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Lorrai R, Francocci F, Gully K, Martens HJ, De Lorenzo G, Nawrath C, Ferrari S. Impaired Cuticle Functionality and Robust Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Altered Homogalacturonan Integrity Are Dependent on the Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696955. [PMID: 34484262 PMCID: PMC8415794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major cell wall component that plays important roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fungal polygalacturonase (PG plants) that degrades homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectin component, as well as loss-of-function mutants for QUASIMODO2 (QUA2), encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase important for HG biosynthesis, show accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced growth and almost complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Both PG and qua2 plants show increased expression of the class III peroxidase AtPRX71 that contributes to their elevated ROS levels and reduced growth. In this work, we show that leaves of PG and qua2 plants display greatly increased cuticle permeability. Both increased cuticle permeability and resistance to B. cinerea in qua2 are suppressed by loss of AtPRX71. Increased cuticle permeability in qua2, rather than on defects in cuticle ultrastructure or cutin composition, appears to be dependent on reduced epidermal cell adhesion, which is exacerbated by AtPRX71, and is suppressed by the esmeralda1 mutation, which also reverts the adhesion defect and the resistant phenotype. Increased cuticle permeability, accumulation of ROS, and resistance to B. cinerea are also observed in mutants lacking a functional FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase thought to monitor pectin integrity. In contrast, mutants with defects in other structural components of primary cell wall do not have a defective cuticle and are normally susceptible to the fungus. Our results suggest that disrupted cuticle integrity, mediated by peroxidase-dependent ROS accumulation, plays a major role in the robust resistance to B. cinerea of plants with altered HG integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lorrai
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fedra Francocci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helle J. Martens
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Ferrari,
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102
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Lv Z, Hao L, Ma B, He Z, Luo Y, Xin Y, He N. Ciboria carunculoides Suppresses Mulberry Immune Responses Through Regulation of Salicylic Acid Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658590. [PMID: 33889168 PMCID: PMC8057602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ciboria carunculoides is the dominant causal agent of mulberry sclerotial disease, and it is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a narrow host range that causes devastating diseases in mulberry fruit. However, little is known about the interaction between C. carunculoides and mulberry. Here, our transcriptome sequencing results showed that the transcription of genes in the secondary metabolism and defense-related hormone pathways were significantly altered in infected mulberry fruit. Due to the antimicrobial properties of proanthocyanidins (PAs), the activation of PA biosynthetic pathways contributes to defense against pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are major plant defense hormones. However, SA signaling and JA signaling are antagonistic to each other. Our results showed that SA signaling was activated, while JA signaling was inhibited, in mulberry fruit infected with C. carunculoides. Yet SA mediated responses are double-edged sword against necrotrophic pathogens, as SA not only activates systemic acquired resistance (SAR) but also suppresses JA signaling. We also show here that the small secreted protein CcSSP1 of C. carunculoides activates SA signaling by targeting pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1). These findings reveal that the infection strategy of C. carunculoides functions by regulating SA signaling to inhibit host defense responses.
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103
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Wang B, Bi Y. The role of signal production and transduction in induced resistance of harvested fruits and vegetables. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021; 5. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Postharvest diseases are the primary reason causing postharvest loss of fruits and vegetables. Although fungicides show an effective way to control postharvest diseases, the use of fungicides is gradually being restricted due to safety, environmental pollution, and resistance development in the pathogen. Induced resistance is a new strategy to control postharvest diseases by eliciting immune activity in fruits and vegetables with exogenous physical, chemical, and biological elicitors. After being stimulated by elicitors, fruits and vegetables respond immediately against pathogens. This process is actually a continuous signal transduction, including the generation, transduction, and interaction of signal molecules. Each step of response can lead to corresponding physiological functions, and ultimately induce disease resistance by upregulating the expression of disease resistance genes and activating a variety of metabolic pathways. Signal molecules not only mediate defense response alone, but also interact with other signal transduction pathways to regulate the disease resistance response. Among various signal molecules, the second messenger (reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, calcium ions) and plant hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid) play an important role in induced resistance. This article summarizes and reviews the research progress of induced resistance in recent years, and expounds the role of the above-mentioned signal molecules in induced resistance of harvested fruits and vegetables, and prospects for future research.
