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Xing W, Hu H, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Wang W, Pan H, Zhang S, Yan L. Magnetotactic bacteria diversity of and magnetism contribution to sediment in Wudalianchi volcanic barrier lakes, NE China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137348. [PMID: 32088486 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), the members of sediment microorganisms, play an important role in geochemical iron-cycling and sediment magnetism. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and magnetism contribution of MTB in three volcanic barrier lakes with different waterbody types (open waterbody, YC; semi-enclosed waterbody, WB; and enclosed waterbody, YYP). High-throughput sequencing results showed that MTB affiliated to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Nitrospira distributed widely in these lakes. The genera of Magnetococcus (98.10%) and Candidatus Magnetoovum (1.47%) were endemic to YC and WB, respectively. The changes in frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd) values before and after magnetic collection in YC, WB and YYP samples were - 0.28%, 0.05% and - 0.22%, respectively. The magnetic susceptibility was significantly associated with Chao1 (R2 = 0.637 to 0.763, p < .01) and Shannon index (R2 = 0.803 to 0.998, p < .01). The room- and low-temperature magnetic characteristics of sediment samples were analyzed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and radio-frequency superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Results indicated that the presence or absence of MTB could lead to the changes in the room- and low-temperature magnetism of volcanic lake sediments, which would extend our knowledge of MTB magnetism contribution to volcanic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Xing
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Huixin Hu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Hong Pan
- Institute of Volcano and Spring, Heilongjiang Academy of Science, Wudalianchi 164155, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Lei Yan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China; College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
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102
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Kuzajewska D, Wszołek A, Żwierełło W, Kirczuk L, Maruszewska A. Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes as Smart Drug Delivery Systems: A New Weapon on the Battlefield with Cancer? BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E102. [PMID: 32438567 PMCID: PMC7284773 DOI: 10.3390/biology9050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important direction of research in increasing the effectiveness of cancer therapies is the design of effective drug distribution systems in the body. The development of the new strategies is primarily aimed at improving the stability of the drug after administration and increasing the precision of drug delivery to the destination. Due to the characteristic features of cancer cells, distributing chemotherapeutics exactly to the microenvironment of the tumor while sparing the healthy tissues is an important issue here. One of the promising solutions that would meet the above requirements is the use of Magnetotactic bacteria (MTBs) and their organelles, called magnetosomes (BMs). MTBs are commonly found in water reservoirs, and BMs that contain ferromagnetic crystals condition the magnetotaxis of these microorganisms. The presented work is a review of the current state of knowledge on the potential use of MTBs and BMs as nanocarriers in the therapy of cancer. The growing amount of literature data indicates that MTBs and BMs may be used as natural nanocarriers for chemotherapeutics, such as classic anti-cancer drugs, antibodies, vaccine DNA, and siRNA. Their use as transporters increases the stability of chemotherapeutics and allows the transfer of individual ligands or their combinations precisely to cancerous tumors, which, in turn, enables the drugs to reach molecular targets more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Kuzajewska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Agata Wszołek
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Wojciech Żwierełło
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 St, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Lucyna Kirczuk
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Maruszewska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.K.); (L.K.)
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103
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Quintero-Yanes A, Lee CM, Monson R, Salmond G. The FloR master regulator controls flotation, virulence and antibiotic production in Serratia sp. ATCC 39006. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2921-2938. [PMID: 32352190 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 produces intracellular gas vesicles to enable upward flotation in water columns. It also uses flagellar rotation to swim through liquid and swarm across semi-solid surfaces. Flotation and motility can be co-regulated with production of a β-lactam antibiotic (carbapenem carboxylate) and a linear tripyrrole red antibiotic, prodigiosin. Production of gas vesicles, carbapenem and prodigiosin antibiotics, and motility are controlled by master transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators, including the SmaI/SmaR-based quorum sensing system and the mRNA binding protein, RsmA. Recently, the ribose operon repressor, RbsR, was also defined as a pleiotropic regulator of flotation and virulence factor elaboration in this strain. Here, we report the discovery of a new global regulator (FloR; a DeoR family transcription factor) that modulates flotation through control of gas vesicle morphogenesis. The floR mutation is highly pleiotropic, down-regulating production of gas vesicles, carbapenem and prodigiosin antibiotics, and infection in Caenorhabditis elegans, but up-regulating flagellar motility. Detailed proteomic analysis using TMT peptide labelling and LC-MS/MS revealed that FloR is a physiological master regulator that operates through subordinate pleiotropic regulators including Rap, RpoS, RsmA, PigU, PstS and PigT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Quintero-Yanes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.,Bacterial Cell cycle and Development (BCcD), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Chin Mei Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.,Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, 26300, Malaysia
| | - Rita Monson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - George Salmond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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104
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Berny C, Le Fèvre R, Guyot F, Blondeau K, Guizonne C, Rousseau E, Bayan N, Alphandéry E. A Method for Producing Highly Pure Magnetosomes in Large Quantity for Medical Applications Using Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 Magnetotactic Bacteria Amplified in Minimal Growth Media. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:16. [PMID: 32133346 PMCID: PMC7041420 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis in large quantity of highly pure magnetosomes for medical applications. For that, magnetosomes are produced by MSR-1 Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense magnetotactic bacteria using minimal growth media devoid of uncharacterized and toxic products prohibited by pharmaceutical regulation, i.e., yeast extract, heavy metals different from iron, and carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic agents. This method follows two steps, during which bacteria are first pre-amplified without producing magnetosomes and are then fed with an iron source to synthesize magnetosomes, yielding, after 50 h of growth, an equivalent OD565 of ~8 and 10 mg of magnetosomes in iron per liter of growth media. Compared with magnetosomes produced in non-minimal growth media, those particles have lower concentrations in metals other than iron. Very significant reduction or disappearance in magnetosome composition of zinc, manganese, barium, and aluminum are observed. This new synthesis method paves the way towards the production of magnetosomes for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Berny
- Nanobacterie SARL, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - François Guyot
- Paris Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Karine Blondeau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Bayan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edouard Alphandéry
- Nanobacterie SARL, Paris, France
- Paris Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
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105
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Abstract
Many species of bacteria can manufacture materials on a finer scale than those that are synthetically made. These products are often produced within intracellular compartments that bear many hallmarks of eukaryotic organelles. One unique and elegant group of organisms is at the forefront of studies into the mechanisms of organelle formation and biomineralization. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce organelles called magnetosomes that contain nanocrystals of magnetic material, and understanding the molecular mechanisms behind magnetosome formation and biomineralization is a rich area of study. In this Review, we focus on the genetics behind the formation of magnetosomes and biomineralization. We cover the history of genetic discoveries in MTB and key insights that have been found in recent years and provide a perspective on the future of genetic studies in MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley C. McCausland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Arash Komeili
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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106
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Jacob JJ, Suthindhiran K. Immobilisation of lipase enzyme onto bacterial magnetosomes for stain removal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:e00422. [PMID: 31993344 PMCID: PMC6976927 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipase was immobilized on magnetosome via glutaraldehyde, confirmed in FTIR and SEM. Release of p-nitro phenol confirmed the enzyme activity of immobilize lipase (88 %). The optimal pH (7) and temperature (40 °C) was standardised for activity. The immobilized lipase stored at 4 °C retained higher activity (87 %) than free lipase after 30 days. Immobilized lipase removed vegetable oil stain, better cleaning efficiency than free lipase.
Lipase was immobilized onto bacterial magnetosomes using glutaraldehyde cross-linking and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Enzyme activity of immobilised lipase as well as free lipase was estimated by the release of p-nitro phenol due to the hydrolysis of p-nitro phenyl acetate (pNPA). The immobilisation yield of lipase onto magnetosome was found to be 88 %. The optimal pH (7) and temperature (40 °C) for activity was standardised and found to be similar to free lipase. The stored immobilized lipase maintained higher activity even after 30 days at a temperature of 4 °C whereas compared to free lipase. Immobilized lipase found to have removed vegetable oil stain and showed higher cleaning efficiency when compared to free lipase. The results suggest that bacterial magnetosome displays great potential as a support material for the immobilization of industrial enzymes such as lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin John Jacob
- Senior Research Fellow-DST, Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Suthindhiran
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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107
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Complete Genome Sequence of Strain BW-2, a Magnetotactic Gammaproteobacterium in the Family Ectothiorhodospiraceae, Isolated from a Brackish Spring in Death Valley, California. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/1/e01144-19. [PMID: 31896630 PMCID: PMC6940282 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01144-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the complete 4.1-Mb genome sequence of strain BW-2, a magnetotactic, sulfur-oxidizing rod, belonging to the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria, that biomineralizes membrane-bounded magnetite nanocrystals in its magnetosomes. This genome sequence, in comparison with those of other magnetotactic bacteria, is essential for understanding the origin and evolution of magnetotaxis and magnetosome biomineralization. We report the complete 4.1-Mb genome sequence of strain BW-2, a magnetotactic, sulfur-oxidizing rod, belonging to the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria, that biomineralizes membrane-bounded magnetite nanocrystals in its magnetosomes. This genome sequence, in comparison with those of other magnetotactic bacteria, is essential for understanding the origin and evolution of magnetotaxis and magnetosome biomineralization.
