101
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Duan W, Zi T, Zhao Y, Shan R, Wu H, Sun H, Tian Z, Wang J, Liu L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Sun C. Extent reflecting overall dietary amino acids composition adherence to the human requirement amino acids pattern is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10141-10157. [PMID: 33819181 PMCID: PMC8064212 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate whether dietary amino acids (AAs) composition is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to investigate how serum AAs profiles mediated this association. Two prospective cohorts of 1750 and 4024 adults were enrolled. Dietary AAs compositions index (AACI) was developed to reflect the overall quality of dietary AAs composition. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression models were used to examine associations of AACI and T2DM. The AACI was associated with the incidence of T2DM with the relative risk and 95%CI from the bottom to the top tertiles being 1.00, 1.49 (0.88-2.51) and 2.27 (1.20-4.28), and 1.00, 1.58 (1.13-2.19) and 2.33 (1.56-3.47) in the two cohorts, respectively. The AACI was positively associated with serum valine, isoleucine, glutamic acid and phenylalanine, and it was negatively associated with serum glycine and histidine in both cohorts (P<0.01). Valine, glutamic acid and histidine consistently and partially mediated the association between the AACI and T2DM in the two cohorts, with total mediation effects of 33.4% and 54.6%, respectively. Dietary AAs composition was associated with the incidence of T2DM, meanwhile, the relationship was mediated by some degree of serum AAs. Future dietary strategies should focus on the improvement of the overall quality of dietary AAs compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Duan
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianqi Zi
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhe Zhao
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiqi Shan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wu
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hu Sun
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiemei Wang
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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102
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Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes in the MENA Region: A Review of the Evidence. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041060. [PMID: 33805161 PMCID: PMC8064070 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarmingly rising trend of type 2 diabetes constitutes a major global public health challenge particularly in the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) region where the prevalence is among the highest in the world with a projection to increase by 96% by 2045. The economic boom in the MENA region over the past decades has brought exceptionally rapid shifts in eating habits characterized by divergence from the traditional Mediterranean diet towards a more westernized unhealthy dietary pattern, thought to be leading to the dramatic rises in obesity and non-communicable diseases. Research efforts have brought a greater understanding of the different pathways through which diet and obesity may affect diabetes clinical outcomes, emphasizing the crucial role of dietary interventions and weight loss in the prevention and management of diabetes. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanistic pathways linking obesity with diabetes and to summarize the most recent evidence on the association of the intake of different macronutrients and food groups with the risk of type 2 diabetes. We also summarize the most recent evidence on the effectiveness of different macronutrient manipulations in the prevention and management of diabetes while highlighting the possible underlying mechanisms of action and latest evidence-based recommendations. We finally discuss the need to adequately integrate dietetic services in diabetes care specific to the MENA region and conclude with recommendations to improve dietetic care for diabetes in the region.
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103
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Teasdale SB, Marshall S, Abbott K, Cassettari T, Duve E, Fayet-Moore F. How should we judge edible oils and fats? An umbrella review of the health effects of nutrient and bioactive components found in edible oils and fats. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5167-5182. [PMID: 33706623 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1882382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary guidelines for many Western countries base their edible oil and fat recommendations solely on saturated fatty acid content. This study aims to demonstrate which nutritional and bioactive components make up commonly consumed edible oils and fats; and explore the health effects and strength of evidence for key nutritional and bioactive components of edible oils. An umbrella review was conducted in several stages. Food composition databases of Australia and the United States of America, and studies were examined to profile nutrient and bioactive content of edible oils and fats. PUBMED and Cochrane databases were searched for umbrella reviews, systematic literature reviews of randomized controlled trials or cohort studies, individual randomized controlled trials, and individual cohort studies to examine the effect of the nutrient or bioactive on high-burden chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancer, mental illness, cognitive impairment). Substantial systematic literature review evidence was identified for fatty acid categories, tocopherols, biophenols, and phytosterols. Insufficient evidence was identified for squalene. The evidence supports high mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions, total biophenol content, phytosterols, and possibly high α-tocopherol content as having beneficial effects on high-burden health comes. Future dietary guidelines should use a more sophisticated approach to judge edible oils beyond saturated fatty acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Teasdale
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Skye Marshall
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Bond University Nutrition & Dietetics Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kylie Abbott
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tim Cassettari
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Translational Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily Duve
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Translational Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
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104
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Penlioglou T, Lambadiari V, Papanas N. The contribution of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load to the development of microvascular complications of diabetes. Nutrition 2021; 89:111234. [PMID: 33878554 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle modification, including a healthy diet, is of paramount importance in the management of diabetes mellitus. To this end, diets have been proposed with low glycemic index (an index of carbohydrate food expressing how quickly this nutrient can increase blood glucose) and glycemic load (an index obtained by multiplying the glycemic index by the grams of carbohydrate, then dividing by 100). The aim of this review was to discuss the potential contribution of diets with low glycemic index and glycemic load in diabetic microvascular complications. Currently, their role to the prevention and delay of microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus remains unclear, and further knowledge is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Penlioglou
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Centre, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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105
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Lankinen MA, de Mello VD, Meuronen T, Sallinen T, Ågren J, Virtanen KA, Laakso M, Pihlajamäki J, Schwab U. The FADS1 Genotype Modifies Metabolic Responses to the Linoleic Acid and Alpha-linolenic Acid Containing Plant Oils-Genotype Based Randomized Trial FADSDIET2. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001004. [PMID: 33548080 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The article investigates the FADS1 rs174550 genotype interaction with dietary intakes of high linoleic acid (LA) and high alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on the response of fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids (PLs), and of markers of low-grade inflammation and glucose-insulin homeostasis. METHODS AND RESULTS One-hundred thirty homozygotes men for FADS1 rs174550 SNP (TT and CC genotypes) were randomized to an 8-week intervention with either LA- or ALA-enriched diet (13 E% PUFA). The source of LA and ALA are 30-50 mL of sunflower oil (SFO, 62-63% LA) and Camelina sativa oil (CSO, 30- are randomized to an 35% ALA), respectively. In the SFO arm, there is a significant genotype x diet interaction for the proportion of arachidonic acid in plasma phospholipids (p < 0.001), disposition index (DI30 ) (p = 0.039), and for serum high-sensitive c-reactive protein (hs-CRP, p = 0.029) after excluding the participants with hs-CRP concentration of >10 mg L-1 and users of statins or anti-inflammatory therapy. In the CSO arm, there are significant genotype x diet interactions for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but not for the clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The FADS1 genotype modifies the response to high PUFA diets, especially to high-LA diet. These findings suggest that approaches considering FADS variation may be useful in personalized dietary counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vanessa D de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Topi Meuronen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Taisa Sallinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jyrki Ågren
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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106
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Abdissa D. Purposeful Review to Identify the Benefits, Mechanism of Action and Practical Considerations of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus. NUTRITION AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.2147/nds.s298870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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107
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Deane KHO, Jimoh OF, Biswas P, O'Brien A, Hanson S, Abdelhamid AS, Fox C, Hooper L. Omega-3 and polyunsaturated fat for prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:135-142. [PMID: 31647041 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong public belief that polyunsaturated fats protect against and ameliorate depression and anxiety. AIMS To assess effects of increasing omega-3, omega-6 or total polyunsaturated fat on prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety symptoms. METHOD We searched widely (Central, Medline and EMBASE to April 2017, trial registers to September 2016, ongoing trials updated to August 2019), including trials of adults with or without depression or anxiety, randomised to increased omega-3, omega-6 or total polyunsaturated fat for ≥24 weeks, excluding multifactorial interventions. Inclusion, data extraction and risk of bias were assessed independently in duplicate, and authors contacted for further data. We used random-effects meta-analysis, sensitivity analyses, subgrouping and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) assessment. RESULTS We included 31 trials assessing effects of long-chain omega-3 (n = 41 470), one of alpha-linolenic acid (n = 4837), one of total polyunsaturated fat (n = 4997) and none of omega-6. Meta-analysis suggested that increasing long-chain omega-3 probably has little or no effect on risk of depression symptoms (risk ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.92-1.10, I2 = 0%, median dose 0.95 g/d, duration 12 months) or anxiety symptoms (standardised mean difference 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.26, I2 = 0%, median dose 1.1 g/d, duration 6 months; both moderate-quality evidence). Evidence of effects on depression severity and remission in existing depression were unclear (very-low-quality evidence). Results did not differ by risk of bias, omega-3 dose, duration or nutrients replaced. Increasing alpha-linolenic acid by 2 g/d may increase risk of depression symptoms very slightly over 40 months (number needed to harm, 1000). CONCLUSIONS Long-chain omega-3 supplementation probably has little or no effect in preventing depression or anxiety symptoms. DECLARATION OF INTEREST L.H. and A.A. were funded to attend the World Health Organization Nutrition Guidance Expert Advisory Group (NUGAG) Subgroup on Diet and Health meetings and present review results. The authors report no other conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- Senior Research Associate, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Priti Biswas
- PhD student, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Alex O'Brien
- Medical Student, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Sarah Hanson
- Lecturer, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- Honorary Research Fellow, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Chris Fox
- Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Lee Hooper
- Reader in Research Synthesis, Nutrition & Hydration, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
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108
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Chen GC, Arthur R, Qin LQ, Chen LH, Mei Z, Zheng Y, Li Y, Wang T, Rohan TE, Qi Q. Association of Oily and Nonoily Fish Consumption and Fish Oil Supplements With Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Large Population-Based Prospective Study. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:672-680. [PMID: 33431419 PMCID: PMC7896269 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations of oily and nonoily fish consumption and fish oil supplements with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 392,287 middle-aged and older participants (55.0% women) in the UK Biobank who were free of diabetes, major cardiovascular disease, and cancer and had information on habitual intake of major food groups and use of fish oil supplements at baseline (2006-2010). Of these, 163,706 participated in one to five rounds of 24-h dietary recalls during 2009-2012. RESULTS During a median 10.1 years of follow-up, 7,262 incident cases of T2D were identified. Compared with participants who reported never consumption of oily fish, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of T2D were 0.84 (95% CI 0.78-0.91), 0.78 (0.72-0.85), and 0.78 (0.71-0.86) for those who reported <1 serving/week, weekly, and ≥2 servings/week of oily fish consumption, respectively (P-trend < 0.001). Consumption of nonoily fish was not associated with risk of T2D (P-trend = 0.45). Participants who reported regular fish oil use at baseline had a 9% (95% CI 4-14%) lower risk of T2D compared with nonusers. Baseline regular users of fish oil who also reported fish oil use during at least one of the 24-h dietary recalls had an 18% (8-27%) lower risk of T2D compared with constant nonusers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that consumption of oily fish but not nonoily fish was associated with a lower risk of T2D. Use of fish oil supplements, especially constant use over time, was also associated with a lower risk of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Rhonda Arthur
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY .,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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109
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Cardiovascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids: Hope or hype? Atherosclerosis 2021; 322:15-23. [PMID: 33706079 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have emerged as a new option for controlling the residual risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the statin era after a clinical trial (REDUCE-IT) reported positive results with icosapent ethyl (IPE) in patients receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy. However, another trial which used high dose eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) combination (STRENGTH) has failed. Together, these results raise clinically important questions. Are effects of omega-3 fatty acids neutral or beneficial in patients on statin therapy, or perhaps even harmful? The current contradictory results could be attributed to different types of omega-3 fatty acids (only EPA or combination of EPA + DHA), doses (higher vs. lower dose) of omega-3 fatty acids or different comparators (corn oil or mineral oil), as well as the underlying severity of the CVD risk or use of statins. Together with these issues, we will discuss different biological and clinical effects of various types of omega-3 fatty acids and then interpret different results of past and current clinical studies and propose practical suggestions, which could be applied in patient management.