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104
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Zang Z, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang W, Ci J, Ren X, Jiang L, Yang W. Maize Ethylene Response Factor ZmERF061 Is Required for Resistance to Exserohilum turcicum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:630413. [PMID: 33767717 PMCID: PMC7985547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.630413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a series of sophisticated defense mechanisms to help them from harm. Ethylene Response Factor (ERF) plays pivotal roles in plant immune reactions, however, its underlying mechanism in maize with a defensive function to Exserohilum turcicum (E. turcicum) remains poorly understood. Here, we isolated and characterized a novel ERF transcription factor, designated ZmERF061, from maize. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ZmERF061 is a member of B3 group in the ERF family. qRT-PCR assays showed that the expression of ZmERF061 is significantly induced by E. turcicum inoculation and hormone treatments with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). ZmERF061 was proved to function as a nucleus-localized transcription activator and specifically bind to the GCC-box element. zmerf061 mutant lines resulted in enhanced susceptibility to E. turcicum via decreasing the expression of ZmPR10.1 and ZmPR10.2 and the activity of antioxidant defense system. zmerf061 mutant lines increased the expression of the SA signaling-related gene ZmPR1a and decreased the expression of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling-related gene ZmLox1 after infection with E. turcicum. In addition, ZmERF061 could interact with ZmMPK6-1. These results suggested that ZmERF061 plays an important role in response to E. turcicum and may be useful in genetic engineering breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Zang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Fuxing Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiabin Ci
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Ren
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangyu Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Crop Science Post-doctoral Station, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Liangyu Jiang,
| | - Weiguang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Weiguang Yang,
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105
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Zhang H, Yin L, Song F, Jiang M. SKIP Silencing Decreased Disease Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:593267. [PMID: 33381133 PMCID: PMC7767821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.593267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SKIP, a component of the spliceosome, is involved in numerous signaling pathways. However, there is no direct genetic evidence supporting the function of SKIP in defense responses. In this paper, two SKIPs, namely, SlSKIP1a and SlSKIP1b, were analyzed in tomato. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the SlSKIP1b expression was triggered via Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 and Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea), together with the defense-associated signals. In addition, the functions of SlSKIP1a and SlSKIP1b in disease resistance were analyzed in tomato through the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique. VIGS-mediated SlSKIP1b silencing led to increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), along with the decreased expression of defense-related genes (DRGs) after pathogen infection, suggesting that it reduced B. cinerea and Pst DC3000 resistance. There was no significant difference in B. cinerea and Pst DC3000 resistance in TRV-SlSKIP1a-infiltrated plants compared with the TRV-GUS-silencing counterparts. As suggested by the above findings, SlSKIP1b plays a vital role in disease resistance against pathogens possibly by regulating the accumulation of ROS as well as the expression of DRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- Life Science Collegue, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Longfei Yin
- Life Science Collegue, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Life Science Collegue, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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106
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Fu F, Girma G, Mengiste T. Global mRNA and microRNA expression dynamics in response to anthracnose infection in sorghum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:760. [PMID: 33143636 PMCID: PMC7641857 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracnose is a damaging disease of sorghum caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum. Genome-wide mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) profiles of resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes were studied to understand components of immune responses, and fungal induced miRNA and target gene networks. RESULTS A total of 18 mRNA and 12 miRNA libraries from resistant and susceptible sorghum lines were sequenced prior to and after inoculation with C. sublineolum. Significant differences in transcriptomes of the susceptible and resistant genotypes were observed with dispersion distance and hierarchical cluster tree analyses. Of the total 33,032 genes predicted in the sorghum genome, 19,593 were induced by C. sublineolum, and 15,512 were differentially expressed (DEGs) between the two genotypes. The resistant line was marked by significant reprogramming of the transcriptome at 24 h post inoculation (hpi), and a decrease at 48 hpi, whereas the susceptible line displayed continued changes in gene expression concordant with elevated fungal growth in the susceptible genotype. DEGs encode proteins implicated in diverse functions including photosynthesis, synthesis of tetrapyrrole, carbohydrate and secondary metabolism, immune signaling, and chitin binding. Genes encoding immune receptors, MAPKs, pentatricopeptide repeat proteins, and WRKY transcription factors were induced in the resistant genotype. In a parallel miRNA profiling, the susceptible line displayed greater number of