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Liu Z, Le Y, Chen H, Zhu J, Lu D. Role of PKM2-Mediated Immunometabolic Reprogramming on Development of Cytokine Storm. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748573. [PMID: 34759927 PMCID: PMC8572858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine storm is a marker of severity of various diseases and increased mortality. The altered metabolic profile and energy generation of immune cells affects their activation, exacerbating the cytokine storm. Currently, the emerging field of immunometabolism has highlighted the importance of specific metabolic pathways in immune regulation. The glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key regulator of immunometabolism and bridges metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction. This enzyme changes its conformation thus walks in different fields including metabolism and inflammation and associates with various transcription factors. This review summarizes the vital role of PKM2 in mediating immunometabolic reprogramming and its role in inducing cytokine storm, with a focus on providing references for further understanding of its pathological functions and for proposing new targets for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Le
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Chen
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, China
| | - Dezhao Lu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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102
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Jain A, Bhardwaj V. Therapeutic resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current challenges and future opportunities. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6527-6550. [PMID: 34754151 PMCID: PMC8554400 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Although chemotherapeutic regimens such as gemcitabine+ nab-paclitaxel and FOLFIRINOX (FOLinic acid, 5-Fluroruracil, IRINotecan, and Oxaliplatin) significantly improve patient survival, the prevalence of therapy resistance remains a major roadblock in the success of these agents. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that play a crucial role in PDAC therapy resistance and how a better understanding of these mechanisms has shaped clinical trials for pancreatic cancer chemotherapy. Specifically, we have discussed the metabolic alterations and DNA repair mechanisms observed in PDAC and current approaches in targeting these mechanisms. Our discussion also includes the lessons learned following the failure of immunotherapy in PDAC and current approaches underway to improve tumor's immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jain
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Vikas Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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103
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Satyanarayana G, Turaga RC, Sharma M, Wang S, Mishra F, Peng G, Deng X, Yang J, Liu ZR. Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates fibrosis development and progression by controlling glycine auxotrophy in myofibroblasts. Theranostics 2021; 11:9331-9341. [PMID: 34646373 PMCID: PMC8490528 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Fibrosis is a pathologic condition of abnormal accumulation of collagen fibrils. Collagen is a major extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesized and secreted by myofibroblasts, composing mainly (Gly-X-Y)n triplet repeats with >30% Gly residue. During fibrosis progression, myofibroblasts must upregulate glycine metabolism to meet the high demands of amino acids for collagen synthesis. Method: Expression of PKM2 in myofibroblasts was analyzed in cultured fibroblasts and fibrosis disease tissues. Functional roles of PKM2 and PKM2 activator in biosynthesis of serine → glycine and production of collagen from glycolysis intermediates were assayed in cultured activated LX-2 and human primary lung fibroblast cells. Mouse models of Liver, lung, and pancreas fibrosis were employed to analyze treatment effects of PKM2 activator in organ tissue fibrosis. Results: We report here that myofibroblast differentiation upregulates pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and promotes dimerization of PKM2. Dimer PKM2 slows the flow rate of glycolysis and channels glycolytic intermediates to de novo glycine synthesis, which facilitates collagen synthesis and secretion in myofibroblasts. Our results show that PKM2 activator that converts PKM2 dimer to tetramer, inhibits fibrosis progression in mouse models of liver, lung, and pancreatic fibrosis. Furthermore, metabolism alteration by dimer PKM2 increases NADPH production, which consequently protects myofibroblasts from apoptosis. Conclusion: Our study uncovers a novel role of PKM2 in tissue/organ fibrosis, suggesting a possible strategy for treatment of fibrotic diseases using PKM2 activator.
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104
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Mathis CL, Barrios AM. Histidine phosphorylation in metalloprotein binding sites. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111606. [PMID: 34555600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are invaluable regulatory tools for the control of catalytic functionality, protein-protein interactions, and signaling pathways. Historically, the study of phosphorylation as a PTM has been focused on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. In contrast, the significance of mammalian histidine phosphorylation remains largely unexplored. This gap in knowledge regarding the molecular basis for histidine phosphorylation as a regulatory agent exists in part because of the relative instability of phosphorylated histidine as compared with phosphorylated serine, threonine and tyrosine. However, the unique metal binding abilities of histidine make it one of the most common metal coordinating ligands in nature, and it is interesting to consider how phosphorylation would change the metal coordinating ability of histidine, and consequently, the properties of the phosphorylated metalloprotein. In this review, we examine eleven metalloproteins that have been shown to undergo reversible histidine phosphorylation at or near their metal binding sites. These proteins are described with respect to their biological activity and structure, with a particular emphasis on how phosphohistidine may tune the primary coordination sphere and protein conformation. Furthermore, several common methods, challenges, and limitations of studying sensitive, high affinity metalloproteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Mathis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Amy M Barrios
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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105
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Garcia S, Saldana-Caboverde A, Anwar M, Raval AP, Nissanka N, Pinto M, Moraes CT, Diaz F. Enhanced glycolysis and GSK3 inactivation promote brain metabolic adaptations following neuronal mitochondrial stress. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:692-704. [PMID: 34559217 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed early brain metabolic adaptations in response to mitochondrial dysfunction in a mouse model of mitochondrial encephalopathy with complex IV deficiency (neuron specific COX10 KO). In this mouse model the onset of the mitochondrial defect did not coincide with immediate cell death suggesting early adaptive metabolic responses to compensate for the energetic deficit. Metabolomic analysis in the knockout mice revealed increased levels of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates, amino acids and lysolipids. Glycolysis was modulated by enhanced activity of glycolytic enzymes, and not by their overexpression, suggesting the importance of post-translational modifications in the adaptive response. GSK3 inactivation was the most upstream regulation identified, implying that it is a key event in this adaptive mechanism. Because neurons are thought not to rely on glycolysis for ATP production in normal conditions, our results indicate that neurons still maintain their ability to upregulate this pathway when under mitochondrial respiration stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Amy Saldana-Caboverde
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Mir Anwar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Ami Pravinkant Raval
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Nadee Nissanka
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Milena Pinto
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Carlos Torres Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Francisca Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
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106
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Wang D, Li C, Zhu Y, Song Y, Lu S, Sun H, Hao H, Xu X. TEPP-46-Based AIE Fluorescent Probe for Detection and Bioimaging of PKM2 in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12682-12689. [PMID: 34505513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) M2 (PKM2), a glycolytic enzyme, is a hallmark of different types of tumors and plays a significant role in the Warburg effect. However, there is no fluorescent probe for PKM2 that has been reported yet. In this study, TEPC466, a novel TEPP-46-based aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe for the detection of PKM2, was designed, synthesized, and fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. When the fluorescent agent, coumarine, was conjugated to TEPP-46, the bioprobe TEPC466 showed a high degree of selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of PKM2 protein via the AIE effect. TEPC466 was then successfully applied in imaging the PKM2 protein in colorectal cancer cells with low toxicity. Moreover, structure-based modeling and the PK activity assay confirmed that TEPC466 has a better binding with PKM2 than TEPP-46, which suggests that TEPC466 could also be a good agonist of PKM2. Taken together, the bioprobe shows potential in selective detection of PKM2 and provides a useful tool for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Chunmeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Yunxia Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 211816 Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
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107
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Andreazzoli M, Barravecchia I, De Cesari C, Angeloni D, Demontis GC. Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model and Treat Inherited Degenerative Diseases of the Outer Retina: 3D-Organoids Limitations and Bioengineering Solutions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092489. [PMID: 34572137 PMCID: PMC8471616 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRD) affecting either photoreceptors or pigment epithelial cells cause progressive visual loss and severe disability, up to complete blindness. Retinal organoids (ROs) technologies opened up the development of human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) for disease modeling and replacement therapies. However, hiPSC-derived ROs applications to IRD presently display limited maturation and functionality, with most photoreceptors lacking well-developed outer segments (OS) and light responsiveness comparable to their adult retinal counterparts. In this review, we address for the first time the microenvironment where OS mature, i.e., the subretinal space (SRS), and discuss SRS role in photoreceptors metabolic reprogramming required for OS generation. We also address bioengineering issues to improve culture systems proficiency to promote OS maturation in hiPSC-derived ROs. This issue is crucial, as satisfying the demanding metabolic needs of photoreceptors may unleash hiPSC-derived ROs full potential for disease modeling, drug development, and replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Barravecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Debora Angeloni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Gian Carlo Demontis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (G.C.D.)
