101
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Rizvi SMD, Shakil S, Zeeshan M, Khan MS, Shaikh S, Biswas D, Ahmad A, Kamal MA. An enzoinformatics study targeting polo-like kinases-1 enzyme: Comparative assessment of anticancer potential of compounds isolated from leaves of Ageratum houstonianum. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S14-21. [PMID: 24914294 PMCID: PMC4047579 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.127333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products from plant sources, embracing inherently ample structural diversity than synthetic ones are the major sources of anticancer agents and will constantly play as protagonists for discovering new drugs. Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play a leading role in the ordered execution of mitotic events and 4 mammalian PLK family members have been identified. PLK1 is an attractive target for anticancer drugs in mammalian cells, among the four members of PLKs. The present study expresses the molecular interaction of compounds (1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid bis (2 ethylhexyl) ester, squalene, 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol, Pentamethyl tetrahydro-5H-chromene, (1,4-Cyclohexylphenyl) ethanone and 6-Vinyl-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene) isolated from methanolic extract of leaves of Ageratum houstonianum with PLK1 enzyme. Docking between PLK1 and each of these compounds (separately) was performed using “Auto dock 4.2.” (1,4-Cyclohexylphenyl) ethanone showed the maximum potential as a promising inhibitor of PLK1 enzyme with reference to ∆G (−6.84 kcal/mol) and Ki (9.77 μM) values. This was sequentially followed by Pentamethyl tetrahydro-5H-chromene (∆G = −6.60 kcal/mol; Ki = 14.58 μM), squalene (∆G = −6.17 kcal/mol; Ki = 30.12 μM), 6-Vinyl-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene (∆G = −5.91 kcal/mol; Ki = 46.68 μM), 3, 5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol (∆G = −5.70 kcal/mol; Ki = 66.68 μM) and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid bis (2 ethylhexyl) ester (∆G = −5.58 kcal/mol; Ki = 80.80 μM). These results suggest that (1,4-Cyclohexylphenyl) ethanone might be a potent PLK1 inhibitor. Further, in vitro and in vivo rumination are warranted to validate the anticancer potential of (1,4-Cyclohexylphenyl) ethanone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shazi Shakil
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Zeeshan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Sajid Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deboshree Biswas
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adnan Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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102
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Wang Y, Lee YM, Baitsch L, Huang A, Xiang Y, Tong H, Lako A, Von T, Choi C, Lim E, Min J, Li L, Stegmeier F, Schlegel R, Eck MJ, Gray NS, Mitchison TJ, Zhao JJ. MELK is an oncogenic kinase essential for mitotic progression in basal-like breast cancer cells. eLife 2014; 3:e01763. [PMID: 24844244 PMCID: PMC4059381 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite marked advances in breast cancer therapy, basal-like breast cancer (BBC), an aggressive subtype of breast cancer usually lacking estrogen and progesterone receptors, remains difficult to treat. In this study, we report the identification of MELK as a novel oncogenic kinase from an in vivo tumorigenesis screen using a kinome-wide open reading frames (ORFs) library. Analysis of clinical data reveals a high level of MELK overexpression in BBC, a feature that is largely dependent on FoxM1, a master mitotic transcription factor that is also found to be highly overexpressed in BBC. Ablation of MELK selectively impairs proliferation of basal-like, but not luminal breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, depletion of MELK in BBC cells induces caspase-dependent cell death, preceded by defective mitosis. Finally, we find that Melk is not required for mouse development and physiology. Together, these data indicate that MELK is a normally non-essential kinase, but is critical for BBC and thus represents a promising selective therapeutic target for the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01763.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Lukas Baitsch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alan Huang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Yi Xiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Haoxuan Tong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ana Lako
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Thanh Von
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Christine Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Elgene Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Junxia Min
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Li Li
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Robert Schlegel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michael J Eck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Timothy J Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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103
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Riparbelli MG, Gottardo M, Glover DM, Callaini G. Inhibition of Polo kinase by BI2536 affects centriole separation during Drosophila male meiosis. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2064-72. [PMID: 24802643 PMCID: PMC4111698 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of Drosophila Polo kinase with BI2536 has allowed us to re-examine the requirements for Polo during Drosophila male gametogenesis. BI2536-treated spermatocytes persisted in a pro-metaphase state without dividing and had condensed chromosomes that did not separate. Centrosomes failed to recruit γ-tubulin and centrosomin (Cnn) and were not associated with microtubule arrays that were abnormal and did not form proper bipolar spindles. Centrioles, which usually separate during the anaphase of the first meiosis, remained held together in a V-shaped configuration suggesting that Polo kinase regulates the proteolysis that breaks centriole linkage to ensure their disengagement. Despite these defects spermatid differentiation proceeds, leading to axoneme formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena, Italy
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics; University of Cambridge; Cambridge, UK
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104
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Abstract
Polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1) belongs to a family of serine-threonine kinases and plays a critical role in mitotic progression. Plk1 involves in the initiation of mitosis, centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle formation, and cytokinesis, well-reported as traditional functions of Plk1. In this review, we discuss the role of Plk1 during DNA damage response beyond the functions in mitotsis. When DNA is damaged in cells under various stress conditions, the checkpoint mechanism is activated to allow cells to have enough time for repair. When damage is repaired, cells progress continuously their division, which is called checkpoint recovery. If damage is too severe to repair, cells undergo apoptotic pathway. If damage is not completely repaired, cells undergo a process called checkpoint adaptation, and resume cell division cycle with damaged DNA. Plk1 targets and regulates many key factors in the process of damage response, and we deal with these subjects in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yi Hyun
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Hyo-In Hwan
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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105
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Lange L, Keppner-Witter S, Grigat J, Spänkuch B. Combinatorial inhibition of Plk1 and PKCβ in cancer cells with different p53 status. Oncotarget 2014; 5:2263-75. [PMID: 24810255 PMCID: PMC4039161 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PKCβ and Plk1 are fascinating targets in cancer therapy. Therefore, we combined Enzastaurin targeting PKCβ and SBE13 targeting Plk1 to test synergistic effects in cells with different p53 status. We analyzed cell proliferation and apoptosis induction, and did Western blot and FACScan analyses to examine the combined PKCβ and Plk1 inhibition. p53-wild-type cells are more resistant to the combinatorial treatment than p53-deficient cells, which displayed a synergistic reduction of cell proliferation after the combination. HeLa, MCF-7 and HCT116(p53wt) and HCT116(p53-/-) cells differed in their cell cycle distribution after combinatorial treatment in dependence on a functional p53-dependent G1/S checkpoint (p53-deficient cells showed an enrichment in S and G2/M, p53-wild-type cells in G0/G1 phase). hTERT-RPE1 cells did not show the synergistic effects of cancer cells. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that Plk1 inhibition using SBE13 enhances the effects of Enzastaurin in cancer cells. HCT116(p53wt) and HCT116(p53-/-) cells confirmed the p53-dependence of different effects after Plk1 and PKCβ inhibition observed in HeLa and MCF-7 cells. Obviously, p53 protects cells from the cytotoxicity of Enzastaurin in combination with SBE13. For that reason this combination can be useful to treat p53-deficient cancers, without displaying toxicity to normal cells, which all have functional p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lange
- Friedrich-Schiller-University, CMB, Institute for Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Keppner-Witter
- Eberhard-Karls-University, Department of Gynecology, Calwer Straße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juline Grigat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birgit Spänkuch
- Friedrich-Schiller-University, CMB, Institute for Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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106
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Plk1-targeted therapies in TP53- or RAS-mutated cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 761:31-39. [PMID: 24630986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment, prognosis for many types of carcinoma remains poor. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) has been explored as a target for the development of anticancer drugs. As a mitotic master Ser/Thr kinase, Plk1 is involved in centrosomal maturation, microtubule nucleation, chromosomal segregation, and cytokinesis. Additional functions in interphase and in response to DNA damage have been revealed. The multiple locations of Plk1 correspond to distinct functions, mediated by phosphorylation of multiple substrates. Since it is highly expressed in several carcinomas, and expression of Plk1 is inversely correlated with the survival rate of patients in non-small cell lung, head and neck, and esophageal cancer, Plk1 is recognized as a valid prognostic marker. Connections between Plk1 and p53 or KRAS in carcinoma provide a rationale and several possible routes to the development of therapies. Tumors with both p53-deficiency and high Plk1 expression may be particularly sensitive to Plk1 inhibitors, although some controversial data exist. In KRAS-mutant cancers, on the other hand, Plk1 may be essential for tumor cell survival, but detailed studies as to whether Plk1 inhibitors are more effective in KRAS-mutant cancers must be performed in order to determine whether this is the case. Here, we present evidence for Plk1 as a prognostic marker and potentially effective target for the treatment of patients with carcinoma, to demonstrate the value of Plk1 as a target for the development of cancer treatment, especially for patients with solid tumors. In addition, the effects of Plk1 inhibition in p53- or KRAS-mutated cancer are discussed with respect to clinical implications. Structural specifics of Plk1 are presented, as well as current strategies for discovering new Plk1 inhibitors by targeting the conserved ATP binding site or polo-box domain of Plk1, in order to develop Plk1-specific anticancer drugs.
