101
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Tsenova L, Singhal A. Effects of host-directed therapies on the pathology of tuberculosis. J Pathol 2020; 250:636-646. [PMID: 32108337 DOI: 10.1002/path.5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), has co-evolved with the human immune system and utilizes multiple strategies to persist within infected cells, to hijack several immune mechanisms, and to cause severe pathology and tissue damage in the host. This delays the efficacy of current antibiotic therapy and contributes to the evolution of multi-drug-resistant strains. These challenges led to the development of the novel approach in TB treatment that involves therapeutic targeting of host immune response to control disease pathogenesis and pathogen growth, namely, host-directed therapies (HDTs). Such HDT approaches can (1) enhance the effect of antibiotics, (2) shorten treatment duration for any clinical form of TB, (3) promote development of immunological memory that could protect against relapse, and (4) ameliorate the immunopathology including matrix destruction and fibrosis associated with TB. In this review we discuss TB-HDT candidates shown to be of clinical relevance that thus could be developed to reduce pathology, tissue damage, and subsequent impairment of pulmonary function. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsenova
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre (VIDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
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102
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Metabolic Switching of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during Hypoxia Is Controlled by the Virulence Regulator PhoP. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00705-19. [PMID: 31932312 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00705-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis retains the ability to establish an asymptomatic latent infection. A fundamental question in mycobacterial physiology is to understand the mechanisms involved in hypoxic stress, a critical player in persistence. Here, we show that the virulence regulator PhoP responds to hypoxia, the dormancy signal, and effectively integrates hypoxia with nitrogen metabolism. We also provide evidence to demonstrate that both under nitrogen limiting conditions and during hypoxia, phoP locus controls key genes involved in nitrogen metabolism. Consistently, under hypoxia a ΔphoP strain shows growth attenuation even with surplus nitrogen, the alternate electron acceptor, and complementation of the mutant restores bacterial growth. Together, our observations provide new biological insights into the role of PhoP in integrating nitrogen metabolism with hypoxia by the assistance of the hypoxia regulator DosR. The results have significant implications on the mechanism of intracellular survival and growth of the tubercle bacilli under a hypoxic environment within the phagosome.IMPORTANCE M. tuberculosis retains the unique ability to establish an asymptomatic latent infection. To understand the mechanisms involved in hypoxic stress which play a critical role in persistence, we show that the virulence regulator PhoP is linked to hypoxia, the dormancy signal. In keeping with this, phoP was shown to play a major role in M. tuberculosis growth under hypoxia even in the presence of surplus nitrogen, the alternate electron acceptor. Our results showing regulation of hypoxia-responsive genes provide new biological insights into role of the virulence regulator in metabolic switching by sensing hypoxia and integrating nitrogen metabolism with hypoxia by the assistance of the hypoxia regulator DosR.
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103
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Jeny F, Bernaudin JF, Valeyre D, Nunes H, Planès C, Besnard V. [Is hypoxia a factor in the progression of pulmonary sarcoidosis?]. Rev Mal Respir 2020; 37:214-217. [PMID: 32146058 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease that can reduce life expectancy mainly due to pulmonary fibrosis resulting from granulomatous inflammation The lack of vascularization within pulmonary granulomas suggests that macrophages localized in the center of these structures are hypoxic. Hypoxia signaling pathways are known to be pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic in various pathological conditions. Recent data suggest an involvement of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. This could represent a new research approach for the understanding and therapeutic management of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jeny
- UMR 1272 hypoxie & poumon, Inserm-université Paris 13, SMBH, Bobigny, France; Service de pneumologie, hôpital Avicenne AP-HP, Bobigny, France.
| | - J-F Bernaudin
- UMR 1272 hypoxie & poumon, Inserm-université Paris 13, SMBH, Bobigny, France; Service de pneumologie, hôpital Avicenne AP-HP, Bobigny, France; Faculté de médecine, Sorbonne université, Paris, France
| | - D Valeyre
- UMR 1272 hypoxie & poumon, Inserm-université Paris 13, SMBH, Bobigny, France; Service de pneumologie, hôpital Avicenne AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - H Nunes
- UMR 1272 hypoxie & poumon, Inserm-université Paris 13, SMBH, Bobigny, France; Service de pneumologie, hôpital Avicenne AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - C Planès
- UMR 1272 hypoxie & poumon, Inserm-université Paris 13, SMBH, Bobigny, France; Service d'explorations fonctionnelles, hôpital Avicenne AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - V Besnard
- UMR 1272 hypoxie & poumon, Inserm-université Paris 13, SMBH, Bobigny, France
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104
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Ortega-Gil A, Muñoz-Barrutia A, Roca JJ, Guijarro-López L, Vaquero JJ. A radiological score for the assessment of tuberculosis progression: Validation in mouse models. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 121:101918. [PMID: 32279874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of in vivo low-dose high-resolution micro-computed tomography imaging enables monitoring the lung damage caused by tuberculosis. Here, we propose a radiological score integrated in the experimental workflow that enables longitudinal monitoring for prospective efficacy studies in drug development programs. The score is based on an automatic measurement of total unaffected lung volume in vivo normalized for inter-subject comparison. It was validated on well-characterized progression of chronic tuberculosis in Erdman and H37Rv strains in C3HeB/FeJ-based models. We demonstrated that a decrease in the score value indicates increasing adverse effects and vice versa. The colony-forming units count confirmed the variability in the host response suggested by the score values. The correlation between changes in the mice's weight and the score is consistent with disease progression. The classification of disease extent by k-means clustering of the score values provided the definition of the lung damage severity according to the bacillus strain. The proposed score will reduce sources of bias and improve the statistical robustness of studies by the attrition of non-infected subjects or subjects with a weak immune response. Readily available quantifications allow for a fast assessment of the therapeutic potential in drug-resistant tuberculosis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega-Gil
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Diseases of the Developing World, Infectious Diseases-Centre for Excellence in Drug Discovery (ID CEDD), GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arrate Muñoz-Barrutia
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Juan Roca
- Diseases of the Developing World, Infectious Diseases-Centre for Excellence in Drug Discovery (ID CEDD), GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Guijarro-López
- Diseases of the Developing World, Infectious Diseases-Centre for Excellence in Drug Discovery (ID CEDD), GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Vaquero
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
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105
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Serum proteomics of active tuberculosis patients and contacts reveals unique processes activated during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3844. [PMID: 32123229 PMCID: PMC7052228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most lethal infection among infectious diseases. The specific aim of this study was to establish panels of serum protein biomarkers representative of active TB patients and their household contacts who were either infected (LTBI) or uninfected (EMI-TB Discovery Cohort, Pontevedra Region, Spain). A TMT (Tamdem mass tags) 10plex-based quantitative proteomics study was performed in quintuplicate containing a total of 15 individual serum samples per group. Peptides were analyzed in an LC-Orbitrap Elite platform, and raw data were processed using Proteome Discoverer 2.1. A total of 418 proteins were quantified. The specific protein signature of active TB patients was characterized by an accumulation of proteins related to complement activation, inflammation and modulation of immune response and also by a decrease of a small subset of proteins, including apolipoprotein A and serotransferrin, indicating the importance of lipid transport and iron assimilation in the progression of the disease. This signature was verified by the targeted measurement of selected candidates in a second cohort (EMI-TB Verification Cohort, Maputo Region, Mozambique) by ELISA and nephelometry techniques. These findings will aid our understanding of the complex metabolic processes associated with TB progression from LTBI to active disease.