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108
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Pan C, Li B, Simon MC. Moonlighting functions of metabolic enzymes and metabolites in cancer. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3760-3774. [PMID: 34547237 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The growing field of tumor metabolism has greatly expanded our knowledge of metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Apart from their established roles, various metabolic enzymes and metabolites harbor non-canonical ("moonlighting") functions to support malignant transformation. In this article, we intend to review the current understanding of moonlighting functions of metabolic enzymes and related metabolites broadly existing in cancer cells by dissecting each major metabolic pathway and its regulation of cellular behaviors. Understanding these non-canonical functions may broaden the horizon of the cancer metabolism field and uncover novel therapeutic vulnerabilities in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyun Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, China; Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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109
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De Rosa V, Iommelli F, Terlizzi C, Leggiero E, Camerlingo R, Altobelli GG, Fonti R, Pastore L, Del Vecchio S. Non-Canonical Role of PDK1 as a Negative Regulator of Apoptosis through Macromolecular Complexes Assembly at the ER-Mitochondria Interface in Oncogene-Driven NSCLC. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164133. [PMID: 34439291 PMCID: PMC8391251 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Co-targeting of glucose metabolism and oncogene drivers in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been proposed as a potentially effective therapeutic strategy. Here, we demonstrate that downregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), an enzyme of glycolytic cascade, enhances maximal respiration of cancer cells by upregulating mitochondrial complexes of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and improves tumor response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors by promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, we provided consistent evidence that PDK1 drives the formation of macromolecular complexes at the ER–mitochondria interface involving PKM2, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and serves as an indirect anchorage of anti-apoptotic proteins to the mitochondrial membrane. Our findings taken together highlighted a non-canonical role of PDK1 as a negative regulator of apoptosis, thus coupling the glycolytic phenotype to drug resistance. The major translational relevance of this study is to provide a rational basis for combined therapeutic strategies targeting PDK1 and oncogene drivers in NSCLC patients. Abstract Here, we tested whether co-targeting of glucose metabolism and oncogene drivers may enhance tumor response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in NSCLC. To this end, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) was stably downregulated in oncogene-driven NSCLC cell lines exposed or not to TKIs. H1993 and H1975 cells were stably transfected with scrambled (shCTRL) or PDK1-targeted (shPDK1) shRNA and then treated with MET inhibitor crizotinib (1 µM), double mutant EGFRL858R/T790M inhibitor WZ4002 (1 µM) or vehicle for 48 h. The effects of PDK1 knockdown on glucose metabolism and apoptosis were evaluated in untreated and TKI-treated cells. PDK1 knockdown alone did not cause significant changes in glycolytic cascade, ATP production and glucose consumption, but it enhanced maximal respiration in shPDK1 cells when compared to controls. When combined with TKI treatment, PDK1 downregulation caused a strong enhancement of OXPHOS and a marked reduction in key glycolytic enzymes. Furthermore, increased levels of apoptotic markers were found in shPDK1 cells as compared to shCTRL cells after treatment with TKIs. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that PDK1 interacts with PKM2, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, forming macromolecular complexes at the ER–mitochondria interface. Our findings showed that downregulation of PDK1 is able to potentiate the effects of TKIs through the disruption of macromolecular complexes involving PKM2, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Rosa
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80145 Naples, Italy; (V.D.R.); (F.I.); (R.F.)
| | - Francesca Iommelli
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80145 Naples, Italy; (V.D.R.); (F.I.); (R.F.)
| | - Cristina Terlizzi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.T.); (G.G.A.)
| | | | - Rosa Camerlingo
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotherapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanna G. Altobelli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.T.); (G.G.A.)
| | - Rosa Fonti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80145 Naples, Italy; (V.D.R.); (F.I.); (R.F.)
| | - Lucio Pastore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.L.); (L.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Del Vecchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.T.); (G.G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-746-3307
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110
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Apostolidi M, Vathiotis IA, Muthusamy V, Gaule P, Gassaway BM, Rimm DL, Rinehart J. Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2 Phosphorylation Reverses Aggressive Cancer Phenotypes. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4346-4359. [PMID: 34185676 PMCID: PMC8373815 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-4190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype with low survival rate and a lack of biomarkers and targeted treatments. Here, we target pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key metabolic component of oncogenesis. In patients with TNBC, PKM2pS37 was identified as a prominent phosphoprotein corresponding to the aggressive breast cancer phenotype that showed a characteristic nuclear staining pattern and prognostic value. Phosphorylation of PKM2 at S37 was connected with a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) pathway in TNBC cells. In parallel, pyruvate kinase activator TEPP-46 bound PKM2pS37 and reduced its nuclear localization. In a TNBC mouse xenograft model, treatment with either TEPP-46 or the potent CDK inhibitor dinaciclib reduced tumor growth and diminished PKM2pS37. Combinations of dinaciclib with TEPP-46 reduced cell invasion, impaired redox balance, and triggered cancer cell death. Collectively, these data support an approach to identify PKM2pS37-positive TNBC and target the PKM2 regulatory axis as a potential treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: PKM2 phosphorylation marks aggressive breast cancer cell phenotypes and targeting PKM2pS37 could be an effective therapeutic approach for treating triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apostolidi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ioannis A Vathiotis
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Viswanathan Muthusamy
- Yale Center for Precision Cancer Modeling, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patricia Gaule
- Specialized Translational Services Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Brandon M Gassaway
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jesse Rinehart
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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111
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Zheng S, Liu Q, Liu T, Lu X. Posttranslational modification of pyruvate kinase type M2 (PKM2): novel regulation of its biological roles to be further discovered. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:355-363. [PMID: 33835423 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PKM2, pyruvate kinase type M2, has been shown to play a key role in aerobic glycolysis and to regulate the malignant behaviors of cancer cells. Recently, PKM2 has been revealed to hold dual metabolic and nonmetabolic roles. Working as both a pyruvate kinase with catalytic activity and a protein kinase that phosphorylates its substrates, PKM2 stands at the crossroads of glycolysis and tumor growth. Recently, it was revealed that the catalytic activity of PKM2 can be regulated by its posttranslational modification (PTM). Several PTM types, including phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, succinylation, and glycylation, have been gradually identified on different amino acid residues of the PKM2 coding sequence. In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in understanding PKM2 PTMs and the regulatory roles conferred by PTMs during anaerobic glycolysis in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Zheng
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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112
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Koo H, Byun S, Seo J, Jung Y, Lee DC, Cho JH, Park YS, Yeom YI, Park KC. PKM2 Regulates HSP90-Mediated Stability of the IGF-1R Precursor Protein and Promotes Cancer Cell Survival during Hypoxia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153850. [PMID: 34359752 PMCID: PMC8345735 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Generally, IGF-1R is overexpressed in most solid tumors, and its expression is significantly associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. However, IGF-1R gene amplification events are extremely rare in tumors. It is, therefore, necessary to define the mechanism underlying IGR-1R overexpression to elucidate potential therapeutic targets. Our study, specifically, aimed to define the potential mechanisms associated with PKM2 function in regulating IGF-1R protein expression. PKM2 was found to be a non-metabolic protein that regulates HSP90 binding to and stabilizing the precursor IGF-1R protein, thereby promoting the basal level of mature IGF-1R protein. Consequently, PKM2 knockdown inhibits the activation of AKT, a downstream effector of IGF-1R signaling, and increases apoptosis during hypoxia. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism for regulating IGF-1R protein expression, thus suggesting PKM2 as a potential therapeutic target in cancers associated with aberrant IGF signaling. Abstract Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), an important factor in promoting cancer cell growth and survival, is commonly upregulated in cancer cells. However, amplification of the IGF1R gene is extremely rare in tumors. Here, we have provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of IGF-1R protein expression. We found that PKM2 serves as a non-metabolic protein that binds to and increases IGF-1R protein expression by promoting the interaction between IGF-1R and heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90). PKM2 depletion decreases HSP90 binding to IGF-1R precursor, thereby reducing IGF-1R precursor stability and the basal level of mature IGF-1R. Consequently, PKM2 knockdown inhibits the activation of AKT, the key downstream effector of IGF-1R signaling, and increases apoptotic cancer cell death during hypoxia. Notably, we clinically verified the PKM2-regulated expression of IGF-1R through immunohistochemical staining in a tissue microarray of 112 lung cancer patients, demonstrating a significant positive correlation (r = 0.5208, p < 0.0001) between PKM2 and IGF-1R expression. Together, the results of a previous report demonstrated that AKT mediates PKM2 phosphorylation at serine-202; these results suggest that IGF-1R signaling and PKM2 mutually regulate each other to facilitate cell growth and survival, particularly under hypoxic conditions, in solid tumors with dysregulated IGF-1R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Koo
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (S.B.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (D.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (Y.S.P.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sangwon Byun
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (S.B.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (D.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (Y.S.P.)
| | - Jieun Seo
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (S.B.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (D.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (Y.S.P.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yuri Jung
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (S.B.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (D.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (Y.S.P.)
| | - Dong Chul Lee
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (S.B.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (D.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (Y.S.P.)
| | - Jung Hee Cho
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (S.B.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (D.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (Y.S.P.)
| | - Young Soo Park
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (S.B.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (D.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (Y.S.P.)
| | - Young Il Yeom
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (S.B.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (D.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (Y.S.P.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.I.Y.); (K.C.P.); Tel.: +82-42-879-8115 (K.C.P.); Fax: +82-42-879-8119 (Y.I.Y.)