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107
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Lund-Andersen C, Patzke S, Nähse-Kumpf V, Syljuåsen RG. PLK1-inhibition can cause radiosensitization or radioresistance dependent on the treatment schedule. Radiother Oncol 2014; 110:355-61. [PMID: 24502970 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE PLK1-inhibitors are emerging as new potential anticancer agents. It is therefore important to explore the combined effects of PLK1-inhibitors with conventional therapies. Based on the functional roles of PLK1 in both mitosis and the G2 checkpoint, we hypothesized that the treatment schedule might influence the combined effects of PLK1-inhibiton and radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human osteosarcoma U2OS and colorectal cancer HT29 and SW620 cells were treated with the PLK1-inhibitor BI2536 before or after X-ray irradiation (0-6 Gy). Clonogenic assays, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and mCherry-53BP1 time-lapse imaging were used to assay cell survival, cell cycle progression and DNA damage repair. RESULTS Treatment with the PLK1-inhibitor for 24h before radiation caused cells to accumulate in G2/M and resulted in increased radiosensitivity. In contrast, the cytotoxic effects of the two treatments were less-than-additive when cells were treated with the PLK1-inhibitor for 24h after radiation. This resistance was associated with a prolonged G2 checkpoint causing enhanced repair of the radiation-induced damage and decreased BI2536-mediated mitotic damage. CONCLUSIONS PLK1-inhibitors need to be administrated several hours before radiation to achieve radiosensitization. If PLK1-inhibitors are given after radiation, cell killing is reduced due to the prolonged G2 checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Lund-Andersen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Sebastian Patzke
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Viola Nähse-Kumpf
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Randi G Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
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108
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Gheghiani L, Gavet O. Deciphering the spatio-temporal regulation of entry and progression through mitosis. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:213-23. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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109
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Zhou Z, Cao JX, Li SY, An GS, Ni JH, Jia HT. p53 Suppresses E2F1-dependent PLK1 expression upon DNA damage by forming p53-E2F1-DNA complex. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3104-15. [PMID: 24076372 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
E2F1 is implicated in transcriptional activation of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1), but yet the mechanism is not fully understood. PLK1 suppression plays an important checkpoint role in response to DNA damage. Suppression of the PLK1 gene by binding of p53 to upstream p53RE2 element in the promoter has been recently revealed. Here we report another mechanism, in which p53 interacts with E2F1 to form p53-E2F1-DNA complex repressing E2F1-dependent PLK1 expression. PLK1 was downregulated in cisplatin exposed HCT116p53(+/+) but not HCT116p53(-/-) cells, indicating p53-suppressed PLK1 upon DNA damage. Co-transfection and reporter enzyme assays revealed that p53 suppressed but E2F1 promoted PLK1 gene activation. 5'-Deletion and substitution mutations showed multiple positive cis-elements residing in the PLK1 promoter, of which at least two E2F1 sites at positions -75/-68 and -40/-32 were required for the full activity of the promoter. Combination of 5'-deletion and substitution mutations with over-expression of p53 showed that suppression of the PLK1 gene by p53 was E2F1-dependent: mutation of the E2F1 site at position -75/-68 partially abrogated suppression activity of p53; mutation of E2F1 site at position -40/-32 released from p53 suppression of PLK1 gene completely. Co-immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that DNA damage promoted p53-E2F1 interaction, thereby creating a p53-E2F1 complex assembly on the PLK1 promoter in vitro. The in vivo formation of p53-E2F1-PLK1 promoter complex upon DNA damage was further evidenced by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and re-ChIP. In addition, we showed that suppression of PLK1 by p53 promoted apoptosis. Our data suggest that p53 may interact with E2F1 to form p53-E2F1-DNA complex suppressing E2F1-dependent PLK1 expression. The model of p53 action on E2F1-activated PLK1 gene may explain at least partly how p53 as a suppressor regulates the downstream effects of E2F1 in cellular stresses including DNA damage stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, PR China
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110
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Triscott J, Lee C, Foster C, Manoranjan B, Pambid MR, Berns R, Fotovati A, Venugopal C, O'Halloran K, Narendran A, Hawkins C, Ramaswamy V, Bouffet E, Taylor MD, Singhal A, Hukin J, Rassekh R, Yip S, Northcott P, Singh SK, Dunham C, Dunn SE. Personalizing the treatment of pediatric medulloblastoma: Polo-like kinase 1 as a molecular target in high-risk children. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6734-44. [PMID: 24019381 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. This disease is heterogeneous and is composed of four subtypes of medulloblastoma [WNT, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4]. An immediate goal is to identify novel molecular targets for the most aggressive forms of medulloblastoma. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is an oncogenic kinase that controls cell cycle and proliferation, making it a strong candidate for medulloblastoma treatment. In this study, pediatric medulloblastomas were subtyped in two patient cohorts (discovery cohort, n = 63 patients; validation cohort, n = 57 patients) using NanoString nCounter analysis and PLK1 mRNA was assessed. We determined that the SHH and Group 3 subtypes were independently associated with poor outcomes in children as was PLK1 using Cox regression analyses. Furthermore, we screened a library of 129 compounds in clinical trials using a model of pediatric medulloblastoma and determined that PLK1 inhibitors were the most promising class of agents against the growth of medulloblastoma. In patient-derived primary medulloblastoma isolates, the PLK1 small-molecule inhibitor BI2536 suppressed the self-renewal of cells with high PLK1 but not low PLK1 expression. PLK1 inhibition prevented medulloblastoma cell proliferation, self-renewal, cell-cycle progression, and induced apoptosis. In contrast, the growth of normal neural stem cells was unaffected by BI2536. Finally, BI2536 extended survival in medulloblastoma-bearing mice with efficacy comparable with Headstart, a standard-of-care chemotherapy regimen. We conclude that patients with medulloblastoma expressing high levels of PLK1 are at elevated risk. These preclinical studies pave the way for improving the treatment of medulloblastoma through PLK1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Triscott
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pediatrics; Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario; Pediatric Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Investigators Consortium (POETIC) Laboratory for Pre-Clinical and Drug Discovery Studies, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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111
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Abstract
Significant advances in cancer treatment have resulted from the targeted cancer therapy by understanding the process of malignant transformation. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) has been investigated as a target for cancer therapy for several years. Recently, anticancer drug candidates targeting PLK1 have been developed. To investigate the significance of PLK1 inhibitors in cancer patients, the current clinical statuses of PLK1 inhibitors including BI 2536, volasertib, and GSK461364A were analyzed. Monotherapy with BI 2536, the first human study of PLK1 inhibitors, has been terminated now, but its combinational study is still available in several solid tumors. The second-generation PLK1 inhibitor volasertib has an improved pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and efficacy, which is currently being developed under phase I/II. GSK461364 has shown a greater sensitive antitumor effect in p53-mutated cancer compared with that of p53-wild type cancer cells in a preclinical study. However, it has to be coadministered with an anticoagulator because of the high incidence of venous thrombotic emboli in clinical studies. PLK1 inhibitors showed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and efficacy in patients with solid tumors. Further investigation with the use of PLK1 inhibitors in cancer patients who have mutated p53 or Ras and a high level of PLK1 as biomarkers is needed to consider the context and evaluation criteria of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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112
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Danovi D, Folarin A, Gogolok S, Ender C, Elbatsh AMO, Engström PG, Stricker SH, Gagrica S, Georgian A, Yu D, U KP, Harvey KJ, Ferretti P, Paddison PJ, Preston JE, Abbott NJ, Bertone P, Smith A, Pollard SM. A high-content small molecule screen identifies sensitivity of glioblastoma stem cells to inhibition of polo-like kinase 1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77053. [PMID: 24204733 PMCID: PMC3813721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults and there are few effective treatments. GBMs contain cells with molecular and cellular characteristics of neural stem cells that drive tumour growth. Here we compare responses of human glioblastoma-derived neural stem (GNS) cells and genetically normal neural stem (NS) cells to a panel of 160 small molecule kinase inhibitors. We used live-cell imaging and high content image analysis tools and identified JNJ-10198409 (J101) as an agent that induces mitotic arrest at prometaphase in GNS cells but not NS cells. Antibody microarrays and kinase profiling suggested that J101 responses are triggered by suppression of the active phosphorylated form of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) (phospho T210), with resultant spindle defects and arrest at prometaphase. We found that potent and specific Plk1 inhibitors already in clinical development (BI 2536, BI 6727 and GSK 461364) phenocopied J101 and were selective against GNS cells. Using a porcine brain endothelial cell blood-brain barrier model we also observed that these compounds exhibited greater blood-brain barrier permeability in vitro than J101. Our analysis of mouse mutant NS cells (INK4a/ARF(-/-), or p53(-/-)), as well as the acute genetic deletion of p53 from a conditional p53 floxed NS cell line, suggests that the sensitivity of GNS cells to BI 2536 or J101 may be explained by the lack of a p53-mediated compensatory pathway. Together these data indicate that GBM stem cells are acutely susceptible to proliferative disruption by Plk1 inhibitors and that such agents may have immediate therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Danovi
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amos Folarin
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Gogolok
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Ender
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M. O. Elbatsh
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pär G. Engström
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan H. Stricker
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sladjana Gagrica
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Georgian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ding Yu
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kin Pong U
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Harvey
- EMD Millipore Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J. Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jane E. Preston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bertone
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Genome Biology and Developmental Biology Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven M. Pollard
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit and Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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113
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Zhang Z, Zhang G, Kong C. High expression of polo-like kinase 1 is associated with the metastasis and recurrence in urothelial carcinoma of bladder. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:1222-30. [PMID: 22192978 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) has been widely pursued as an oncology target because it is overexpressed in several human tumor types. To investigate whether Plk1 plays a general role in bladder urothelial carcinoma, we examined the expression of Plk1 protein in bladder urothelial carcinoma and cell lines, and analyzed the relationship among Plk1 protein expression, metastasis, and recurrence of urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Plk1 in 120 bladder urothelial carcinoma. Moreover, the expression of Plk1 was analyzed by Western blot in 60 bladder urothelial carcinoma and 21 normal epithelial tissues. MTT assay and flow cytometry and transwell assay were used to examine the proliferative and invasive ability of bladder cancer cells with the treatment of scytonemin (the inhibitor of Plk1). Statistical analysis was used to discuss the association between Plk1 expression and clinicopathologic parameters, tumor metastasis and recurrence, and the proliferative and invasive ability and cell cycle process of the bladder cancer cells. RESULTS There was a significantly higher Plk1expressions in bladder urothelial carcinoma and highly invasive bladder T24 cells than those in bladder normal tissues and the superficial bladder BIU-87 cells. Plk1 expression was positively correlated with histologic grade, pT stage, recurrence, and metastasis. With the increasing concentration of scytonemin, we found that not only the cell proliferation and invasion activity decreased significantly, but also the cell cycle was blocked at G2/M stage. CONCLUSION Plk1 expression status was closely correlated with important histopathologic characteristics (grades and stages) and the recurrence and metastasis of bladder urothelial carcinomas. Furthermore, Plk1 played an important function on the bladder cancer cells' proliferation by regulating the cancer cell cycle from G1/S to G2/M and probably promoted the invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.