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106
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Tezera LB, Bielecka MK, Ogongo P, Walker NF, Ellis M, Garay-Baquero DJ, Thomas K, Reichmann MT, Johnston DA, Wilkinson KA, Ahmed M, Jogai S, Jayasinghe SN, Wilkinson RJ, Mansour S, Thomas GJ, Ottensmeier CH, Leslie A, Elkington PT. Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy leads to tuberculosis reactivation via dysregulation of TNF-α. eLife 2020; 9:52668. [PMID: 32091388 PMCID: PMC7058383 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we developed a 3-dimensional cell culture model of human tuberculosis (TB) and demonstrated its potential to interrogate the host-pathogen interaction (Tezera et al., 2017a). Here, we use the model to investigate mechanisms whereby immune checkpoint therapy for cancer paradoxically activates TB infection. In patients, PD-1 is expressed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected lung tissue but is absent in areas of immunopathology. In the microsphere model, PD-1 ligands are up-regulated by infection, and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is further induced by hypoxia. Inhibition of PD-1 signalling increases Mtb growth, and augments cytokine secretion. TNF-α is responsible for accelerated Mtb growth, and TNF-α neutralisation reverses augmented Mtb growth caused by anti-PD-1 treatment. In human TB, pulmonary TNF-α immunoreactivity is increased and circulating PD-1 expression negatively correlates with sputum TNF-α concentrations. Together, our findings demonstrate that PD-1 regulates the immune response in TB, and inhibition of PD-1 accelerates Mtb growth via excessive TNF-α secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liku B Tezera
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Magdalena K Bielecka
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwaZulu NatalSouth Africa
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of KenyaNairobiKenya
| | - Naomi F Walker
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- TB Centre and Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew Ellis
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Diana J Garay-Baquero
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristian Thomas
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michaela T Reichmann
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - David A Johnston
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwaZulu NatalSouth Africa
| | - Sanjay Jogai
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Suwan N Jayasinghe
- BioPhysics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwaZulu NatalSouth Africa
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul T Elkington
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
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107
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.
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108
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Mota F, Ordonez AA, Firth G, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Ma MT, Jain SK. Radiotracer Development for Bacterial Imaging. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1964-1977. [PMID: 32048838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections remain a major threat to humanity and are a leading cause of death and disability. Antimicrobial resistance has been declared as one of the top ten threats to human health by the World Health Organization, and new technologies are urgently needed for the early diagnosis and monitoring of deep-seated and complicated infections in hospitalized patients. This review summarizes the radiotracers as applied to imaging of bacterial infections. We summarize the recent progress in the development of pathogen-specific imaging and the application of radiotracers in understanding drug pharmacokinetics as well as the local biology at the infection sites. We also highlight the opportunities for medicinal chemists in radiotracer development for bacterial infections, with an emphasis on target selection and radiosynthetic approaches. Imaging of infections is an emerging field. Beyond clinical applications, these technologies could provide unique insights into disease pathogenesis and expedite bench-to-bedside translation of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Mota
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo A Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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109
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Lee BS, Sviriaeva E, Pethe K. Targeting the cytochrome oxidases for drug development in mycobacteria. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 152:45-54. [PMID: 32081616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis strictly depends on oxygen to multiply, and the terminal oxidases are a vital part of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The bacterium possesses two aerobic respiratory branches: a cytochrome bcc-aa3 and a bacteria-specific cytochrome bd oxidase. The identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the cytochrome bcc-aa3 under numerous experimental conditions reflects the essentiality of the pathway for the optimum growth of M. tuberculosis. Recent findings on the biology of the cytochrome bcc-aa3 as well as the report of the first high-resolution structure of a mycobacterial cytochrome bcc-aa3 complex will help in the characterization and further development of potent inhibitors. Although the aerobic cytochrome bd respiratory branch is not strictly essential for growth, the discovery of a strong synthetic lethal interaction with the cytochrome bcc-aa3 placed the cytochrome bd oxidase under the spotlight as an attractive drug target for its synergistic role in potentiating the efficacy of cytochrome bcc-aa3 inhibitors and other drugs targeting oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we are discussing current knowledge about the two mycobacterial aerobic respiratory branches, their potential as drug targets, as well as potential drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore.
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110
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Lodge KM, Cowburn AS, Li W, Condliffe AM. The Impact of Hypoxia on Neutrophil Degranulation and Consequences for the Host. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041183. [PMID: 32053993 PMCID: PMC7072819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key effector cells of innate immunity, rapidly recruited to defend the host against invading pathogens. Neutrophils may kill pathogens intracellularly, following phagocytosis, or extracellularly, by degranulation and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps; all of these microbicidal strategies require the deployment of cytotoxic proteins and proteases, packaged during neutrophil development within cytoplasmic granules. Neutrophils operate in infected and inflamed tissues, which can be profoundly hypoxic. Neutrophilic infiltration of hypoxic tissues characterises a myriad of acute and chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases, and as well as potentially protecting the host from pathogens, neutrophil granule products have been implicated in causing collateral tissue damage in these scenarios. This review discusses the evidence for the enhanced secretion of destructive neutrophil granule contents observed in hypoxic environments and the potential mechanisms for this heightened granule exocytosis, highlighting implications for the host. Understanding the dichotomy of the beneficial and detrimental consequences of neutrophil degranulation in hypoxic environments is crucial to inform potential neutrophil-directed therapeutics in order to limit persistent, excessive, or inappropriate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M. Lodge
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK; (K.M.L.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Andrew S. Cowburn
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK; (K.M.L.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK;
| | - Alison M. Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Correspondence:
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111
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TbD1 deletion as a driver of the evolutionary success of modern epidemic Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages. Nat Commun 2020; 11:684. [PMID: 32019932 PMCID: PMC7000671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains are classified into different phylogenetic lineages (L), three of which (L2/L3/L4) emerged from a common progenitor after the loss of the MmpS6/MmpL6-encoding Mtb-specific deletion 1 region (TbD1). These TbD1-deleted “modern” lineages are responsible for globally-spread tuberculosis epidemics, whereas TbD1-intact “ancestral” lineages tend to be restricted to specific geographical areas, such as South India and South East Asia (L1) or East Africa (L7). By constructing and characterizing a panel of recombinant TbD1-knock-in and knock-out strains and comparison with clinical isolates, here we show that deletion of TbD1 confers to Mtb a significant increase in resistance to oxidative stress and hypoxia, which correlates with enhanced virulence in selected cellular, guinea pig and C3HeB/FeJ mouse infection models, the latter two mirroring in part the development of hypoxic granulomas in human disease progression. Our results suggest that loss of TbD1 at the origin of the L2/L3/L4 Mtb lineages was a key driver for their global epidemic spread and outstanding evolutionary success. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modern strains emerged from a common progenitor after the loss of Mtb-specific deletion 1 region (TbD1). Here, the authors show that deletion of TbD1 correlates with enhanced Mtb virulence in animal models, mirroring the development of hypoxic granulomas in human disease progression.