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (S.B.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (D.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (Y.S.P.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.I.Y.); (K.C.P.); Tel.: +82-42-879-8115 (K.C.P.); Fax: +82-42-879-8119 (Y.I.Y.)
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Lee YB, Min JK, Kim JG, Cap KC, Islam R, Hossain AJ, Dogsom O, Hamza A, Mahmud S, Choi DR, Kim YS, Koh YH, Kim HA, Chung WS, Suh SW, Park JB. Multiple functions of pyruvate kinase M2 in various cell types. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:128-148. [PMID: 34311499 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is a mechanism by which energy is produced in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by mitochondria and precursor metabolites are supplied to enable the ultimate enrichment of mature metabolites in the cell. Recently, glycolytic enzymes have been shown to have unconventional but important functions. Among these enzymes, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) plays several roles including having conventional metabolic enzyme activity, and also being a transcriptional regulator and a protein kinase. Compared with the closely related PKM1, PKM2 is highly expressed in cancer cells and embryos, whereas PKM1 is dominant in mature, differentiated cells. Posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation of PKM2 change its cellular functions. In particular, PKM2 can translocate to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of many target genes. It is notable that PKM2 also acts as a protein kinase to phosphorylate several substrate proteins. Besides cancer cells and embryonic cells, astrocytes also highly express PKM2, which is crucial for lactate production via expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), while mature neurons predominantly express PKM1. The lactate produced in cancer cells promotes tumor progress and that in astrocytes can be supplied to neurons and may act as a major source for neuronal ATP energy production. Thereby, we propose that PKM2 along with its different posttranslational modifications has specific purposes for a variety of cell types, performing unique functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Beom Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung K Min
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim Cuong Cap
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,eLmed Inc. #3419, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Abu J Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Oyungerel Dogsom
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, School of Bio-Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Amir Hamza
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shohel Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dae R Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Koh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-A Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Ahnyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang W Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,eLmed Inc. #3419, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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114
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Rathod B, Chak S, Patel S, Shard A. Tumor pyruvate kinase M2 modulators: a comprehensive account of activators and inhibitors as anticancer agents. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1121-1141. [PMID: 34355179 PMCID: PMC8292966 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate. It plays a central role in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and is expressed in most human tumors. It is essential in indiscriminate proliferation, survival, and tackling apoptosis in cancer cells. This positions PKM2 as a hot target in cancer therapy. Despite its well-known structure and several reported modulators targeting PKM2 as activators or inhibitors, a comprehensive review focusing on such modulators is lacking. Herein we summarize modulators of PKM2, the assays used to detect their potential, the preferable tense (T) and relaxed (R) states in which the enzyme resides, lacunae in existing modulators, and several strategies that may lead to effective anticancer drug development targeting PKM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashri Rathod
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Opposite Air Force Station Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Shivam Chak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Opposite Air Force Station Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Sagarkumar Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Opposite Air Force Station Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Opposite Air Force Station Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
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115
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Zou J, Huang R, Chen Y, Huang X, Li H, Liang P, Chen S. Dihydropyrimidinase Like 2 Promotes Bladder Cancer Progression via Pyruvate Kinase M2-Induced Aerobic Glycolysis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641432. [PMID: 34295887 PMCID: PMC8291048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aerobic glycolysis and epidermal–mesenchymal transition (EMT) play key roles in the development of bladder cancer. This study aimed to investigate the function and the underlying mechanism of dihydropyrimidinase like 2 (DPYSL2) in bladder cancer progression. Methods The expression pattern of DPYSL2 in bladder cancer and the correlation of DPYSL2 expression with clinicopathological characteristics of bladder cancer patients were analyzed using the data from different databases and tissue microarray. Gain- and loss-of-function assays were performed to explore the role of DPYSL2 in bladder cancer progression in vitro and in mice. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify the interacting partner of DPYSL2 in bladder cancer cells. Findings The results showed that DPYSL2 expression was upregulated in bladder cancer tissue compared with adjacent normal bladder tissue and in more aggressive cancer stages compared with lower stages. DPYSL2 promoted malignant behavior of bladder cancer cells in vitro, as well as tumor growth and distant metastasis in mice. Mechanistically, DPYSL2 interacted with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and promoted the conversion of PKM2 tetramers to PKM2 dimers. Knockdown of PKM2 completely blocked DPYSL2-induced enhancement of the malignant behavior, glucose uptake, lactic acid production, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer cells. Interpretation In conclusion, the results suggest that DPYSL2 promotes aerobic glycolysis and EMT in bladder cancer via PKM2, serving as a potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Ultrasonography and Electrocardiograms, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huajun Li
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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116
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Tian M, Chen XS, Li LY, Wu HZ, Zeng D, Wang XL, Zhang Y, Xiao SS, Cheng Y. Inhibition of AXL enhances chemosensitivity of human ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin via decreasing glycolysis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1180-1189. [PMID: 33149145 PMCID: PMC8209001 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anexelekto (AXL), a member of the TYRO3-AXL-MER (TAM) family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), is overexpressed in varieties of tumor tissues and promotes tumor development by regulating cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In this study, we investigated the role of AXL in regulating glycolysis in human ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells. We showed that the expression of AXL mRNA and protein was significantly higher in OvCa tissue than that in normal ovarian epithelial tissue. In human OvCa cell lines suppression of AXL significantly inhibited cell proliferation, and increased the sensitivity of OvCa cells to cisplatin, which also proved by nude mice tumor formation experiment. KEGG analysis showed that AXL was significantly enriched in the glycolysis pathways of cancer. Changes in AXL expression in OvCa cells affect tumor glycolysis. We demonstrated that the promotion effect of AXL on glycolysis was mediated by phosphorylating the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) at Y105. AXL expression was significantly higher in cisplatin-resistant OvCa cells A2780/DDP compared with the parental A2780 cells. Inhibition of AXL decreased the level of glycolysis in A2780/DDP cells, and increased the cytotoxicity of cisplatin against A2780/DDP cells, suggesting that AXL-mediated glycolysis was associated with cisplatin resistance in OvCa. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that AXL is involved in the regulation of the Warburg effect. Our results not only highlight the clinical value of targeting AXL, but also provide theoretical basis for the combination of AXL inhibitor and cisplatin in the treatment of OvCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xi-Sha Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lan-Ya Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Da Zeng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xin-Luan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Song-Shu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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117
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Novel strategies of Raman imaging for monitoring intracellular retinoid metabolism in cancer cells. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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118
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Wiese EK, Hitosugi S, Loa ST, Sreedhar A, Andres-Beck LG, Kurmi K, Pang YP, Karnitz LM, Gonsalves WI, Hitosugi T. Enzymatic activation of pyruvate kinase increases cytosolic oxaloacetate to inhibit the Warburg effect. Nat Metab 2021; 3:954-968. [PMID: 34226744 PMCID: PMC8316326 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of the glycolytic enzyme PKM2 or expression of the constitutively active PKM1 isoform in cancer cells results in decreased lactate production, a phenomenon known as the PKM2 paradox in the Warburg effect. Here we show that oxaloacetate (OAA) is a competitive inhibitor of human lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and that elevated PKM2 activity increases de novo synthesis of OAA through glutaminolysis, thereby inhibiting LDHA in cancer cells. We also show that replacement of human LDHA with rabbit LDHA, which is relatively resistant to OAA inhibition, eliminated the paradoxical correlation between the elevated PKM2 activity and the decreased lactate concentration in cancer cells treated with a PKM2 activator. Furthermore, rabbit LDHA-expressing tumours, compared to human LDHA-expressing tumours in mice, displayed resistance to the PKM2 activator. These findings describe a mechanistic explanation for the PKM2 paradox by showing that OAA accumulates and inhibits LDHA following PKM2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Wiese
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sadae Hitosugi
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sharon T Loa
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Lindsey G Andres-Beck
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kiran Kurmi
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan-Ping Pang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Taro Hitosugi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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119
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Dierolf JG, Watson AJ, Betts DH. Differential localization patterns of pyruvate kinase isoforms in murine naïve, formative, and primed pluripotent states. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112714. [PMID: 34181938 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) represent opposite ends of the pluripotency continuum, referred to as naïve and primed pluripotent states, respectively. These divergent pluripotent states differ in several ways, including growth factor requirements, transcription factor expression, DNA methylation patterns, and metabolic profiles. Naïve cells employ both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas primed cells preferentially utilize aerobic glycolysis, a trait shared with cancer cells referred to as the Warburg Effect. Until recently, metabolism has been regarded as a by-product of cell fate, however, evidence now supports metabolism as being a driver of stem cell state and fate decisions. Pyruvate kinase muscle isoforms (PKM1 and PKM2) are important for generating and maintaining pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and mediating the Warburg Effect. Both isoforms catalyze the final, rate limiting step of glycolysis, generating adenosine triphosphate and pyruvate, however, the precise role(s) of PKM1/2 in naïve and primed pluripotency is not well understood. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the cellular expression and localization patterns of PKM1 and PKM2 in mESCs, chemically transitioned epiblast-like cells (mEpiLCs) representing formative pluripotency, and mEpiSCs using immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. The results indicate that PKM1 and PKM2 are not only localized to the cytoplasm, but also accumulate in differential subnuclear regions of mESC, mEpiLCs, and mEpiSCs as determined by a quantitative confocal microscopy employing orthogonal projections and airyscan processing. Importantly, we discovered that the subnuclear localization of PKM1/2 changes during the transition from mESCs, mEpiLCs, and mEpiSCs. Finally, we have comprehensively validated the appropriateness and power of the Pearson's correlation coefficient and Manders's overlap coefficient for assessing nuclear and cytoplasmic protein colocalization in PSCs by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. We propose that nuclear PKM1/2 may assist with distinct pluripotency state maintenance and lineage priming by non-canonical mechanisms. These results advance our understanding of the overall mechanisms controlling naïve, formative, and primed pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Dierolf
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Andrew J Watson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Children's Health Research Institute (CHRI), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Dean H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Children's Health Research Institute (CHRI), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.