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114
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Kim HJ, Cho JH, Kim JR. Downregulation of Polo-like kinase 1 induces cellular senescence in human primary cells through a p53-dependent pathway. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:1145-56. [PMID: 23525475 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) plays a key role in various stages of mitosis from entry into M phase to exit from mitosis. However, its role in cellular senescence remains to be determined. Therefore, the effects of PLK1 on cellular senescence in human primary cells were investigated. We found that expression of PLK1 decreased in human dermal fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells under replicative senescence and premature senescence induced by adriamycin. PLK1 knockdown with PLK1 small interfering RNAs in young cells induced premature senescence. In contrast, upregulation of PLK1 in old cells partially reversed senescence phenotypes. Cellular senescence by PLK1 inhibition was observed in p16 knockdown cells but not in p53 knockdown cells. Our data suggest that PLK1 repression might result in cellular senescence in human primary cells via a p53-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Kim
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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115
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Hartsink-Segers SA, Exalto C, Allen M, Williamson D, Clifford SC, Horstmann M, Caron HN, Pieters R, Den Boer ML. Inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 causes growth reduction and apoptosis in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2013; 98:1539-46. [PMID: 23753023 PMCID: PMC3789458 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.084434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated Polo-like kinase 1, a mitotic regulator often over-expressed in solid tumors and adult hematopoietic malignancies, as a potential new target in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Polo-like kinase 1 protein and Thr210 phosphorylation levels were higher in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n=172) than in normal bone marrow mononuclear cells (n=10) (P<0.0001). High Polo-like kinase 1 protein phosphorylation, but not expression, was associated with a lower probability of event-free survival (P=0.042) and was a borderline significant prognostic factor (P=0.065) in a multivariate analysis including age and initial white blood cell count. Polo-like kinase 1 was necessary for leukemic cell survival, since short hairpin-mediated Polo-like kinase 1 knockdown in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines inhibited cell proliferation by G2/M cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis through caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Primary patient cells with a high Polo-like kinase 1 protein expression were sensitive to the Polo-like kinase 1-specific inhibitor NMS-P937 in vitro, whereas cells with a low expression and normal bone marrow cells were resistant. This sensitivity was likely not caused by Polo-like kinase 1 mutations, since only one new mutation (Ser335Arg) was found by 454-sequencing of 38 pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases. This mutation did not affect Polo-like kinase 1 expression or NMS-P937 sensitivity. Together, these results indicate a pivotal role for Polo-like kinase 1 in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and show potential for Polo-like kinase 1-inhibiting drugs as an addition to current treatment strategies for cases expressing high Polo-like kinase 1 levels.
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116
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Systemic siRNA Delivery via Peptide-Tagged Polymeric Nanoparticles, Targeting PLK1 Gene in a Mouse Xenograft Model of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Biomater 2013; 2013:252531. [PMID: 24159333 PMCID: PMC3789392 DOI: 10.1155/2013/252531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles were developed from a series of chemical reactions using chitosan, polyethylene glycol, and a cell-targeting peptide (CP15). The nanoparticles were complexed with PLK1-siRNA. The optimal siRNA loading was achieved at an N : P ratio of 129.2 yielding a nanoparticle size of >200 nm. These nanoparticles were delivered intraperitoneally and tested for efficient delivery, cytotoxicity, and biodistribution in a mouse xenograft model of colorectal cancer. Both unmodified and modified chitosan nanoparticles showed enhanced accumulation at the tumor site. However, the modified chitosan nanoparticles showed considerably, less distribution in other organs. The relative gene expression as evaluated showed efficient delivery of PLK1-siRNA (0.5 mg/kg) with 50.7 ± 19.5% knockdown (P = 0.031) of PLK1 gene. The in vivo data reveals no systemic toxicity in the animals, when tested for systemic inflammation and liver toxicity. These results indicate a potential of using peptide-tagged nanoparticles for systemic delivery of siRNA at the targeted tumor site.
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117
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Krause M, Kummer B, Deparade A, Eicheler W, Pfitzmann D, Yaromina A, Kunz-Schughart LA, Baumann M. Simultaneous PLK1 inhibition improves local tumour control after fractionated irradiation. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:422-8. [PMID: 23891096 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) plays an important role in mitotic progression, is frequently overexpressed and associated with a poor prognosis of cancer patients, thus providing a promising target in anticancer treatment. Aim of the current project was to evaluate the effect of the novel PLK1 inhibitor BI 6727 in combination with irradiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro proliferation and radiation cell survival assays as well as in vivo local tumour control assays after single treatment and combined radiation and drug application were carried out using the squamous cell carcinoma models A431 and FaDu. In addition, cell cycle phases were monitored in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS BI 6727 showed a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect and an increase in the mitotic fraction. BI 6727 alone reduced clonogenic cell survival, while radiosensitivity in vitro (SF2) and in vivo (single-dose TCD(50) under clamped hypoxia) was not affected. In contrast, local tumour control was significantly improved after application of BI 6727 simultaneously to fractionated irradiation (A431: TCD(50) = 60.5 Gy [95% C.I. 57; 63] after IR alone and <30 Gy after combined treatment; FaDu: 49.5 Gy [43; 56 Gy] versus 32.9 Gy [26; 40]). CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of direct cellular radiosensitisation, PLK1 inhibition with BI 6727 during fractionated irradiation significantly improves local tumour control when compared to irradiation alone. This result is likely explained by a considerable effect on cell cycle and an independent cytotoxic potential of BI 6727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Krause
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf.