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112
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Seto S, Morimoto K, Yoshida T, Hiramatsu M, Hijikata M, Nagata T, Kikuchi F, Shiraishi Y, Kurashima A, Keicho N. Proteomic Profiling Reveals the Architecture of Granulomatous Lesions Caused by Tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3081. [PMID: 32010116 PMCID: PMC6978656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (MAC-LD) are both characterized pathologically by granuloma lesions, which are typically composed of a necrotic caseum at the center surrounded by fibrotic cells and lymphocytes. Although the histological characterization of TB and MAC-LD granulomas has been well-documented, their molecular signatures have not been fully evaluated. In this research we applied mass spectrometry-based proteomics combined with laser microdissection to investigate the unique protein markers in human mycobacterial granulomatous lesions. Comparing the protein abundance between caseous and cellular sub-compartments of mycobacterial granulomas, we found distinct differences. Proteins involved in cellular metabolism in transcription and translation were abundant in cellular regions, while in caseous regions proteins related to antimicrobial response accumulated. To investigate the determinants of their heterogeneity, we compared the protein abundance in caseous regions between TB and MAC-LD granulomas. We found that several proteins were significantly abundant in the MAC-LD caseum of which proteomic profiles were different from those of the TB caseum. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that one of these proteins, Angiogenin, specifically localized to the caseous regions of selected MAC-LD granulomas. We also detected peptides derived from mycobacterial proteins in the granulomas of both diseases. This study provides new insights into the architecture of granulomatous lesions in TB and MAC-LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Seto
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Morimoto
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yoshida
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Hiramatsu
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Hijikata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshi Nagata
- Department of Health Science, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Fumihito Kikuchi
- Department of Pathology, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiraishi
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Kurashima
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Keicho
- Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
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113
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Keshavjee S, Amanullah F, Cattamanchi A, Chaisson R, Dobos KM, Fox GJ, Gendelman HE, Gordon R, Hesseling A, Le Van H, Kampmann B, Kana B, Khuller G, Lewinsohn DM, Lewinsohn DA, Lin PL, Lu LL, Maartens G, Owen A, Protopopova M, Rengarajan J, Rubin E, Salgame P, Schurr E, Seddon JA, Swindells S, Tobin DM, Udwadia Z, Walzl G, Srinivasan S, Rustomjee R, Nahid P. Moving toward Tuberculosis Elimination. Critical Issues for Research in Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Tuberculosis Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 199:564-571. [PMID: 30335466 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1053pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salmaan Keshavjee
- 1 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery-Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- 4 University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Richard Chaisson
- 5 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Gregory J Fox
- 7 University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Richard Gordon
- 9 South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Hoi Le Van
- 11 National Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,12 National TB Program in Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Beate Kampmann
- 13 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bavesh Kana
- 14 University of Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,15 Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, CAPRISA, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gopal Khuller
- 16 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- 17 Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,18 Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Philiana Ling Lin
- 19 University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lenette Lin Lu
- 20 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gary Maartens
- 21 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Owen
- 22 University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - Marina Protopopova
- 23 Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Eric Rubin
- 25 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - James A Seddon
- 13 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David M Tobin
- 28 Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Zarir Udwadia
- 29 Hinduja Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- 30 Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,14 University of Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sudha Srinivasan
- 23 Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Roxana Rustomjee
- 23 Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Payam Nahid
- 4 University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
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114
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Parish T. In vitro drug discovery models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis relevant for host infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:349-358. [PMID: 31899974 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1707801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from infectious disease. Current drug therapy requires a combination of antibiotics taken over >6 months. An urgent need for new agents that can shorten therapy is required. In order to develop new drugs, simple in vitro assays are required that can identify efficacious compounds rapidly and predict in vivo activity in the human.Areas covered: This review focusses on the most relevant in vitro assays that can be utilized in a drug discovery program and which mimic different aspects of infection or disease. The focus is largely on assays used to test >1000s of compounds reliably and robustly. However, some assays used for 10s to 100s of compounds are included where the utility outweighs the low capacity. Literature searches for high throughput screening, models and in vitro assays were undertaken.Expert opinion: Drug discovery and development in tuberculosis is extremely challenging due to the requirement for predicting drug efficacy in a disease with complex pathology in which bacteria exist in heterogeneous states in inaccesible locations. A combination of assays can be used to determine profiles against replicating, non-replicating, intracellular and tolerant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Parish
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
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115
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Dube D, Sharma R, Mody N, Gupta M, Agrawal U, Vyas SP. Animal models of tuberculosis. Anim Biotechnol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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116
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Schaible B, Crifo B, Schaffer K, Taylor CT. The putative bacterial oxygen sensor Pseudomonas prolyl hydroxylase (PPHD) suppresses antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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117
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Schaible B, Crifo B, Schaffer K, Taylor CT. The putative bacterial oxygen sensor Pseudomonas prolyl hydroxylase (PPHD) suppresses antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1195-1201. [PMID: 31826919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an extracellular opportunistic bacterial pathogen commonly associated with infectious complications in susceptible individuals, such as those with underlying diseases including HIV/AIDS and cystic fibrosis. Antibiotic resistance in multiple strains of P. aeruginosa is a rapidly developing clinical problem. We have previously demonstrated that the oxygen levels at the site of P. aeruginosa infection can strongly influence virulence and antibiotic resistance in this pathogen, although the oxygen-sensing and -signaling mechanisms underpinning this response have remained unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential role of the putative oxygen sensor Pseudomonas prolyl hydroxylase (PPHD) in the control of virulence and antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa We found that a P. aeruginosa strain lacking PPHD (PAO310) exhibits increased virulence associated with increased bacterial motility. Furthermore, PPHD-deficient P. aeruginosa displayed enhanced antibiotic resistance against tetracycline through increased expression of the xenobiotic transporters mexEF-oprN and MexXY. Of note, the effect of the PPHD knockout on antibiotic resistance was phenocopied in bacteria exposed to atmospheric hypoxia. We conclude that PPHD is a putative bacterial oxygen sensor that may link microenvironmental oxygen levels to virulence and antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schaible
- Conway Institute, Systems Biology Ireland and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bianca Crifo
- Conway Institute, Systems Biology Ireland and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Schaffer
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- Conway Institute, Systems Biology Ireland and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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118
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Bolhuis MS, Akkerman OW, Sturkenboom MGG, Ghimire S, Srivastava S, Gumbo T, Alffenaar JWC. Linezolid-based Regimens for Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis (TB): A Systematic Review to Establish or Revise the Current Recommended Dose for TB Treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:S327-S335. [PMID: 30496467 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Linezolid has been successfully used for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). However, dose- and duration-related toxicity limit its use. Here, our aim was to search relevant pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) literature to identify the effective PK/PD index and to define the optimal daily dose and dosing frequency of linezolid in MDR-TB regimens. The systematic search resulted in 8 studies that met inclusion criteria. A significant PK variability was observed. Efficacy of linezolid seems to be driven by area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Literature is inconclusive about the preferred administration of a daily dose of 600 mg. To prevent development of drug resistance, an AUC/MIC ratio of 100 in the presence of a companion drug at relevant exposure is required. A daily dose of 600 mg seems appropriate to balance between efficacy and toxicity. Being a drug with a very narrow therapeutic window, linezolid treatment may benefit from a more personalized approach, that is, measuring actual MIC values and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu S Bolhuis
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
| | - Onno W Akkerman
- Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen.,Tuberculosis Center Beatrixoord, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke G G Sturkenboom
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
| | - Samiksha Ghimire
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
| | - Shashikant Srivastava
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tawanda Gumbo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jan-Willem C Alffenaar
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
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119