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120
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Pyruvate Kinase, Inflammation and Periodontal Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070784. [PMID: 34206267 PMCID: PMC8308603 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) is the final and rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis. It has four isoforms PKM1, PKM2, PKL and PKR. PK can form homo tetramers, dimers or monomers. The tetrameric form has the most catalytic activity; however, the dimeric form has non-canonical functions that contribute to the inflammatory response, wound healing and cellular crosstalk. This brief review explores these functions and speculates on their role in periodontal disease.
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Khan A, Siddiqui S, Husain SA, Mazurek S, Iqbal MA. Phytocompounds Targeting Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer: An Assessment of Role, Mechanisms, Pathways, and Therapeutic Relevance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6897-6928. [PMID: 34133161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of cancer is remarkably different from that of normal cells and confers a variety of benefits, including the promotion of other cancer hallmarks. As the rewired metabolism is a near-universal property of cancer cells, efforts are underway to exploit metabolic vulnerabilities for therapeutic benefits. In the continued search for safer and effective ways of cancer treatment, structurally diverse plant-based compounds have gained substantial attention. Here, we present an extensive assessment of the role of phytocompounds in modulating cancer metabolism and attempt to make a case for the use of plant-based compounds in targeting metabolic vulnerabilities of cancer. We discuss the pharmacological interactions of phytocompounds with major metabolic pathways and evaluate the role of phytocompounds in the regulation of growth signaling and transcriptional programs involved in the metabolic transformation of cancer. Lastly, we examine the potential of these compounds in the clinical management of cancer along with limitations and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shumaila Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Syed Akhtar Husain
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sybille Mazurek
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Mohammad Askandar Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
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Loss of the transcriptional repressor Rev-erbα upregulates metabolism and proliferation in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12356. [PMID: 34117285 PMCID: PMC8196003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Rev-erbα is known to down-regulate fatty acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis gene expression. In animal models, disruption of Rev-erbα results in global changes in exercise performance, oxidative capacity, and blood glucose levels. However, the complete extent to which Rev-erbα-mediated transcriptional repression of metabolism impacts cell function remains unknown. We hypothesized that loss of Rev-erbα in a mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) model would result in global changes in metabolism. MEFs lacking Rev-erbα exhibited a hypermetabolic phenotype, demonstrating increased levels of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Rev-erbα deletion increased expression of hexokinase II, transketolase, and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase genes involved in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and these effects were not mediated by the transcriptional activator BMAL1. Upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation was not accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis or numbers. Rev-erbα repressed proliferation via glycolysis, but not the PPP. When treated with H2O2, cell viability was reduced in Rev-erbα knockout MEFs, accompanied by increased ratio of oxidized/reduced NADPH, suggesting that perturbation of the PPP reduces capacity to mount an antioxidant defense. These findings uncover novel mechanisms by which glycolysis and the PPP are modulated through Rev-erbα, and provide new insights into how Rev-erbα impacts proliferation.
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Potential role for pyruvate kinase M2 in the regulation of murine cardiac glycolytic flux during in vivo chronic hypoxia. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228626. [PMID: 33973628 PMCID: PMC8173528 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism in heart failure shares similarities to that following hypoxic exposure, and is thought to maintain energy homoeostasis in the face of reduced O2 availability. As part of these in vivo adaptations during sustained hypoxia, the heart up-regulates and maintains a high glycolytic flux, but the underlying mechanism is still elusive. We followed the cardiac glycolytic responses to a chronic hypoxic (CH) intervention using [5-3H]-glucose labelling in combination with detailed and extensive enzymatic and metabolomic approaches to provide evidence of the underlying mechanism that allows heart survivability. Following 3 weeks of in vivo hypoxia (11% oxygen), murine hearts were isolated and perfused in a retrograde mode with function measured via an intraventricular balloon and glycolytic flux quantified using [5-3H]-glucose labelling. At the end of perfusion, hearts were flash-frozen and central carbon intermediates determined via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The maximal activity of glycolytic enzymes considered rate-limiting was assessed enzymatically, and protein abundance was determined using Western blotting. Relative to normoxic hearts, CH increased ex vivo cardiac glycolytic flux 1.7-fold with no effect on cardiac function. CH up-regulated cardiac pyruvate kinase (PK) flux 3.1-fold and cardiac pyruvate kinase muscle isoenzyme M2 (PKM2) protein content 1.4-fold compared with normoxic hearts. CH also augmented cardiac pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) flux, reflected by higher ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) content. These findings support an increase in the covalent (protein expression) and allosteric (flux) control of PKM2 as being central to the sustained up-regulation of the glycolytic flux in the chronically hypoxic heart.
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Verma H, Cholia RP, Kaur S, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. A short review on cross-link between pyruvate kinase (PKM2) and Glioblastoma Multiforme. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:751-765. [PMID: 33651273 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) catalyzes the last irreversible reaction of glycolysis pathway, generating pyruvate and ATP, from Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP) and ADP precursors. In mammals, four different tissue-specific isoforms (M1, M2, L and R) of PK exist, which are translated from two genes (PKL and PKR). PKM2 is the highly expressed isoform of PK in cancers, which regulates the aerobic glycolysis via reprogramming cancer cell's metabolic pathways to provide an anabolic advantage to the tumor cells. In addition to the established role of PKM2 in aerobic glycolysis of multiple cancer types, various recent findings have highlighted the non-metabolic functions of PKM2 in brain tumor development. Nuclear PKM2 acts as a co-activator and directly regulates gene transcription. PKM2 dependent transactivation of various oncogenic genes is instrumental in the progression and aggressiveness of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Also, PKM2 acts as a protein kinase in histone modification which regulates gene expression and tumorigenesis. Ongoing research has explored novel regulatory mechanisms of PKM2 and its association in GBM progression. This review enlists and summarizes the metabolic and non-metabolic roles of PKM2 at the cellular level, and its regulatory function highlights the importance of the nuclear functions of PKM2 in GBM progression, and an emerging role of PKM2 as novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, Pin Code: 151 401, India
| | - Ravi P Cholia
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, Pin Code: 151 401, India
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil K Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, Pin Code: 151 401, India.