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110
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Lane KE, Wilson M, Hellon TG, Davies IG. Bioavailability and conversion of plant based sources of omega-3 fatty acids - a scoping review to update supplementation options for vegetarians and vegans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4982-4997. [PMID: 33576691 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1880364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids offer a plethora of health benefits with the majority of evidence showing beneficial effects from marine sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Emerging research examines the effects of n-3 dietary intakes on blood markers of vegetarians and vegans, but official guidance for plant based marine alternatives is yet to reach consensus. This scoping review provides an overview of trials investigating bioavailability of plant n-3 oils including EPA and DHA conversion. Searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL and clinical trial registers identified randomized controlled trials from January 2010 to September 2020. The 'Omega-3 index' (EPA + DHA (O3I)), was used to compare n-3 status, metabolic conversion and bioavailability. Two reviewers independently screened articles and extracted data on outcomes. From 639 identified articles, screening and eligibility checks gave 13 articles. High dose flaxseed or echium seed oil supplements, provided no increases to O3I and some studies showed reductions. However, microalgal oil supplementation increased O3I levels for all studies. Findings indicate preliminary advice for vegetarians and vegans is regular consumption of preformed EPA and DHA supplements may help maintain optimal O3I. Further studies should establish optimum EPA and DHA ratios and dosages in vegetarian and vegan populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Lane
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Megan Wilson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Teuta G Hellon
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian G Davies
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
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111
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Zhang T, Jiang WR, Xia YY, Mansell T, Saffery R, Cannon RD, De Seymour J, Zou Z, Xu G, Han TL, Zhang H, Baker PN. Complex patterns of circulating fatty acid levels in gestational diabetes mellitus subclasses across pregnancy. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4140-4148. [PMID: 33610418 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To investigate the relationship between maternal serum fatty acid levels and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) subtypes across pregnancy. METHODS A total of 680 singleton mothers enrolled in the Complex Lipids in Mothers and Babies (CLIMB) study in Chongqing, China were included. Clinical information and serum samples were collected at gestational weeks (GWs) 11-14, 22-28, and 32-34. 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was conducted at GW 24-28 and GDM subtypes divided into three groups using International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) guidelines criteria: elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG group; n = 59); 1-h and/or 2-h post-load glucose (1h/2h-PG group; n = 94); combined group (FPG&1h/2h-PG group; n = 42). Non-GDM pregnancies were included (n = 485) as controls. Twenty fatty acids were quantified in serum using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. RESULTS Overall, most serum fatty acid concentrations increased rapidly from the first to second trimester, followed by a plateauing or reduction in the third trimester (p < 0.001). In cross sectional analysis, fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher in the FPG group at GW 11-14 and decreased in the 1h/2h-PG group at GW 32-34, relative to controls. Moreover, higher α-linolenic acid (ALA; the second tertile: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.17 to 5.47; the third tertile: aOR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.20 to 5.65) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; the second tertile: aOR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.10 to 4.97; the third tertile: aOR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.00 to 4.63) were significantly associated with a higher risk of GDM in women with elevated fasting plasma glucose at GW 11-14 (first tertile as reference). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of considering GDM subtypes for the individualised management of GDM in pregnancy. ALA and DHA in early pregnancy are associated with a higher risk of FPG-GDM subtype. This has widespread implications when recommending n-3 PUFAs supplementation for women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wen-Rong Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, PR China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Yin-Yin Xia
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Toby Mansell
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jamie De Seymour
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Zhen Zou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ge Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Philip N Baker
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, UK
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112
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Olsen T, Øvrebø B, Turner C, Bastani NE, Refsum H, Vinknes KJ. Effects of short-term methionine and cysteine restriction and enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids on oral glucose tolerance, plasma amino acids, fatty acids, lactate and pyruvate: results from a pilot study. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:43. [PMID: 33531059 PMCID: PMC7852127 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this 7-day pilot study we randomized healthy, normal-weight men and women to either a dietary intervention with methionine and cysteine restriction enriched in PUFA (Met/Cyslow + PUFA, n = 7) or with high contents of methionine, cysteine and SFA (Met/Cyshigh + SFA, n = 7). The objective was to describe the short-term responses in oral glucose tolerance, amino acid profile, total fatty acid profile, pyruvate and lactate following a Met/Cyslow + PUFA diet vs. Met/Cyshigh + SFA. Results The diet groups consisted of five women and two men, aged 20–38 years. After the 7-d intervention median pre- and post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose concentrations were 5 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L respectively in the Met/Cyslow + PUFA group. In the Met/Cyshigh + SFA group, median pre- and post-OGTT glucose concentrations were 4.8 mmol/L and 4.65 mmol/L after the 7-d intervention. The responses in the amino acid profiles were similar in both groups during the intervention with the exception of serine. Fatty acids decreased from baseline to day 7 in both groups. Plasma lactate and pyruvate were similar for both groups with an increase to day 3 before approaching baseline values at day 7. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02647970, registration date: January 6th 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Medical Biosciences, Domus Medica, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bente Øvrebø
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Medical Biosciences, Domus Medica, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Nasser E Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Medical Biosciences, Domus Medica, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Medical Biosciences, Domus Medica, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kathrine J Vinknes
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Medical Biosciences, Domus Medica, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
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Delpino FM, Figueiredo LM, da Silva BGC, da Silva TG, Mintem GC, Bielemann RM, Gigante DP. Omega-3 supplementation and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4435-4448. [PMID: 33480268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1875977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to review the literature on studies that evaluated the effects of omega-3 supplementation on parameters of diabetes in humans. An online search was conducted in the following databases: Pubmed, LILACS, Scielo, Scopus, and Web of Science. It included experimental studies that investigated the effects of omega-3 supplementation for diabetes treatment or prevention and its relationship with fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and glycated hemoglobin. Observational, non-human studies and non-randomized clinical trials were excluded. The Cochrane scale assessed the quality of the studies. A meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the effect of omega-3 on fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and glycated hemoglobin. Thirty studies were included in the review. Almost 70% (n = 20) demonstrated at least one significant effect of the omega-3 supplementation related to diabetes. In the meta-analysis, there was a significant effect on the reduction of fasting blood glucose [SMD: -0.48; CI95%: -0.76, -0.19; p = 0.01; I2 = 88%] and insulin resistance [SMD: -0.61; CI95%: -0.98, -0.24; p = 0.01; I2 = 90%]. For glycated hemoglobin, there was no significant effect in the meta-analysis. This systematic review with meta-analysis demonstrated that supplementation with omega-3 has protective effects on diabetes parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Mendes Delpino
- Postgraduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Taiciane Gonçalves da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gicele Costa Mintem
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Renata Moraes Bielemann
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Denise Petrucci Gigante
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Dai L, Zhou WJ, Zhong LLD, Tang XD, Ji G. Chinese medicine formulas for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Overview of systematic reviews. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:102-117. [PMID: 33511176 PMCID: PMC7809658 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects more than one-quarter of the global population. Due to the lack of approved chemical agents, many patients seek treatment from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas. A variety of systematic reviews have been published regarding the effectiveness and safety of TCM formulas for NAFLD.
AIM To critically appraise available systematic reviews and sort out the high-quality evidence on TCM formulas for the management of NAFLD.
METHODS Seven databases were systematically searched from their inception to 28 February 2020. The search terms included “non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,” “Chinese medicines,” “systematic review,” and their synonyms. Systematic reviews involving TCM formulas alone or in combination with conventional medications were included. The methodological quality and risk of bias of eligible systematic reviews were evaluated by using A Measure Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) and Risk of Bias in Systematic Review (ROBIS). The quality of outcomes was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system.
RESULTS Seven systematic reviews were ultimately included. All systematic reviews were conducted based on randomized controlled trials and published in the last decade. According to the AMSTAR 2 tool, one systematic review was judged as having a moderate confidence level, whereas the other studies were rated as having a low or extremely low level of confidence. The ROBIS tool showed that the included systematic reviews all had a high risk of bias due to insufficient consideration of identified concerns. According to the GRADE system, only two outcomes were determined as high quality; namely, TCM formulas with the HuoXueHuaYu principle were better than conventional medications in ultrasound improvement, and TCM formulas were superior to antioxidants in alanine aminotransferase normalization. Other outcomes were downgraded to lower levels, mainly because of heterogeneity among studies, not meeting optimal information sample size, and inclusion of excessive numbers of small sample studies. Nevertheless, the evidence quality of extracted outcomes should be further downgraded when applying to clinical practice due to indirectness.