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Resende M, Ferreira CM, Barbosa AM, Cardoso MS, Sousa J, Saraiva M, Castro AG, Appelberg R, Torrado E. Myeloid HIF-1α regulates pulmonary inflammation during experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunology 2019; 159:121-129. [PMID: 31606895 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a key regulator of the response and function of myeloid cells in hypoxic and inflammatory microenvironments. To define the role of HIF-1α in tuberculosis, the progression of aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was analysed in mice deficient in HIF-1α in the myeloid lineage (mHIF-1α-/- ). We show that myeloid HIF-1α is not required for the containment of the infection, as both wild-type (WT) and mHIF-1α-/- mice mounted normal Th1 responses and maintained control of bacterial growth throughout infection. However, during chronic infection mHIF-1α-/- mice developed extensive lymphocytic inflammatory involvement of the interstitial lung tissue and died earlier than WT mice. These data support the hypothesis that HIF-1α activity coordinates the response of myeloid cells during M. tuberculosis infection to prevent excessive leucocyte recruitment and immunopathological consequences to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Resende
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina M Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Barbosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marcos S Cardoso
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António G Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Egídio Torrado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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120
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Gideon HP, Phuah J, Junecko BA, Mattila JT. Neutrophils express pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in granulomas from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected cynomolgus macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1370-1381. [PMID: 31434990 PMCID: PMC6824993 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the mechanisms by which they promote disease are not fully understood. Neutrophils can express cytokines that influence TB progression, and so we compared neutrophil and T-cell expression of the Th1 cytokines IFNγ and TNF, the Th2 cytokine IL-4, and regulatory cytokine IL-10 in M. tuberculosis-infected macaques to determine if neutrophil cytokine expression contributes to dysregulated immunity in TB. We found that peripheral blood neutrophils produced cytokines after stimulation by mycobacterial antigens and inactive and viable M. tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis antigen-stimulated neutrophils inhibited antigen-specific T-cell IFNγ production. In lung granulomas, neutrophil cytokine expression resembled T-cell cytokine expression, and although there was histologic evidence for neutrophil interaction with T cells, neutrophil cytokine expression was not correlated with T-cell cytokine expression or bacteria load. There was substantial overlap in the spatial arrangement of cytokine-expressing neutrophils and T cells, but IL-10-expressing neutrophils were also abundant in bacteria-rich areas between caseum and epithelioid macrophages. These results suggest that neutrophils contribute to the cytokine milieu in granulomas and may be important immunoregulatory cells in TB granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jiayao Phuah
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Beth A Junecko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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121
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Plasticity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis respiratory chain and its impact on tuberculosis drug development. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4970. [PMID: 31672993 PMCID: PMC6823465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) depends on energy generated by its respiratory chain. Cytochrome bc1-aa3 oxidase and type-2 NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2) are respiratory chain components predicted to be essential, and are currently targeted for drug development. Here we demonstrate that an Mtb cytochrome bc1-aa3 oxidase deletion mutant is viable and only partially attenuated in mice. Moreover, treatment of Mtb-infected marmosets with a cytochrome bc1-aa3 oxidase inhibitor controls disease progression and reduces lesion-associated inflammation, but most lesions become cavitary. Deletion of both NDH-2 encoding genes (Δndh-2 mutant) reveals that the essentiality of NDH-2 as shown in standard growth media is due to the presence of fatty acids. The Δndh-2 mutant is only mildly attenuated in mice and not differently susceptible to clofazimine, a drug in clinical use proposed to engage NDH-2. These results demonstrate the intrinsic plasticity of Mtb's respiratory chain, and highlight the challenges associated with targeting the pathogen's respiratory enzymes for tuberculosis drug development.
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122
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Jakkala K, Ajitkumar P. Hypoxic Non-replicating Persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Develops Thickened Outer Layer That Helps in Restricting Rifampicin Entry. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2339. [PMID: 31681204 PMCID: PMC6797554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria undergo adaptive morphological changes to survive under stress conditions. The present work documents the morphological changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cells cultured under hypoxic condition using Wayne’s in vitro hypoxia model involving non-replicating persistence stages 1 and 2 (NRP stage 1 and NRP stage 2) and reveals their physiological significance. Transmission electron microscopy of the NRP stage 2 cells showed uneven but thick outer layer (TOL), unlike the evenly thin outer layer of the actively growing mid-log phase (MLP) cells. On the contrary, the saprophytic Mycobacterium smegmatis NRP stage 2 cells lacked TOL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the Mtb NRP stage 2 cells confirmed the rough uneven surface unlike the smooth surface of the MLP cells. Zeta potential measurements showed high negative charge on the surface of NRP stage 2 cells and polysaccharide specific calcofluor white (CFW) staining of the cells revealed high content of polysaccharide in the TOL. This observation was supported by the real-time PCR data showing high levels of expression of the genes involved in the synthesis of sugars, such as trehalose, mannose and others, which are implicated in polysaccharide synthesis. Experiments to understand the physiological significance of the TOL revealed restricted entry of the biologically low-active 5-carboxyfluorescein-rifampicin (5-FAM-RIF), at concentrations equivalent to microbicidal concentrations of the unconjugated biologically active rifampicin, into the NRP stage 2 cells, unlike in the MLP cells. Further, as expected, mechanical removal of the TOL by mild bead beating or release of the NRP stage 2 cells from hypoxia into normoxia in fresh growth medium also significantly increased 5-FAM-RIF permeability into the NRP stage 2 cells to an extent comparable to that into the MLP cells. Taken together, these observations revealed that Mtb cells under hypoxia develop TOL that helps in restricting rifampicin entry, thereby conferring rifampicin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Jakkala
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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123
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Patterson KC, Queval CJ, Gutierrez MG. Granulomatous Inflammation in Tuberculosis and Sarcoidosis: Does the Lymphatic System Contribute to Disease? Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900086. [PMID: 31588585 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A striking and unexplained feature of granulomatous inflammation is its anatomical association with the lymphatic system. Accumulating evidence suggests that lymphatic tracks and granulomas may alter the function of each other. The formation of new lymphatics, or lymphangiogenesis, is an adaptive response to tumor formation, infection, and wound healing. Granulomas also may induce lymphangiogenesis which, through a variety of mechanisms, could contribute to disease outcomes in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. On the other hand, alterations in lymph node function and lymphatic draining may be primary events which attenuate the risk and severity of granulomatous inflammation. This review begins with an introduction of granulomatous inflammation and the lymphatic system. A role of the lymphatic system in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis is then hypothesized. With a focus on lymphangiogenesis in these diseases, and on the potential for this process to promote dissemination, parallels are established with the well-established role of lymphangiogenesis in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Patterson
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, 94N-SRd, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.,Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Christophe J Queval
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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124
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Gordhan BG, Peters J, Kana BD. Application of model systems to study adaptive responses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection and disease. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 108:115-161. [PMID: 31495404 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) claims more human lives than any other infectious organism. The lethal synergy between TB-HIV infection and the rapid emergence of drug resistant strains has created a global public health threat that requires urgent attention. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB is an exquisitely well-adapted human pathogen, displaying the ability to promptly remodel metabolism when encountering stressful environments during pathogenesis. A careful study of the mechanisms that enable this adaptation will enhance the understanding of key aspects related to the microbiology of TB disease. However, these efforts require microbiological model systems that mimic host conditions in the laboratory. Herein, we describe several in vitro model systems that generate non-replicating and differentially culturable mycobacteria. The changes that occur in the metabolism of M. tuberculosis in some of these models and how these relate to those reported for human TB disease are discussed. We describe mechanisms that tubercle bacteria use to resuscitate from these non-replicating conditions, together with phenotypic heterogeneity in terms of culturabiliy of M. tuberculosis in sputum. Transcriptional changes in M. tuberculosis that allow for adaptation of the organism to the lung environment are also summarized. Finally, given the emerging importance of the microbiome in various infectious diseases, we provide a description of how the lung and gut microbiome affect susceptibility to TB infection and response to treatment. Consideration of these collective aspects will enhance the understanding of basic metabolism, physiology, drug tolerance and persistence in M. tuberculosis to enable development of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Gowan Gordhan
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julian Peters
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bavesh Davandra Kana
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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125
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Metabolic principles of persistence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:496-507. [PMID: 29691481 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism was once relegated to the supply of energy and biosynthetic precursors, but it has now become clear that it is a specific mediator of nearly all physiological processes. In the context of microbial pathogenesis, metabolism has expanded outside its canonical role in bacterial replication. Among human pathogens, this expansion has emerged perhaps nowhere more visibly than for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Unlike most pathogens, M. tuberculosis has evolved within humans, which are both host and reservoir. This makes unrestrained replication and perpetual quiescence equally incompatible strategies for survival as a species. In this Review, we summarize recent work that illustrates the diversity of metabolic functions that not only enable M. tuberculosis to establish and maintain a state of chronic infection within the host but also facilitate its survival in the face of drug pressure and, ultimately, completion of its life cycle.