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125
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Ushio-Fukai M, Ash D, Nagarkoti S, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Fulton DJR, Fukai T. Interplay Between Reactive Oxygen/Reactive Nitrogen Species and Metabolism in Vascular Biology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1319-1354. [PMID: 33899493 PMCID: PMC8418449 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., superoxide [O2•-] and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS; e.g., nitric oxide [NO•]) at the physiological level function as signaling molecules that mediate many biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and gene expression. By contrast, excess ROS/RNS, a consequence of dysregulated redox homeostasis, is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that both ROS and RNS regulate various metabolic pathways and enzymes. Recent studies indicate that cells have mechanisms that fine-tune ROS/RNS levels by tight regulation of metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The ROS/RNS-mediated inhibition of glycolytic pathways promotes metabolic reprogramming away from glycolytic flux toward the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for antioxidant defense. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which ROS/RNS regulate metabolic enzymes and cellular metabolism and how cellular metabolism influences redox homeostasis and the pathogenesis of disease. A full understanding of these mechanisms will be important for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat diseases associated with dysregulated redox homeostasis and metabolism. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1319-1354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dipankar Ash
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheela Nagarkoti
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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126
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Manuel AM, van de Wetering C, MacPherson M, Erickson C, Murray C, Aboushousha R, van der Velden J, Dixon AE, Poynter ME, Irvin CG, Taatjes DJ, van der Vliet A, Anathy V, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Dysregulation of Pyruvate Kinase M2 Promotes Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Obese Allergic Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:709-721. [PMID: 33662229 PMCID: PMC8456891 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0512oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for the development of asthma and represents a difficult-to-treat disease phenotype. Aerobic glycolysis is emerging as a key feature of asthma, and changes in glucose metabolism are linked to leukocyte activation and adaptation to oxidative stress. Dysregulation of PKM2 (pyruvate kinase M2), the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of glycolysis, contributes to house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation and remodeling in lean mice. It remains unclear whether glycolytic reprogramming and dysregulation of PKM2 also contribute to obese asthma. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the functional role of PKM2 in a murine model of obese allergic asthma. We evaluated the small molecule activator of PKM2, TEPP46, and assessed the role of PKM2 using conditional ablation of the Pkm2 allele from airway epithelial cells. In obese C57BL/6NJ mice, parameters indicative of glycolytic reprogramming remained unchanged in the absence of stimulation with HDM. Obese mice that were subjected to HDM showed evidence of glycolytic reprogramming, and treatment with TEPP46 diminished airway inflammation, whereas parameters of airway remodeling were unaffected. Epithelial ablation of Pkm2 decreased central airway resistance in both lean and obese allergic mice in addition to decreasing inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue. Lastly, we highlight a novel role for PKM2 in the regulation of glutathione-dependent protein oxidation in the lung tissue of obese allergic mice via a putative IFN-γ-glutaredoxin1 pathway. Overall, targeting metabolism and protein oxidation may be a novel treatment strategy for obese allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cuixia Erickson
- Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Caliann Murray
- Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, and
| | | | - Anne E. Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Matthew E. Poynter
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Charles G. Irvin
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | | | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, and
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Cancer Cell Metabolism in Hypoxia: Role of HIF-1 as Key Regulator and Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115703. [PMID: 34071836 PMCID: PMC8199012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to meet the high energy demand, a metabolic reprogramming occurs in cancer cells. Its role is crucial in promoting tumor survival. Among the substrates in demand, oxygen is fundamental for bioenergetics. Nevertheless, tumor microenvironment is frequently characterized by low-oxygen conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a pivotal modulator of the metabolic reprogramming which takes place in hypoxic cancer cells. In the hub of cellular bioenergetics, mitochondria are key players in regulating cellular energy. Therefore, a close crosstalk between mitochondria and HIF-1 underlies the metabolic and functional changes of cancer cells. Noteworthy, HIF-1 represents a promising target for novel cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between HIF-1 and energetic metabolism, with a focus on mitochondria, of hypoxic cancer cells.
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128
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Jin X, Zhang W, Wang Y, Liu J, Hao F, Li Y, Tian M, Shu H, Dong J, Feng Y, Wei M. Pyruvate Kinase M2 Promotes the Activation of Dendritic Cells by Enhancing IL-12p35 Expression. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107690. [PMID: 32460017 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Emerging evidence has demonstrated metabolic reprogramming during DC activation. However, how DC activation is linked with metabolic reprogramming remains unclear. Here we show that pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), the rate-limiting enzyme in the last step of glycolysis, is critical for LPS-induced DC activation. Upon DC activation, JNK signaling stimulated p300 association with PKM2 for the acetylation of lysine 433, a classic posttranslational modification critical for PKM2 destabilization and nuclear re-localization. Subsequently, nuclear PKM2 partnered with c-Rel to enhance Il12p35 expression, which is important for Th1 cell differentiation. Meanwhile, decreased enzymatic activity of PKM2 due to detetramerization facilitated glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis, helping DCs meet their need for biomacromolecules. Together, we provide evidence for metabolic control of DC activation and offer insights into aberrant immune responses due to dysregulated Th1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengyao Shu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China.
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129
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Shi W, Fu Y, Wang Y. Downregulation of GLUT3 impairs STYK1/NOK-mediated metabolic reprogramming and proliferation in NIH-3T3 cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:527. [PMID: 34055092 PMCID: PMC8138895 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine threonine tyrosine kinase 1 (STYK1)/novel oncogene with kinase domain (NOK) has been demonstrated to promote cell carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis, as well as to strengthen cellular aerobic glycolysis, which is considered to be a defining hallmark of cancer. As the carriers of glucose into cells, glucose transporters (GLUTs) are important participants in cellular glucose metabolism and even tumorigenesis. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of GLUTs in biological events caused by STYK1/NOK has not yet been reported. The present study assessed GLUT3 as a key transporter, and glucose consumption and lactate production assays revealed that downregulation of GLUT3 impaired STYK1/NOK-induced augmented glucose uptake and lactate production, and RT-qPCR and western blotting confirmed that GLUT3 knockdown attenuated the STYK1/NOK-induced increase in the expression levels of key enzymes implicated in glycolysis. Furthermore, MTT and Transwell assays demonstrated that STYK1/NOK-triggered cell proliferation and migration were also markedly decreased following knockdown of GLUT3. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that GLUT3 serves a prominent role in STYK1/NOK-driven aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation characteristics. These findings may provide a clue for the investigation of the oncogenic activity of STYK1/NOK and for the identification of potential tumor therapy targets associated with GLUT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Shi
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, P.R. China
| | - Yingze Wang
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, P.R. China
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130
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Pei L, Le Y, Chen H, Feng J, Liu Z, Zhu J, Wang C, Chen L, Dou X, Lu D. Cynaroside prevents macrophage polarization into pro-inflammatory phenotype and alleviates cecal ligation and puncture-induced liver injury by targeting PKM2/HIF-1α axis. Fitoterapia 2021; 152:104922. [PMID: 33984439 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of sepsis is still challenging and the liver is an important target of sepsis-related injury. Macrophages are important innate immune cells in liver, and modulation of macrophages M1/M2 polarization may be a promising strategy for septic liver injury treatment. Macrophage polarization and inflammation of liver tissue has been shown regulated by pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2)-mediated aerobic glycolysis and immune inflammatory pathways. Therefore, modulating PKM2-mediated immunometabolic reprogramming presents a novel strategy for inflammation-associated diseases. In this study, cynaroside, a flavonoid compound, promoted macrophage phenotypic transition from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2, and mitigated sepsis-associated liver inflammatory damage. We established that cynaroside reduced binding of PKM2 to hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) by abolishing translocation of PKM2 to the nucleus and promoting PKM2 tetramer formation, as well as suppressing phosphorylation of PKM2 at Y105 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, cynaroside restored pyruvate kinase activity, inhibited glycolysis-related proteins including PFKFB3, HK2 and HIF-1α, and inhibited glycolysis-related hyperacetylation of HMGB1 in septic liver. Therefore, this study reports a novel function of cynaroside in hepatic macrophage polarization, and cecum ligation and puncture-induced liver injury in septic mice. The findings provide crucial information with regard to therapeutic efficacy of cynaroside in the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhua Pei
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Le
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Chen
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafan Feng
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 330106 Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dezhao Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, China.