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108
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Desai MP, Pawar KD. Immobilization of cellulase on iron tolerant Pseudomonas stutzeri biosynthesized photocatalytically active magnetic nanoparticles for increased thermal stability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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109
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Probing the Nanostructure and Arrangement of Bacterial Magnetosomes by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01513-19. [PMID: 31604767 PMCID: PMC6881800 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01513-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores lab-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a novel quantitative stand-alone technique to monitor the size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes during different stages of particle biogenesis in the model organism Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. The SAXS data sets contain volume-averaged, statistically accurate information on both the diameter of the inorganic nanocrystal and the enveloping protein-rich magnetosome membrane. As a robust and nondestructive in situ technique, SAXS can provide new insights into the physicochemical steps involved in the biosynthesis of magnetosome nanoparticles as well as their assembly into well-ordered chains. The proposed fit model can easily be adapted to account for different particle shapes and arrangements produced by other strains of magnetotactic bacteria, thus rendering SAXS a highly versatile method. Magnetosomes are membrane-enveloped single-domain ferromagnetic nanoparticles enabling the navigation of magnetotactic bacteria along magnetic field lines. Strict control over each step of biomineralization generates particles of high crystallinity, strong magnetization, and remarkable uniformity in size and shape, which is particularly interesting for many biomedical and biotechnological applications. However, to understand the physicochemical processes involved in magnetite biomineralization, close and precise monitoring of particle production is required. Commonly used techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or Fe measurements, allow only for semiquantitative assessment of the magnetosome formation without routinely revealing quantitative structural information. In this study, lab-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is explored as a means to monitor the different stages of magnetosome biogenesis in the model organism Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. SAXS is evaluated as a quantitative stand-alone technique to analyze the size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes in cells cultivated under different growth conditions. By applying a simple and robust fitting procedure based on spheres aligned in linear chains, it is demonstrated that the SAXS data sets contain information on both the diameter of the inorganic crystal and the protein-rich magnetosome membrane. The analyses corroborate a narrow particle size distribution with an overall magnetosome radius of 19 nm in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Furthermore, the averaged distance between individual magnetosomes is determined, revealing a chain-like particle arrangement with a center-to-center distance of 53 nm. Overall, these data demonstrate that SAXS can be used as a novel stand-alone technique allowing for the at-line monitoring of magnetosome biosynthesis, thereby providing accurate information on the particle nanostructure. IMPORTANCE This study explores lab-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a novel quantitative stand-alone technique to monitor the size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes during different stages of particle biogenesis in the model organism Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. The SAXS data sets contain volume-averaged, statistically accurate information on both the diameter of the inorganic nanocrystal and the enveloping protein-rich magnetosome membrane. As a robust and nondestructive in situ technique, SAXS can provide new insights into the physicochemical steps involved in the biosynthesis of magnetosome nanoparticles as well as their assembly into well-ordered chains. The proposed fit model can easily be adapted to account for different particle shapes and arrangements produced by other strains of magnetotactic bacteria, thus rendering SAXS a highly versatile method.
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110
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Magnetoreception in Microorganisms. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:266-275. [PMID: 31753537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Magnetoreception is the sense whereby organisms geolocate and navigate in response to the Earth's magnetic field lines. For decades, magnetotactic bacteria have been the only known magnetoreceptive microorganisms. The magnetotactic behaviour of these aquatic prokaryotes is due to the biomineralization of magnetic crystals. While an old report alleged the existence of microbial algae with similar behaviour, recent discoveries have demonstrated the existence of unicellular eukaryotes able to sense the geomagnetic field, and have revealed different mechanisms and strategies involved in such a sensing. Some ciliates can be magnetically guided after predation of magnetotactic bacteria, while some flagellates acquired this sense through symbiosis with magnetic bacteria. A report has even suggested that some magnetotactic protists could biomineralize magnetic crystals.
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111
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Magnetosome Gene Duplication as an Important Driver in the Evolution of Magnetotaxis in the Alphaproteobacteria. mSystems 2019; 4:4/5/e00315-19. [PMID: 31662428 PMCID: PMC6819731 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00315-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of microbial magnetoreception (or magnetotaxis) is of great interest in the fields of microbiology, evolutionary biology, biophysics, geomicrobiology, and geochemistry. Current genomic data from magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), the only prokaryotes known to be capable of sensing the Earth's geomagnetic field, suggests an ancient origin of magnetotaxis in the domain Bacteria Vertical inheritance, followed by multiple independent magnetosome gene cluster loss, is considered to be one of the major forces that drove the evolution of magnetotaxis at or above the class or phylum level, although the evolutionary trajectories at lower taxonomic ranks (e.g., within the class level) remain largely unstudied. Here we report the isolation, cultivation, and sequencing of a novel magnetotactic spirillum belonging to the genus Terasakiella (Terasakiella sp. strain SH-1) within the class Alphaproteobacteria The complete genome sequence of Terasakiella sp. strain SH-1 revealed an unexpected duplication event of magnetosome genes within the mamAB operon, a group of genes essential for magnetosome biomineralization and magnetotaxis. Intriguingly, further comparative genomic analysis suggests that the duplication of mamAB genes is a common feature in the genomes of alphaproteobacterial MTB. Taken together, with the additional finding that gene duplication appears to have also occurred in some magnetotactic members of the Deltaproteobacteria, our results indicate that gene duplication plays an important role in the evolution of magnetotaxis in the Alphaproteobacteria and perhaps the domain Bacteria IMPORTANCE A diversity of organisms can sense the geomagnetic field for the purpose of navigation. Magnetotactic bacteria are the most primitive magnetism-sensing organisms known thus far and represent an excellent model system for the study of the origin, evolution, and mechanism of microbial magnetoreception (or magnetotaxis). The present study is the first report focused on magnetosome gene cluster duplication in the Alphaproteobacteria, which suggests the important role of gene duplication in the evolution of magnetotaxis in the Alphaproteobacteria and perhaps the domain Bacteria A novel scenario for the evolution of magnetotaxis in the Alphaproteobacteria is proposed and may provide new insights into evolution of magnetoreception of higher species.
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112
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Ke L, Chen Y, Liu P, Liu S, Wu D, Yuan Y, Wu Y, Gao M. Characteristics and optimised fermentation of a novel magnetotactic bacterium, Magnetospirillum sp. ME-1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019. [PMID: 29514248 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) can biosynthesise magnetosomes, which have great potential for commercial applications. A new MTB strain, Magnetospirillum sp. ME-1, was isolated and cultivated from freshwater sediments of East Lake (Wuhan, China) using the limiting dilution method. ME-1 had a chain of 17 ± 4 magnetosomes in the form of cubooctahedral crystals with a shape factor of 0.89. ME-1 was closest to Magnetospirillum sp. XM-1 according to 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Compared with XM-1, ME-1 possessed an additional copy of mamPA and a larger mamO in magnetosome-specific genes. ME-1 had an intact citric acid cycle, and complete pathway models of ammonium assimilation and dissimilatory nitrate reduction. Potential carbon and nitrogen sources in these pathways were confirmed to be used in ME-1. Adipate was determined to be used in the fermentation medium as a new kind of dicarboxylic acid. The optimised fermentation medium was determined by orthogonal tests. The large-scale production of magnetosomes was achieved and the magnetosome yield (wet weight) reached 120 mg L-1 by fed-batch cultivation of ME-1 at 49 h in a 10-L fermenter with the optimised fermentation medium. This study may provide insights into the isolation and cultivation of other new MTB strains and the production of magnetosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Ke
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Pengming Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shan Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Yuan
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Meiying Gao
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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113
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Pierce CJ, Osborne E, Mumper E, Lower BH, Lower SK, Sooryakumar R. Thrust and Power Output of the Bacterial Flagellar Motor: A Micromagnetic Tweezers Approach. Biophys J 2019; 117:1250-1257. [PMID: 31540710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common swimming strategies employed by microorganisms is based on the use of rotating helical filaments, called flagella, that are powered by molecular motors. Determining the physical properties of this propulsive system is crucial to understanding the behavior of these organisms. Furthermore, the ability to dynamically monitor the activity of the flagellar motor is a valuable indicator of the overall energetics of the cell. In this work, inherently magnetic bacteria confined in micromagnetic CoFe traps are used to directly and noninvasively determine the flagellar thrust force and swimming speed of motile cells. The technique permits determination of the ratio of propulsive force/swimming speed (the hydrodynamic resistance) and the power output of the flagellar motor for individual cells over extended time periods. Cells subjected to ultraviolet radiation are observed to experience exponential decays in power output as a function of exposure time. By noninvasively measuring thrust, velocity, and power output over time at a single-cell level, this technique can serve as the foundation for fundamental studies of bacterial hydrodynamics and also provides a novel, to our knowledge, tether-free probe of single-cell energetics over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Osborne
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric Mumper
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian H Lower
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven K Lower
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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114
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Le Nagard L, Yu L, Rajkotwala M, Barkley S, Bazylinski DA, Hitchcock AP, Fradin C. Misalignment between the magnetic dipole moment and the cell axis in the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. Phys Biol 2019; 16:066008. [PMID: 31181559 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While most quantitative studies of the motion of magnetotactic bacteria rely on the premise that the cells' magnetic dipole moment is aligned with their direction of motility, this assumption has so far rarely been challenged. Here we use phase contrast microscopy to detect the rotational diffusion of non-motile cells of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 around their magnetic moment, showing that in this species the magnetic dipole moment is, in fact, not exactly aligned with the cell body axis. From the cell rotational trajectories, we are able to infer the misalignment between cell magnetic moment and body axis with a precision of better than 1°, showing that it is, on average, 6°, and can be as high as 20°. We propose a method to correct for this misalignment, and perform a non-biased measurement of the magnetic moment of single cells based on the analysis of their orientation distribution. Using this correction, we show that magnetic moment strongly correlates with cell length. The existence of a range of misalignments between magnetic moment and cell axis in a population implies that the orientation and trajectories of magnetotactic bacteria placed in external magnetic fields is more complex than generally assumed, and might show some important cell-to-cell differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Le Nagard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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115