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126
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Thompson EG, Shankar S, Gideon HP, Braun J, Valvo J, Skinner JA, Aderem A, Flynn JL, Lin PL, Zak DE. Prospective Discrimination of Controllers From Progressors Early After Low-Dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Cynomolgus Macaques using Blood RNA Signatures. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1318-1322. [PMID: 29325117 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cynomolgus macaque model of low-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection recapitulates clinical aspects of human tuberculosis pathology, but it is unknown whether the 2 systems are sufficiently similar that host-based signatures of tuberculosis will be predictive across species. By blind prediction, we demonstrate that a subset of genes comprising a human signature for tuberculosis risk is simultaneously predictive in humans and macaques and prospectively discriminates progressor from controller animals 3-6 weeks after infection. Further analysis yielded a 3-gene signature involving PRDX2 that predicts tuberculosis progression in macaques 10 days after challenge, suggesting novel pathways that define protective responses to M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smitha Shankar
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Jackie Braun
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joe Valvo
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Alan Aderem
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel E Zak
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
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127
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Abstract
The logistics of tuberculosis therapy are difficult, requiring multiple drugs for many months. Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives in part by entering nongrowing states in which it is metabolically less active and thus less susceptible to antibiotics. Basic knowledge on how M. tuberculosis survives during these low-metabolism states is incomplete, and we hypothesize that optimized energy resource management is important. Here, we report that slowed mRNA turnover is a common feature of mycobacteria under energy stress but is not dependent on the mechanisms that have generally been postulated in the literature. Finally, we found that mRNA stability and growth status can be decoupled by a drug that causes growth arrest but increases metabolic activity, indicating that mRNA stability responds to metabolic status rather than to growth rate per se. Our findings suggest a need to reorient studies of global mRNA stabilization to identify novel mechanisms that are presumably responsible. The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a human pathogen is due in part to its ability to survive stress conditions, such as hypoxia or nutrient deprivation, by entering nongrowing states. In these low-metabolism states, M. tuberculosis can tolerate antibiotics and develop genetically encoded antibiotic resistance, making its metabolic adaptation to stress crucial for survival. Numerous bacteria, including M. tuberculosis, have been shown to reduce their rates of mRNA degradation under growth limitation and stress. While the existence of this response appears to be conserved across species, the underlying bacterial mRNA stabilization mechanisms remain unknown. To better understand the biology of nongrowing mycobacteria, we sought to identify the mechanistic basis of mRNA stabilization in the nonpathogenic model Mycobacterium smegmatis. We found that mRNA half-life was responsive to energy stress, with carbon starvation and hypoxia causing global mRNA stabilization. This global stabilization was rapidly reversed when hypoxia-adapted cultures were reexposed to oxygen, even in the absence of new transcription. The stringent response and RNase levels did not explain mRNA stabilization, nor did transcript abundance. This led us to hypothesize that metabolic changes during growth cessation impact the activities of degradation proteins, increasing mRNA stability. Indeed, bedaquiline and isoniazid, two drugs with opposing effects on cellular energy status, had opposite effects on mRNA half-lives in growth-arrested cells. Taken together, our results indicate that mRNA stability in mycobacteria is not directly regulated by growth status but rather is dependent on the status of energy metabolism.
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128
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Sabir N, Hussain T, Mangi MH, Zhao D, Zhou X. Matrix metalloproteinases: Expression, regulation and role in the immunopathology of tuberculosis. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12649. [PMID: 31199047 PMCID: PMC6668971 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) leads to approximately 1.5 million human deaths every year. In pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), Mtb must drive host tissue destruction to cause pulmonary cavitation and dissemination in the tissues. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases capable of degrading all components of pulmonary extracellular matrix (ECM). It is well established that Mtb infection leads to upregulation of MMPs and also causes disturbance in the balance between MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), thus altering the extracellular matrix deposition. In TB, secretion of MMPs is mainly regulated by NF-κB, p38 and MAPK signalling pathways. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory roles of MMPs in Mtb pathogenesis. Researchers have proposed a new regimen of improved TB treatment by inhibition of MMP activity to hinder matrix destruction and to minimize the TB-associated morbidity and mortality. The proposed regimen involves adjunctive use of MMP inhibitors such as doxycycline, marimastat and other related drugs along with front-line anti-TB drugs to reduce granuloma formation and bacterial load. These findings implicate the possible addition of economical and well-tolerated MMP inhibitors to current multidrug regimens as an attractive mean to increase the drug potency. Here, we will summarize the recent advancements regarding expression of MMPs in TB, their immunomodulatory role, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets to control the deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Sabir
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tariq Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mazhar Hussain Mangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Deming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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129
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Batyrshina YR, Schwartz YS. Modeling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy in bacterial cultures. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 117:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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130
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Revisiting hypoxia therapies for tuberculosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1271-1280. [PMID: 31209098 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The spectre of the coming post-antibiotic age demands novel therapies for infectious diseases. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the single deadliest infection throughout human history. M. tuberculosis has acquired antibiotic resistance at an alarming rate with some strains reported as being totally drug resistant. Host-directed therapies (HDTs) attempt to overcome the evolution of antibiotic resistance by targeting relatively immutable host processes. Here, I hypothesise the induction of hypoxia via anti-angiogenic therapy will be an efficacious HDT against TB. I argue that anti-angiogenic therapy is a modernisation of industrial revolution era sanatoria treatment for TB, and present a view of the TB granuloma as a 'bacterial tumour' that can be treated with anti-angiogenic therapies to reduce bacterial burden and spare host immunopathology. I suggest two complementary modes of action, induction of bacterial dormancy and activation of host hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-mediated immunity, and define the experimental tools necessary to test this hypothesis.