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131
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Guo X, Wang T, Huang G, Li R, Da Costa C, Li H, Lv S, Li N. Rediscovering potential molecular targets for glioma therapy through the analysis of the cell of origin, microenvironment, and metabolism. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:558-574. [PMID: 33949933 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210504091722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common type of malignant brain tumors. Despite significant medical advances, gliomas remain incurable and are associated with high mortality. Although numerous biomarkers of diagnostic value have been identified and significant progress in the prognosis of the outcome has been made, the treatment has not been parallelly improved during the last three decades. This review summarizes and discusses three aspects of recent discoveries related to glioma, with the objective to highlight the advantages of glioma-specific drugs targeting the cell of origin, microenvironment, and metabolism. Given the heterogeneous nature of gliomas, various cell populations have been implicated as likely sources of the tumor. Depending on the mutation(s) acquired by the cells, it is believed that neuronal stem/progenitor cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, mature neurons, and glial cells can initiate cell transformation into a malignant phenotype. The level of tumorigenicity appears to be inversely correlated with the maturation of a given cell population. The microenvironment of gliomas includes non-cancer cells such as immune cells, fibroblasts, and cells of blood vessels, as well as secreted molecules and the extracellular matrix, and all these components play a vital role during tumor initiation and progression. We will discuss in detail how the tumor microenvironment can stimulate and drive the transformation of non-tumor cell populations into tumor-supporting cells or glioma cells. Metabolic reprogramming is a key feature of gliomas and is thought to reflect the adaptation to the increased nutritional requirements of tumor cell proliferation, growth, and survival. Mutations in the IDH gene can shape metabolic reprogramming and may generate some vulnerabilities in glioma cells, such as abnormal lipid metabolism and sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). We will analyze the prominent metabolic features of malignant gliomas and the key pathways regulating glioma metabolism. This review is intended to provide a conceptual background for the development of glioma therapies based on the properties of tumor cell populations, microenvironment, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Guo
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd, Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd, Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107. China
| | - Guohao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City 400037. China
| | - Ruohan Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd, Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107. China
| | - Clive Da Costa
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT. United Kingdom
| | - Huafu Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd, Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107. China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City 400037. China
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd, Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107. China
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Zhang W, Zhang X, Huang S, Chen J, Ding P, Wang Q, Li L, Lv X, Li L, Zhang P, Zhou D, Wen W, Wang Y, Lei Q, Wu J, Hu W. FOXM1D potentiates PKM2-mediated tumor glycolysis and angiogenesis. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1466-1485. [PMID: 33314660 PMCID: PMC8096781 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth, especially in the late stage, requires adequate nutrients and rich vasculature, in which PKM2 plays a convergent role. It has been reported that PKM2, together with FOXM1D, is upregulated in late-stage colorectal cancer and associated with metastasis; however, their underlying mechanism for promoting tumor progression remains elusive. Herein, we revealed that FOXM1D potentiates PKM2-mediated glycolysis and angiogenesis through multiple protein-protein interactions. In the presence of FBP, FOXM1D binds to tetrameric PKM2 and assembles a heterooctamer, restraining PKM2 metabolic activity by about a half and thereby promoting aerobic glycolysis. Furthermore, FOXM1D interacts with PKM2 and NF-κB and induces their nuclear translocation with the assistance of the nuclear transporter importin 4. Once in the nucleus, PKM2 and NF-κB complexes subsequently augment VEGFA transcription. The increased VEGFA is secreted extracellularly via exosomes, an event potentiated by the interaction of FOXM1 with VPS11, eventually promoting tumor angiogenesis. Based on these findings, our study provides another insight into the role of PKM2 in the regulation of glycolysis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Sheng Huang
- Department of Breast SurgeryBreast Cancer InstituteFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peipei Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qi Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Luying Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyue Lv
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ling Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Pingzhao Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Danlei Zhou
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenyu Wen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiping Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qun‐Ying Lei
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiong Wu
- Department of Breast SurgeryBreast Cancer InstituteFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in ShanghaiFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in ShanghaiFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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133
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Ma R, Wu Y, Li S, Yu X. Interplay Between Glucose Metabolism and Chromatin Modifications in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654337. [PMID: 33987181 PMCID: PMC8110832 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram glucose metabolism to meet their malignant proliferation needs and survival under a variety of stress conditions. The prominent metabolic reprogram is aerobic glycolysis, which can help cells accumulate precursors for biosynthesis of macromolecules. In addition to glycolysis, recent studies show that gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle play important roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review about the role of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and TCA cycle in tumorigenesis with an emphasis on revealing the novel functions of the relevant enzymes and metabolites. These functions include regulation of cell metabolism, gene expression, cell apoptosis and autophagy. We also summarize the effect of glucose metabolism on chromatin modifications and how this relationship leads to cancer development. Understanding the link between cancer cell metabolism and chromatin modifications will help develop more effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xilan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Irokawa H, Numasaki S, Kato S, Iwai K, Inose-Maruyama A, Ohdate T, Hwang GW, Toyama T, Watanabe T, Kuge S. Comprehensive analyses of the cysteine thiol oxidation of PKM2 reveal the effects of multiple oxidation on cellular oxidative stress response. Biochem J 2021; 478:1453-1470. [PMID: 33749780 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation of proteins via cysteine residue oxidation is involved in the control of various cellular signal pathways. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, is critical for the metabolic shift from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway under oxidative stress in cancer cell growth. The PKM2 tetramer is required for optimal pyruvate kinase (PK) activity, whereas the inhibition of inter-subunit interaction of PKM2 induced by Cys358 oxidation has reduced PK activity. In the present study, we identified three oxidation-sensitive cysteine residues (Cys358, Cys423 and Cys424) responsible for four oxidation forms via the thiol oxidant diamide and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Possibly due to obstruction of the dimer-dimer interface, H2O2-induced sulfenylation (-SOH) and diamide-induced modification at Cys424 inhibited tetramer formation and PK activity. Cys423 is responsible for intermolecular disulfide bonds with heterologous proteins via diamide. Additionally, intramolecular polysulphide linkage (-Sn-, n ≧ 3) between Cys358 and an unidentified PKM2 Cys could be induced by diamide. We observed that cells expressing the oxidation-resistant PKM2 (PKM2C358,424A) produced more intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited greater sensitivity to ROS-generating reagents and ROS-inducible anti-cancer drugs compared with cells expressing wild-type PKM2. These results highlight the possibility that PKM2 inhibition via Cys358 and Cys424 oxidation contributes to eliminating excess ROS and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Irokawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Numasaki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shin Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenta Iwai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Inose-Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohdate
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Gi-Wook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shusuke Kuge
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
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135
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Nandi S, Razzaghi M, Srivastava D, Dey M. Structural basis for allosteric regulation of pyruvate kinase M2 by phosphorylation and acetylation. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17425-17440. [PMID: 33453989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2) is a key glycolytic enzyme and transcriptional coactivator and is critical for tumor metabolism. In cancer cells, native tetrameric PKM2 is phosphorylated or acetylated, which initiates a switch to a dimeric/monomeric form that translocates into the nucleus, causing oncogene transcription. However, it is not known how these post-translational modifications (PTMs) disrupt the oligomeric state of PKM2. We explored this question via crystallographic and biophysical analyses of PKM2 mutants containing residues that mimic phosphorylation and acetylation. We find that the PTMs elicit major structural reorganization of the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), an allosteric activator, binding site, impacting the interaction with FBP and causing a disruption in oligomerization. To gain insight into how these modifications might cause unique outcomes in cancer cells, we examined the impact of increasing the intracellular pH (pHi) from ∼7.1 (in normal cells) to ∼7.5 (in cancer cells). Biochemical studies of WT PKM2 (wtPKM2) and the two mimetic variants demonstrated that the activity decreases as the pH is increased from 7.0 to 8.0, and wtPKM2 is optimally active and amenable to FBP-mediated allosteric regulation at pHi 7.5. However, the PTM mimetics exist as a mixture of tetramer and dimer, indicating that physiologically dimeric fraction is important and might be necessary for the modified PKM2 to translocate into the nucleus. Thus, our findings provide insight into how PTMs and pH regulate PKM2 and offer a broader understanding of its intricate allosteric regulation mechanism by phosphorylation or acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparno Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | - Mishtu Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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136
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Coassolo S, Davidson G, Negroni L, Gambi G, Daujat S, Romier C, Davidson I. Citrullination of pyruvate kinase M2 by PADI1 and PADI3 regulates glycolysis and cancer cell proliferation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1718. [PMID: 33741961 PMCID: PMC7979715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 (CHD4) is an ATPase subunit of the Nucleosome Remodelling and Deacetylation (NuRD) complex that regulates gene expression. CHD4 is essential for growth of multiple patient derived melanoma xenografts and for breast cancer. Here we show that CHD4 regulates expression of PADI1 (Protein Arginine Deiminase 1) and PADI3 in multiple cancer cell types modulating citrullination of arginine residues of the allosterically-regulated glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). Citrullination of PKM2 R106 reprogrammes cross-talk between PKM2 ligands lowering its sensitivity to the inhibitors Tryptophan, Alanine and Phenylalanine and promoting activation by Serine. Citrullination thus bypasses normal physiological regulation by low Serine levels to promote excessive glycolysis and reduced cell proliferation. We further show that PADI1 and PADI3 expression is up-regulated by hypoxia where PKM2 citrullination contributes to increased glycolysis. We provide insight as to how conversion of arginines to citrulline impacts key interactions within PKM2 that act in concert to reprogramme its activity as an additional mechanism regulating this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Coassolo
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Equipe Labélise Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guillaume Davidson
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Equipe Labélise Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Negroni
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Equipe Labélise Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Giovanni Gambi
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Equipe Labélise Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Daujat
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Equipe Labélise Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, CNRS UMR7242, 300 Bd Sébastien Brandt, Illkirch, France
| | - Christophe Romier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Equipe Labélise Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Equipe Labélise Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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137
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Damasceno LEA, Prado DS, Veras FP, Fonseca MM, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Rosa MH, Públio GA, Martins TV, Ramalho FS, Waisman A, Cunha FQ, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC. PKM2 promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation by fine-tuning STAT3 activation. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151965. [PMID: 32697823 PMCID: PMC7537396 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 cell differentiation and pathogenicity depend on metabolic reprogramming inducing shifts toward glycolysis. Here, we show that the pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a glycolytic enzyme required for cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression, is a key factor mediating Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation. We found that PKM2 is highly expressed throughout the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development. Strikingly, PKM2 is not required for the metabolic reprogramming and proliferative capacity of Th17 cells. However, T cell-specific PKM2 deletion impairs Th17 cell differentiation and ameliorates symptoms of EAE by decreasing Th17 cell-mediated inflammation and demyelination. Mechanistically, PKM2 translocates into the nucleus and interacts with STAT3, enhancing its activation and thereby increasing Th17 cell differentiation. Thus, PKM2 acts as a critical nonmetabolic regulator that fine-tunes Th17 cell differentiation and function in autoimmune-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Alves Damasceno
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Douglas Silva Prado
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Flavio Protasio Veras
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Miriam M Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana E Toller-Kawahisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcos Henrique Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Azevedo Públio
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Timna Varela Martins
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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138
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Lee SA, Ho C, Troxler M, Lin CY, Chung SH. Non-Metabolic Functions of PKM2 Contribute to Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation Induced by the HPV16 E7 Oncoprotein. Viruses 2021; 13:433. [PMID: 33800513 PMCID: PMC8001101 DOI: 10.3390/v13030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) mainly catalyzes glycolysis, but it also exerts non-glycolytic functions in several cancers. While it has been shown to interact with the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E7 oncoprotein, the functional significance of PKM2 in HPV-associated cervical cancer has been elusive. Here, we show that HPV16 E7 increased the expression of PKM2 in cervical cancer cells. TCGA data analyses revealed a higher level of PKM2 in HPV+ than HPV- cervical cancers and a worse prognosis for patients with high PKM2 expression. Functionally, we demonstrate that shRNA-mediated PKM2 knockdown decreased the proliferation of HPV+ SiHa cervical cancer cells. PKM2 knockdown also inhibited the E7-induced proliferation of cervical cancer cells. ML265 activating the pyruvate kinase function of PKM2 inhibited cell cycle progression and colony formation. ML265 treatments decreased phosphorylation of PKM2 at the Y105 position that has been associated with non-glycolytic functions. On the contrary, HPV16 E7 increased the PKM2 phosphorylation. Our results indicate that E7 increases PKM2 expression and activates a non-glycolytic function of PKM2 to promote cervical cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sang-Hyuk Chung
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (S.-A.L.); (C.H.); (M.T.); (C.-Y.L.)