CONCLUSION The quality of available systematic reviews was not satisfactory. Researchers should avoid repeatedly conducting systematic reviews in this area and focus on designing rigorous randomized controlled trials to support TCM formula applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dai
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Linda L D Zhong
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xu-Dong Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
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5. Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:S53-S72. [PMID: 33298416 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-s005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-SPPC), are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-SINT). Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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Cheng D, Zhao X, Yang S, Cui H, Wang G. Metabolomic Signature Between Metabolically Healthy Overweight/Obese and Metabolically Unhealthy Overweight/Obese: A Systematic Review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:991-1010. [PMID: 33692630 PMCID: PMC7939496 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s294894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of overweight/obesity are heterogeneous and complex. In contrast to metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO), a particular sub-group of obese patients who are considered as metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO), display favorable metabolic profiles characterized by high levels of insulin sensitivity, normal blood pressure, as well as favorable lipid, inflammation, hormone, liver enzyme, and immune profiles. While only a few available studies focused on the metabolic files underlying the obese phenotypes, the current review aimed to perform a systematic review of available studies focusing on describing the metabolomic signature between MUO and MHO. We did the systematic search for literature on MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and searched for the references of relevant manuscripts from inception to 29 May 2020. After critical selection, 20 studies were eligible for this systematic review and evaluated by using QUADOMICS for quality assessment. Eventually, 12 of 20 studies were classified as "high quality". Branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), lipids (palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid), and acylcarnitines (propionyl carnitine) levels might be elevated in MUO. The current results suggested that MHO showed a favorable trend in the overall metabolic signature. More longitudinal studies are needed to elaborate deeply on the metabolic pathway and the relationship between metabolic patterns and the occurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihe Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guixia Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +15843081103 Email
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Choice across 10 pharmacologic combination strategies for type 2 diabetes: a cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC Med 2020; 18:378. [PMID: 33267884 PMCID: PMC7713153 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical guidelines recommend a stepped-escalation treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Across multiple treatment strategies varying in efficacy and costs, no clinical or economic studies directly compared them. This study aims to estimate and compare the cost-effectiveness of 10 commonly used pharmacologic combination strategies for T2DM. METHODS Based on Chinese guideline and practice, 10 three-stepwise add-on strategies were identified, which start with metformin, then switch to metformin plus one oral drug (i.e., sulfonylurea, thiazolidinedione, α-glucosidase inhibitor, glinide, or DPP-4 inhibitor) as second line, and finally switch to metformin plus one injection (i.e., insulin or GLP-1 receptor agonist) as third line. A cohort of 10,000 Chinese patients with newly diagnosed T2DM was established. From a healthcare system perspective, the Cardiff model was used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the strategies, with clinical data sourced from a systematic review and indirect treatment comparison of 324 trials, costs from claims data of 1164 T2DM patients, and utilities from an EQ-5D study. Outcome measures include costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), and net monetary benefits (NMBs). RESULTS Over 40-year simulation, the costs accumulated for a patient ranged from $7661 with strategy 1 to $14,273 with strategy 10, while the QALY gains ranged from 13.965 with strategy 1 to 14.117 with strategy 8. Strategy 7 was dominant over seven strategies (strategies 2~6, 9~10) with higher QALYs but lower costs. Additionally, at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $30,787/QALY (i.e., 3 times GDP/capita for China), strategy 7 was cost-effective compared with strategy 1 (ICER of strategy 7 vs. 1, $3371/QALY) and strategy 8 (ICER of strategy 8 vs. 7, $132,790/QALY). Ranking the strategies by ICERs and NMBs, strategy 7 provided the best value for money when compared to all other strategies, followed by strategies 5, 9, 8, 1, 3, 6, 10, 2, and 4. Scenario analyses showed that patients insist on pharmacologic treatments increased their QALYs (0.456~0.653) at an acceptable range of cost increase (ICERs, $1450/QALY~$12,360/QALY) or even at cost saving compared with those not receive treatments. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence-based references for diabetes management. Our findings can be used to design the essential drug formulary, infer clinical practice, and help the decision-maker design reimbursement policy.
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Li JS, Wang T, Zuo JJ, Guo CN, Peng F, Zhao SZ, Li HH, Hou XQ, Lan Y, Wei YP, Zheng C, Mao GY. Association of n-6 PUFAs with the risk of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:1191-1201. [PMID: 33112826 PMCID: PMC7774753 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and leading cause of visual impairment in adults worldwide, is suggested to be linked to abnormal lipid metabolism. The present study aims to comprehensively investigate the relationship between n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and DR. This was a propensity score matching based case-control study, including 69 pairs of DR patients and type 2 diabetic patients without DR with mean age of 56.7 ± 9.2 years. Five n-6 PUFAs were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system. Principle component regression (PCR) and multiple conditional logistic regression models were used to investigate the association of DR risk with n-6 PUFAs depending on independent training and testing sets, respectively. According to locally weighted regression model, we observed obvious negative correlation between levels of five n-6 PUFAs (linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonicacid) and DR. Based on multiple PCR model, we also observed significant negative association between the five n-6 PUFAs and DR with adjusted OR (95% CI) as 0.62 (0.43,0.87). When being evaluated depending on the testing set, the association was still existed, and PCR model had excellent classification performance, in which area under the curve (AUC) was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.99). In addition, the model also had valid calibration with a non-significant Hosmer-Lemeshow Chi-square of 9.44 (P = 0.307) in the testing set. n-6 PUFAs were inversely associated with the presence of DR, and the principle component could be potential indicator in distinguishing DR from other T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-shuang Li
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-jing Zuo
- Center on Clinical Research, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng-nan Guo
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-zhen Zhao
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui-hui Li
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-qing Hou
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Lan
- Center on Clinical Research, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pingxiang People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ya-ping Wei
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang-yun Mao
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Clinical Research, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to G Mao:
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Neuenschwander M, Barbaresko J, Pischke CR, Iser N, Beckhaus J, Schwingshackl L, Schlesinger S. Intake of dietary fats and fatty acids and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003347. [PMID: 33264277 PMCID: PMC7710077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of fat quantity and quality in type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevention is controversial. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the associations between intake of dietary fat and fatty acids and T2D, and to evaluate the certainty of evidence. METHODS AND FINDINGS We systematically searched PubMed and Web of Science through 28 October 2019 for prospective observational studies in adults on the associations between intake of dietary fat and fatty acids and T2D incidence. The systematic literature search and data extraction were conducted independently by 2 researchers. We conducted linear and nonlinear random effects dose-response meta-analyses, calculated summary relative risks (SRRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and assessed the certainty of evidence. In total, 15,070 publications were identified in the literature search after the removal of duplicates. Out of the 180 articles screened in full text, 23 studies (19 cohorts) met our inclusion criteria, with 11 studies (6 cohorts) conducted in the US, 7 studies (7 cohorts) in Europe, 4 studies (5 cohorts) in Asia, and 1 study (1 cohort) in Australia. We mainly observed no or weak linear associations between dietary fats and fatty acids and T2D incidence. In nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses, the protective association for vegetable fat and T2D was steeper at lower levels up to 13 g/d (SRR [95% CI]: 0.81 [0.76; 0.88], pnonlinearity = 0.012, n = 5 studies) than at higher levels. Saturated fatty acids showed an apparent protective association above intakes around 17 g/d with T2D (SRR [95% CI]: 0.95 [0.90; 1.00], pnonlinearity = 0.028, n = 11). There was a nonsignificant association of a decrease in T2D incidence for polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes up to 5 g/d (SRR [95% CI]: 0.96 [0.91; 1.01], pnonlinearity = 0.023, n = 8), and for alpha-linolenic acid consumption up to 560 mg/d (SRR [95% CI]: 0.95 [0.90; 1.00], pnonlinearity = 0.014, n = 11), after which the curve rose slightly, remaining close to no association. The association for long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and T2D was approximately linear for intakes up to 270 mg/d (SRR [95% CI]: 1.10 [1.06; 1.15], pnonlinearity < 0.001, n = 16), with a flattening curve thereafter. Certainty of evidence was very low to moderate. Limitations of the study are the high unexplained inconsistency between studies, the measurement of intake of dietary fats and fatty acids via self-report on a food group level, which is likely to lead to measurement errors, and the possible influence of unmeasured confounders on the findings. CONCLUSIONS There was no association between total fat intake and the incidence of T2D. However, for specific fats and fatty acids, dose-response curves provided insights for significant associations with T2D. In particular, a high intake of vegetable fat was inversely associated with T2D incidence. Thus, a diet including vegetable fat rather than animal fat might be beneficial regarding T2D prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Neuenschwander
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janett Barbaresko
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia R. Pischke
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Iser
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Beckhaus
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schlesinger
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Khadke S, Mandave P, Kuvalekar A, Pandit V, Karandikar M, Mantri N. Synergistic Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Oral-Hypoglycemic Drug on Lipid Normalization through Modulation of Hepatic Gene Expression in High Fat Diet with Low Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3652. [PMID: 33261004 PMCID: PMC7760711 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which an outcome of impaired insulin action and its secretion, is concomitantly associated with lipid abnormalities. The study was designed to evaluate the combinational effect of omega-3 fatty acids (flax and fish oil) and glibenclamide on abnormal lipid profiles, increased blood glucose, and impaired liver and kidney functions in a high fat diet with low streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, including its probable mechanism of action. The male Wistar rats (n = 48) were distributed into eight groups. All animal groups except the healthy received a high fat diet (HFD) for 90 days. Further, diabetes was developed by low dose STZ (35 mg/kg). Diabetic animals received, omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg/kg), along with glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg). Both flax and fish oil intervention decreased (p ≤ 0.001) serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein and elevated (p ≤ 0.001) high density lipoprotein levels in diabetic rats. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein level was decreased (p ≤ 0.001) in fish oil-treated rats. However, it remained unaffected in the flax oil treatment group. Both flax and fish oil intervention downregulate the expression of fatty acid metabolism genes, transcription factors (sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c and nuclear factor-κβ), and their regulatory genes i.e., acetyl-coA carboxylase alpha, fatty acid synthase, and tumor necrosis factors-α. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene expression was upregulated (p ≤ 0.001) in the fish oil treatment group. Whereas, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and fatty acid binding protein gene expression were upregulated (p ≤ 0.001) in both flax and fish oil intervention group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Khadke