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131
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Sun X, Zhang L, Jiang J, Ng M, Cui Z, Mai J, Ahn SK, Liu J, Zhang J, Liu J, Li Y. Transcription factors Rv0081 and Rv3334 connect the early and the enduring hypoxic response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2019; 9:1468-1482. [PMID: 30165798 PMCID: PMC6177252 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1514237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) to survive and persist in the host for decades in an asymptomatic state is an important aspect of tuberculosis pathogenesis. Although adaptation to hypoxia is thought to play a prominent role underlying M. tb persistence, how the bacteria achieve this goal is largely unknown. Rv0081, a member of the DosR regulon, is induced at the early stage of hypoxia while Rv3334 is one of the enduring hypoxic response genes. In this study, we uncovered genetic interactions between these two transcription factors. RNA-seq analysis of ΔRv0081 and ΔRv3334 revealed that the gene expression profiles of these two mutants were highly similar. We also found that under hypoxia, Rv0081 positively regulated the expression of Rv3334 while Rv3334 repressed transcription of Rv0081. In addition, we demonstrated that Rv0081 formed dimer and bound to the promoter region of Rv3334. Taken together, these data suggest that Rv0081 and Rv3334 work in the same regulatory pathway and that Rv3334 functions immediately downstream of Rv0081. We also found that Rv3334 is a bona fide regulator of the enduring hypoxic response genes. Our study has uncovered a regulatory pathway that connects the early and the enduring hypoxic response, revealing a transcriptional cascade that coordinates the temporal response of M. tb to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lu Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jun Jiang
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Mark Ng
- b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Zhenling Cui
- c Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Medical School , Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Juntao Mai
- b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Sang Kyun Ahn
- b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Jingqian Liu
- b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jun Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Yao Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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132
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Rohlwink UK, Walker NF, Ordonez AA, Li YJ, Tucker EW, Elkington PT, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Pulmonary and Central Nervous System Tuberculosis-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061350. [PMID: 30889803 PMCID: PMC6471445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the single biggest infectious cause of death globally, claiming almost two million lives and causing disease in over 10 million individuals annually. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes with various physiological roles implicated as key factors contributing to the spread of TB. They are involved in the breakdown of lung extracellular matrix and the consequent release of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli into the airways. Evidence demonstrates that MMPs also play a role in central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis, as they contribute to the breakdown of the blood brain barrier and are associated with poor outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). However, in pediatric TBM, data indicate that MMPs may play a role in both pathology and recovery of the developing brain. MMPs also have a significant role in HIV-TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the lungs and the brain, and their modulation offers potential novel therapeutic avenues. This is a review of recent research on MMPs in pulmonary and CNS TB in adults and children and in the context of co-infection with HIV. We summarize different methods of MMP investigation and discuss the translational implications of MMP inhibition to reduce immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula K Rohlwink
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | - Naomi F Walker
- TB Centre and Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Yifan J Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | - Elizabeth W Tucker
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Paul T Elkington
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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133
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Remot A, Doz E, Winter N. Neutrophils and Close Relatives in the Hypoxic Environment of the Tuberculous Granuloma: New Avenues for Host-Directed Therapies? Front Immunol 2019; 10:417. [PMID: 30915076 PMCID: PMC6423059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most prevalent lung infections of humans and kills ~1.7 million people each year. TB pathophysiology is complex with a central role played by granuloma where a delicate balance takes place to both constrain bacilli and prevent excessive inflammation that may destroy lung functions. Neutrophils reach the lung in waves following first encounter with bacilli and contribute both to early Mtb elimination and late deleterious inflammation. The hypoxic milieu where cells and bacilli cohabit inside the granuloma favors metabolism changes and the impact on TB infection needs to be more thoroughly understood. At the cellular level while the key role of the alveolar macrophage has long been established, behavior of neutrophils in the hypoxic granuloma remains poorly explored. This review will bring to the front new questions that are now emerging regarding neutrophils activity in TB. Are different neutrophil subsets involved in Mtb infection and how? How do neutrophils and close relatives contribute to shaping the granuloma immune environment? What is the role of hypoxia and hypoxia induced factors inside granuloma on neutrophil fate and functions and TB pathophysiology? Addressing these questions is key to the development of innovative host-directed therapies to fight TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Remot
- INRA, Universite de Tours, UMR Infectiologie et Sante Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Emilie Doz
- INRA, Universite de Tours, UMR Infectiologie et Sante Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nathalie Winter
- INRA, Universite de Tours, UMR Infectiologie et Sante Publique, Nouzilly, France
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134
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pup-proteasome system regulates nitrate metabolism through an essential protein quality control pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3202-3210. [PMID: 30723150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819468116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes a proteasome that carries out regulated degradation of bacterial proteins. It has been proposed that the proteasome contributes to nitrogen metabolism in M. tuberculosis, although this hypothesis had not been tested. Upon assessing M. tuberculosis growth in several nitrogen sources, we found that a mutant strain lacking the Mycobacterium proteasomal activator Mpa was unable to use nitrate as a sole nitrogen source due to a specific failure in the pathway of nitrate reduction to ammonium. We found that the robust activity of the nitrite reductase complex NirBD depended on expression of the groEL/groES chaperonin genes, which are regulated by the repressor HrcA. We identified HrcA as a likely proteasome substrate, and propose that the degradation of HrcA is required for the full expression of chaperonin genes. Furthermore, our data suggest that degradation of HrcA, along with numerous other proteasome substrates, is enhanced during growth in nitrate to facilitate the derepression of the chaperonin genes. Importantly, growth in nitrate is an example of a specific condition that reduces the steady-state levels of numerous proteasome substrates in M. tuberculosis.
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135
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Pierce ES. Baseballs, tennis balls, livestock farm manure, the IDH1 mutation, endothelial cell proliferation and hypoxic pseudopalisading (granulomatous) necrosis: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and the epidemiology, cellular metabolism and histology of diffuse gliomas, including glioblastoma. Open Vet J 2019; 9:5-12. [PMID: 31086759 PMCID: PMC6500868 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased rate of diffuse gliomas, including glioblastoma, has been noted in livestock farmers in Western countries. Some researchers have suggested that a zoonotic virus or bacteria present in the livestock animal’s feces or manure may be a possible etiologic factor. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the cause of a chronic enteropathy in domestic livestock and a probable zoonosis, is heavily excreted in an infected animal’s feces or manure, contaminating soil and ground on the animal’s farm. Once excreted in an animal’s feces, MAP lasts indefinitely in a dormant but viable form, and easily spreads outside farms to the surrounding environment. MAP’s presence throughout the soil in countries where MAP infection of domestic livestock is extensive and long-standing may explain the increased rates of glioblastoma in tennis and baseball players who handle balls coated with MAP-contaminated dirt. MAP infection is consistent with glioblastoma’s two defining histopathologic characteristics: endothelial cell proliferation and pseudopalisading necrosis. MAP is a non-tuberculous or atypical mycobacterium, which can cause hypoxic necrotizing granulomas, granulomas that resemble areas of pseudopalisading necrosis. There are known bacterial causes of endothelial cell proliferation. Almost unique amongst intracellular bacteria, MAP’s variant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) enzyme, a type 2-oxoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, can use a host cell’s cytosolic α-ketoglutarate in its own Krebs or tricarboxylic acid cycle. MAP’s ability to use a host cell’s α-ketoglutarate may explain the survival advantage of the cytosolic IDH1 enzyme mutation for patients with diffuse gliomas including glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and oligdendroglioma, a mutation that results in a reduced supply of cytosolic α-ketoglutarate. MAP may therefore be one possible infectious cause of glioblastoma and the other histologic categories of diffuse glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S Pierce
- 13212 East Blossey Avenue, Spokane Valley, Washington, USA
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136
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Mateos J, Estévez O, González-Fernández Á, Anibarro L, Pallarés Á, Reljic R, Gallardo JM, Medina I, Carrera M. High-resolution quantitative proteomics applied to the study of the specific protein signature in the sputum and saliva of active tuberculosis patients and their infected and uninfected contacts. J Proteomics 2019; 195:41-52. [PMID: 30660769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to establish panels of protein biomarkers that are characteristic of patients with microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and their contacts, including latent TB-infected (LTBI) and uninfected patients. Since the first pathogen-host contact occurs in the oral and nasal passages the saliva and sputum were chosen as the biological fluids to be studied. Quantitative shotgun proteomics was performed using a LTQ-Orbitrap-Elite platform. For active TB patients, both fluids exhibited a specific accumulation of proteins that were related to complement activation, inflammation and modulation of immune response. In the saliva of TB patients, a decrease of in proteins related to glucose and lipid metabolism was detected. In contrast, the sputum of uninfected contacts presented a specific proteomic signature that was composed of proteins involved in the perception of bitter taste, defense against pathogens and innate immune response, suggesting that those are key events during the initial entry of the pathogen in the host. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to compare the saliva and sputum from active TB patients and their contacts. Our findings strongly suggest that TB patients show not only an activation of processes that are related to complement activation and modulation of inflammation but also an imbalance in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In addition, those individuals who do not get infected after direct exposure to the pathogen display a typical proteomic signature in the sputum, which is a reflection of the secretion from the nasal and oral mucosa, the first immunological barriers that M. tuberculosis encounters in the host. Thus, this result indicates the importance of the processes related to the innate immune response in fighting the initial events of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mateos