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139
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Lv M, Zhang S, Dong Y, Cao L, Guo S. PolG Inhibits Gastric Cancer Glycolysis and Viability by Suppressing PKM2 Phosphorylation. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:1559-1570. [PMID: 33623435 PMCID: PMC7896732 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s292306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. There is a critical need for the development of novel therapies in GC. DNA polymerase gamma (PolG) has been implicated in mitochondrial homeostasis and affects the development of numerous types of cancer, however, its effects on GC and molecular mechanisms remain to be fully determined. The aim of the present research was to clarify the effects of PolG on GC and its possible molecular mechanism of action. Methods The GSE62254 dataset was used to predict the effect of PolG on prognostic value in GC patients. Lentivirus-mediated transduction was used to silence PolG expression. Western blot analysis evinced the silencing effect. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analysis was performed to explore the potential molecular mechanism of action. Analysis of the glycolysis process in GC cells was also undertaken. Cell proliferation was determined using a CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) proliferation assay. Cell migration was detected using the Transwell device. Animal experiments were used to measure in vivo xenograft tumor growth. Results GC patients with low PolG expression have worse overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). PolG binds to PKM2 and affects the activation of Tyr105-site phosphorylation, thus interfering with the glycolysis of GC cells. In vitro tumor formation experiments in mice also confirmed that PolG silencing of GC has a stronger proliferation ability. PolG can suppress GC cell growth both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion Our study reveals a potential molecular mechanism between PolG and the energy metabolic process of GC tumor cells for the first time, suggesting PolG as an independent novel potential therapeutic target for tumor therapy, and providing new ideas for clinical GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhu Lv
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China Medical University the First Hospital, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Simeng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, China Medical University the First Hospital, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Dong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China Medical University the First Hospital, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China Medical University the First Hospital, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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140
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Korwar AM, Hossain A, Lee TJ, Shay AE, Basrur V, Conlon K, Smith PB, Carlson BA, Salis HM, Patterson AD, Prabhu KS. Selenium-dependent metabolic reprogramming during inflammation and resolution. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100410. [PMID: 33581115 PMCID: PMC7966868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace element selenium (Se) is incorporated as the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine, into selenoproteins through tRNA[Ser]Sec. Selenoproteins act as gatekeepers of redox homeostasis and modulate immune function to effect anti-inflammation and resolution. However, mechanistic underpinnings involving metabolic reprogramming during inflammation and resolution remain poorly understood. Bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation of murine bone marrow–derived macrophages cultured in the presence or absence of Se (as selenite) was used to examine temporal changes in the proteome and metabolome by multiplexed tandem mass tag–quantitative proteomics, metabolomics, and machine-learning approaches. Kinetic deltagram and clustering analysis indicated that addition of Se led to extensive reprogramming of cellular metabolism upon stimulation with LPS enhancing the pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, to aid in the phenotypic transition toward alternatively activated macrophages, synonymous with resolution of inflammation. Remodeling of metabolic pathways and consequent metabolic adaptation toward proresolving phenotypes began with Se treatment at 0 h and became most prominent around 8 h after LPS stimulation that included succinate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate kinase, and sedoheptulokinase. Se-dependent modulation of these pathways predisposed bone marrow–derived macrophages to preferentially increase oxidative phosphorylation to efficiently regulate inflammation and its timely resolution. The use of macrophages lacking selenoproteins indicated that all three metabolic nodes were sensitive to selenoproteome expression. Furthermore, inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase complex with dimethylmalonate affected the proresolving effects of Se by increasing the resolution interval in a murine peritonitis model. In summary, our studies provide novel insights into the role of cellular Se via metabolic reprograming to facilitate anti-inflammation and proresolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind M Korwar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ayaan Hossain
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Departments of Chemical Engineering, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tai-Jung Lee
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley E Shay
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, Proteomics Resource Facility, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin Conlon
- Department of Pathology, Proteomics Resource Facility, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Philip B Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Metabolomics Facility, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bradley A Carlson
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Howard M Salis
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Departments of Chemical Engineering, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - K Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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141
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Xia L, Jiang Y, Zhang XH, Wang XR, Wei R, Qin K, Lu Y. SUMOylation disassembles the tetrameric pyruvate kinase M2 to block myeloid differentiation of leukemia cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:101. [PMID: 33473116 PMCID: PMC7817830 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia arises from blockage of the differentiation/maturation of hematopoietic progenitor cells at different stages with uncontrolled proliferation of leukemic cells. However, the signal pathways that block cell differentiation remain unclear. Herein we found that SUMOylation of the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), a rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme catalyzing the dephosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, is prevalent in a variety of leukemic cell lines as well as primary samples from patients with leukemia through multiple-reaction monitoring based targeted mass spectrometry analysis. SUMOylation of PKM2 lysine 270 (K270) triggered conformation change from tetrameric to dimeric of PKM2, reduced PK activity, and led to nuclear translocation of PKM2. SUMO1 modification of PKM2 recruits and promotes degradation of RUNX1 via a SUMO-interacting motif, resulting in blockage of myeloid differentiation of NB4 and U937 leukemia cells. Replacement of wild type PKM2 with a SUMOylation-deficient mutant (K270R) abrogated the interaction with RUNX1, and the blockage of myeloid differentiation in vitro and in xenograft model. Our results establish PKM2 as an essential modulator of leukemia cell differentiation and a potential therapeutic target, which may offer synergistic effect with differentiation therapy in the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Department of Core Facility of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Hong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xin-Ran Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Department of Core Facility of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Department of Core Facility of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Qin
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Department of Core Facility of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Department of Core Facility of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Hematology, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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142
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Discovery of Functional Alternatively Spliced PKM Transcripts in Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020348. [PMID: 33478099 PMCID: PMC7835739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pyruvate kinase muscle type (PKM) is a key enzyme in glycolysis and is a mediator of the Warburg effect in tumors. The association of PKM with survival of cancer patients is controversial. In this study, we investigated the associations of the alternatively spliced transcripts of PKM with cancer patients’ survival outcomes and explained the conflicts in previous studies. We discovered three poorly studied alternatively spliced PKM transcripts that exhibited opposite prognostic indications in different human cancers based on integrative systems analysis. We also detected their protein products and explored their potential biological functions based on in-vitro experiments. Our analysis demonstrated that alternatively spliced transcripts of not only PKM but also other genes should be considered in cancer studies, since it may enable the discovery and targeting of the right protein product for development of the efficient treatment strategies. Abstract Pyruvate kinase muscle type (PKM) is a key enzyme in glycolysis and plays an important oncological role in cancer. However, the association of PKM expression and the survival outcome of patients with different cancers is controversial. We employed systems biology methods to reveal prognostic value and potential biological functions of PKM transcripts in different human cancers. Protein products of transcripts were shown and detected by western blot and mass spectrometry analysis. We focused on different transcripts of PKM and investigated the associations between their mRNA expression and the clinical survival of the patients in 25 different cancers. We find that the transcripts encoding PKM2 and three previously unstudied transcripts, namely ENST00000389093, ENST00000568883, and ENST00000561609, exhibited opposite prognostic indications in different cancers. Moreover, we validated the prognostic effect of these transcripts in an independent kidney cancer cohort. Finally, we revealed that ENST00000389093 and ENST00000568883 possess pyruvate kinase enzymatic activity and may have functional roles in metabolism, cell invasion, and hypoxia response in cancer cells. Our study provided a potential explanation to the controversial prognostic indication of PKM, and could invoke future studies focusing on revealing the biological and oncological roles of these alternative spliced variants of PKM.