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118
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Louwen F, Yuan J. Battle of the eternal rivals: restoring functional p53 and inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 as cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2013; 4:958-71. [PMID: 23948487 PMCID: PMC3759674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1, a pivotal regulator of mitosis and cytokinesis, is highly expressed in a broad spectrum of tumors and its expression correlates often with poor prognosis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target. p53, the guardian of the genome, is the most important tumor suppressor. In this review, we address the intertwined relationship of these two key molecules by fighting each other as eternal rivals in many signaling pathways. p53 represses the promoter of Polo-like kinase 1, whereas Polo-like kinase 1 inhibits p53 and its family members p63 and p73 in cancer cells lacking functional p53. Plk1 inhibitors target all rapidly dividing cells irrespective of tumor cells or non-transformed normal but proliferating cells. Upon treatment with Plk1 inhibitors, p53 in tumor cells is activated and induces strong apoptosis, whereas tumor cells with inactive p53 arrest in mitosis with DNA damage. Thus, inactive p53 is not associated with a susceptible cytotoxicity of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition and could rather foster the induction of polyploidy/aneuploidy in surviving cells. In addition, compared to the mono-treatment, combination of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition with anti-mitotic or DNA damaging agents boosts more severe mitotic defects, effectually triggers apoptosis and strongly inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with functional p53. In this regard, restoration of p53 in tumor cells with loss or mutation of p53 will reinforce the cytotoxicity of combined Polo-like kinase 1 therapy and provide a proficient strategy for combating relapse and metastasis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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119
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Hsu CC, Hu CD. Transcriptional activity of c-Jun is critical for the suppression of AR function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 372:12-22. [PMID: 23523566 PMCID: PMC3646949 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a pivotal role in growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. c-Jun is an important member of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family and was shown to interact with AR. However, the role of c-Jun in AR signaling remains controversial, with being a coactivator or a corepressor reported. Here, utilizing multiple approaches, we show that c-Jun efficiently inhibits AR activity and the growth of prostate cancer cells. Overexpression of c-Jun inhibits not only the activities of various androgen-responsive promoters but also the transcripts of multiple AR target genes. Interestingly, long-term c-Jun overexpression also down-regulates AR expression at both the protein and mRNA levels. Molecular analysis suggests that c-Jun inhibits AR transactivation potential via an unknown target gene. The inhibition of AR by c-Jun occurs in both hormone naïve and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Our results unravel a novel mechanism by which c-Jun antagonizes the AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Hsu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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120
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Nie Z, Feher V, Natala S, McBride C, Kiryanov A, Jones B, Lam B, Liu Y, Kaldor S, Stafford J, Hikami K, Uchiyama N, Kawamoto T, Hikichi Y, Matsumoto SI, Amano N, Zhang L, Hosfield D, Skene R, Zou H, Cao X, Ichikawa T. Discovery of TAK-960: an orally available small molecule inhibitor of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3662-6. [PMID: 23664874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using structure-based drug design, we identified and optimized a novel series of pyrimidodiazepinone PLK1 inhibitors resulting in the selection of the development candidate TAK-960. TAK-960 is currently undergoing Phase I evaluation in adult patients with advanced solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Nie
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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121
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Kim CY, Kim KH. Dexamethasone-induced selenoprotein S degradation is required for adipogenesis. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2069-2082. [PMID: 23687306 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m034603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although adipogenesis is associated with induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the role of selenoprotein S (SEPS1), an ER resident selenoprotein known to regulate ER stress and ER-associated protein degradation, is unknown. We found an inverse relationship between SEPS1 level in adipose tissue and adiposity in mice. While SEPS1 expression was increased during adipogenesis, a markedly reduced SEPS1 protein level was found in the early phase of adipogenesis due to dexamethasone (DEX)-induced proteosomal degradation of SEPS1. Overexpression of SEPS1 in the early phase of cell differentiation resulted in impairment of adipogenesis with reduced levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α and other adipocyte marker genes during the course of adipogenesis. Conversely, knockdown of SEPS1 resulted in the promotion of adipogenesis. Additionally, altered SEPS1 expression was associated with changes in expression of ER stress marker genes in the early phase of adipogenesis, and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-related ubiquitination and proteasome function. Our study reveals that SEPS1 is a novel anti-adipogenic selenoprotein that modulates ER stress- and UPS-dependent adipogenesis. Our results also identifies a novel function of DEX in the regulation of adipogenesis through induction of SEPS1 degradation. Taken together, DEX-dependent degradation of SEPS1 in the early phase of adipogenesis is necessary for initiating ER stress- and UPS-dependent maturation of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Young Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
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122
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Sanhaji M, Louwen F, Zimmer B, Kreis NN, Roth S, Yuan J. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors, mitotic stress and the tumor suppressor p53. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1340-51. [PMID: 23574746 PMCID: PMC3674062 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 has been established as one of the most attractive targets for molecular cancer therapy. In fact, multiple small-molecule inhibitors targeting this kinase have been developed and intensively investigated. Recently, it has been reported that the cytotoxicity induced by Plk1 inhibition is elevated in cancer cells with inactive p53, leading to the hypothesis that inactive p53 is a predictive marker for the response of Plk1 inhibition. In our previous study based on different cancer cell lines, we showed that cancer cells with wild type p53 were more sensitive to Plk1 inhibition by inducing more apoptosis, compared with cancer cells depleted of p53. In the present work, we further demonstrate that in the presence of mitotic stress induced by different agents, Plk1 inhibitors strongly induced apoptosis in HCT116 p53(+/+) cells, whereas HCT116 p53(-/-) cells arrested in mitosis with less apoptosis. Depletion of p53 in HCT116 p53(+/+) or U2OS cells reduced the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, the surviving HCT116 p53(-/-) cells showed DNA damage and a strong capability of colony formation. Plk1 inhibition in combination with other anti-mitotic agents inhibited proliferation of tumor cells more strongly than Plk1 inhibition alone. Taken together, the data underscore that functional p53 strengthens the efficacy of Plk1 inhibition alone or in combination by strongly activating cell death signaling pathways. Further studies are required to investigate if the long-term outcomes of losing p53, such as low differential grade of tumor cells or defective DNA damage checkpoint, are responsible for the cytotoxicity of Plk1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; School of Medicine; J.W. Goethe-University; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; School of Medicine; J.W. Goethe-University; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Brigitte Zimmer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; School of Medicine; J.W. Goethe-University; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; School of Medicine; J.W. Goethe-University; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Roth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; School of Medicine; J.W. Goethe-University; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; School of Medicine; J.W. Goethe-University; Frankfurt, Germany
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123
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Lu J, Xin S, Meng H, Veldman M, Schoenfeld D, Che C, Yan R, Zhong H, Li S, Lin S. A novel anti-tumor inhibitor identified by virtual screen with PLK1 structure and zebrafish assay. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53317. [PMID: 23658603 PMCID: PMC3637257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), one of the key regulators of mitosis, is a target for cancer therapy due to its abnormally high activity in several tumors. Plk1 is highly conserved and shares a nearly identical 3-D structure between zebrafish and humans. The initial 10 mitoses of zebrafish embryonic cleavages occur every∼30 minutes, and therefore provide a rapid assay to evaluate mitosis inhibitors including those targeting Plk1. To increase efficiency and specificity, we first performed a computational virtual screen of∼60000 compounds against the human Plk1 3-D structure docked to both its kinase and Polo box domain. 370 candidates with the top free-energy scores were subjected to zebrafish assay and 3 were shown to inhibit cell division. Compared to general screen for compounds inhibiting zebrafish embryonic cleavage, computation increased the efficiency by 11 folds. One of the 3 compounds, named I2, was further demonstrated to effectively inhibit multiple tumor cell proliferation in vitro and PC3 prostate cancer growth in Xenograft mouse model in vivo. Furthermore, I2 inhibited Plk1 enzyme activity in a dose dependent manner. The IC50 values of I2 in these assays are compatible to those of ON-01910, a Plk1 inhibitor currently in Phase III clinic trials. Our studies demonstrate that zebrafish assays coupled with computational screening significantly improves the efficiency of identifying specific regulators of biological targets. The PLK1 inhibitor I2, and its analogs, may have potential in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shengchang Xin
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Meng
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matt Veldman
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Schoenfeld
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chao Che
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruibin Yan
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanbing Zhong
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Song Li
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Maire V, Némati F, Richardson M, Vincent-Salomon A, Tesson B, Rigaill G, Gravier E, Marty-Prouvost B, De Koning L, Lang G, Gentien D, Dumont A, Barillot E, Marangoni E, Decaudin D, Roman-Roman S, Pierré A, Cruzalegui F, Depil S, Tucker GC, Dubois T. Polo-like kinase 1: a potential therapeutic option in combination with conventional chemotherapy for the management of patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:813-23. [PMID: 23144294 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancers are composed of molecularly distinct subtypes with different clinical outcomes and responses to therapy. To discover potential therapeutic targets for the poor prognosis-associated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), gene expression profiling was carried out on a cohort of 130 breast cancer samples. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) was found to be significantly overexpressed in TNBC compared with the other breast cancer subtypes. High PLK1 expression was confirmed by reverse phase protein and tissue microarrays. In triple-negative cell lines, RNAi-mediated PLK1 depletion or inhibition of PLK1 activity with a small molecule (BI-2536) induced an increase in phosphorylated H2AX, G(2)-M arrest, and apoptosis. A soft-agar colony assay showed that PLK1 silencing impaired clonogenic potential of TNBC cell lines. When cells were grown in extracellular matrix gels (Matrigel), and exposed to BI-2536, apoptosis was observed specifically in TNBC cancerous cells, and not in a normal cell line. When administrated as a single agent, the PLK1 inhibitor significantly impaired tumor growth in vivo in two xenografts models established from biopsies of patients with TNBC. Most importantly, the administration of BI-2536, in combination with doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, led to a faster complete response compared with the chemotherapy treatment alone and prevented relapse, which is the major risk associated with TNBC. Altogether, our observations suggest PLK1 inhibition as an attractive therapeutic approach, in association with conventional chemotherapy, for the management of patients with TNBC.