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Olivia Estévez
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Galician Singular Center of Research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Galician Singular Center of Research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Luis Anibarro
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Galician Singular Center of Research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Tuberculosis Unit, Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Pontevedra, Spain; Mycobacterial Infections Study Group (GEIM) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Pallarés
- Tuberculosis Unit, Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - José M Gallardo
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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137
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HIF-1α-regulated MIF activation and Nox2-dependent ROS generation promote Leishmania amazonensis killing by macrophages under hypoxia. Cell Immunol 2019; 335:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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138
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Rittershaus ESC, Baek SH, Krieger IV, Nelson SJ, Cheng YS, Nambi S, Baker RE, Leszyk JD, Shaffer SA, Sacchettini JC, Sassetti CM. A Lysine Acetyltransferase Contributes to the Metabolic Adaptation to Hypoxia in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1495-1505.e3. [PMID: 30318462 PMCID: PMC6309504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon inhibition of respiration, which occurs in hypoxic or nitric oxide-containing host microenvironments, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) adopts a non-replicating "quiescent" state and becomes relatively unresponsive to antibiotic treatment. We used comprehensive mutant fitness analysis to identify regulatory and metabolic pathways that are essential for the survival of quiescent Mtb. This genetic study identified a protein acetyltransferase (Mt-Pat/Rv0998) that promoted survival and altered the flux of carbon from oxidative to reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) reactions. Reductive TCA requires malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and maintains the redox state of the NAD+/NADH pool. Genetic or chemical inhibition of MDH resulted in rapid cell death in both hypoxic cultures and in murine lung. These phenotypic data, in conjunction with significant structural differences between human and mycobacterial MDH enzymes that could be exploited for drug development, suggest a new strategy for eradicating quiescent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. C. Rittershaus
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Seung-Hun Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul Korea
| | - Inna V. Krieger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. 77843 USA
| | - Samantha J. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. 77843 USA
| | - Subhalaxmi Nambi
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Richard E. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - John D. Leszyk
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Scott A. Shaffer
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. 77843 USA
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
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139
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Ogryzko NV, Lewis A, Wilson HL, Meijer AH, Renshaw SA, Elks PM. Hif-1α-Induced Expression of Il-1β Protects against Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:494-502. [PMID: 30552162 PMCID: PMC6321843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant mycobacteria are a rising problem worldwide. There is an urgent need to understand the immune response to tuberculosis to identify host targets that, if targeted therapeutically, could be used to tackle these currently untreatable infections. In this study we use an Il-1β fluorescent transgenic line to show that there is an early innate immune proinflammatory response to well-established zebrafish models of inflammation and Mycobacterium marinum infection. We demonstrate that host-derived hypoxia signaling, mediated by the Hif-1α transcription factor, can prime macrophages with increased levels of Il-1β in the absence of infection, upregulating neutrophil antimicrobial NO production, leading to greater protection against infection. Our data link Hif-1α to proinflammatory macrophage Il-1β transcription in vivo during early mycobacterial infection and importantly highlight a host protective mechanism, via antimicrobial NO, that decreases disease outcomes and that could be targeted therapeutically to stimulate the innate immune response to better deal with infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ogryzko
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Lewis
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philip M Elks
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; .,Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
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140
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death globally among infectious diseases that has killed more numbers of people than any other infectious diseases. Animal models have become the lynchpin for mimicking human infectious diseases. Research on TB could be facilitated by animal challenge models such as the guinea pig, mice, rabbit and non-human primates. No single model presents all aspects of disease pathogenesis due to considerable differences in disease resistance/susceptibility between these models. Availability of a wide range of animal strains, Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, route of infection and doses affect the disease progression and intervention outcome. Different animal models have contributed significantly to the drug and vaccine development, identification of biomarkers, understanding of TB immunopathogenesis and host genetic influence on infection. In this review, the commonly used animal models in TB research are discussed along with their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Umesh D Gupta
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
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141
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Analysis of tuberculosis disease through Raman spectroscopy and machine learning. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:286-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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142
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Girardin RC, Bai G, He J, Sui H, McDonough KA. AbmR (Rv1265) is a novel transcription factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that regulates host cell association and expression of the non-coding small RNA Mcr11. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:811-830. [PMID: 30207611 PMCID: PMC6282994 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during infection include many genes of unknown function, confounding efforts to determine their roles in Mtb biology. Rv1265 encodes a conserved hypothetical protein that is expressed during infection and in response to elevated levels of cyclic AMP. Here, we report that Rv1265 is a novel auto‐inhibitory ATP‐binding transcription factor that upregulates expression of the small non‐coding RNA Mcr11, and propose that Rv1265 be named ATP‐binding mcr11regulator (AbmR). AbmR directly and specifically bound DNA, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and this DNA‐binding activity was enhanced by AbmR’s interaction with ATP. Genetic knockout of abmR in Mtb increased abmR promoter activity and eliminated growth phase‐dependent increases in mcr11 expression during hypoxia. Mutagenesis identified arginine residues in the carboxy terminus that are critical for AbmR’s DNA‐binding activity and gene regulatory function. Limited similarity to other DNA‐ or ATP‐binding domains suggests that AbmR belongs to a novel class of DNA‐ and ATP‐binding proteins. AbmR was also found to form large organized structures in solution and facilitate the serum‐dependent association of Mtb with human lung epithelial cells. These results indicate a potentially complex role for AbmR in Mtb biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxie C Girardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, PO Box 22002, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Guangchun Bai
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jie He
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Haixin Sui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, PO Box 22002, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA.,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen A McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, PO Box 22002, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA.,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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143
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Guerrini V, Prideaux B, Blanc L, Bruiners N, Arrigucci R, Singh S, Ho-Liang HP, Salamon H, Chen PY, Lakehal K, Subbian S, O’Brien P, Via LE, Barry CE, Dartois V, Gennaro ML. Storage lipid studies in tuberculosis reveal that foam cell biogenesis is disease-specific. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007223. [PMID: 30161232 PMCID: PMC6117085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cells are lipid-laden macrophages that contribute to the inflammation and tissue damage associated with many chronic inflammatory disorders. Although foam cell biogenesis has been extensively studied in atherosclerosis, how these cells form during a chronic infectious disease such as tuberculosis is unknown. Here we report that, unlike the cholesterol-laden cells of atherosclerosis, foam cells in tuberculous lung lesions accumulate triglycerides. Consequently, the biogenesis of foam cells varies with the underlying disease. In vitro mechanistic studies showed that triglyceride accumulation in human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mediated by TNF receptor signaling through downstream activation of the caspase cascade and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). These features are distinct from the known biogenesis of atherogenic foam cells and establish a new paradigm for non-atherogenic foam cell formation. Moreover, they reveal novel targets for disease-specific pharmacological interventions against maladaptive macrophage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guerrini
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Landry Blanc
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Natalie Bruiners
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Riccardo Arrigucci
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Hsin Pin Ho-Liang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Hugh Salamon