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Targeting Cancer Metabolism and Current Anti-Cancer Drugs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1286:15-48. [PMID: 33725343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55035-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have exploited the metabolic hallmarks that distinguish between normal and cancer cells, aiming at identifying specific targets of anti-cancer drugs. It has become apparent that metabolic flexibility allows cancer cells to survive during high anabolic demand or the depletion of nutrients and oxygen. Cancers can reprogram their metabolism to the microenvironments by increasing aerobic glycolysis to maximize ATP production, increasing glutaminolysis and anabolic pathways to support bioenergetic and biosynthetic demand during rapid proliferation. The increased key regulatory enzymes that support the relevant pathways allow us to design small molecules which can specifically block activities of these enzymes, preventing growth and metastasis of tumors. In this review, we discuss metabolic adaptation in cancers and highlight the crucial metabolic enzymes involved, specifically those involved in aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, de novo fatty acid synthesis, and bioenergetic pathways. Furthermore, we also review the success and the pitfalls of the current anti-cancer drugs which have been applied in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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144
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Tang M, Ren X, Fu C, Ding M, Meng X. Regulating glucose metabolism using nanomedicines for cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:5749-5764. [PMID: 34196332 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of glucose metabolism is a research focus in cancer treatment. Glucose metabolism is essential for maintaining the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, thus offering us great opportunities for tumor treatment. Recently, much progress has been made in efficient cancer treatment by regulating the pathway of glucose metabolism with nanomedicines due to the rapid development of nanotechnology and promising drug targets. In this review, we first introduced the pathway of cell energy supply from the perspective of aerobic and anaerobic processes. Then, we discussed the recent research progress in regulating glucose metabolism for various tumor resistance strategies including heat resistance, multiple drug resistance, and hypoxia. Finally, we presented the prospects and challenges of developing multifunctional nanoagents for efficient chemotherapy, hyperthermia, dynamic therapy and so on by regulating glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China and Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and Key Laboratory of Super Light Material and Surface Technology Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China and CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiangling Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Minghui Ding
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China and Key Laboratory of Super Light Material and Surface Technology Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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145
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Burgos RA, Alarcón P, Quiroga J, Manosalva C, Hancke J. Andrographolide, an Anti-Inflammatory Multitarget Drug: All Roads Lead to Cellular Metabolism. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010005. [PMID: 33374961 PMCID: PMC7792620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide is a labdane diterpene and the main active ingredient isolated from the herb Andrographis paniculata. Andrographolide possesses diverse biological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antineoplastic properties. Clinical studies have demonstrated that andrographolide could be useful in therapy for a wide range of diseases such as osteoarthritis, upper respiratory diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Several targets are described for andrographolide, including the interference of transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, and HIF-1 and signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and JAK/STAT. In addition, an increase in the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2) signaling pathway also supports its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, this scenario could be more complex since recent evidence suggests that andrographolide targets can modulate glucose metabolism. The metabolic effect of andrographolide might be the key to explaining the diverse therapeutic effects described in preclinical and clinical studies. This review discusses some of the most recent evidence about the anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects of andrographolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (P.A.); (J.Q.); (J.H.)
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-63-2293-015
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (P.A.); (J.Q.); (J.H.)
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (P.A.); (J.Q.); (J.H.)
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- PhD Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Juan Hancke
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (P.A.); (J.Q.); (J.H.)
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146
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O'Neill EN, Cosenza ZA, Baar K, Block DE. Considerations for the development of cost-effective cell culture media for cultivated meat production. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:686-709. [PMID: 33325139 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Innovation in cultivated meat development has been rapidly accelerating in recent years because it holds the potential to help attenuate issues facing production of dietary protein for a growing world population. There are technical obstacles still hindering large-scale commercialization of cultivated meat, of which many are related to the media that are used to culture the muscle, fat, and connective tissue cells. While animal cell culture media has been used and refined for roughly a century, it has not been specifically designed with the requirements of cultivated meat in mind. Perhaps the most common industrial use of animal cell culture is currently the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, which sell for orders of magnitude more than meat. Successful production of cultivated meat requires media that is food grade with minimal cost, can regulate large-scale cell proliferation and differentiation, has acceptable sensory qualities, and is animal ingredient-free. Much insight into strategies for achieving media formulations with these qualities can be obtained from knowledge of conventional culture media applications and from the metabolic pathways involved in myogenesis and protein synthesis. In addition, application of principles used to optimize media for large-scale microbial fermentation processes producing lower value commodity chemicals and food ingredients can also be instructive. As such, the present review shall provide an overview of the current understanding of cell culture media as it relates to cultivated meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N O'Neill
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Zachary A Cosenza
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - David E Block
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California
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147
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Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in modulating cancer cell metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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148
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Chen X, Chen S, Yu D. Protein kinase function of pyruvate kinase M2 and cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:523. [PMID: 33292198 PMCID: PMC7597019 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is a terminal enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, where it catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and production of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation. PKM2 is one of four isoforms of pyruvate kinase and is widely expressed in many types of tumors and associated with tumorigenesis. In addition to pyruvate kinase activity involving the metabolic pathway, increasing evidence demonstrates that PKM2 exerts a non-metabolic function in cancers. PKM2 has been shown to be translocated into nucleus, where it serves as a protein kinase to phosphorylate various protein targets and contribute to multiple physiopathological processes. We discuss the nuclear localization of PKM2, its protein kinase function and association with cancers, and regulation of PKM2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuan West Road, Guangzhou, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuan West Road, Guangzhou, 510055, People's Republic of China.
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149
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Selective knockdown of hexokinase 2 in rods leads to age-related photoreceptor degeneration and retinal metabolic remodeling. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:885. [PMID: 33082308 PMCID: PMC7576789 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors, the primary site of phototransduction in the retina, require energy and metabolites to constantly renew their outer segments. They preferentially consume most glucose through aerobic glycolysis despite possessing abundant mitochondria and enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Exactly how photoreceptors balance aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial OXPHOS to regulate their survival is still unclear. We crossed rhodopsin-Cre mice with hexokinase 2 (HK2)-floxed mice to study the effect of knocking down HK2, the first rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, on retinal health and metabolic remodeling. Immunohistochemistry and Western blots were performed to study changes in photoreceptor-specific proteins and key enzymes in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Changes in retinal structure and function were studied by optical coherence tomography and electroretinography. Mass spectrometry was performed to profile changes in 13C-glucose-derived metabolites in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. We found that knocking down HK2 in rods led to age-related photoreceptor degeneration, evidenced by reduced expression of photoreceptor-specific proteins, age-related reductions of the outer nuclear layer, photoreceptor inner and outer segments and impaired electroretinographic responses. Loss of HK2 in rods led to upregulation of HK1, phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2, mitochondrial stress proteins and enzymes in the TCA cycle. Mass spectrometry found that the deletion of HK2 in rods resulted in accumulation of 13C-glucose along with decreased pyruvate and increased metabolites in the TCA cycle. Our data suggest that HK2-mediated aerobic glycolysis is indispensable for the maintenance of photoreceptor structure and function and that long-term inhibition of glycolysis leads to photoreceptor degeneration.
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150
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Zhang D, Xu X, Ye Q. Metabolism and immunity in breast cancer. Front Med 2020; 15:178-207. [PMID: 33074528 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies that seriously threaten women's health. In the process of the malignant transformation of breast cancer, metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion represent the two main fascinating characteristics of cancer and facilitate cancer cell proliferation. Breast cancer cells generate energy through increased glucose metabolism. Lipid metabolism contributes to biological signal pathways and forms cell membranes except energy generation. Amino acids act as basic protein units and metabolic regulators in supporting cell growth. For tumor-associated immunity, poor immunogenicity and heightened immunosuppression cause breast cancer cells to evade the host's immune system. For the past few years, the complex mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion are deeply investigated, and the genes involved in these processes are used as clinical therapeutic targets for breast cancer. Here, we review the recent findings related to abnormal metabolism and immune characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, their links, and relevant therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China.
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