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125
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PosthumaDeBoer J, van Royen B, Helder M. Mechanisms of therapy resistance in osteosarcoma: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2052-6199-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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126
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Song B, Liu XS, Rice S, Kuang S, Elzey BD, Konieczny SF, Ratliff TL, Hazbun T, Chiorean EG, Liu X. Plk1 phosphorylation of orc2 and hbo1 contributes to gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:58-68. [PMID: 23188630 PMCID: PMC3732037 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although gemcitabine is the standard chemotherapeutic drug for treatment of pancreatic cancer, almost all patients eventually develop resistance to this agent. Previous studies identified Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) as the mediator of gemcitabine resistance, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we show that Plk1 phosphorylation of Orc2 and Hbo1 mediates the resistance to gemcitabine. We show that the level of Plk1 expression positively correlates with gemcitabine resistance, both in pancreatic cancer cells and xenograft tumors. Overexpression of Plk1 increases gemcitabine resistance, while inhibition of Plk1 sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine treatment. To validate our findings, we show that inhibition of Plk1 sensitizes tumors to gemcitabine treatment in a mouse xenograft study. Mechanistically, we find that Plk1 phosphorylation of Orc2 maintains DNA replication on gemcitabine treatment. Furthermore, Plk1 phosphorylation of Hbo1 transcriptionally increases cFos expression and consequently elevates its target multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1), which was previously reported to confer chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Knockdown of cFos or MDR1 sensitizes gemcitabine-resistant cells to gemcitabine treatment. Finally, pancreatic cancer cells expressing Plk1-unphosphorylatable mutants of Orc2 or Hbo1 are more sensitive to gemcitabine than cells expressing wild-type Orc2 or Hbo1. In short, our study provides a mechanism for Plk1-mediated gemcitabine resistance, suggesting that Plk1 is a promising target for treatment of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - X. Shawn Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Steven Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Bennett D. Elzey
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Stephen F. Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Timothy L. Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Tony Hazbun
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Elena G. Chiorean
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Zhao XY, Nie CL, Liang SF, Yuan Z, Deng HX, Wei YQ. Enhanced gemcitabine-mediated cell killing of human lung adenocarcinoma by vector-based RNA interference against PLK1. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:597-602. [PMID: 23153503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific PLK1 silencing may be an effective gene therapy modality of treating PLK1-overexpressed cancers. In this study, we first explored the anticancer efficacy of three different short hairpin-expressing plasmids targeting PLK1 in animal model, and then determined the combination therapy effect of gemcitabine with PLK1-shRNA as an adjuvant. Transfection of the PLK1-shRNAs to A549 lung cancer cells induced significant PLK1 depletion, growth inhibition and apoptosis. In vivo administration of PLK1-shRNA constructs to tumor-bearing mice resulted in xenograft regression. Moreover, the combination of PLK1-shRNA plus low-dose gemcitabine (GEM) produced an additive antitumor activity on the lung tumors owing to an inhibition of cancer cell survival and augmented apoptosis. These results indicated a feasible bio-chemotherapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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128
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Paschal CR, Maciejowski J, Jallepalli PV. A stringent requirement for Plk1 T210 phosphorylation during K-fiber assembly and chromosome congression. Chromosoma 2012; 121:565-72. [PMID: 22566210 PMCID: PMC3519967 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-012-0375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an essential mitotic regulator and undergoes periodic phosphorylation on threonine 210, a conserved residue in the kinase's activation loop. While phosphate-mimicking alterations of T210 stimulate Plk1's kinase activity in vitro, their effects on cell cycle regulation in vivo remain controversial. Using gene targeting, we replaced the native PLK1 locus in human cells with either PLK1 (T210A) or PLK1 (T210D) in both dominant and recessive settings. In contrast to previous reports, PLK1 (T210D) did not accelerate cells prematurely into mitosis, nor could it fulfill the kinase's essential role in chromosome congression. The latter was traced to an unexpected defect in Plk1-dependent phosphorylation of BubR1, a key mediator of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Using chemical genetics to bypass this defect, we found that Plk1(T210D) is nonetheless able to induce equatorial RhoA zones and cleavage furrows during mitotic exit. Collectively, our data indicate that K-fibers are sensitive to even subtle perturbations in T210 phosphorylation and caution against relying on Plk1(T210D) as an in vivo surrogate for the natively activated kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Randall Paschal
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - John Maciejowski
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Prasad V. Jallepalli
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
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129
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Liu J, Lu KH, Liu ZL, Sun M, De W, Wang ZX. MicroRNA-100 is a potential molecular marker of non-small cell lung cancer and functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting polo-like kinase 1. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:519. [PMID: 23151088 PMCID: PMC3521172 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is highly expressed in many human cancers and regulates critical steps in mitotic progression. Previously, we have reported that PLK1 was overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. By using microRNA (miR) target prediction algorithms, we identified miR-100 that might potentially bind the 3'-untranslated region of PLK1 transcripts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of miR-100 and its association with PLK1 in NSCLC development. METHODS Taqman real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay was performed to detect miR-100 expression 10 NSCLC tissues and corresponding nontumor tissues. Additionally, the expression of miR-100 in 110 NSCLC tissues and its correlation with clinicopathological factors or prognosis of patients was analyzed. Finally, the effects of miR-100 expression on growth, apoptosis and cell cycle of NSCLC cells by posttranscriptionally regulating PLK1 expression were determined. RESULTS MiR-100 was significantly downregulated in NSCLC tissues, and low miR-100 expression was found to be closely correlated with higher clinical stage, advanced tumor classification and lymph node metastasis of patients. The overall survival of NSCLC patients with low miR-100 was significantly lower than that of those patients with high miR-100, and univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that low miR-100 expression might be a poor prognostic factor. Also, miR-100 mimics could lead to growth inhibition, G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis enhancement in NSCLC cells. Meanwhile, miR-100 mimics could significantly inhibit PLK1 mRNA and protein expression and reduce the luciferase activity of a PLK1 3' untranslated region-based reporter construct in A549 cells. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated PLK1 downregulation could mimic the effects of miR-100 mimics while PLK1 overexpression could partially rescue the phenotypical changes of NSCLC cells induced by miR-100 mimics. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that low miR-100 may be a poor prognostic factor for NSCLC patients and functions as a tumor suppressor by posttranscriptionally regulating PLK1 expression.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Down-Regulation
- G2 Phase/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Prognosis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Kai-Hua Lu
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab of Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, Peoples Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Li Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Wei De
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Xia Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, Peoples Republic of China
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130
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Chen CY, Abell AM, Moon YS, Kim KH. An advanced glycation end product (AGE)-receptor for AGEs (RAGE) axis restores adipogenic potential of senescent preadipocytes through modulation of p53 protein function. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44498-507. [PMID: 23150674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impaired adipogenic potential of senescent preadipocytes is a hallmark of adipose aging and aging-related adipose dysfunction. Although advanced glycation end products (AGEs) derived from both foods and endogenous nonenzymatic glycation and AGE-associated signaling pathways are known to play a key role in aging and its related diseases, the role of AGEs in adipose aging remains elusive. We show a novel pro-adipogenic function of AGEs in replicative senescent preadipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, as well as primary preadipocytes isolated from aged mice. Using glycated bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein of AGEs, we found that glycated BSA restores the impaired adipogenic potential of senescent preadipocytes in vitro and ex vivo. However, glycated BSA showed no effect on adipogenesis in nonsenescent preadipocytes. The AGE-induced receptor for AGE (RAGE) expression is required for the pro-adipogenic function of AGEs in senescent preadipocytes. RAGE is required for impairment of p53 expression and p53 function in regulating p21 expression in senescent preadipocytes. We also observed a direct binding between RAGE and p53 in senescent preadipocytes. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel pro-adipogenic function of the AGE-RAGE axis in p53-regulated adipogenesis of senescent preadipocytes, providing new insights into aging-dependent adiposity by diet-driven and/or endogenous glycated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Chen
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
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131
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Bayraktar S, Rocha Lima CM. Emerging cell-cycle inhibitors for pancreatic cancer therapy. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2012; 17:571-82. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2012.739606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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132
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Korzeniewski N, Hohenfellner M, Duensing S. The centrosome as potential target for cancer therapy and prevention. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 17:43-52. [PMID: 23062185 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.731396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer initiation and propagation is not possible without cell division. Besides microtubules, which are targeted by taxanes as part of a number of standard chemotherapy regimens, mitosis depends on small cellular organelles known as centrosomes. Centrosome abnormalities are a common finding in tumors including major human malignancies such as prostate or breast cancer. Centrosome aberrations can drive chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy, thereby promoting malignant progression. Nonetheless, these important cellular structures have not yet been directly exploited for targeted interventions. AREAS COVERED This review will summarize the current knowledge of normal and aberrant centrosome duplication. We will highlight the principal pathways leading to aberrant centrosome numbers and the evidence for a role of centrosome amplification in malignant progression. Strategies to target centrosome-mediated cell division errors will be discussed. Lastly, we will review the evidence for centrosome clustering as a druggable cellular process. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in the understanding of centrosome biogenesis have revealed a number of potential centrosomal drug targets including Polo-like kinases, Cyclin-dependent kinases, Aurora kinases, and molecular motor proteins. For some of these proteins, targeted inhibitory compounds are available and in vitro experiments have provided the proof-of-concept that blocking centrosome overduplication can result in a reduction of aneuploid cells. In addition, inhibition of centrosomal clustering has antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Nonetheless, further in vitro and preclinical studies are required to determine the most effective way to exploit the centrosome for therapeutic or preventive anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Korzeniewski