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Abreu F, Leão P, Vargas G, Cypriano J, Figueiredo V, Enrich-Prast A, Bazylinski DA, Lins U. Culture-independent characterization of a novel magnetotactic member affiliated to the Beta class of the Proteobacteria phylum from an acidic lagoon. Environ Microbiol 2019; 20:2615-2624. [PMID: 29806735 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) comprise a group of motile microorganisms common in most mesothermal aquatic habitats with pH values around neutrality. However, during the last two decades, a number of MTB from extreme environments have been characterized including: cultured alkaliphilic strains belonging to the Deltaproteobacteria class of the Proteobacteria phylum; uncultured moderately thermophilic strains belonging to the Nitrospirae phylum; cultured and uncultured moderately halophilic or strongly halotolerant bacteria affiliated with the Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria classes and an uncultured psychrophilic species belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria class. Here, we used culture-independent techniques to characterize MTB from an acidic freshwater lagoon in Brazil (pH ∼ 4.4). MTB morphotypes found in this acidic lagoon included cocci, rods, spirilla and vibrioid cells. Magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) was the only mineral identified in magnetosomes of these MTB while magnetite magnetosome crystal morphologies within the different MTB cells included cuboctahedral (present in spirilla), elongated prismatic (present in cocci and vibrios) and bullet-shaped (present in rod-shaped cells). Intracellular pH measurements using fluorescent dyes showed that the cytoplasmic pH was close to neutral in most MTB cells and acidic in some intracellular granules. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses, some of the retrieved gene sequences belonged to the genus Herbaspirillum within the Betaproteobacteria class of the Proteobacteria phylum. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using a Herbaspirillum-specific probe hybridized with vibrioid MTB in magnetically-enriched samples. Transmission electron microscopy of the Herbaspirillum-like MTB revealed the presence of many intracellular granules and a single chain of elongated prismatic magnetite magnetosomes. Diverse populations of MTB have not seemed to have been described in detail in an acid environment. In addition, this is the first report of an MTB phylogenetically affiliated with Betaproteobacteria class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Vargas
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Viviane Figueiredo
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alex Enrich-Prast
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, c- 58183, Sweden
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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116
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Maher BA. Airborne Magnetite- and Iron-Rich Pollution Nanoparticles: Potential Neurotoxicants and Environmental Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disease, Including Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:361-375. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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117
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How Caenorhabditis elegans Senses Mechanical Stress, Temperature, and Other Physical Stimuli. Genetics 2019; 212:25-51. [PMID: 31053616 PMCID: PMC6499529 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans lives in a complex habitat in which they routinely experience large fluctuations in temperature, and encounter physical obstacles that vary in size and composition. Their habitat is shared by other nematodes, by beneficial and harmful bacteria, and nematode-trapping fungi. Not surprisingly, these nematodes can detect and discriminate among diverse environmental cues, and exhibit sensory-evoked behaviors that are readily quantifiable in the laboratory at high resolution. Their ability to perform these behaviors depends on <100 sensory neurons, and this compact sensory nervous system together with powerful molecular genetic tools has allowed individual neuron types to be linked to specific sensory responses. Here, we describe the sensory neurons and molecules that enable C. elegans to sense and respond to physical stimuli. We focus primarily on the pathways that allow sensation of mechanical and thermal stimuli, and briefly consider this animal’s ability to sense magnetic and electrical fields, light, and relative humidity. As the study of sensory transduction is critically dependent upon the techniques for stimulus delivery, we also include a section on appropriate laboratory methods for such studies. This chapter summarizes current knowledge about the sensitivity and response dynamics of individual classes of C. elegans mechano- and thermosensory neurons from in vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology studies. We also describe the roles of conserved molecules and signaling pathways in mediating the remarkably sensitive responses of these nematodes to mechanical and thermal cues. These studies have shown that the protein partners that form mechanotransduction channels are drawn from multiple superfamilies of ion channel proteins, and that signal transduction pathways responsible for temperature sensing in C. elegans share many features with those responsible for phototransduction in vertebrates.
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118
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Rismani Yazdi S, Agrawal P, Morales E, Stevens CA, Oropeza L, Davies PL, Escobedo C, Oleschuk RD. Facile actuation of aqueous droplets on a superhydrophobic surface using magnetotactic bacteria for digital microfluidic applications. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1085:107-116. [PMID: 31522724 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic actuation provides a low-cost, simple method for droplet manipulation on a digital microfluidic platform. The impetus to move the droplets on a low friction surface can come from internal superparamagnetic particles or paramagnetic salts. Recently, the use of microbes for bio-actuation has been established, where the thrust produced by the microbes can be exploited to exert the force required for droplet movement. This study presents biologically-driven magnetic actuation of droplets on a superhydrophobic surface using magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). MTB-droplets were impelled along various trajectories such as rectangular and figure-of-eight-shaped paths. Droplets were reproducibly actuated with speeds up of to 30 mm s-1. We demonstrated the ability to sequentially merge and mix multiple droplets by merging a 10 μL MTB droplet with two 4 μL colored droplets. The reorientation of MTB in the droplet enhanced mixing rate of the merged fluids by ∼40% compared with the control experiment where no actuation was used. Biologically-driven magnetic actuation was compared with actuation by superparamagnetic particles and paramagnetic salts, in terms of controllability and speed. MTB droplet was moved with the same average speed as other two methods and showed higher response time as the magnet acceleration increased. Lastly, MTB were used to perform a phosphatase assay using endogenous enzyme. The relative absorbance at 405 nm, indicating the production of the yellow product, increased over time and levels off after 75 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rismani Yazdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Erick Morales
- School of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Corey A Stevens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Laura Oropeza
- School of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Carlos Escobedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Richard D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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119
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Leão P, Le Nagard L, Yuan H, Cypriano J, Da Silva-Neto I, Bazylinski DA, Acosta-Avalos D, de Barros HL, Hitchcock AP, Lins U, Abreu F. Magnetosome magnetite biomineralization in a flagellated protist: evidence for an early evolutionary origin for magnetoreception in eukaryotes. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:1495-1506. [PMID: 31188524 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The most well-recognized magnetoreception behaviour is that of the magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), which synthesize membrane-bounded magnetic nanocrystals called magnetosomes via a biologically controlled process. The magnetic minerals identified in prokaryotic magnetosomes are magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) and greigite (Fe3 S4 ). Magnetosome crystals, regardless of composition, have consistent, species-specific morphologies and single-domain size range. Because of these features, magnetosome magnetite crystals possess specific properties in comparison to abiotic, chemically synthesized magnetite. Despite numerous discoveries regarding MTB phylogeny over the last decades, this diversity is still considered underestimated. Characterization of magnetotactic microorganisms is important as it might provide insights into the origin and establishment of magnetoreception in general, including eukaryotes. Here, we describe the magnetotactic behaviour and characterize the magnetosomes from a flagellated protist using culture-independent methods. Results strongly suggest that, unlike previously described magnetotactic protists, this flagellate is capable of biomineralizing its own anisotropic magnetite magnetosomes, which are aligned in complex aggregations of multiple chains within the cell. This organism has a similar response to magnetic field inversions as MTB. Therefore, this eukaryotic species might represent an early origin of magnetoreception based on magnetite biomineralization. It should add to the definition of parameters and criteria to classify biogenic magnetite in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Le Nagard
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Inácio Da Silva-Neto
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | | | - Adam P Hitchcock
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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120
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Phylogenetic and Structural Identification of a Novel Magnetotactic Deltaproteobacteria Strain, WYHR-1, from a Freshwater Lake. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00731-19. [PMID: 31053584 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00731-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are phylogenetically diverse prokaryotes that are able to biomineralize intracellular, magnetic chains of magnetite or greigite nanocrystals called magnetosomes. Simultaneous characterization of MTB phylogeny and biomineralization is crucial but challenging because most MTB are extremely difficult to culture. We identify a large rod, bean-like MTB (tentatively named WYHR-1) from freshwater sediments of Weiyang Lake, Xi'an, China, using a coupled fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy approach at the single-cell scale. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that WYHR-1 is a novel genus from the Deltaproteobacteria class. Transmission electron microscope observations reveal that WYHR-1 cells contain tens of magnetite magnetosomes that are organized into a single chain bundle along the cell long axis. Mature WYHR-1 magnetosomes are bullet-shaped, straight, and elongated along the [001] direction, with a large flat end terminated by a {100} face at the base and a conical top. This crystal morphology is distinctively different from bullet-shaped magnetosomes produced by other MTB in the Deltaproteobacteria class and the Nitrospirae phylum. This indicates that WYHR-1 may have a different crystal growth process and mechanism from other species, which results from species-specific magnetosome biomineralization in MTB.IMPORTANCE Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a model system for understanding biomineralization and are also studied intensively in biogeomagnetic and paleomagnetic research. However, many uncultured MTB strains have not been identified phylogenetically or investigated structurally at the single-cell level, which limits comprehensive understanding of MTB diversity and their role in biomineralization. We have identified a novel MTB strain, WYHR-1, from a freshwater lake using a coupled fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy approach at the single-cell scale. Our analyses further indicate that strain WYHR-1 represents a novel genus from the Deltaproteobacteria class. In contrast to bullet-shaped magnetosomes produced by other MTB in the Deltaproteobacteria class and the Nitrospirae phylum, WYHR-1 magnetosomes are bullet-shaped, straight, and highly elongated along the [001] direction, are terminated by a large {100} face at their base, and have a conical top. Our findings imply that, consistent with phylogenetic diversity of MTB, bullet-shaped magnetosomes have diverse crystal habits and growth patterns.
