categories of pluripotent stem cells) have promoted the development of culture systems capable of modeling early neurogenesis and neural specification at some of their critical milestones. The hPSC-derived neural rosette can be considered the in vitro counterpart of the developing neural tube, since both structures share a virtually equivalent architecture and related functional properties. Epigenetic stimulation methods can modulate the identity of the rosette neural progenitors in order to generate authentic neuronal subtypes, as well as a full spectrum of neural crest derivatives. The intrinsic capacity of induced pluripotent cell-derived neural tissue to self-organize has become fully apparent with the emergence of innovative in vitro systems that are able to shape the neuronal differentiation of hPSCs into organized tissues that develop in three dimensions. However, significant hurdles remain that must be completely solved in order to facilitate the use of hPSCs in modeling (e.g., late-onset disorders) or in building therapeutic strategies for cell replacement. In this direction, new procedures have been established to promote the maturation and functionality of hPSC-derived neurons. Meanwhile, new methods to accelerate the aging of in vitro differentiating cells are still in development. hPSC-based technology has matured enough to offer a significant and reliable model system for early and late neurogenesis that could be extremely informative for the study of the physiological and pathological events that occur during this process. Thus, full exploitation of this cellular system can provide a better understanding of the physiological events that shape human brain structures, as well as a solid platform to investigate the pathological mechanisms at the root of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Serena G Giannelli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro G Mazzara
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
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