- University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Section of Molecular Urooncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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133
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Han X, Zhang J, Guo L, Cao R, Li Y, Li N, Ma Q, Wu J, Wang Y, Si S. A series of beta-carboline derivatives inhibit the kinase activity of PLKs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46546. [PMID: 23056340 PMCID: PMC3463587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases play an essential role in the ordered execution of mitotic events and 4 mammalian PLK family members have been identified. Accumulating evidence indicates that PLK1 is an attractive target for anticancer drugs. In this paper, a series of beta-carboline derivatives were synthesized and three compounds, DH281, DH285 and DH287, were identified as potent new PLK inhibitors. We employed various biochemical and cellular approaches to determine the effects of these compounds on the activity of PLK1 and other mitotic kinases and on cell cycle progression. We found that these three compounds could selectively inhibit the kinase activity of purified PLK1, PLK2 and PLK3 in vitro. They show strong antitumor activity against a number of cancer cell lines with relatively low micromolar IC(50)s, but are relatively less toxic to non-cancer cells (MRC5). Moreover, these compounds could induce obvious accumulation of HeLa cells in G(2)/M and S phases and trigger apoptosis. Although MRC5 cells show clear S-phase arrest after treatment with these compounds, the G2/M arrest and apoptosis are less insignificant, indicating the distinct sensitivity between normal and cancer cells. We also found that HeLa cells treated with these drugs exhibit monopolar spindles and increased Wee1 protein levels, the characteristics of cells treated with PLK1 inhibitors. Together, these results demonstrate that DH281, DH285 and DH287 beta-carboline compounds are new PLK inhibitors with potential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Han
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Xinjiang Huashidan Pharmaceutical Co., Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rihui Cao
- Xinjiang Huashidan Pharmaceutical Co., Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Ma
- Xinjiang Huashidan Pharmaceutical Co., Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Xinjiang Huashidan Pharmaceutical Co., Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shuyi Si
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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134
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Kim SM, Yoon S, Choi N, Hong KS, Murugan RN, Cho G, Ryu EK. In vivo tumor imaging using polo-box domain of polo-like kinase 1 targeted peptide. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6915-25. [PMID: 22795848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a regulator of cell cycle progression during mitosis; it is overexpressed in many different tumors and has been implicated as a potential antimitotic target. Plks are characterized by the presence of a highly conserved C-terminal polo-box domain (PBD) that is involved in regulating kinase activity. The phosphopeptide Pro-Leu-His-Ser-p-Thr (PLHSpT) is a potent selective inhibitor of the PBD of human plk1 that acts by inducing mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. We synthesized cRGDyK-S-S-CPLHSpT to exploit the drug delivery and molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). The peptide was blocked dramatically proliferation of tumor in vitro and in vivo. It was attempted to develop and show a tumor PET image with the radiolabeled-peptide. Here we showed the peptide is promising not only as an anticancer drug, but also as a radioligand for tumor diagnosis with PET. We expect that our contribution will provide new insights into the design of Plk1 peptide inhibitors and have significant implications for anticancer therapy and tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kim
- Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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135
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Selenate inhibits adipogenesis through induction of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:551-7. [PMID: 22974981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is essential for many aspects of human health. While selenium is known to protect against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the role of selenium in adipose development is unknown. Here we show that selenate at non-toxic concentration exhibits an anti-adipogenic function in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, selenate induced a morphological change of these cells from fibroblast-like to spindle cell shape. However, other forms of selenium, including selenite and methylseleninic acid, showed either toxic or no effect on adipogenesis and morphology change of preadipocytes. The effects of selenate on adipogenesis and cell morphology change were blunted by the treatment with SB431542, a specific inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) receptor, neutralization TGF-β1 by its antibody, and knockdown of TGF-β1 in preadipocytes, suggesting a requirement of TGF-β signaling for the anti-adipogenic function of selenate. Among tested forms of selenium, selenate appears to be an effective activator of TGF-β1 expression in preadipocytes. These results indicate that selenate is a novel dietary micromineral that activates TGF-β1 signaling in preadipocytes and modulates adipogenesis.
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136
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Liu X, Zheng H, Qu CK. Protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 (Ptpn11) plays an important role in maintenance of chromosome stability. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5296-306. [PMID: 22890240 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both activating and inactivating mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn11 (encoding Shp2) are associated with tumorigenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that Shp2 plays an important role in mitosis, dysregulation of which results in chromosome instability and cancer predisposition. Depletion of Shp2 compromised the mitotic checkpoint. Shp2-depleted cells exhibited a delay in mitotic entry and an earlier mitotic exit. Moreover, Shp2 deficiency caused defective kinetochore-microtubule attachment, chromosome misalignment, chromosomal congression defects, lagging chromosomes, and chromosome missegregation. Reintroduction of wild-type Shp2, but not a catalytically deficient mutant, restored the checkpoint function and chromosome alignment at metaphase in Shp2-deficient cells, establishing a requirement for the catalytic activity of Shp2 during mitosis. Further analyses revealed that Shp2 was required for the optimal activation of the mitotic kinases PLK1 and Aurora B and thereby the proper kinetochore localization and phosphorylation of BubR1, a core mitotic checkpoint protein that is also critical for chromosome alignment. Together, our findings show a previously unrecognized role for Shp2 in the maintenance of chromosome stability and suggest a new mechanism by which dysregulation of Shp2 signaling contributes to malignancy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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137
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Multiple cancer testis antigens function to support tumor cell mitotic fidelity. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4131-40. [PMID: 22869527 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00686-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the expression of genes that are normally involved in spermatogenesis is frequently detected in tumors, the extent to which these gene products are required for neoplastic behaviors is unclear. To begin to address their functional relevance to tumorigenesis, we identified a cohort of proteins which display synthetic lethality with paclitaxel in non-small-cell lung cancer and whose expression is biased toward testes and tumors. Remarkably, these testis proteins, FMR1NB, NXF2, MAGEA5, FSIP1, and STARD6, are required for accurate chromosome segregation in tumor cells. Their individual depletion enhances the generation of multipolar spindles, increases mitotic transit time, and induces micronucleation in response to an otherwise innocuous dose of paclitaxel. The underlying basis for abnormal mitosis is an alteration in microtubule function, as their depletion increases microtubule cytaster formation and disrupts microtubule stability. Given these observations, we hypothesize that reactivated testis proteins may represent unique tumor cell vulnerabilities which, if targeted, could enhance responsiveness to antimitotic therapy. Indeed, we demonstrate that combining paclitaxel with a small-molecule inhibitor of the gametogenic and tumor cell mitotic protein TACC3 leads to enhanced centrosomal abnormalities, activation of death programs, and loss of anchorage-independent growth.
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138
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Abstract
New therapies targeting critical elements of the cell cycle open novel and attractive avenues for the treatment of cancer patients. At present, the number of clinical trials that are registered with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and with the US National Cancer Institute, which investigate the efficacy of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitors against solid tumors and different types of leukemia is growing. Plks are important regulators of mitotic progression. Plk1, the best characterized mammalian Plk, has become an attractive target for cancer drug development, because most types of cancer appear to be addicted to the non-oncogene Plk1. Here, the authors discuss the role of Plk1 and the potential tumor suppressor gene Plk2 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
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139
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Caputo F, Vegliante R, Ghibelli L. Redox modulation of the DNA damage response. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1292-306. [PMID: 22846600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lesions to DNA trigger the DNA-damage response (DDR), a complex, multi-branched cell-intrinsic process targeted to DNA repair, or elimination of the damaged cells by apoptosis. DDR aims at reducing permanence of mutated cells, decreasing the risk of tumor development: the more stringent the response, the lower the likelihood that sub-lethally damaged, unrepaired cells survive and proliferate. Accordingly, leakage often occurs in tumor cells with compromised DDR, accumulating mutations and accelerating tumor progression. Oxidations mediate DNA damage upon different insults such as UV, X and γ radiation, pollutants, poisons, or endogenous disequilibria, producing different types of lesions that trigger DDR, which can be alleviated by antioxidants. But reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the enzymes involved in their production or scavenging, also participate in DDR signaling, modulating the activity of key enzymes, and regulating the stringency of DDR. Accordingly, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase play intimate and complex roles in tumor development, exceeding the basal roles of preventing the initial DNA damage. Likewise, it is emerging that dietary antioxidants help controlling tumor onset and progression by preventing DNA damage and by acting on cell cycle checkpoints, opening a novel and promising frontier to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Caputo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universita' di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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140
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Mok WC, Wasser S, Tan T, Lim SG. Polo-like kinase 1, a new therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3527-36. [PMID: 22826617 PMCID: PMC3400854 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i27.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS PLK1 gene expression was evaluated in HCC tissue and HCC cell lines. Gene knockdown with short-interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to study PLK1 gene and protein expression using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, and cell proliferation using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assays. Apoptosis was evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and caspase-inhibition assay. Huh-7 cells were transplanted into nude mice and co-cultured with PLK1 siRNA or control siRNA, and tumor progression was compared with controls. RESULTS RT-PCR showed that PLK1 was overexpressed 12-fold in tumor samples compared with controls, and also was overexpressed in Huh-7 cells. siRNA against PLK1 showed a reduction in PLK1 gene and protein expression of up to 96% in Huh-7 cells, and a reduction in cell proliferation by 68% and 92% in MTS and BrdU cell proliferation assays, respectively. There was a 3-fold increase in apoptosis events, and TUNEL staining and caspase-3 assays suggested that this was caspase-independent. The pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK was unable to rescue the apoptotic cells. Immnofluorescence co-localized endonuclease-G to fragmented chromosomes, implicating it in apoptosis. Huh-7 cells transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice showed tumor regression in siPLK1-treated mice, but not in controls. CONCLUSION Knockdown of PLK1 overexpression in HCC was shown to be a potential therapeutic target, leading to apoptosis through the endonuclease-G pathway.