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121
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Koziaeva VV, Rusakova SA, Slobodova NV, Uzun M, Kolganova TV, Skryabin KG, Grouzdev DS. Magnetospirillum kuznetsovii sp. nov., a novel magnetotactic bacterium isolated from a lake in the Moscow region. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:1953-1959. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika V. Koziaeva
- 1Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky Ave 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Rusakova
- 1Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky Ave 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Slobodova
- 1Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky Ave 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Uzun
- 1Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky Ave 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russia
- 2Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Kolganova
- 1Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky Ave 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin G. Skryabin
- 1Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky Ave 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis S. Grouzdev
- 1Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky Ave 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russia
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122
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Amor M, Tharaud M, Gélabert A, Komeili A. Single-cell determination of iron content in magnetotactic bacteria: implications for the iron biogeochemical cycle. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:823-831. [PMID: 31187921 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous aquatic microorganisms that mineralize dissolved iron into intracellular magnetic crystals. After cell death, these crystals are trapped into sediments that remove iron from the soluble pool. MTB may significantly impact the iron biogeochemical cycle, especially in the ocean where dissolved iron limits nitrogen fixation and primary productivity. A thorough assessment of their impact has been hampered by a lack of methodology to measure the amount of, and variability in, their intracellular iron content. We quantified the iron mass contained in single MTB cells of Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 using a time-resolved inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methodology. Bacterial iron content depends on the external iron concentration, and reaches a maximum value of ~10-6 ng of iron per cell. From these results, we calculated the flux of dissolved iron incorporation into environmental MTB populations and conclude that MTB may mineralize a significant fraction of dissolved iron into crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Amor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Gélabert
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris, France
| | - Arash Komeili
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3102, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3200, USA
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123
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Wang X, Zheng H, Wang Q, Jiang W, Wen Y, Tian J, Sun J, Li Y, Li J. Novel Protein Mg2046 Regulates Magnetosome Synthesis in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 by Modulating a Proper Redox Status. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1478. [PMID: 31297108 PMCID: PMC6607277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a large, polyphyletic group of aquatic microorganisms capable of absorbing large amounts of iron and synthesizing intercellular nano-scaled nanoparticles termed magnetosomes. In our previous transcriptomic studies, we discovered that a novel gene (MGMSRv2_2046, termed as mg2046) in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1 was significantly up-regulated during the period of magnetosome synthesis. In the present study, we constructed a MSR-1 mutant strain with deletion of mg2046 (termed Δmg2046) in order to evaluate the role of this gene in cell physiological status and magnetosome formation process. In comparison with wild-type MSR-1, Δmg2046 showed similar cell growth, but much lower cell magnetic response, smaller number and size of magnetosomes, and reduced iron absorption ability. mg2046 deletion evidently disrupted iron uptake, and redox equilibrium, and strongly inhibited transcription of dissimilatory denitrification pathway genes. Our experimental findings, taken together with results of gene homology analysis, indicate that Mg2046 acts as a positive regulator in MSR-1 under microaerobic conditions, responding to hypoxia signals and participating in regulation of oxygen metabolism, in part as a co-regulator of dissimilatory denitrification pathway with oxygen sensor MgFnr (MGMSRv2_2946, termed as Mg2946). Mg2046 is clearly involved in coupled regulation of cellular oxygen, iron and nitrogen metabolism under micro-aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Our findings help explain how MSR-1 cells initiate dissimilatory denitrification pathway and overcome energy deficiency under microaerobic conditions, and have broader implications regarding bacterial survival and energy metabolism strategies under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haolan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiesheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jilun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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124
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Qian XX, Liu J, Menguy N, Li J, Alberto F, Teng Z, Xiao T, Zhang W, Wu LF. Identification of novel species of marine magnetotactic bacteria affiliated with Nitrospirae phylum. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:330-337. [PMID: 30980502 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria characterized by synthesizing magnetosomes and swimming along geomagnetic field lines. Phylogenetically, they belong to different taxonomic lineages including Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, Omnitrophica, Latescibacteria and Planctomycetes phyla on the phylogenetic tree. To date, six Nitrospirae MTB phylotypes have been identified from freshwater or low-salinity environments and described in the literature. Here, we report the identification of two Nitrospirae MTB phylotypes collected, for the first time, from the marine environment. Both have a spherical morphology with a cell size of ~ 5 μM and similar motility but are different colours (black-brown and ivory-white) under the optic microscope. They synthesized bullet-shaped iron-oxide magnetosomes that were arranged in multiple bundles of chains. Moreover, the cytoplasm of the black-brown Nitrospirae MTB contained sulphur inclusions that conferred on cells a rough, granular appearance. Phylogenetic analysis based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that they are two novel species and cluster with the previously reported MTB affiliated with the phylum Nitrospirae, thus extending the distribution of Nitrospirae MTB from freshwater to the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Qian
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, 13402, France
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, Marseille, 13402, France
| | - Jia Liu
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, Marseille, 13402, France
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, Marseille, 13402, France
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR 7590 CNRS-Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jinhua Li
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, Marseille, 13402, France
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - François Alberto
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, 13402, France
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, Marseille, 13402, France
| | - Zhaojie Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tian Xiao
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, Marseille, 13402, France
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, Marseille, 13402, France
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Long-Fei Wu
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, 13402, France
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), CNRS-CAS, Marseille, 13402, France
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125
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Wang Y, Casaburi G, Lin W, Li Y, Wang F, Pan Y. Genomic evidence of the illumination response mechanism and evolutionary history of magnetotactic bacteria within the Rhodospirillaceae family. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:407. [PMID: 31117953 PMCID: PMC6532209 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous in natural aquatic environments. MTB can produce intracellular magnetic particles, navigate along geomagnetic field, and respond to light. However, the potential mechanism by which MTB respond to illumination and their evolutionary relationship with photosynthetic bacteria remain elusive. RESULTS We utilized genomes of the well-sequenced genus Magnetospirillum, including the newly sequenced MTB strain Magnetospirillum sp. XM-1 to perform a comprehensive genomic comparison with phototrophic bacteria within the family Rhodospirillaceae regarding the illumination response mechanism. First, photoreceptor genes were identified in the genomes of both MTB and phototrophic bacteria in the Rhodospirillaceae family, but no photosynthesis genes were found in the MTB genomes. Most of the photoreceptor genes in the MTB genomes from this family encode phytochrome-domain photoreceptors that likely induce red/far-red light phototaxis. Second, illumination also causes damage within the cell, and in Rhodospirillaceae, both MTB and phototrophic bacteria possess complex but similar sets of response and repair genes, such as oxidative stress response, iron homeostasis and DNA repair system genes. Lastly, phylogenomic analysis showed that MTB cluster closely with phototrophic bacteria in this family. One photoheterotrophic genus, Phaeospirillum, clustered within and displays high genomic similarity with Magnetospirillum. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree topologies of magnetosome synthesis genes in MTB and photosynthesis genes in phototrophic bacteria from the Rhodospirillaceae family were reasonably congruent with the phylogenomic tree, suggesting that these two traits were most likely vertically transferred during the evolution of their lineages. CONCLUSION Our new genomic data indicate that MTB and phototrophic bacteria within the family Rhodospirillaceae possess diversified photoreceptors that may be responsible for phototaxis. Their genomes also contain comprehensive stress response genes to mediate the negative effects caused by illumination. Based on phylogenetic studies, most of MTB and phototrophic bacteria in the Rhodospirillaceae family evolved vertically with magnetosome synthesis and photosynthesis genes. The ancestor of Rhodospirillaceae was likely a magnetotactic phototrophic bacteria, however, gain or loss of magnetotaxis and phototrophic abilities might have occurred during the evolution of ancestral Rhodospirillaceae lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Giorgio Casaburi
- Departments of Microbiology and Cell Science, Space Life Sciences Laboratory, University of Florida, Merritt Island, FL 32953 USA
| | - Wei Lin
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fengping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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Lin W, Kirschvink JL, Paterson GA, Bazylinski DA, Pan Y. On the origin of microbial magnetoreception. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 7:472-479. [PMID: 34692062 PMCID: PMC8288953 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad range of organisms, from prokaryotes to higher animals, have the ability to sense and utilize Earth's geomagnetic field—a behavior known as magnetoreception. Although our knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of magnetoreception has increased substantially over recent decades, the origin of this behavior remains a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. Despite this, there is growing evidence that magnetic iron mineral biosynthesis by prokaryotes may represent the earliest form of biogenic magnetic sensors on Earth. Here, we integrate new data from microbiology, geology and nanotechnology, and propose that initial biomineralization of intracellular iron nanoparticles in early life evolved as a mechanism for mitigating the toxicity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as ultraviolet radiation and free-iron-generated ROS would have been a major environmental challenge for life on early Earth. This iron-based system could have later been co-opted as a magnetic sensor for magnetoreception in microorganisms, suggesting an origin of microbial magnetoreception as the result of the evolutionary process of exaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Joseph L Kirschvink
- Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
| | - Greig A Paterson
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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127
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Jajan LHG, Hosseini SN, Ghorbani M, Mousavi SF, Ghareyazie B, Abolhassani M. Effects of Environmental Conditions on High-Yield Magnetosome Production by Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [PMID: 30797225 PMCID: PMC6462302 DOI: 10.29252/.23.3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Magnetotactic bacteria are a heterogeneous group of Gram-negative prokaryote cells that produce linear chains of magnetic particles called magnetosomes, intracellular organelles composed of magnetic iron particles. Many important applications have been defined for magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology, such as cell separation applications, as well as acting as carriers of enzymes, antibodies, or anti-cancer drugs. Since the bacterial growth is difficult and the yield of magnetosome production is low, the application of magnetosome has not been developed on a commercial scale. Methods Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1 was used in a modified current culture medium supplemented by different concentrations of oxygen, iron, carbon, and nitrogen, to increase the yield of magnetosomes. Results Our improved MSR-1 culture medium increased magnetosome yield, magnetosome number per bacterial cell, magnetic response, and bacterial cell growth yield significantly. The yield of magnetosome increased approximately four times. The optimized culture medium containing 25 mM of Na-pyruvate, 40 mM of NaNO3, 200 µM of ferrous sulfate, and 5-10 ppm of dissolved oxygen (DO) resulted in 186.67 mg of magnetosome per liter of culture medium. The iron uptake increased significantly, and the magnetic response of the bacteria to the magnetic field was higher than threefold as compared to the previously reported procedures. Conclusion This technique not only decreases the cultivation time but also reduces the production cost. In this modified method, the iron and DO are the major factors affecting the production of magnetosome by M. gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1. However, refining this technique will enable a further yield of magnetosome and cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hatami-Giklou Jajan
- Department of Research and Development, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini
- Department of Research and Development, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghorbani
- Department of Research and Development, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Ghareyazie
- Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Abolhassani
- Hybridoma Lab., Department of immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Mohsen Abolhassani Hybridoma Lab. Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; E-mail:
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128
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Olszewska-Widdrat A, Schiro G, Reichel VE, Faivre D. Reducing Conditions Favor Magnetosome Production in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:582. [PMID: 30984131 PMCID: PMC6450187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a heterogeneous group of Gram-negative prokaryotes, which all produce special magnetic organelles called magnetosomes. The magnetosome consists of a magnetic nanoparticle, either magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4), embedded in a membrane, which renders the systems colloidaly stable, a desirable property for biotechnological applications. Although these bacteria are able to regulate the formation of magnetosomes through a biologically-controlled mechanism, the environment in general and the physico–chemical conditions surrounding the cells in particular also influence biomineralization. This work thus aims at understanding how such external conditions, in particular the extracellular oxidation reduction potential, influence magnetite formation in the strain Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. Controlled cultivation of the microorganisms was performed at different redox potential in a bioreactor and the formation of magnetosomes was assessed by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Our results show that the formation of magnetosomes is inhibited at the highest potential tested (0 mV), whereas biomineralization is facilitated under reduced conditions (-500 mV). This result improves the understanding of the biomineralization process in MTB and provides useful information in sight of a large scale production of magnetosomes for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Schiro
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Victoria E Reichel
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany.,Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint-Paul-lés-Durance, France
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129
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Dieudonné A, Pignol D, Prévéral S. Magnetosomes: biogenic iron nanoparticles produced by environmental bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3637-3649. [PMID: 30903215 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The scientific community's interest in magnetotactic bacteria has increased substantially in recent decades. These prokaryotes have the particularity of synthesizing nanomagnets, called magnetosomes. The majority of research is based on several scientific questions. Where do magnetotactic bacteria live, what are their characteristics, and why are they magnetic? What are the molecular phenomena of magnetosome biomineralization and what are the physical characteristics of magnetosomes? In addition to scientific curiosity to better understand these stunning organisms, there are biotechnological opportunities to consider. Magnetotactic bacteria, as well as magnetosomes, are used in medical applications, for example cancer treatment, or in environmental ones, for example bioremediation. In this mini-review, we investigated all the aspects mentioned above and summarized the currently available knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Dieudonné
- UMR 7265, Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LBC, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - David Pignol
- UMR 7265, Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LBC, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Sandra Prévéral
- UMR 7265, Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LBC, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
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130
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Caprini L, Marini Bettolo Marconi U. Active chiral particles under confinement: surface currents and bulk accumulation phenomena. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2627-2637. [PMID: 30810571 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02492h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study the stationary behavior of an assembly of independent chiral active particles under confinement by employing an extension of the active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model. The chirality modeled by means of an effective torque term leads to a drastic reduction in the accumulation near the walls with respect to the case without handedness and to the appearance of currents parallel to the container walls accompanied by a large accumulation of particles in the inner region. In the case of two-dimensional chiral particles confined by harmonic walls, we determine the analytic form of the distribution of positions and velocities in two different situations: a rotationally invariant confining potential and an infinite channel with parabolic walls. Both these models display currents and chirality induced inner accumulation. These phenomena are further investigated by means of a more realistic description of a channel, where the wall and bulk regions are clearly separated. The corresponding current and density profiles are obtained by numerical simulations. At variance with the harmonic models, the third model shows a progressive emptying of the wall regions and the simultaneous enhancement of the bulk population. We explain such a phenomenon in terms of the combined effect of wall repulsive forces and chiral motion and provide a semiquantitative description of the current profile in terms of effective viscosity of the chiral gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caprini
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via. F. Crispi 7, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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131
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Duret G, Polali S, Anderson ED, Bell AM, Tzouanas CN, Avants BW, Robinson JT. Magnetic Entropy as a Proposed Gating Mechanism for Magnetogenetic Ion Channels. Biophys J 2019; 116:454-468. [PMID: 30665695 PMCID: PMC6369444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetically sensitive ion channels would allow researchers to better study how specific brain cells affect behavior in freely moving animals; however, recent reports of "magnetogenetic" ion channels based on biogenic ferritin nanoparticles have been questioned because known biophysical mechanisms cannot explain experimental observations. Here, we reproduce a weak magnetically mediated calcium response in HEK cells expressing a previously published TRPV4-ferritin fusion protein. We find that this magnetic sensitivity is attenuated when we reduce the temperature sensitivity of the channel but not when we reduce the mechanical sensitivity of the channel, suggesting that the magnetic sensitivity of this channel is thermally mediated. As a potential mechanism for this thermally mediated magnetic response, we propose that changes in the magnetic entropy of the ferritin particle can generate heat via the magnetocaloric effect and consequently gate the associated temperature-sensitive ion channel. Unlike other forms of magnetic heating, the magnetocaloric mechanism can cool magnetic particles during demagnetization. To test this prediction, we constructed a magnetogenetic channel based on the cold-sensitive TRPM8 channel. Our observation of a magnetic response in cold-gated channels is consistent with the magnetocaloric hypothesis. Together, these new data and our proposed mechanism of action provide additional resources for understanding how ion channels could be activated by low-frequency magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Duret
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Sruthi Polali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Erin D Anderson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - A Martin Bell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Benjamin W Avants
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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132
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Effect of large magnetotactic bacteria with polyphosphate inclusions on the phosphate profile of the suboxic zone in the Black Sea. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:1198-1208. [PMID: 30643197 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Black Sea is the world's largest anoxic basin and a model system for studying processes across redox gradients. In between the oxic surface and the deeper sulfidic waters there is an unusually broad layer of 10-40 m, where neither oxygen nor sulfide are detectable. In this suboxic zone, dissolved phosphate profiles display a pronounced minimum at the upper and a maximum at the lower boundary, with a peak of particulate phosphorus in between, which was suggested to be caused by the sorption of phosphate on sinking particles of metal oxides. Here we show that bacterial polyphosphate inclusions within large magnetotactic bacteria related to the genus Magnetococcus contribute substantially to the observed phosphorus peak, as they contain 26-34% phosphorus compared to only 1-5% in metal-rich particles. Furthermore, we found increased gene expression for polyphosphate kinases by several groups of bacteria including Magnetococcaceae at the phosphate maximum, indicating active bacterial polyphosphate degradation. We propose that large magnetotactic bacteria shuttle up and down within the suboxic zone, scavenging phosphate at the upper and releasing it at the lower boundary. In contrast to a passive transport via metal oxides, this bacterial transport can quantitatively explain the observed phosphate profiles.