- Knowledge Synthesis, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Karim Lakehal
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Paul O’Brien
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
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144
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Sao Emani C, Williams MJ, Wiid IJ, Baker B. The functional interplay of low molecular weight thiols in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:55. [PMID: 30001196 PMCID: PMC6042322 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three low molecular weight thiols are synthesized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), namely ergothioneine (ERG), mycothiol (MSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC). They are able to counteract reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In addition, the production of ERG is elevated in the MSH-deficient M.tb mutant, while the production of MSH is elevated in the ERG-deficient mutants. Furthermore, the production of GGC is elevated in the MSH-deficient mutant and the ERG-deficient mutants. The propensity of one thiol to be elevated in the absence of the other prompted further investigations into their interplay in M.tb. METHODS To achieve that, we generated two M.tb mutants that are unable to produce ERG nor MSH but are able to produce a moderate (ΔegtD-mshA) or significantly high (ΔegtB-mshA) amount of GGC relative to the wild-type strain. In addition, we generated an M.tb mutant that is unable to produce GGC nor MSH but is able to produce a significantly low level of ERG (ΔegtA-mshA) relative to the wild-type strain. The susceptibilities of these mutants to various in vitro and ex vivo stress conditions were investigated and compared. RESULTS The ΔegtA-mshA mutant was the most susceptible to cellular stress relative to its parent single mutant strains (ΔegtA and ∆mshA) and the other double mutants. In addition, it displayed a growth-defect in vitro, in mouse and human macrophages suggesting; that the complete inhibition of ERG, MSH and GGC biosynthesis is deleterious for the growth of M.tb. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that ERG, MSH and GGC are able to compensate for each other to maximize the protection and ensure the fitness of M.tb. This study therefore suggests that the most effective strategy to target thiol biosynthesis for anti-tuberculosis drug development would be the simultaneous inhibition of the biosynthesis of ERG, MSH and GGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sao Emani
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 8000, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M. J. Williams
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 8000, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - I. J. Wiid
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 8000, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B. Baker
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 8000, Cape Town, South Africa
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145
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Bielecka MK, Elkington P. Advanced cellular systems to study tuberculosis treatment. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:16-21. [PMID: 29990957 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) kills more humans than any other infection and drug resistant strains are progressively emerging. Whilst the successful development of new agents for multi-drug resistant Mtb represents a major step forward, this progress must be balanced against recent disappointments in treatment-shortening trials. Consequently, there is a pressing need to strengthen the pipeline of drugs to treat tuberculosis (TB) and develop innovative therapeutic regimes. Approaches that bridge diverse disciplines are likely to be required to provide systems that address the limitations of current experimental models. Mtb is an obligate human pathogen that has undergone extensive co-evolution, resulting in a complex interplay between the host and pathogen. This chronic interaction involves multiple micro-environments, which may underlie some of the challenges in developing new drugs. The authors propose that advanced cell culture models of TB are likely to be an important addition to the experimental armamentarium in developing new approaches to TB, and here we review recent progress in this area and discuss the principal challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Bielecka
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Paul Elkington
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
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146
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Willemse D, Weber B, Masino L, Warren RM, Adinolfi S, Pastore A, Williams MJ. Rv1460, a SufR homologue, is a repressor of the suf operon in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200145. [PMID: 29979728 PMCID: PMC6034842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron–sulphur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous co-factors which require multi-protein systems for their synthesis. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the Rv1460-Rv1461-Rv1462-Rv1463-csd-Rv1465-Rv1466 operon (suf operon) encodes the primary Fe-S cluster biogenesis system. The first gene in this operon, Rv1460, shares homology with the cyanobacterial SufR, which functions as a transcriptional repressor of the sufBCDS operon. Rv1460’s function in M. tuberculosis has however not been determined. In this study, we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis mutants lacking a functional Rv1460 protein are impaired for growth under standard culture conditions. Elevated expression of Rv1460 and Rv1461 was observed in the mutant, implicating Rv1460 in the regulation of the suf operon. Binding of an Fe-S cluster to purified recombinant Rv1460 was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Furthermore, three conserved cysteine residues, C203, C216 and C244, proposed to provide ligands for the coordination of an Fe-S cluster, were shown to be required for the function of Rv1460 in M. tuberculosis. Rv1460 therefore seems to be functionally analogous to cyanobacterial SufR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danicke Willemse
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Brandon Weber
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura Masino
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M. Warren
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Salvatore Adinolfi
- Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monique J. Williams
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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147
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Pacl HT, Reddy VP, Saini V, Chinta KC, Steyn AJC. Host-pathogen redox dynamics modulate Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4972762. [PMID: 29873719 PMCID: PMC5989597 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, encounters variable and hostile environments within the host. A major component of these hostile conditions is reductive and oxidative stresses induced by factors modified by the host immune response, such as oxygen tension, NO or CO gases, reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, the availability of different carbon sources and changes in pH. It is therefore essential for Mtb to continuously monitor and appropriately respond to the microenvironment. To this end, Mtb has developed various redox-sensitive systems capable of monitoring its intracellular redox environment and coordinating a response essential for virulence. Various aspects of Mtb physiology are regulated by these systems, including drug susceptibility, secretion systems, energy metabolism and dormancy. While great progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms and pathways that govern the response of Mtb to the host's redox environment, many questions in this area remain unanswered. The answers to these questions are promising avenues for addressing the tuberculosis crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden T Pacl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, K-RITH Tower Building, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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148
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Kim WS, Shin MK, Shin SJ. MAP1981c, a Putative Nucleic Acid-Binding Protein, Produced by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Induces Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Th1-Polarization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:206. [PMID: 29977867 PMCID: PMC6021526 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative pathogen of chronic granulomatous enteropathy (Johne's disease) in animals, and has been focused on its association with various autoimmune diseases in humans, including Crohn's disease. The discovery of novel mycobacterial antigens and exploring their role in host immunity can contribute to the advancement of effective defense strategies including vaccines and diagnostic tools. In a preliminary study, we identified cellular extract proteins of MAP that strongly react with the blood of patients with Crohn's disease. In particular, MAP1981c, a putative nucleic acid-binding protein, showed high expression levels and strong reactivity to IgG and IgM in the sera of patients. Here, we investigated the immunological features of MAP1981c and focused on its interaction with dendritic cells (DCs), confirming its immunomodulatory ability. MAP1981c was shown to recognize Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and induce DC maturation and activation by increasing the expression of co-stimulatory (CD80 and CD86) and MHC class I/II molecules and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in DCs. This DC activation by MAP1981c was mediated by downstream signaling of TLR4 via MyD88- and TRIF-, MAP kinase-, and NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways. In addition, MAP1981c-treated DCs activated naïve T cells and induced the differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to express T-bet, IFN-γ, and/or IL-2, but not GATA-3 and IL-4, thus indicating that MAP1981c contributes to Th1-type immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that MAP1981c is a novel immunocompetent antigen that induces DC maturation and a Th1-biased response upon DC activation, suggesting that MAP1981c can be an effective vaccine and diagnostic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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149
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Malherbe ST, Kleynhans L, Walzl G. The potential of imaging tools as correlates of infection and disease for new TB vaccine development. Semin Immunol 2018; 39:73-80. [PMID: 29914653 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of an improved vaccine to stimulate an effective response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and disease will be a major breakthrough in the fight against TB. A lack of tools to adequately track the progression or resolution of events in TB pathogenesis that occur at bacterial loads below the threshold for culture in human samples seriously hampers vaccine development and evaluation. In this review we discuss recent studies that use new imaging applications, modalities and analysis techniques to provide insight into the dynamic processes of MTB infection and disease that are challenging to monitor. These include early infection, the spectrum of latency and subclinical disease, the paucibacillary state induced by treatment, and events leading to recurrence, including relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanus T Malherbe
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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150
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Antonova AV, Gryadunov DA, Zimenkov DV. Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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