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141
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Burkard ME, Santamaria A, Jallepalli PV. Enabling and disabling polo-like kinase 1 inhibition through chemical genetics. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:978-81. [PMID: 22422077 PMCID: PMC3376236 DOI: 10.1021/cb200551p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a core regulator of cell division and an emerging target for cancer therapy. Pharmacologic inhibitors of Plk1 exist but affect other kinases, complicating their in vivo validation. To address this, we examined effects of two structurally unrelated Plk1 inhibitors (BI-2536 and TAL) against isogenic human cell lines that solely express wildtype (wt) or analogue-sensitive (as) Plk1 alleles. Unexpectedly, Plk1(as) cells displayed profound biochemical and functional resistance to both inhibitors. Cells that co-express Plk1(wt) and Plk1(as) exhibit loss-of-function phenotypes only when both kinase alleles are inhibited. Resistance to BI-2536 is linked to an intragenic suppressor mutation (C67V) that restores an otherwise invariant valine to the kinase active site. Structural modeling demonstrates that this mutation not only enables Plk1(as) to function in vivo but also occludes BI-2536 from the ATP-binding pocket. Our results reveal the molecular basis of Plk inhibitor selectivity and a potential mechanism for tumor cell resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Burkard
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology Division, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anna Santamaria
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Lee C, Fotovati A, Triscott J, Chen J, Venugopal C, Singhal A, Dunham C, Kerr JM, Verreault M, Yip S, Wakimoto H, Jones C, Jayanthan A, Narendran A, Singh SK, Dunn SE. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition kills glioblastoma multiforme brain tumor cells in part through loss of SOX2 and delays tumor progression in mice. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1064-75. [PMID: 22415968 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) ranks among the deadliest types of cancer and given these new therapies are urgently needed. To identify molecular targets, we queried a microarray profiling 467 human GBMs and discovered that polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) was highly expressed in these tumors and that it clustered with the proliferative subtype. Patients with PLK1-high tumors were more likely to die from their disease suggesting that current therapies are inactive against such tumors. This prompted us to examine its expression in brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) given their association with treatment failure. BTICs isolated from patients expressed 110-470 times more PLK1 than normal human astrocytes. Moreover, BTICs rely on PLK1 for survival because the PLK1 inhibitor BI2536 inhibited their growth in tumorsphere cultures. PLK1 inhibition suppressed growth, caused G(2) /M arrest, induced apoptosis, and reduced the expression of SOX2, a marker of neural stem cells, in SF188 cells. Consistent with SOX2 inhibition, the loss of PLK1 activity caused the cells to differentiate based on elevated levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and changes in cellular morphology. We then knocked glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) down SOX2 with siRNA and showed that it too inhibited cell growth and induced cell death. Likewise, in U251 cells, PLK1 inhibition suppressed cell growth, downregulated SOX2, and induced cell death. Furthermore, BI2536 delayed tumor growth of U251 cells in an orthotopic brain tumor model, demonstrating that the drug is active against GBM. In conclusion, PLK1 level is elevated in GBM and its inhibition restricts the growth of brain cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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143
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Targeting the fanconi anemia pathway to identify tailored anticancer therapeutics. Anemia 2012; 2012:481583. [PMID: 22693661 PMCID: PMC3368156 DOI: 10.1155/2012/481583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway consists of proteins involved in repairing DNA damage, including interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The pathway contains an upstream multiprotein core complex that mediates the monoubiquitylation of the FANCD2 and FANCI heterodimer, and a downstream pathway that converges with a larger network of proteins with roles in homologous recombination and other DNA repair pathways. Selective killing of cancer cells with an intact FA pathway but deficient in certain other DNA repair pathways is an emerging approach to tailored cancer therapy. Inhibiting the FA pathway becomes selectively lethal when certain repair genes are defective, such as the checkpoint kinase ATM. Inhibiting the FA pathway in ATM deficient cells can be achieved with small molecule inhibitors, suggesting that new cancer therapeutics could be developed by identifying FA pathway inhibitors to treat cancers that contain defects that are synthetic lethal with FA.
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144
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Haupenthal J, Bihrer V, Korkusuz H, Kollmar O, Schmithals C, Kriener S, Engels K, Pleli T, Benz A, Canamero M, Longerich T, Kronenberger B, Richter S, Waidmann O, Vogl TJ, Zeuzem S, Piiper A. Reduced efficacy of the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536 on the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma due to low intratumoral drug levels. Neoplasia 2012; 14:410-9. [PMID: 22745587 PMCID: PMC3384428 DOI: 10.1596/neo.111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Highly promising preclinical data obtained in cultured cells and in nude mice bearing xenografts contrast with the rather modest clinical efficacy of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitors. In the present study, we investigated if Plk1 might be a suitable target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and if a genetically engineered mouse tumor model that well reflects the tumor cell and micro-environmental features of naturally occurring cancers might be suitable to study anti-Plk1 therapy. Analysis of Plk1 expression in human HCC samples confirmed that HCC express much higher Plk1 levels than the adjacent normal liver tissue. Inhibition of Plk1 by an adenovirus encoding for a short hairpin RNA against Plk1 or by the small-molecule inhibitor BI 2536 reduced the viability of HCC cell lines and inhibited HCC xenograft progression in nude mice. Treatment of transforming growth factor (TGF) α/c-myc bitransgenic mice with BI 2536 during hepatocarcinogenesis reduced the number of dysplastic foci and of Ki-67-positive cells within the foci, indicating diminished tumorigenesis. In contrast, BI 2536 had no significant effect on HCC progression in the transgenic mouse HCC model as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. Measurement of BI 2536 by mass spectrometry revealed considerably lower BI 2536 levels in HCC compared with the adjacent normal liver tissue. In conclusion, low intratumoral levels are a novel mechanism of resistance to the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536. Plk1 inhibitors achieving sufficient intratumoral levels are highly promising in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Haupenthal
- Department of Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Verena Bihrer
- Department of Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Huedayi Korkusuz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Otto Kollmar
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Kriener
- Department of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Knut Engels
- Department of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Pleli
- Department of Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Benz
- Department of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marta Canamero
- Comparative Pathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kronenberger
- Department of Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Swantje Richter
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modelling, University of Frankfurt/M, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Waidmann
- Department of Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas J Vogl
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Albrecht Piiper
- Department of Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Valsasina B, Beria I, Alli C, Alzani R, Avanzi N, Ballinari D, Cappella P, Caruso M, Casolaro A, Ciavolella A, Cucchi U, De Ponti A, Felder E, Fiorentini F, Galvani A, Gianellini LM, Giorgini ML, Isacchi A, Lansen J, Pesenti E, Rizzi S, Rocchetti M, Sola F, Moll J. NMS-P937, an orally available, specific small-molecule polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor with antitumor activity in solid and hematologic malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1006-16. [PMID: 22319201 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase considered to be the master player of cell-cycle regulation during mitosis. It is indeed involved in centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle formation, chromosome separation, and cytokinesis. PLK1 is overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and its overexpression often correlates with poor prognosis. Although five different PLKs are described in humans, depletion or inhibition of kinase activity of PLK1 is sufficient to induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cell lines and in xenograft tumor models. NMS-P937 is a novel, orally available PLK1-specific inhibitor. The compound shows high potency in proliferation assays having low nanomolar activity on a large number of cell lines, both from solid and hematologic tumors. NMS-P937 potently causes a mitotic cell-cycle arrest followed by apoptosis in cancer cell lines and inhibits xenograft tumor growth with clear PLK1-related mechanism of action at well-tolerated doses in mice after oral administration. In addition, NMS-P937 shows potential for combination in clinical settings with approved cytotoxic drugs, causing tumor regression in HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma xenografts upon combination with irinotecan and prolonged survival of animals in a disseminated model of acute myelogenous leukemia in combination with cytarabine. NMS-P937, with its favorable pharmacologic parameters, good oral bioavailability in rodent and nonrodent species, and proven antitumor activity in different preclinical models using a variety of dosing regimens, potentially provides a high degree of flexibility in dosing schedules and warrants investigation in clinical settings.