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133
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Brewer KD, Spitler R, Lee KR, Chan AC, Barrozo JC, Wakeel A, Foote CS, Machtaler S, Rioux J, Willmann JK, Chakraborty P, Rice BW, Contag CH, Bell CB, Rutt BK. Characterization of Magneto-Endosymbionts as MRI Cell Labeling and Tracking Agents. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:65-73. [PMID: 28616842 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magneto-endosymbionts (MEs) show promise as living magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for in vivo cell tracking. Here we characterize the biomedical imaging properties of ME contrast agents, in vitro and in vivo. PROCEDURES By adapting and engineering magnetotactic bacteria to the intracellular niche, we are creating magneto-endosymbionts (MEs) that offer advantages relative to passive iron-based contrast agents (superparamagnetic iron oxides, SPIOs) for cell tracking. This work presents a biomedical imaging characterization of MEs including: MRI transverse relaxivity (r 2) for MEs and ME-labeled cells (compared to a commercially available iron oxide nanoparticle); microscopic validation of labeling efficiency and subcellular locations; and in vivo imaging of a MDA-MB-231BR (231BR) human breast cancer cells in a mouse brain. RESULTS At 7T, r 2 relaxivity of bare MEs was higher (250 s-1 mM-1) than that of conventional SPIO (178 s-1 mM-1). Optimized in vitro loading of MEs into 231BR cells yielded 1-4 pg iron/cell (compared to 5-10 pg iron/cell for conventional SPIO). r 2 relaxivity dropped by a factor of ~3 upon loading into cells, and was on the same order of magnitude for ME-loaded cells compared to SPIO-loaded cells. In vivo, ME-labeled cells exhibited strong MR contrast, allowing as few as 100 cells to be detected in mice using an optimized 3D SPGR gradient-echo sequence. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the potential of magneto-endosymbionts as living MR contrast agents. They have r 2 relaxivity values comparable to traditional iron oxide nanoparticle contrast agents, and provide strong MR contrast when loaded into cells and implanted in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Brewer
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Radiology Department and Molecular Imaging Program (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Spitler
- Radiology Department and Molecular Imaging Program (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven Machtaler
- Radiology Department and Molecular Imaging Program (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James Rioux
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Radiology Department and Molecular Imaging Program (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juergen K Willmann
- Radiology Department and Molecular Imaging Program (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher H Contag
- Radiology Department and Molecular Imaging Program (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian K Rutt
- Radiology Department and Molecular Imaging Program (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Richard M. Lucas Center for Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, The Lucas Expansion, Room PS-064, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5488, USA.
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134
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Pierce CJ, Wijesinghe H, Mumper E, Lower BH, Lower SK, Sooryakumar R. Hydrodynamic Interactions, Hidden Order, and Emergent Collective Behavior in an Active Bacterial Suspension. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:188001. [PMID: 30444412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.188001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous self-organization (clustering) in magnetically oriented bacteria arises from attractive pairwise hydrodynamics, which are directly determined through experiment and corroborated by a simple analytical model. Lossless compression algorithms are used to identify the onset of many-body self-organization as a function of experimental tuning parameters. Cluster growth is governed by the interplay between hydrodynamic attraction and magnetic dipole repulsion, leading to logarithmic time dependence of the cluster size. The dynamics of these complex, far-from-equilibrium structures are relevant to broader phenomena in condensed matter, statistical mechanics, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Pierce
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Wijesinghe
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - E Mumper
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - B H Lower
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - S K Lower
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - R Sooryakumar
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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135
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Genome Editing Method for the Anaerobic Magnetotactic Bacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01724-18. [PMID: 30194101 PMCID: PMC6210102 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01724-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of organisms that form intracellular nanometer-scale magnetic crystals though a complex process involving lipid and protein scaffolds. These magnetic crystals and their lipid membranes, termed magnetosomes, are model systems for studying bacterial cell biology and biomineralization and are potential platforms for biotechnological applications. Due to a lack of genetic tools and unculturable representatives, the mechanisms of magnetosome formation in phylogenetically deeply branching MTB remain unknown. These MTB contain elongated bullet-/tooth-shaped magnetite and greigite crystals that likely form in a manner distinct from that of the cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals of the genetically tractable MTB within the Alphaproteobacteria. Here, we present a method for genome editing in Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1, a cultured representative of the deeply branching MTB of the class Deltaproteobacteria. This marks a crucial step in developing D. magneticus as a model for studying diverse mechanisms of magnetic particle formation by MTB. Magnetosomes are complex bacterial organelles that serve as model systems for studying bacterial cell biology, biomineralization, and global iron cycling. Magnetosome biogenesis is primarily studied in two closely related Alphaproteobacteria of the genus Magnetospirillum that form cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals within a lipid membrane. However, chemically and structurally distinct magnetic particles have been found in physiologically and phylogenetically diverse bacteria. Due to a lack of molecular genetic tools, the mechanistic diversity of magnetosome formation remains poorly understood. Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 is an anaerobic sulfate-reducing deltaproteobacterium that forms bullet-shaped magnetite crystals. A recent forward genetic screen identified 10 genes in the conserved magnetosome gene island of D. magneticus that are essential for its magnetic phenotype. However, this screen likely missed mutants with defects in crystal size, shape, and arrangement. Reverse genetics to target the remaining putative magnetosome genes using standard genetic methods of suicide vector integration have not been feasible due to the low transconjugation efficiency. Here, we present a reverse genetic method for targeted mutagenesis in D. magneticus using a replicative plasmid. To test this method, we generated a mutant resistant to 5-fluorouracil by making a markerless deletion of the upp gene that encodes uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. We also used this method for targeted marker exchange mutagenesis by replacing kupM, a gene identified in our previous screen as a magnetosome formation factor, with a streptomycin resistance cassette. Overall, our results show that targeted mutagenesis using a replicative plasmid is effective in D. magneticus and may also be applied to other genetically recalcitrant bacteria. IMPORTANCE Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of organisms that form intracellular nanometer-scale magnetic crystals though a complex process involving lipid and protein scaffolds. These magnetic crystals and their lipid membranes, termed magnetosomes, are model systems for studying bacterial cell biology and biomineralization and are potential platforms for biotechnological applications. Due to a lack of genetic tools and unculturable representatives, the mechanisms of magnetosome formation in phylogenetically deeply branching MTB remain unknown. These MTB contain elongated bullet-/tooth-shaped magnetite and greigite crystals that likely form in a manner distinct from that of the cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals of the genetically tractable MTB within the Alphaproteobacteria. Here, we present a method for genome editing in Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1, a cultured representative of the deeply branching MTB of the class Deltaproteobacteria. This marks a crucial step in developing D. magneticus as a model for studying diverse mechanisms of magnetic particle formation by MTB.
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136
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Monteil CL, Perrière G, Menguy N, Ginet N, Alonso B, Waisbord N, Cruveiller S, Pignol D, Lefèvre CT. Genomic study of a novel magnetotactic Alphaproteobacteria uncovers the multiple ancestry of magnetotaxis. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4415-4430. [PMID: 30043533 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ecological and evolutionary processes involved in magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) adaptation to their environment have been a matter of debate for many years. Ongoing efforts for their characterization are progressively contributing to understand these processes, including the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for biomineralization. Despite numerous culture-independent MTB characterizations, essentially within the Proteobacteria phylum, only few species have been isolated in culture because of their complex growth conditions. Here, we report a newly cultivated magnetotactic, microaerophilic and chemoorganoheterotrophic bacterium isolated from the Mediterranean Sea in Marseille, France: Candidatus Terasakiella magnetica strain PR-1 that belongs to an Alphaproteobacteria genus with no magnetotactic relative. By comparing the morphology and the whole genome shotgun sequence of this MTB with those of closer relatives, we brought further evidence that the apparent vertical ancestry of magnetosome genes suggested by previous studies within Alphaproteobacteria hides a more complex evolutionary history involving horizontal gene transfers and/or duplication events before and after the emergence of Magnetospirillum, Magnetovibrio and Magnetospira genera. A genome-scale comparative genomics analysis identified several additional candidate functions and genes that could be specifically associated to MTB lifestyle in this class of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Monteil
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix Marseille (BIAM), UMR7265 CEA - CNRS - Aix Marseille University, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Guy Perrière
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD - IMPMC, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ginet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Alonso
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix Marseille (BIAM), UMR7265 CEA - CNRS - Aix Marseille University, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Nicolas Waisbord
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Stéphane Cruveiller
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives - Institut de Biologie François Jacob - Genoscope - Laboratoire d'Analyses Bioinformatiques pour la Génomique et le Métabolisme, UMR - CNRS 8030 Génomique Métabolique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - David Pignol
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix Marseille (BIAM), UMR7265 CEA - CNRS - Aix Marseille University, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Christopher T Lefèvre
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix Marseille (BIAM), UMR7265 CEA - CNRS - Aix Marseille University, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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137
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Daneshvar M, Hosseini MR. Kinetics, isotherm, and optimization of the hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solution by a magnetic nanobiosorbent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28654-28666. [PMID: 30094673 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sorption is the most effective approach to the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) and wastewaters, but the removal of the adsorbents from water has always been a challenging problem which may be resolved by using magnetic separation. In this work, a magnetic bioadsorbent was prepared using low cost and high-performance sources and applied in Cr(VI) removal from a synthetic solution. Initially, magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized from iron boring scraps by chemical co-precipitation method. Results of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were around 40 nm in size and had a significant magnetization. Then, the magnetite nanoparticles were attached to the dead and alkaline activated biomass of Aspergillus niger. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to determine the optimal condition of Cr(VI) adsorption on the produced magnetic nanobiocomposite. The maximum chromium removal (~ 92%) was achieved at pH 5.8, Cr concentration 23.4 mg/l, adsorbent dose 3.72 g/l, agitation rate 300 rpm, and duration 11 min. Kinetic studies showed that regardless of temperature, the process was controlled by mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion with an equilibrium constant of 0.74 mg/g min1/2 at 40 °C. Also, the adsorption isotherms followed the Temkin model, which indicated the physical adsorption of Cr(VI) on the produced sorbent. Therefore, the magnetic nanobiocomposite has a perfect ability to be used as the chromium adsorbent and can be collected by a low external magnetic field. Graphical abstract Synthesis of the magnetic nanobiosorbent and its application in the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Daneshvar
- Department of Mining Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raouf Hosseini
- Department of Mining Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran.