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Pallavi Mandave
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Aniket Kuvalekar
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India; (S.K.); (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Vijaya Pandit
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Manjiri Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed to Be University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Wang L, Xu Z, Ling D, Li J, Wang Y, Shan T. The regulatory role of dietary factors in skeletal muscle development, regeneration and function. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:764-782. [PMID: 33021403 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1828812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in motor function, respiration, and whole-body energy homeostasis. How to regulate the development and function of skeletal muscle has become a hot research topic for improving lifestyle and extending life span. Numerous transcription factors and nutritional factors have been clarified are closely associated with the regulation of skeletal muscle development, regeneration and function. In this article, the roles of different dietary factors including green tea, quercetin, curcumin (CUR), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and resveratrol (RES) in regulating skeletal muscle development, muscle mass, muscle function, and muscle recovery have been summarized and discussed. We also reviewed the potential regulatory molecular mechanism of these factors. Based on the current findings, dietary factors may be used as a potential therapeutic agent to treat skeletal muscle dysfunction as well as its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Defeng Ling
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
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Petersen KS, Sullivan VK, Fulgoni VL, Eren F, Cassens ME, Bunczek MT, Kris-Etherton PM. Circulating Concentrations of Essential Fatty Acids, Linoleic and α-Linolenic Acid, in US Adults in 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 and the Relation with Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease: An NHANES Analysis. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa149. [PMID: 33024926 PMCID: PMC7524638 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased use of high-oleic oils to replace trans fat has led to concern about declining intake of PUFA and the potential for essential fatty acid insufficiency or even deficiency. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine circulating concentrations of essential and poorly biosynthesized fatty acids, as biomarkers of dietary intake, in the NHANES data sets prior to (2003-2004 cycle) and following (2011-2012 cycle) legislation to reduce trans fat in the food supply and also to explore the associations between these fatty acids and markers of cardiometabolic health. METHODS Fasting circulating concentrations of fatty acids from adults (aged ≥20 y) in the 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 NHANES cycles were used for analysis. Dietary data from one day of both the 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 cycles were used to examine differences in dietary fatty acid intake between these cycles. Regression analyses were used to assess relations between circulating concentrations of fatty acids and cardiometabolic health. RESULTS Between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012, circulating concentrations of linoleic acid (LA) increased (1.38%, P = 0.002); no difference in dietary intake was observed. α-Linolenic acid (ALA), measured by dietary intake (0.14 g, P < 0.001) and circulating concentrations (0.23%, P < 0.01), increased from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012. Circulating LA was inversely associated with BMI (in kg/m2; regression coefficient per percentage point change in LA ± SE: -0.22 ± 0.04), waist circumference (-0.62 ± 0.09 cm), systolic blood pressure (-0.38 ± 0.09 mm Hg), triglycerides (-9.92 ± 0.63 mg/dL), glucose (-3.34 ± 0.13 mg/dL), insulin (-0.18 ± 0.05 µU/mL), and HOMA-IR (-0.29 ± 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In a nationally representative sample of US adults, no declines in circulating concentrations of essential fatty acids, LA and ALA, were observed between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012, a time when high-oleic oils were increasingly used in the food supply. Higher amounts of circulating LA were correlated with lower risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction, which underscores the importance of monitoring consumption in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Valerie K Sullivan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Fulya Eren
- ACH Food Companies, Oakbrook Terrace, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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123
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Miao Z, Lin JS, Mao Y, Chen GD, Zeng FF, Dong HL, Jiang Z, Wang J, Xiao C, Shuai M, Gou W, Fu Y, Imamura F, Chen YM, Zheng JS. Erythrocyte n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Gut Microbiota, and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2435-2443. [PMID: 32723842 PMCID: PMC7510039 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of erythrocyte n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes and explore the potential role of gut microbiota in the association. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated 2,731 participants without type 2 diabetes recruited between 2008 and 2013 in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (Guangzhou, China). Case subjects with type 2 diabetes were identified with clinical and biochemical information collected at follow-up visits. Using stool samples collected during the follow-up in the subset (n = 1,591), 16S rRNA profiling was conducted. Using multivariable-adjusted Poisson or linear regression, we examined associations of erythrocyte n-6 PUFA biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes and diversity and composition of gut microbiota. RESULTS Over 6.2 years of follow-up, 276 case subjects with type 2 diabetes were identified (risk 0.10). Higher levels of erythrocyte γ-linolenic acid (GLA), but not linoleic or arachidonic acid, were associated with higher type 2 diabetes incidence. Comparing the top to the bottom quartile groups of GLA levels, relative risk was 1.72 (95% CI 1.21, 2.44) adjusted for potential confounders. Baseline GLA was inversely associated with gut microbial richness and diversity (α-diversity, both P < 0.05) during follow-up and significantly associated with microbiota β-diversity (P = 0.002). α-Diversity acted as a potential mediator in the association between GLA and type 2 diabetes (P < 0.05). Seven genera (Butyrivibrio, Blautia, Oscillospira, Odoribacter, S24-7 other, Rikenellaceae other, and Clostridiales other) were enriched in quartile 1 of GLA and in participants without type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Relative concentrations of erythrocyte GLA were positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population and also with gut microbial profiles. These results highlight that gut microbiota may play an important role linking n-6 PUFA metabolism and type 2 diabetes etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelei Miao
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Geng-Dong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Li Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengliang Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congmei Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menglei Shuai
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanglong Gou
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Yu-Ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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Brainard JS, Jimoh OF, Deane KH, Biswas P, Donaldson D, Maas K, Abdelhamid AS, Hooper L, Ajabnoor S, Alabdulghafoor F, Alkhudairy L, Bridges C, Hanson S, Martin N, O'Brien A, Rees K, Song F, Thorpe G, Wang X, Winstanley L. Omega-3, Omega-6, and Polyunsaturated Fat for Cognition: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 21:1439-1450.e21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kalupahana NS, Goonapienuwala BL, Moustaid-Moussa N. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Adipose Tissue: Inflammation and Browning. Annu Rev Nutr 2020; 40:25-49. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-122319-034142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are involved in whole-body energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation. Changes to mass and function of these tissues impact glucose homeostasis and whole-body energy balance during development of obesity, weight loss, and subsequent weight regain. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), which have known hypotriglyceridemic and cardioprotective effects, can also impact WAT and BAT function. In rodent models, these fatty acids alleviate obesity-associated WAT inflammation, improve energy metabolism, and increase thermogenic markers in BAT. Emerging evidence suggests that ω-3 PUFAs can also modulate gut microbiota impacting WAT function and adiposity. This review discusses molecular mechanisms, implications of these findings, translation to humans, and future work, especially with reference to the potential of these fatty acids in weight loss maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishan Sudheera Kalupahana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1270, USA;,
| | - Bimba Lakmini Goonapienuwala
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1270, USA;,
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1270, USA;,
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126
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Savych A, Marchyshyn S, Basaraba R. Determination of fatty acid composition content in the herbal antidiabetic collections. PHARMACIA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.67.e51812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It was determined the qualitative composition and the quantitative content of fatty acids in the herbal antidiabetic collection № 3, № 4, № 7, № 13, № 19, which are used in folk medicine for prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 in Ukraine by GC/MS method. According to the results it was identified 8 fatty acids in the herbal antidiabetic collection № 3, 13 fatty acids in the herbal antidiabetic collection № 4, 12 fatty acids in the herbal antidiabetic collection № 7, 13 fatty acids in the herbal antidiabetic collection № 13 and 11 fatty acids in the herbal antidiabetic collection № 19. The saturated fatty acids were found to be dominated in the raw plant material. The results of the quantitative research showed that the herbal antidiabetic collection № 3 contains 16.13 mg/g of fatty acids, the herbal antidiabetic collection № 4 – 27.17 mg/g, the herbal antidiabetic collection № 7 – 31.98 mg/g, the herbal antidiabetic collection № 13 – 27.37 mg/g, the herbal antidiabetic collection № 19 – 18.79 mg/g. The GC/MS analysis of the fatty acid composition in the herbal antidiabetic collections has shown that this raw material has a lot of fatty acids, which can have a positive effect for the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2.
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Toi PL, Anothaisintawee T, Chaikledkaew U, Briones JR, Reutrakul S, Thakkinstian A. Preventive Role of Diet Interventions and Dietary Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Umbrella Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2722. [PMID: 32899917 PMCID: PMC7551929 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the body of evidence indicates clear benefits of dietary modifications for prevention of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it may be difficult for healthcare providers to recommend which diet interventions or dietary factors are appropriate for patients as there are too many modalities available. Accordingly, we performed an umbrella review to synthesize evidence on diet interventions and dietary factors in prevention of T2DM. METHODS Medline and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized-controlled trial or observational studies were eligible if they measured effects of diet interventions and/or dietary factors including dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients on risk of T2DM. The effect of each diet intervention/factor was summarized qualitatively. RESULTS Sixty systematic reviews and meta-analyses were eligible. Results of the review suggest that healthy dietary patterns such as Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, and high consumption of whole grains, low-fat dairy products, yogurt, olive oil, chocolate, fiber, magnesium, and flavonoid significantly reduced the risk of T2DM. In contrast, high glycemic index and glycemic load diets, high consumption of red and processed meat, and sugar or artificial sugar-sweetened beverages significantly increased risk of T2DM. Prescribing diet interventions with or without physical activity interventions significantly decreased risk of T2DM in both high-risk and general population. CONCLUSION High consumption of Mediterranean and DASH diet, and interventions that modified the quality of diet intake significantly reduced risk of T2DM especially in the high-risk population. These lifestyle modifications should be promoted in both individual and population levels to prevent and decrease burden from T2DM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phung Lam Toi
- Mahidol University Health Technology Assessment (MUHTA) Graduate Program, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.L.T.); (U.C.); (J.R.B.); (A.T.)