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146
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Harris PS, Venkataraman S, Alimova I, Birks DK, Donson AM, Knipstein J, Dubuc A, Taylor MD, Handler MH, Foreman NK, Vibhakar R. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibition suppresses cell growth and enhances radiation sensitivity in medulloblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:80. [PMID: 22390279 PMCID: PMC3311601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and remains a therapeutic challenge due to its significant therapy-related morbidity. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is highly expressed in many cancers and regulates critical steps in mitotic progression. Recent studies suggest that targeting PLK1 with small molecule inhibitors is a promising approach to tumor therapy. METHODS We examined the expression of PLK1 mRNA in medulloblastoma tumor samples using microarray analysis. The impact of PLK1 on cell proliferation was evaluated by depleting expression with RNA interference (RNAi) or by inhibiting function with the small molecule inhibitor BI 2536. Colony formation studies were performed to examine the impact of BI 2536 on medulloblastoma cell radiosensitivity. In addition, the impact of depleting PLK1 mRNA on tumor-initiating cells was evaluated using tumor sphere assays. RESULTS Analysis of gene expression in two independent cohorts revealed that PLK1 mRNA is overexpressed in some, but not all, medulloblastoma patient samples when compared to normal cerebellum. Inhibition of PLK1 by RNAi significantly decreased medulloblastoma cell proliferation and clonogenic potential and increased cell apoptosis. Similarly, a low nanomolar concentration of BI 2536, a small molecule inhibitor of PLK1, potently inhibited cell growth, strongly suppressed the colony-forming ability, and increased cellular apoptosis of medulloblastoma cells. Furthermore, BI 2536 pretreatment sensitized medulloblastoma cells to ionizing radiation. Inhibition of PLK1 impaired tumor sphere formation of medulloblastoma cells and decreased the expression of SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) mRNA in tumor spheres indicating a possible role in targeting tumor initiating cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that targeting PLK1 with small molecule inhibitors, in combination with radiation therapy, is a novel strategy in the treatment of medulloblastoma that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Harris
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sujatha Venkataraman
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Irina Alimova
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Diane K Birks
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew M Donson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Knipstein
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adrian Dubuc
- Division of Neurosurgery, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael H Handler
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas K Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, 12800 E 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8302, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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147
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Hikichi Y, Honda K, Hikami K, Miyashita H, Kaieda I, Murai S, Uchiyama N, Hasegawa M, Kawamoto T, Sato T, Ichikawa T, Cao S, Nie Z, Zhang L, Yang J, Kuida K, Kupperman E. TAK-960, a novel, orally available, selective inhibitor of polo-like kinase 1, shows broad-spectrum preclinical antitumor activity in multiple dosing regimens. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:700-9. [PMID: 22188812 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in key processes during mitosis. Human PLK1 has been shown to be overexpressed in various human cancers, and elevated levels of PLK1 have been associated with poor prognosis, making it an attractive target for anticancer therapy. TAK-960 [4-[(9-cyclopentyl-7,7-difluoro-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepin-2-yl)amino]-2-fluoro-5-methoxy-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl) benzamide] is a novel, investigational, orally bioavailable, potent, and selective PLK1 inhibitor that has shown activity in several tumor cell lines, including those that express multidrug-resistant protein 1 (MDR1). Consistent with PLK1 inhibition, TAK-960 treatment caused accumulation of G(2)-M cells, aberrant polo mitosis morphology, and increased phosphorylation of histone H3 (pHH3) in vitro and in vivo. TAK-960 inhibited proliferation of multiple cancer cell lines, with mean EC(50) values ranging from 8.4 to 46.9 nmol/L, but not in nondividing normal cells (EC(50) >1,000 nmol/L). The mutation status of TP53 or KRAS and MDR1 expression did not correlate with the potency of TAK-960 in the cell lines tested. In animal models, oral administration of TAK-960 increased pHH3 in a dose-dependent manner and significantly inhibited the growth of HT-29 colorectal cancer xenografts. Treatment with once daily TAK-960 exhibited significant efficacy against multiple tumor xenografts, including an adriamycin/paclitaxel-resistant xenograft model and a disseminated leukemia model. TAK-960 has entered clinical evaluation in patients with advanced cancers.
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MESH Headings
- 4-Aminobenzoic Acid/chemistry
- 4-Aminobenzoic Acid/pharmacology
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Azepines/chemistry
- Azepines/pharmacology
- Biological Availability
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Female
- HT29 Cells
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Structure
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hikichi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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148
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Zhang Y, Du XL, Wang CJ, Lin DC, Ruan X, Feng YB, Huo YQ, Peng H, Cui JL, Zhang TT, Wang YQ, Zhang H, Zhan QM, Wang MR. Reciprocal activation between PLK1 and Stat3 contributes to survival and proliferation of esophageal cancer cells. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:521-530.e3. [PMID: 22108192 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aberrant activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)3 and overexpression of polo-like kinase (PLK)1 each have been associated with cancer pathogenesis. The mechanisms and significance of dysregulation of Stat3 and PLK1 in carcinogenesis and cancer progression are unclear. We investigated the relationship between Stat3 and PLK1 and the effects of their dysregulation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells. METHODS We used immunoblot, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunochemistry, chromatin immunoprecipitation, mobility shift, and reporter assays to investigate the relationship between Stat3 and PLK1. We used colony formation, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling, and xenograft tumor assays to determine the effects of increased activation of Stat3 and PLK1 in proliferation and survival of ESCC cells. RESULTS Stat3 directly activated transcription of PLK1 in esophageal cancer cells and mouse embryonic fibroblast cell NIH3T3. PLK1 then potentiated the expression of Stat3; β-catenin was involved in PLK1-dependent transcriptional activation of Stat3. This mutual regulation between Stat3 and PLK1 was required for proliferation of esophageal cancer cells and resistance to apoptosis in culture and as tumor xenografts in mice. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Stat3 and overexpression of PLK1 were correlated in a subset of ESCC. CONCLUSIONS Stat3 and PLK1 control each other's transcription in a positive feedback loop that contributes to the development of ESCC. Increased activity of Stat3 and overexpression of PLK1 promote survival and proliferation of ESCC cells in culture and in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cell Survival
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Enzyme Activation
- Esophageal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Esophageal Neoplasms/enzymology
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Feedback, Physiological
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Pteridines/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- beta Catenin/metabolism
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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149
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Hu K, Law JH, Fotovati A, Dunn SE. Small interfering RNA library screen identified polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer that uniquely eliminates tumor-initiating cells. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R22. [PMID: 22309939 PMCID: PMC3496140 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) high rate of relapse is thought to be due to the presence of tumor-initiating cells (TICs), molecularly defined as being CD44high/CD24-/low. TICs are resilient to chemotherapy and radiation. However, no currently accepted molecular target exists against TNBC and, moreover, TICs. Therefore, we sought the identification of kinase targets that inhibit TNBC growth and eliminate TICs. METHODS A genome-wide human kinase small interfering RNA (siRNA) library (691 kinases) was screened against the TNBC cell line SUM149 for growth inhibition. Selected siRNAs were then tested on four different breast cancer cell lines to confirm the spectrum of activity. Their effect on the CD44high subpopulation and sorted CD44high/CD24-/low cells of SUM149 also was studied. Further studies were focused on polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), including its expression in breast cancer cell lines, effect on the CD44high/CD24-/low TIC subpopulation, growth inhibition, mammosphere formation, and apoptosis, as well as the activity of the PLK1 inhibitor, BI 2536. RESULTS Of the 85 kinases identified in the screen, 28 of them were further silenced by siRNAs on MDA-MB-231 (TNBC), BT474-M1 (ER+/HER2+, a metastatic variant), and HR5 (ER+/HER2+, a trastuzumab-resistant model) cells and showed a broad spectrum of growth inhibition. Importantly, 12 of 28 kinases also reduced the CD44high subpopulation compared with control in SUM149. Further tests of these 12 kinases directly on a sorted CD44high/CD24-/low TIC subpopulation of SUM149 cells confirmed their effect. Blocking PLK1 had the greatest growth inhibition on breast cancer cells and TICs by about 80% to 90% after 72 hours. PLK1 was universally expressed in breast cancer cell lines, representing all of the breast cancer subtypes, and was positively correlated to CD44. The PLK1 inhibitor BI 2536 showed similar effects on growth, mammosphere formation, and apoptosis as did PLK1 siRNAs. Finally, whereas paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil enriched the CD44high/CD24-/low population compared with control in SUM149, subsequent treatment with BI 2536 killed the emergent population, suggesting that it could potentially be used to prevent relapse. CONCLUSION Inhibiting PLK1 with siRNA or BI 2536 blocked growth of TNBCs including the CD44high/CD24-/low TIC subpopulation and mammosphere formation. Thus, PLK1 could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TNBC as well as other subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiji Hu
- Laboratory for Oncogenomic Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Experimental Medicine, and Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jennifer H Law
- Laboratory for Oncogenomic Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Experimental Medicine, and Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Abbas Fotovati
- Laboratory for Oncogenomic Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Experimental Medicine, and Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Sandra E Dunn
- Laboratory for Oncogenomic Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Experimental Medicine, and Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
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150
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Duffey MO, Vos TJ, Adams R, Alley J, Anthony J, Barrett C, Bharathan I, Bowman D, Bump NJ, Chau R, Cullis C, Driscoll DL, Elder A, Forsyth N, Frazer J, Guo J, Guo L, Hyer ML, Janowick D, Kulkarni B, Lai SJ, Lasky K, Li G, Li J, Liao D, Little J, Peng B, Qian MG, Reynolds DJ, Rezaei M, Scott MP, Sells TB, Shinde V, Shi QJ, Sintchak MD, Soucy F, Sprott KT, Stroud SG, Nestor M, Visiers I, Weatherhead G, Ye Y, D'Amore N. Discovery of a potent and orally bioavailable benzolactam-derived inhibitor of Polo-like kinase 1 (MLN0905). J Med Chem 2012; 55:197-208. [PMID: 22070629 DOI: 10.1021/jm2011172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the discovery of a series of potent inhibitors of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Optimization of this benzolactam-derived chemical series produced an orally bioavailable inhibitor of PLK1 (12c, MLN0905). In vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic experiments demonstrated prolonged mitotic arrest after oral administration of 12c to tumor bearing nude mice. A subsequent efficacy study in nude mice achieved tumor growth inhibition or regression in a human colon tumor (HT29) xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Duffey
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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