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138
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Vargas G, Cypriano J, Correa T, Leão P, Bazylinski DA, Abreu F. Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria, Magnetosomes and Magnetosome Crystals in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology: Mini-Review. Molecules 2018; 23:E2438. [PMID: 30249983 PMCID: PMC6222368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize magnetosomes, which are defined as intracellular nanocrystals of the magnetic minerals magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) enveloped by a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The synthesis of magnetosomes is controlled by a specific set of genes that encode proteins, some of which are exclusively found in the magnetosome membrane in the cell. Over the past several decades, interest in nanoscale technology (nanotechnology) and biotechnology has increased significantly due to the development and establishment of new commercial, medical and scientific processes and applications that utilize nanomaterials, some of which are biologically derived. One excellent example of a biological nanomaterial that is showing great promise for use in a large number of commercial and medical applications are bacterial magnetite magnetosomes. Unlike chemically-synthesized magnetite nanoparticles, magnetosome magnetite crystals are stable single-magnetic domains and are thus permanently magnetic at ambient temperature, are of high chemical purity, and display a narrow size range and consistent crystal morphology. These physical/chemical features are important in their use in biotechnological and other applications. Applications utilizing magnetite-producing MTB, magnetite magnetosomes and/or magnetosome magnetite crystals include and/or involve bioremediation, cell separation, DNA/antigen recovery or detection, drug delivery, enzyme immobilization, magnetic hyperthermia and contrast enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging. Metric analysis using Scopus and Web of Science databases from 2003 to 2018 showed that applied research involving magnetite from MTB in some form has been focused mainly in biomedical applications, particularly in magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vargas
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Tarcisio Correa
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA.
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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139
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Daneshvar M, Hosseini MR. From the iron boring scraps to superparamagnetic nanoparticles through an aerobic biological route. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 357:393-400. [PMID: 29913371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward, highly efficient, and low-cost biological route was introduced for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Three urease-positive bacteria namely, Bacillus subtilis, B. pasteurii, and B. licheniformis were used to biosynthesize ammonia and biosurfactants required for the nanoparticle production. Also, the features of the applied biological approach was compared with a chemical co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. Results indicated that the biologically fabricated powders had a single domain structure, and their mean particle size was in the range of 37 to 97 nm. The production capacity of the biological processes was double the chemical method, and the biosynthesized superparamagnetic nanoparticles had higher saturation magnetization up to 132 emu/g. Finally, the removal of Cr(VI) from a synthetic solution was investigated using the four products. The maximum elimination of chromium (over 99%) was achieved by the particles synthesized by B. pasteurii, with the adsorption capacity of 190 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Daneshvar
- Department of Mining Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raouf Hosseini
- Department of Mining Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan 8415683111, Iran.
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140
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Abstract
Uncovering the mechanisms that underlie the biogenesis and maintenance of eukaryotic organelles is a vibrant and essential area of biological research. In comparison, little attention has been paid to the process of compartmentalization in bacteria and archaea. This lack of attention is in part due to the common misconception that organelles are a unique evolutionary invention of the "complex" eukaryotic cell and are absent from the "primitive" bacterial and archaeal cells. Comparisons across the tree of life are further complicated by the nebulous criteria used to designate subcellular structures as organelles. Here, with the aid of a unified definition of a membrane-bounded organelle, we present some of the recent findings in the study of lipid-bounded organelles in bacteria and archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly R Grant
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Juan Wan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Arash Komeili
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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141
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Thomas MA, Kleist AB, Volkman BF. Decoding the chemotactic signal. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:359-374. [PMID: 29873835 PMCID: PMC6099250 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0218-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From an individual bacterium to the cells that compose the human immune system, cellular chemotaxis plays a fundamental role in allowing cells to navigate, interpret, and respond to their environments. While many features of cellular chemotaxis are shared among systems as diverse as bacteria and human immune cells, the machinery that guides the migration of these model organisms varies widely. In this article, we review current literature on the diversity of chemoattractant ligands, the cell surface receptors that detect and process chemotactic gradients, and the link between signal recognition and the regulation of cellular machinery that allow for efficient directed cellular movement. These facets of cellular chemotaxis are compared among E. coli, Dictyostelium discoideum, and mammalian neutrophils to derive organizational principles by which diverse cell systems sense and respond to chemotactic gradients to initiate cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Thomas
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Andrew B. Kleist
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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142
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Volke DC, Nikel PI. Getting Bacteria in Shape: Synthetic Morphology Approaches for the Design of Efficient Microbial Cell Factories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Volke
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Pablo I. Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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143
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Magnetic-field induced rotation of magnetosome chains in silicified magnetotactic bacteria. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7699. [PMID: 29769616 PMCID: PMC5955880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biological processes enabling magnetotactic bacteria to maintain oriented chains of magnetic iron-bearing nanoparticles called magnetosomes is a major challenge. The study aimed to constrain the role of an external applied magnetic field on the alignment of magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 magnetotactic bacteria immobilized within a hydrated silica matrix. A deviation of the chain orientation was evidenced, without significant impact on cell viability, which was preserved after the field was turned-off. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the crystallographic orientation of the nanoparticles within the chains were preserved. Off-axis electron holography evidenced that the change in magnetosome orientation was accompanied by a shift from parallel to anti-parallel interactions between individual nanocrystals. The field-induced destructuration of the chain occurs according to two possible mechanisms: (i) each magnetosome responds individually and reorients in the magnetic field direction and/or (ii) short magnetosome chains deviate in the magnetic field direction. This work enlightens the strong dynamic character of the magnetosome assembly and widens the potentialities of magnetotactic bacteria in bionanotechnology.
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144
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Orue I, Marcano L, Bender P, García-Prieto A, Valencia S, Mawass MA, Gil-Cartón D, Alba Venero D, Honecker D, García-Arribas A, Fernández Barquín L, Muela A, Fdez-Gubieda ML. Configuration of the magnetosome chain: a natural magnetic nanoarchitecture. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7407-7419. [PMID: 29557439 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08493e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense is a microorganism with the ability to biomineralize magnetite nanoparticles, called magnetosomes, and arrange them into a chain that behaves like a magnetic compass. Rather than straight lines, magnetosome chains are slightly bent, as evidenced by electron cryotomography. Our experimental and theoretical results suggest that due to the competition between the magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies, the effective magnetic moment of individual magnetosomes is tilted out of the [111] crystallographic easy axis of magnetite. This tilt does not affect the direction of the chain net magnetic moment, which remains along the [111] axis, but explains the arrangement of magnetosomes in helical-like shaped chains. Indeed, we demonstrate that the chain shape can be reproduced by considering an interplay between the magnetic dipolar interactions between magnetosomes, ruled by the orientation of the magnetosome magnetic moment, and a lipid/protein-based mechanism, modeled as an elastic recovery force exerted on the magnetosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Orue
- SGIker, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - L Marcano
- Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - P Bender
- CITIMAC, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - A García-Prieto
- Dpto. Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain and BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - S Valencia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M A Mawass
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Gil-Cartón
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - D Alba Venero
- ISIS, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - D Honecker
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - A García-Arribas
- Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain. and BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | - A Muela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain and Dpto. Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - M L Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain. and BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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145
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Accumulation and Dissolution of Magnetite Crystals in a Magnetically Responsive Ciliate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02865-17. [PMID: 29439993 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02865-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a group of microorganisms that are widespread in aquatic habitats and thrive at oxic-anoxic interfaces. They are able to scavenge high concentrations of iron thanks to the biomineralization of magnetic crystals in their unique organelles, the so-called magnetosome chains. Although their biodiversity has been intensively studied, their ecology and impact on iron cycling remain largely unexplored. Predation by protozoa was suggested as one of the ecological processes that could be involved in the release of iron back into the ecosystem. Magnetic protozoa were previously observed in aquatic environments, but their diversity and the fate of particulate iron during grazing are poorly documented. In this study, we report the morphological and molecular characterizations of a magnetically responsive MTB-grazing protozoan able to ingest high quantities of MTB. This protozoan is tentatively identified as Uronema marinum, a ciliate known to be a predator of bacteria. Using light and electron microscopy, we investigated in detail the vacuoles in which the lysis of phagocytized prokaryotes occurs. We carried out high-resolution observations of aligned magnetosome chains and ongoing dissolution of crystals. Particulate iron in the ciliate represented approximately 0.01% of its total volume. We show the ubiquity of this interaction in other types of environments and describe different grazing strategies. These data contribute to the mounting evidence that the interactions between MTB and protozoa might play a significant role in iron turnover in microaerophilic habitats.IMPORTANCE Identifying participants of each biogeochemical cycle is a prerequisite to our understanding of ecosystem functioning. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) participate in iron cycling by concentrating large amounts of biomineralized iron minerals in their cells, which impacts their chemical environment at, or below, the oxic-anoxic transition zone in aquatic habitats. It was shown that some protozoa inhabiting this niche could become magnetic by the ingestion of magnetic crystals biomineralized by grazed MTB. In this study, we show that magnetic MTB grazers are commonly observed in marine and freshwater sediments and can sometimes accumulate very large amounts of particulate iron. We describe here different phagocytosis strategies, determined using magnetic particles from MTB as tracers after their ingestion by the protozoa. This study paves the way for potential scientific or medical applications using MTB grazers as magnetosome hyperaccumulators.