- Health Strategy and Policy Institute, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 10400, Vietnam
| | - Thunyarat Anothaisintawee
- Mahidol University Health Technology Assessment (MUHTA) Graduate Program, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.L.T.); (U.C.); (J.R.B.); (A.T.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Usa Chaikledkaew
- Mahidol University Health Technology Assessment (MUHTA) Graduate Program, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.L.T.); (U.C.); (J.R.B.); (A.T.)
- Social Administrative Pharmacy Division, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jamaica Roanne Briones
- Mahidol University Health Technology Assessment (MUHTA) Graduate Program, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.L.T.); (U.C.); (J.R.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Sirimon Reutrakul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, 835 S Wolcott, Ste E625, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Ammarin Thakkinstian
- Mahidol University Health Technology Assessment (MUHTA) Graduate Program, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.L.T.); (U.C.); (J.R.B.); (A.T.)
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Russell JS, Griffith TA, Naghipour S, Vider J, Du Toit EF, Patel HH, Peart JN, Headrick JP. Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Counters Cardioprotective Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice: Unconventional PUFA Protection. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092679. [PMID: 32887376 PMCID: PMC7551050 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether dietary omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) confers cardiac benefit in cardiometabolic disorders is unclear. We test whether dietary -linolenic acid (ALA) enhances myocardial resistance to ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) and responses to ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in type 2 diabetes (T2D); and involvement of conventional PUFA-dependent mechanisms (caveolins/cavins, kinase signaling, mitochondrial function, and inflammation). Eight-week male C57Bl/6 mice received streptozotocin (75 mg/kg) and 21 weeks high-fat/high-carbohydrate feeding. Half received ALA over six weeks. Responses to I-R/IPC were assessed in perfused hearts. Localization and expression of caveolins/cavins, protein kinase B (AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3β); mitochondrial function; and inflammatory mediators were assessed. ALA reduced circulating leptin, without affecting body weight, glycemic dysfunction, or cholesterol. While I-R tolerance was unaltered, paradoxical injury with IPC was reversed to cardioprotection with ALA. However, post-ischemic apoptosis (nucleosome content) appeared unchanged. Benefit was not associated with shifts in localization or expression of caveolins/cavins, p-AKT, p-GSK3β, or mitochondrial function. Despite mixed inflammatory mediator changes, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) was markedly reduced. Data collectively reveal a novel impact of ALA on cardioprotective dysfunction in T2D mice, unrelated to caveolins/cavins, mitochondrial, or stress kinase modulation. Although evidence suggests inflammatory involvement, the basis of this "un-conventional" protection remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S. Russell
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Tia A. Griffith
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Saba Naghipour
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Jelena Vider
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Eugene F. Du Toit
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Hemal H. Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Jason N. Peart
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - John P. Headrick
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-5552-8292
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Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 8:CD011737. [PMID: 32827219 PMCID: PMC8092457 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011737.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing saturated fat reduces serum cholesterol, but effects on other intermediate outcomes may be less clear. Additionally, it is unclear whether the energy from saturated fats eliminated from the diet are more helpfully replaced by polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, carbohydrate or protein. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of reducing saturated fat intake and replacing it with carbohydrate (CHO), polyunsaturated (PUFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and/or protein on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, using all available randomised clinical trials. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid) and Embase (Ovid) on 15 October 2019, and searched Clinicaltrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) on 17 October 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Included trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised; 2) intention to reduce saturated fat intake OR intention to alter dietary fats and achieving a reduction in saturated fat; 3) compared with higher saturated fat intake or usual diet; 4) not multifactorial; 5) in adult humans with or without cardiovascular disease (but not acutely ill, pregnant or breastfeeding); 6) intervention duration at least 24 months; 7) mortality or cardiovascular morbidity data available. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed inclusion, extracted study data and assessed risk of bias. We performed random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, subgrouping, sensitivity analyses, funnel plots and GRADE assessment. MAIN RESULTS We included 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (16 comparisons, 56,675 participants), that used a variety of interventions from providing all food to advice on reducing saturated fat. The included long-term trials suggested that reducing dietary saturated fat reduced the risk of combined cardiovascular events by 17% (risk ratio (RR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70 to 0.98, 12 trials, 53,758 participants of whom 8% had a cardiovascular event, I² = 67%, GRADE moderate-quality evidence). Meta-regression suggested that greater reductions in saturated fat (reflected in greater reductions in serum cholesterol) resulted in greater reductions in risk of CVD events, explaining most heterogeneity between trials. The number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) was 56 in primary prevention trials, so 56 people need to reduce their saturated fat intake for ~four years for one person to avoid experiencing a CVD event. In secondary prevention trials, the NNTB was 53. Subgrouping did not suggest significant differences between replacement of saturated fat calories with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate, and data on replacement with monounsaturated fat and protein was very limited. We found little or no effect of reducing saturated fat on all-cause mortality (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03; 11 trials, 55,858 participants) or cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.12, 10 trials, 53,421 participants), both with GRADE moderate-quality evidence. There was little or no effect of reducing saturated fats on non-fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.07) or CHD mortality (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16, both low-quality evidence), but effects on total (fatal or non-fatal) myocardial infarction, stroke and CHD events (fatal or non-fatal) were all unclear as the evidence was of very low quality. There was little or no effect on cancer mortality, cancer diagnoses, diabetes diagnosis, HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides or blood pressure, and small reductions in weight, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and BMI. There was no evidence of harmful effects of reducing saturated fat intakes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The findings of this updated review suggest that reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years causes a potentially important reduction in combined cardiovascular events. Replacing the energy from saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate appear to be useful strategies, while effects of replacement with monounsaturated fat are unclear. The reduction in combined cardiovascular events resulting from reducing saturated fat did not alter by study duration, sex or baseline level of cardiovascular risk, but greater reduction in saturated fat caused greater reductions in cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicole Martin
- Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Christian Kirk
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Eve Foster
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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O'Mahoney LL, Dunseath G, Churm R, Holmes M, Boesch C, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Ajjan RA, Birch KM, Orsi NM, Mappa G, Price OJ, Campbell MD. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation versus placebo on vascular health, glycaemic control, and metabolic parameters in people with type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled preliminary trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:127. [PMID: 32787879 PMCID: PMC7425064 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA), and the potential impact of n-3PUFA supplementation, in the treatment and management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unclear and controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the efficacy of daily high-dose-bolus n-3PUFA supplementation on vascular health, glycaemic control, and metabolic parameters in subjects with T1D. Methods Twenty-seven adults with T1D were recruited to a 6-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects received either 3.3 g/day of encapsulated n-3PUFA or encapsulated 3.0 g/day corn oil placebo (PLA) for 6-months, with follow-up at 9-months after 3-month washout. Erythrocyte fatty acid composition was determined via gas chromatography. Endpoints included inflammation-associated endothelial biomarkers (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1], intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1], E-selectin, P-selectin, pentraxin-3, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]), and their mediator tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα] analysed via immunoassay, vascular structure (carotid intima-media thickness [CIMT]) and function (brachial artery flow mediated dilation [FMD]) determined via ultrasound technique, blood pressure, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and postprandial metabolism. Results Twenty subjects completed the trial in full. In the n-3PUFA group, the mean ± SD baseline n-3PUFA index of 4.93 ± 0.94% increased to 7.67 ± 1.86% (P < 0.001) after 3-months, and 8.29 ± 1.45% (P < 0.001) after 6-months. Total exposure to n-3PUFA over the 6-months (area under the curve) was 14.27 ± 3.05% per month under n-3PUFA, and 9.11 ± 2.74% per month under PLA (P < 0.001). VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, pentraxin-3, VEGF, TNFα, CIMT, FMD, blood pressure, HbA1c, FPG, and postprandial metabolism did not differ between or within groups after treatment (P > 0.05). Conclusions This study indicates that daily high-dose-bolus of n-3PUFA supplementation for 6-months does not improve vascular health, glucose homeostasis, or metabolic parameters in subjects with T1D. The findings from this preliminary RCT do not support the use of therapeutic n-3PUFA supplementation in the treatment and management of T1D and its associated complications. Trial Registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN40811115. Registered 27 June 2017, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN40811115.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gareth Dunseath
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Rachel Churm
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mel Holmes
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Karen M Birch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicolas M Orsi
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Georgia Mappa
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Oliver J Price
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew D Campbell
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071403. [PMID: 32707641 PMCID: PMC7408012 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of some diseases—as well as the inherent toxicity of certain drugs—has led to an increasing interest in the development and optimization of drug-delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles stand out as a key tool to improve drug bioavailability or specific delivery at the site of action. The versatility of polymers makes them potentially ideal for fulfilling the requirements of each particular drug-delivery system. In this review, a summary of the state-of-the-art panorama of polymeric nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems has been conducted, focusing mainly on those applications in which the corresponding disease involves an important morbidity, a considerable reduction in the life quality of patients—or even a high mortality. A revision of the use of polymeric nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery, for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as nutraceutical delivery, was carried out, and a short discussion about future prospects of these systems is included.
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132
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Sadhu T, Banerjee I, Lahiri SK, Chakrabarty J. Modeling and optimization of cooking process parameters to improve the nutritional profile of fried fish by robust hybrid artificial intelligence approach. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tithli Sadhu
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Durgapur Durgapur India
| | - Indrani Banerjee
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Durgapur Durgapur India
| | - Sandip Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology Durgapur Durgapur India
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133
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Chen G, Li Y, Zeng F, Deng G, Liang J, Wang J, Su Y, Chen Y, Mao L, Liu Z, Bao W, Zhang Z. Biomarkers of fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2705-2718. [PMID: 32598176 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1784839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to quantify and generate comprehensive evidence on the associations of different fatty acids (FAs) with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched for prospective cohort studies that examined the association between FA biomarkers and the risk of T2DM published before 18 May 2020. Random-effects meta-analyses of the effects of FA concentration on T2DM were performed. Thirty-three studies involving 95,810 adults (19,904 cases) were included. Divergent associations of different types of FAs with type 2 diabetes were observed. The pooled relative risk (RRs) of T2DM comparing the top versus the bottom tertile of saturated FAs (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, total saturated FAs), monounsaturated FA (C16:1 n-7), polyunsaturated FA (C20:3 n-6, C22:4 n-6), and Δ-6-desaturase activities ranged from 1.19 to 1.80. Interestingly, unlike previous studies, we found a negative correlation between odd-chain saturated FAs (C15:0, C17:0), trans-FAs (trans-C16:1 n-7), total n-6, Δ-5-desaturase activities and risk of T2DM. The pooled RRs of T2DM comparing the top versus the bottom tertile of these FAs ranged from 0.62 to 0.78. No associations with T2DM were observed for the other FAs. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in our study, and no definitive conclusions can be made until further investigation has been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengdong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Foshan Institute of Fetal Medicine, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guifang Deng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Nanshan People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limei Mao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Foshan Institute of Fetal Medicine, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Pal A, Al-Shaer AE, Guesdon W, Torres MJ, Armstrong M, Quinn K, Davis T, Reisdorph N, Neufer PD, Spangenburg EE, Carroll I, Bazinet RP, Halade GV, Clària J, Shaikh SR. Resolvin E1 derived from eicosapentaenoic acid prevents hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in a host genetic manner. FASEB J 2020; 34:10640-10656. [PMID: 32579292 PMCID: PMC7497168 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000830r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has garnered attention after the success of the REDUCE‐IT trial, which contradicted previous conclusions on EPA for cardiovascular disease risk. Here we first investigated EPA's preventative role on hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. EPA ethyl esters prevented obesity‐induced glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia in C57BL/6J mice. Supporting NHANES analyses showed that fasting glucose levels of obese adults were inversely related to EPA intake. We next investigated how EPA improved murine hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. EPA overturned the obesity‐driven decrement in the concentration of 18‐hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18‐HEPE) in white adipose tissue and liver. Treatment of obese inbred mice with RvE1, the downstream immunoresolvant metabolite of 18‐HEPE, but not 18‐HEPE itself, reversed hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia through the G‐protein coupled receptor ERV1/ChemR23. To translate the findings, we determined if the effects of RvE1 were dependent on host genetics. RvE1's effects on hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia were divergent in diversity outbred mice that model human genetic variation. Secondary SNP analyses further confirmed extensive genetic variation in human RvE1/EPA‐metabolizing genes. Collectively, the data suggest EPA prevents hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, in part, through RvE1's activation of ERV1/ChemR23 in a host genetic manner. The studies underscore the need for personalized administration of RvE1 based on genetic/metabolic enzyme profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandita Pal
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abrar E Al-Shaer
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William Guesdon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Maria J Torres
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Traci Davis
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Ian Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joan Clària
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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135
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Pertiwi K, Küpers LK, Geleijnse JM, Zock PL, Wanders AJ, Kruger HS, van Zyl T, Kruger IM, Smuts CM. Associations of linoleic acid with markers of glucose metabolism and liver function in South African adults. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:138. [PMID: 32546275 PMCID: PMC7296762 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relation between dietary and circulating linoleic acid (18:2 n-6, LA), glucose metabolism and liver function is not yet clear. Associations of dietary and circulating LA with glucose metabolism and liver function markers were investigated. Methods Cross-sectional analyses in 633 black South Africans (aged > 30 years, 62% female, 51% urban) without type 2 diabetes at baseline of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study. A cultural-sensitive 145-item food-frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary data, including LA (percentage of energy; en%). Blood samples were collected to measure circulating LA (% total fatty acids (FA); plasma phospholipids), plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Associations per 1 standard deviation (SD) and in tertiles were analyzed using multivariable regression. Results Mean (±SD) dietary and circulating LA was 6.8 (±3.1) en% and 16.0 (±3.5) % total FA, respectively. Dietary and circulating LA were not associated with plasma glucose or HbA1c (β per 1 SD: − 0.005 to 0.010, P > 0.20). Higher dietary LA was generally associated with lower serum liver enzymes levels. One SD higher circulating LA was associated with 22% lower serum GGT (β (95% confidence interval): − 0.25 (− 0.31, − 0.18), P < 0.001), but only ≤9% lower for ALT and AST. Circulating LA and serum GGT associations differed by alcohol use and locality. Conclusion Dietary and circulating LA were inversely associated with markers of impaired liver function, but not with glucose metabolism. Alcohol use may play a role in the association between LA and liver function. Trial registration PURE North-West Province South Africa study described in this manuscript is part of the PURE study. The PURE study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03225586; URL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalita Pertiwi
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Leanne K Küpers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Zock
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Unilever R&D, Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne J Wanders
- Unilever R&D, Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Herculina S Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Tertia van Zyl
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Iolanthé M Kruger
- Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Cornelius M Smuts
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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136
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Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 5:CD011737. [PMID: 32428300 PMCID: PMC7388853 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011737.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing saturated fat reduces serum cholesterol, but effects on other intermediate outcomes may be less clear. Additionally, it is unclear whether the energy from saturated fats eliminated from the diet are more helpfully replaced by polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, carbohydrate or protein. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of reducing saturated fat intake and replacing it with carbohydrate (CHO), polyunsaturated (PUFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and/or protein on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, using all available randomised clinical trials. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid) and Embase (Ovid) on 15 October 2019, and searched Clinicaltrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) on 17 October 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Included trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised; 2) intention to reduce saturated fat intake OR intention to alter dietary fats and achieving a reduction in saturated fat; 3) compared with higher saturated fat intake or usual diet; 4) not multifactorial; 5) in adult humans with or without cardiovascular disease (but not acutely ill, pregnant or breastfeeding); 6) intervention duration at least 24 months; 7) mortality or cardiovascular morbidity data available. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed inclusion, extracted study data and assessed risk of bias. We performed random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, subgrouping, sensitivity analyses, funnel plots and GRADE assessment. MAIN RESULTS We included 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (16 comparisons, ~59,000 participants), that used a variety of interventions from providing all food to advice on reducing saturated fat. The included long-term trials suggested that reducing dietary saturated fat reduced the risk of combined cardiovascular events by 21% (risk ratio (RR) 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.93, 11 trials, 53,300 participants of whom 8% had a cardiovascular event, I² = 65%, GRADE moderate-quality evidence). Meta-regression suggested that greater reductions in saturated fat (reflected in greater reductions in serum cholesterol) resulted in greater reductions in risk of CVD events, explaining most heterogeneity between trials. The number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) was 56 in primary prevention trials, so 56 people need to reduce their saturated fat intake for ~four years for one person to avoid experiencing a CVD event. In secondary prevention trials, the NNTB was 32. Subgrouping did not suggest significant differences between replacement of saturated fat calories with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate, and data on replacement with monounsaturated fat and protein was very limited. We found little or no effect of reducing saturated fat on all-cause mortality (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03; 11 trials, 55,858 participants) or cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.12, 10 trials, 53,421 participants), both with GRADE moderate-quality evidence. There was little or no effect of reducing saturated fats on non-fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.07) or CHD mortality (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16, both low-quality evidence), but effects on total (fatal or non-fatal) myocardial infarction, stroke and CHD events (fatal or non-fatal) were all unclear as the evidence was of very low quality. There was little or no effect on cancer mortality, cancer diagnoses, diabetes diagnosis, HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides or blood pressure, and small reductions in weight, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and BMI. There was no evidence of harmful effects of reducing saturated fat intakes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The findings of this updated review suggest that reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years causes a potentially important reduction in combined cardiovascular events. Replacing the energy from saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate appear to be useful strategies, while effects of replacement with monounsaturated fat are unclear. The reduction in combined cardiovascular events resulting from reducing saturated fat did not alter by study duration, sex or baseline level of cardiovascular risk, but greater reduction in saturated fat caused greater reductions in cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicole Martin
- Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Christian Kirk
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Eve Foster
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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137
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Ji Y, Yin Y, Sun L, Zhang W. The Molecular and Mechanistic Insights Based on Gut-Liver Axis: Nutritional Target for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093066. [PMID: 32357561 PMCID: PMC7247681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as the most frequent classification of liver disease around the globe. Along with the sequencing technologies, gut microbiota has been regarded as a vital factor for the maintenance of human and animal health and the mediation of multiple diseases. The modulation of gut microbiota as a mechanism affecting the pathogenesis of NAFLD is becoming a growing area of concern. Recent advances in the communication between gut and hepatic tissue pave novel ways to better explain the molecular mechanisms regarding the pathological physiology of NAFLD. In this review, we recapitulate the current knowledge of the mechanisms correlated with the development and progression of NAFLD regulated by the gut microbiome and gut-liver axis, which may provide crucial therapeutic strategies for NAFLD. These mechanisms predominantly involve: (1) the alteration in gut microbiome profile; (2) the effects of components and metabolites from gut bacteria (e.g., lipopolysaccharides (LPS), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid (TMAVA)); and (3) the impairment of intestinal barrier function and bile acid homeostasis. In particular, the prevention and therapy of NAFLD assisted by nutritional strategies are highlighted, including probiotics, functional oligosaccharides, dietary fibers, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, functional amino acids (L-tryptophan and L-glutamine), carotenoids, and polyphenols, based on the targets excavated from the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Yin
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (W.Z.); Fax.: +86-10-82802183 (Y.Y.); +86-10-82802183 (W.Z.)
| | | | - Weizhen Zhang
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (W.Z.); Fax.: +86-10-82802183 (Y.Y.); +86-10-82802183 (W.Z.)