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146
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Lin W, Zhang W, Zhao X, Roberts AP, Paterson GA, Bazylinski DA, Pan Y. Genomic expansion of magnetotactic bacteria reveals an early common origin of magnetotaxis with lineage-specific evolution. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1508-1519. [PMID: 29581530 PMCID: PMC5955933 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The origin and evolution of magnetoreception, which in diverse prokaryotes and protozoa is known as magnetotaxis and enables these microorganisms to detect Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation, is not well understood in evolutionary biology. The only known prokaryotes capable of sensing the geomagnetic field are magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), motile microorganisms that biomineralize intracellular, membrane-bounded magnetic single-domain crystals of either magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) called magnetosomes. Magnetosomes are responsible for magnetotaxis in MTB. Here we report the first large-scale metagenomic survey of MTB from both northern and southern hemispheres combined with 28 genomes from uncultivated MTB. These genomes expand greatly the coverage of MTB in the Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Omnitrophica phyla, and provide the first genomic evidence of MTB belonging to the Zetaproteobacteria and "Candidatus Lambdaproteobacteria" classes. The gene content and organization of magnetosome gene clusters, which are physically grouped genes that encode proteins for magnetosome biosynthesis and organization, are more conserved within phylogenetically similar groups than between different taxonomic lineages. Moreover, the phylogenies of core magnetosome proteins form monophyletic clades. Together, these results suggest a common ancient origin of iron-based (Fe3O4 and Fe3S4) magnetotaxis in the domain Bacteria that underwent lineage-specific evolution, shedding new light on the origin and evolution of biomineralization and magnetotaxis, and expanding significantly the phylogenomic representation of MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wensi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Greig A Paterson
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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147
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Smit BA, Van Zyl E, Joubert JJ, Meyer W, Prévéral S, Lefèvre CT, Venter SN. Magnetotactic bacteria used to generate electricity based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:362-367. [PMID: 29432641 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have the unique ability to produce magnetic particles surrounded by a biomembrane to form the magnetosome organelle. Therefore, MTB have novel physical and magnetic properties and have consequently been used in several biotechnological applications. The magnetic properties of these micro-organisms and their magnetosomes have, however, never been used for the generation of electricity as described in this letter. Comparisons were made between, firstly, the electricity generated from purified magnetosomes, MTB culture (bacterial cells with magnetosomes) and sterile, liquid growth medium (control). Secondly, the electricity generated by a dilution series of purified magnetosomes were compared. A statistically significant difference was found between the voltage measured from the purified magnetosomes (highest voltage), MTB culture (lower voltage) and liquid growth medium (lowest voltage). In the dilution series, the voltage measured increased as the magnetosome concentration increased, but only up to an optimum concentration (0·0376 mg ml-1 ). In this study, we have demonstrated that a significantly higher voltage than that of the control could be measured when MTB or purified magnetosomes were pumped through a solenoid by applying Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides proof-of-concept of electromagnetic induction using magnetosomes or magnetotactic bacteria in an experimental setup based on the law of Faraday. The concept of using these bacteria or their biomineralized magnetic nanoparticles as a biological alternative in low voltage electricity generation has the potential to be further explored and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Smit
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - E Van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J J Joubert
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - W Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S Prévéral
- CNRS/CEA/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265 Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - C T Lefèvre
- CNRS/CEA/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265 Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - S N Venter
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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148
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Rice Paddy Nitrospirae Carry and Express Genes Related to Sulfate Respiration: Proposal of the New Genus "Candidatus Sulfobium". Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02224-17. [PMID: 29247059 PMCID: PMC5812927 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02224-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrospirae spp. distantly related to thermophilic, sulfate-reducing Thermodesulfovibrio species are regularly observed in environmental surveys of anoxic marine and freshwater habitats. Here we present a metaproteogenomic analysis of Nitrospirae bacterium Nbg-4 as a representative of this clade. Its genome was assembled from replicated metagenomes of rice paddy soil that was used to grow rice in the presence and absence of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Nbg-4 encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and showed expression of this pathway in gypsum-amended anoxic bulk soil as revealed by parallel metaproteomics. In addition, Nbg-4 encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA), with expression of its first step being detected in bulk soil without gypsum amendment. The relative abundances of Nbg-4 were similar under both treatments, indicating that Nbg-4 maintained stable populations while shifting its energy metabolism. Whether Nbg-4 is a strict sulfate reducer or can couple sulfur oxidation to DNRA by operating the pathway of dissimilatory sulfate reduction in reverse could not be resolved. Further genome reconstruction revealed the potential to utilize butyrate, formate, H2, or acetate as an electron donor; the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway was expressed under both treatments. Comparison to publicly available Nitrospirae genome bins revealed the pathway for dissimilatory sulfate reduction also in related Nitrospirae recovered from groundwater. Subsequent phylogenomics showed that such microorganisms form a novel genus within the Nitrospirae, with Nbg-4 as a representative species. Based on the widespread occurrence of this novel genus, we propose for Nbg-4 the name “Candidatus Sulfobium mesophilum,” gen. nov., sp. nov. IMPORTANCE Rice paddies are indispensable for the food supply but are a major source of the greenhouse gas methane. If it were not counterbalanced by cryptic sulfur cycling, methane emission from rice paddy fields would be even higher. However, the microorganisms involved in this sulfur cycling are little understood. By using an environmental systems biology approach with Italian rice paddy soil, we could retrieve the population genome of a novel member of the phylum Nitrospirae. This microorganism encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and expressed it in anoxic paddy soil under sulfate-enriched conditions. Phylogenomics and comparison to the results of environmental surveys showed that such microorganisms are actually widespread in freshwater and marine environments. At the same time, they represent an undiscovered genus within the little-explored phylum Nitrospirae. Our results will be important for the design of enrichment strategies and postgenomic studies to further understanding of the contribution of these novel Nitrospirae spp. to the global sulfur cycle.
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Rismani Yazdi S, Nosrati R, Stevens CA, Vogel D, Davies PL, Escobedo C. Magnetotaxis Enables Magnetotactic Bacteria to Navigate in Flow. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702982. [PMID: 29205792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) play an important role in Earth's biogeochemical cycles by transporting minerals in aquatic ecosystems, and have shown promise for controlled transport of microscale objects in flow conditions. However, how MTB traverse complex flow environments is not clear. Here, using microfluidics and high-speed imaging, it is revealed that magnetotaxis enables directed motion of Magnetospirillum magneticum over long distances in flow velocities ranging from 2 to 1260 µm s-1 , corresponding to shear rates ranging from 0.2 to 142 s-1 -a range relevant to both aquatic environments and biomedical applications. The ability of MTB to overcome a current is influenced by the flow, the magnetic field, and their relative orientation. MTB can overcome 2.3-fold higher flow velocities when directed to swim perpendicular to the flow as compared to upstream, as the latter orientation induces higher drag. The results indicate a threshold drag of 9.5 pN, corresponding to a flow velocity of 550 µm s-1 , where magnetotaxis enables MTB to overcome counterdirectional flow. These findings bring new insights into the interactions of MTB with complex flow environments relevant to aquatic ecosystems, while suggesting opportunities for in vivo applications of MTB in microbiorobotics and targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rismani Yazdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Reza Nosrati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Corey A Stevens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David Vogel
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Carlos Escobedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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150
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Uebe R, Keren-Khadmy N, Zeytuni N, Katzmann E, Navon Y, Davidov G, Bitton R, Plitzko JM, Schüler D, Zarivach R. The dual role of MamB in magnetosome membrane assembly and magnetite biomineralization. Mol Microbiol 2018; 107:542-557. [PMID: 29243866 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 synthesizes membrane-enclosed magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) nanoparticles, magnetosomes, for magnetotaxis. Formation of these organelles involves a complex process comprising key steps which are governed by specific magnetosome-associated proteins. MamB, a cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family member has been implicated in magnetosome-directed iron transport. However, deletion mutagenesis studies revealed that MamB is essential for the formation of magnetosome membrane vesicles, but its precise role remains elusive. In this study, we employed a multi-disciplinary approach to define the role of MamB during magnetosome formation. Using site-directed mutagenesis complemented by structural analyses, fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography, we show that MamB is most likely an active magnetosome-directed transporter serving two distinct, yet essential functions. First, MamB initiates magnetosome vesicle formation in a transport-independent process, probably by serving as a landmark protein. Second, MamB transport activity is required for magnetite nucleation. Furthermore, by determining the crystal structure of the MamB cytosolic C-terminal domain, we also provide mechanistic insight into transport regulation. Additionally, we present evidence that magnetosome vesicle growth and chain formation are independent of magnetite nucleation and magnetic interactions respectively. Together, our data provide novel insight into the role of the key bifunctional magnetosome protein MamB, and the early steps of magnetosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Uebe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Noa Keren-Khadmy
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Natalie Zeytuni
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Emanuel Katzmann
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yotam Navon
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Geula Davidov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ronit Bitton
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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