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Mediterranean Diet Nutrients to Turn the Tide against Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041066. [PMID: 32290535 PMCID: PMC7230471 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR), defined as an attenuated biological response to circulating insulin, is a fundamental defect in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and is also linked to a wide spectrum of pathological conditions, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cognitive impairment, endothelial dysfunction, chronic kidney disease (CKD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and some endocrine tumors, including breast cancer. In obesity, the unbalanced production of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines can lead to the development of IR and its related metabolic complications, which are potentially reversible through weight-loss programs. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), characterized by high consumption of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), nuts, red wine, vegetables and other polyphenol-rich elements, has proved to be associated with greater improvement of IR in obese individuals, when compared to other nutritional interventions. Also, recent studies in either experimental animal models or in humans, have shown encouraging results for insulin-sensitizing nutritional supplements derived from MedDiet food sources in the modulation of pathognomonic traits of certain IR-related conditions, including polyunsaturated fatty acids from olive oil and seeds, anthocyanins from purple vegetables and fruits, resveratrol from grapes, and the EVOO-derived, oleacein. Although the pharmacological properties and clinical uses of these functional nutrients are still under investigation, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the metabolic benefits appear to be compound-specific and, in some cases, point to a role in gene expression through an involvement of the nuclear high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) protein.
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139
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Hanson S, Thorpe G, Winstanley L, Abdelhamid AS, Hooper L. Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1260-1270. [PMID: 32114592 PMCID: PMC7156752 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between long-chain omega-3 (LCn3), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes and cancer risk is unclear. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, CENTRAL and trials registries for RCTs comparing higher with lower LCn3, ALA, omega-6 and/or total PUFA, that assessed cancers over ≥12 months. Random-effects meta-analyses, sensitivity analyses, subgrouping, risk of bias and GRADE were used. RESULTS We included 47 RCTs (108,194 participants). Increasing LCn3 has little or no effect on cancer diagnosis (RR1.02, 95% CI 0.98-1.07), cancer death (RR0.97, 95% CI 0.90-1.06) or breast cancer diagnosis (RR1.03, 95% CI 0.89-1.20); increasing ALA has little or no effect on cancer death (all high/moderate-quality evidence). Increasing LCn3 (NNTH 334, RR1.10, 95% CI 0.97-1.24) and ALA (NNTH 334, RR1.30, 95% CI 0.72-2.32) may slightly increase prostate cancer risk; increasing total PUFA may slightly increase risk of cancer diagnosis (NNTH 125, RR1.19, 95% CI 0.99-1.42) and cancer death (NNTH 500, RR1.10, 95% CI 0.48-2.49) but total PUFA doses were very high in some trials. CONCLUSIONS The most extensive systematic review to assess the effects of increasing PUFAs on cancer risk found increasing total PUFA may very slightly increase cancer risk, offset by small protective effects on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hanson
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gabrielle Thorpe
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lauren Winstanley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Delarue J. Are marine n-3 fatty acids protective towards insulin resistance? From cell to human. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-11. [PMID: 32138806 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids improve most of the biochemical alterations associated with insulin resistance (IR). Experimental models of dietary-induced IR in rodents have shown their ability (often at a very high dose) to prevent IR, but with sometimes a tissue specific effect. However, in a high sucrose diet-induced IR rat model, they are unable to reverse IR once installed; in other rodent models (dexamethasone, Zucker rats), they are inefficacious perhaps because of the severity of IR. The very low incidence of type-2 diabetes (T2D) in Inuits in the 1960s, which largely increased over the following decades in parallel to the replacement of their traditional marine food for a western diet strongly suggests a protective effect of marine n-3 towards the risk of T2D; this was confirmed by reversal of its incidence in intervention studies reintroducing their traditional food. In healthy subjects and insulin-resistant non-diabetic patients, most trials and meta-analyses conclude to an insulin-sensitising effect and to a very probable preventive or alleviating effect towards IR. Concerning the risk of T2D, concordant data allow us to conclude the protective effect of marine n-3 in Asians while suspicion exists of an aggravation of risk in Westerners, but with the possibility that it could be explained by a high heterogeneity of studies performed in this population. Some longitudinal cohorts in US/European people showed no association or a decreased risk. Further studies using more homogeneous doses, sources of n-3 and assessment of insulin sensitivity methods are required to better delineate their effects in Westerners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Laboratory of Human Nutrition, University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine/University of Brest, Brittany, France
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Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 3:CD003177. [PMID: 32114706 PMCID: PMC7049091 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from oily fish (long-chain omega-3 (LCn3)), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), as well as from plants (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) may benefit cardiovascular health. Guidelines recommend increasing omega-3-rich foods, and sometimes supplementation, but recent trials have not confirmed this. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of increased intake of fish- and plant-based omega-3 fats for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, adiposity and lipids. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to February 2019, plus ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry to August 2019, with no language restrictions. We handsearched systematic review references and bibliographies and contacted trial authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that lasted at least 12 months and compared supplementation or advice to increase LCn3 or ALA intake, or both, versus usual or lower intake. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed validity. We performed separate random-effects meta-analysis for ALA and LCn3 interventions, and assessed dose-response relationships through meta-regression. MAIN RESULTS We included 86 RCTs (162,796 participants) in this review update and found that 28 were at low summary risk of bias. Trials were of 12 to 88 months' duration and included adults at varying cardiovascular risk, mainly in high-income countries. Most trials assessed LCn3 supplementation with capsules, but some used LCn3- or ALA-rich or enriched foods or dietary advice compared to placebo or usual diet. LCn3 doses ranged from 0.5 g a day to more than 5 g a day (19 RCTs gave at least 3 g LCn3 daily). Meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses suggested little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 1.01; 143,693 participants; 11,297 deaths in 45 RCTs; high-certainty evidence), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99; 117,837 participants; 5658 deaths in 29 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence), cardiovascular events (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.01; 140,482 participants; 17,619 people experienced events in 43 RCTs; high-certainty evidence), stroke (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.12; 138,888 participants; 2850 strokes in 31 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence) or arrhythmia (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.06; 77,990 participants; 4586 people experienced arrhythmia in 30 RCTs; low-certainty evidence). Increasing LCn3 may slightly reduce coronary heart disease mortality (number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 334, RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.00; 127,378 participants; 3598 coronary heart disease deaths in 24 RCTs, low-certainty evidence) and coronary heart disease events (NNTB 167, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.97; 134,116 participants; 8791 people experienced coronary heart disease events in 32 RCTs, low-certainty evidence). Overall, effects did not differ by trial duration or LCn3 dose in pre-planned subgrouping or meta-regression. There is little evidence of effects of eating fish. Increasing ALA intake probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.20; 19,327 participants; 459 deaths in 5 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence),cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.25; 18,619 participants; 219 cardiovascular deaths in 4 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence), coronary heart disease mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.26; 18,353 participants; 193 coronary heart disease deaths in 3 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence) and coronary heart disease events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.22; 19,061 participants; 397 coronary heart disease events in 4 RCTs; low-certainty evidence). However, increased ALA may slightly reduce risk of cardiovascular disease events (NNTB 500, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.07; but RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.04 in RCTs at low summary risk of bias; 19,327 participants; 884 cardiovascular disease events in 5 RCTs; low-certainty evidence), and probably slightly reduces risk of arrhythmia (NNTB 91, RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.97; 4912 participants; 173 events in 2 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence). Effects on stroke are unclear. Increasing LCn3 and ALA had little or no effect on serious adverse events, adiposity, lipids and blood pressure, except increasing LCn3 reduced triglycerides by ˜15% in a dose-dependent way (high-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-3 fats on cardiovascular health to date. Moderate- and low-certainty evidence suggests that increasing LCn3 slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease mortality and events, and reduces serum triglycerides (evidence mainly from supplement trials). Increasing ALA slightly reduces risk of cardiovascular events and arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Priti Biswas
- University of East AngliaMED/HSCNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Gabrielle C Thorpe
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Helen J Moore
- Teesside UniversitySchool of Social Sciences, Humanities and LawMiddlesboroughUKTS1 3BA
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Carolyn D Summerbell
- Durham UniversityDepartment of Sport and Exercise Sciences42 Old ElvetDurhamUKDH13HN
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of ManchesterCochrane Oral HealthCoupland Building 3Oxford RoadManchesterUKM13 9PL
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
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Coltell O, Sorlí JV, Asensio EM, Barragán R, González JI, Giménez-Alba IM, Zanón-Moreno V, Estruch R, Ramírez-Sabio JB, Pascual EC, Ortega-Azorín C, Ordovas JM, Corella D. Genome-Wide Association Study for Serum Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Exploratory Analysis of the Sex-Specific Effects and Dietary Modulation in Mediterranean Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E310. [PMID: 31991592 PMCID: PMC7071282 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many early studies presented beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cardiovascular risk factors and disease. However, results from recent meta-analyses indicate that this effect would be very low or nil. One of the factors that may contribute to the inconsistency of the results is that, in most studies, genetic factors have not been taken into consideration. It is known that fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster in chromosome 11 is a very important determinant of plasma PUFA, and that the prevalence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) varies greatly between populations and may constitute a bias in meta-analyses. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been carried out in other populations and none of them have investigated sex and Mediterranean dietary pattern interactions at the genome-wide level. Our aims were to undertake a GWAS to discover the genes most associated with serum PUFA concentrations (omega-3, omega-6, and some fatty acids) in a scarcely studied Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome, and to explore sex and adherence to Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) interactions at the genome-wide level. Serum PUFA were determined by NMR spectroscopy. We found strong robust associations between various SNPs in the FADS cluster and omega-3 concentrations (top-ranked in the adjusted model: FADS1-rs174547, p = 3.34 × 10-14; FADS1-rs174550, p = 5.35 × 10-14; FADS2-rs1535, p = 5.85 × 10-14; FADS1-rs174546, p = 6.72 × 10-14; FADS2-rs174546, p = 9.75 × 10-14; FADS2- rs174576, p = 1.17 × 10-13; FADS2-rs174577, p = 1.12 × 10-12, among others). We also detected a genome-wide significant association with other genes in chromosome 11: MYRF (myelin regulatory factor)-rs174535, p = 1.49 × 10-12; TMEM258 (transmembrane protein 258)-rs102275, p = 2.43 × 10-12; FEN1 (flap structure-specific endonuclease 1)-rs174538, p = 1.96 × 10-11). Similar genome-wide statistically significant results were found for docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA). However, no such associations were detected for omega-6 PUFAs or linoleic acid (LA). For total PUFA, we observed a consistent gene*sex interaction with the DNTTIP2 (deoxynucleotidyl transferase terminal interacting protein 2)-rs3747965 p = 1.36 × 10-8. For adherence to MedDiet, we obtained a relevant interaction with the ME1 (malic enzyme 1) gene (a gene strongly regulated by fat) in determining serum omega-3. The top-ranked SNP for this interaction was ME1-rs3798890 (p = 2.15 × 10-7). In the regional-wide association study, specifically focused on the FADS1/FASD2/FADS3 and ELOVL (fatty acid elongase) 2/ELOVL 5 regions, we detected several statistically significant associations at p < 0.05. In conclusion, our results confirm a robust role of the FADS cluster on serum PUFA in this population, but the associations vary depending on the PUFA. Moreover, the detection of some sex and diet interactions underlines the need for these associations/interactions to be studied in all specific populations so as to better understand the complex metabolism of PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Coltell
- Department of Computer Languages and Systems, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
| | - Jose V. Sorlí
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Eva M. Asensio
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Rocío Barragán
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José I. González
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ignacio M. Giménez-Alba
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Vicente Zanón-Moreno
- Area of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, 46002 Valencia, Spain;
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Patología Ocular (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ophthalmology Research Unit “Santiago Grisolia”, Dr. Peset University Hospital, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eva C. Pascual
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Assisted Reproduction Unit of the University Hospital of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Ortega-Azorín
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jose M. Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111 USA;
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Alimentación, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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Pingali U, Nutalapati C, Illendulla VS. Evaluation of the Effect of Fish Oil Alone and in Combination with a Proprietary Chromium Complex on Endothelial Dysfunction, Systemic Inflammation and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:31-42. [PMID: 32021349 PMCID: PMC6954851 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s220046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of fish oil alone and with an adjunct, a proprietary chromium complex (PCC), on cardiovascular parameters - endothelial dysfunction, lipid profile, systemic inflammation and glycosylated hemoglobin - in a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, parallel group study, 59 subjects in three groups completed the study: Group A, fish oil 2000 mg; Group B, fish oil 2000 mg + PCC 10 mg (200 µg of Cr3+); and Group C, fish oil 2000 mg + PCC 20 mg (400 µg of Cr3+) daily for 12 weeks (2000 mg of fish oil contained 600 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 400 mg of docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], the omega-3 fatty acids). Endothelial function, by estimating reflection index (RI), biomarkers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide [NO], malondialdehyde [MDA], glutathione [GSH]) and inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1], endothelin-1) were evaluated at baseline, and 4 and 12 weeks. Lipid profile, platelet aggregation and glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c) were tested at baseline and 12 weeks. Any reported adverse drug reactions were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8. RESULTS The present study shows that fish oil by itself, at a dose of 2000 mg (600 mg of EPA + 400 mg of DHA) per day, led to significant, but only modest, improvement in cardiovascular parameters (RI from -2.38±0.75 to -3.92±0.60, MDA from 3.77±0.16 to 3.74±0.16 nM/mL, NO from 30.60±3.18 to 32.12±3.40 µM/L, GSH from 568.93±5.91 to 583.95±6.53 µM/L; p≤0.0001), including triglyceride levels. However, when PCC was added to fish oil, especially at the 20 mg dose, there were highly significant improvements in all the parameters tested (RI from -2.04±0.79 to -8.73±1.36, MDA from 3.67±0.39 to 2.89±0.34 nM/mL, NO from 28.98±2.93 to 40.01±2.53 µM/L, GSH from 553.82±8.18 to 677.99±10.19 µM/L; p≤0.0001), including the lipid profile. It is noteworthy that the triglycerides were decreased significantly by addition of 20 mg of PCC although the dose of fish oil was only 2 g/day and the baseline triglyceride levels were only about 200 mg/dL. Fish oil alone did not significantly decrease the HbA1c, whereas the addition of 20 mg of PCC did. CONCLUSION Addition of PCC, especially at 20 mg dose, significantly improves the efficacy of fish oil in addressing cardiovascular risk factors compared to fish oil given alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usharani Pingali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500082, India
- Correspondence: Usharani Pingali Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad500082, Telangana, IndiaTel +91 9849574143 Email
| | - Chandrasekhar Nutalapati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500082, India
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Radzikowska U, Rinaldi AO, Çelebi Sözener Z, Karaguzel D, Wojcik M, Cypryk K, Akdis M, Akdis CA, Sokolowska M. The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2990. [PMID: 31817726 PMCID: PMC6950146 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-derived fatty acids (FAs) are essential sources of energy and fundamental structural components of cells. They also play important roles in the modulation of immune responses in health and disease. Saturated and unsaturated FAs influence the effector and regulatory functions of innate and adaptive immune cells by changing membrane composition and fluidity and by acting through specific receptors. Impaired balance of saturated/unsaturated FAs, as well as n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FAs has significant consequences on immune system homeostasis, contributing to the development of many allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. In this paper, we discuss up-to-date knowledge and the clinical relevance of the influence of dietary FAs on the biology, homeostasis, and functions of epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells, T cells and B cells. Additionally, we review the effects of dietary FAs on the pathogenesis of many diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis as well as type 1 and 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Radzikowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Arturo O Rinaldi
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Çelebi Sözener
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Department of Chest Disease, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ankara University School of Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilara Karaguzel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marzena Wojcik
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Cypryk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
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Abdelhamid A, Hooper L, Sivakaran R, Hayhoe RPG, Welch A. The Relationship Between Omega-3, Omega-6 and Total Polyunsaturated Fat and Musculoskeletal Health and Functional Status in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of RCTs. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:353-372. [PMID: 31346665 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of increasing dietary omega-3, omega-6 and mixed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on musculoskeletal health, functional status, sarcopenia and risk of fractures. We searched Medline, Embase, The Cochrane library, ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) databases for Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) of adults evaluating the effects of higher versus lower oral omega-3, omega-6 or mixed PUFA for ≥ 6 months on musculoskeletal and functional outcomes. We included 28 RCTs (7288 participants, 31 comparisons), 23 reported effects of omega-3, one of omega-6 and four of mixed total PUFA. Participants and doses were heterogeneous. Six omega-3 trials were judged at low summary risk of bias. We found low-quality evidence that increasing omega-3 increased lumbar spine BMD by 2.6% (0.03 g/cm2, 95% CI - 0.02 to 0.07, 463 participants). There was also the suggestion of an increase in femoral neck BMD (of 4.1%), but the evidence was of very low quality. There may be little or no effect of omega-3 on functional outcomes and bone mass; effects on other outcomes were unclear. Only one study reported on effects of omega-6 with very limited data. Increasing total PUFA had little or no effect on BMD or indices of fat-free (skeletal) muscle mass (low-quality evidence); no data were available on fractures, BMD or functional status and data on bone turnover markers were limited. Trials assessing effects of increasing omega-3, omega-6 and total PUFA on functional status, bone and skeletal muscle strength are limited with data lacking or of low quality. Whilst there is an indication that omega-3 may improve BMD, high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm this and effects on other musculoskeletal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Abdelhamid
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Ruksana Sivakaran
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Richard P G Hayhoe
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ailsa Welch
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Henderson G. Whether one burns fat, and not the type of fat one eats, is the important thing in type 2 diabetes. BMJ 2019; 366:l5700. [PMID: 31562120 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l5700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hooper L, Brown T, Brainard J, Abdelhamid A, Wang X, Song F. Authors' reply to Henderson. BMJ 2019; 366:l5703. [PMID: 31562124 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l5703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Tracey Brown
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Julii Brainard
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Asmaa Abdelhamid
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Xia Wang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Fujian Song
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Brainard J, Deane KHO, Song F. Creation of a database to assess effects of omega-3, omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fats on health: methodology for a set of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029554. [PMID: 31129605 PMCID: PMC6537970 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To create a database of long-term randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing higher with lower omega-3, omega-6 or total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), regardless of reported outcomes, and to develop methods to assess effects of increasing omega-6, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), long-chain omega-3 (LCn3) and total PUFA on health outcomes. DESIGN Systematic review search, methodology and meta-analyses. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Clinicaltrials.gov and trials in relevant systematic reviews. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA RCTs of ≥24 weeks' duration assessing effects of increasing ALA, LCn3, omega-6 or total PUFAs, regardless of outcomes reported. DATA SYNTHESIS Methods included random-effects meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses. Funnel plots were examined, and subgrouping assessed effects of intervention type, replacement, baseline diabetes risk and use of diabetic medications, trial duration and dose. Quality of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS Electronic searches generated 37 810 hits, de-duplicated to 19 772 titles and abstracts. We assessed 2155 full-text papers, conference abstracts and trials registry entries independently in duplicate. Included studies were grouped into 363 RCTs comparing higher with lower omega-3, omega-6 and/or total PUFA intake of at least 6 months' duration-the Database.Of these 363 included RCTs, 216 RCTs were included in at least one of our reviews of health outcomes, data extracted and risk of bias assessed in duplicate. Ninety five RCTs were included in the Database but not included in our current reviews. Of these 311 completed trials, 27 altered ALA intake, 221 altered LCn3 intake and 16 trials altered omega-3 intake without specifying whether ALA or LCn3. Forty one trials altered omega-6 and 59 total PUFA.The remaining 52 trials are ongoing though 13 (25%) appear to be outstanding, or constitute missing data. CONCLUSIONS This extensive database of trials is available to allow assessment of further health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Julii Brainard
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Fujian Song
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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