differentially expressed miRNAs than the resistant line indicative of a widespread suppression of gene expression. Interestingly, we found 75 miRNAs, including 36 novel miRNAs, which were differentially expressed in response to fungal inoculation. The expression of 50 miRNAs was significantly different between resistant and susceptible lines. Subsequently, for 35 differentially expressed miRNAs, the corresponding 149 target genes were identified. Expression of 56 target genes were significantly altered after inoculation, showing inverse expression with the corresponding miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS We provide insights into genome wide dynamics of mRNA and miRNA profiles, biological and cellular processes underlying host responses to fungal infection in sorghum. Resistance is correlated with early transcriptional reprogramming of genes in various pathways. Fungal induced genes, miRNAs and their targets with a potential function in host responses to anthracnose were identified, opening avenues for genetic dissection of resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyou Fu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Present address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Gezahegn Girma
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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107
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Liu M, Zhang Q, Wang C, Meng T, Wang L, Chen C, Ren Z. CsWRKY10 mediates defence responses to Botrytis cinerea infection in Cucumis sativus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110640. [PMID: 33180717 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops in the world, and its yield is often reduced due to the infection of Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea), which causes a serious disease. However, few genes involved in the response to B. cinerea have been identified in cucumber. In this study, we identified that CsWRKY10 plays a key role in the cucumber resistance to B. cinerea because that the overexpression of CsWRKY10 significantly increased the susceptibility to B. cinerea in cucumber. After the pathogen infection, the enzyme activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in transgenic plants were affected, resulting in the decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents. In addition, the light microscopic images showed that overexpression of CsWRKY10 promoted the spore germination and mycelia elongation of B. cinerea in cucumber. Importantly, after B. cinerea infection, the contents of jasmonic acid (JA) are decreased, and the expression levels of JA- and salicylic acid- related defence genes significantly changed in transgenic plants. In contrast, overexpression of CsWRKY10 enhanced resistance to Corynespora cassiicola in cucumber. Collectively, this study indicated that CsWRKY10 negatively regulates the resistance of cucumber to B. cinerea by reducing the ROS contents and inhibiting the JA-mediated resistance signalling pathway, but strengthens resistance to Corynespora cassiicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Can Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Tianqi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Chunhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Zhonghai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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108
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Kostyuk AI, Panova AS, Kokova AD, Kotova DA, Maltsev DI, Podgorny OV, Belousov VV, Bilan DS. In Vivo Imaging with Genetically Encoded Redox Biosensors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8164. [PMID: 33142884 PMCID: PMC7662651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox reactions are of high fundamental and practical interest since they are involved in both normal physiology and the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, this area of research has always been a relatively problematic field in the context of analytical approaches, mostly because of the unstable nature of the compounds that are measured. Genetically encoded sensors allow for the registration of highly reactive molecules in real-time mode and, therefore, they began a new era in redox biology. Their strongest points manifest most brightly in in vivo experiments and pave the way for the non-invasive investigation of biochemical pathways that proceed in organisms from different systematic groups. In the first part of the review, we briefly describe the redox sensors that were used in vivo as well as summarize the model systems to which they were applied. Next, we thoroughly discuss the biological results obtained in these studies in regard to animals, plants, as well as unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes. We hope that this work reflects the amazing power of this technology and can serve as a useful guide for biologists and chemists who work in the field of redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Kostyuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya S. Panova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra D. Kokova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A. Kotova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Maltsev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V. Belousov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry S. Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Macioszek VK, Gapińska M, Zmienko A, Sobczak M, Skoczowski A, Oliwa J, Kononowicz AK. Complexity of Brassica oleracea- Alternaria brassicicola Susceptible Interaction Reveals Downregulation of Photosynthesis at Ultrastructural, Transcriptional, and Physiological Levels. Cells 2020; 9:E2329. [PMID: 33092216 PMCID: PMC7593931 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Black spot disease, caused by Alternaria brassicicola in Brassica species, is one of the most devastating diseases all over the world, especially since there is no known fully resistant Brassica cultivar. In this study, the visualization of black spot disease development on Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba (white cabbage) leaves and subsequent ultrastructural, molecular and physiological investigations were conducted. Inter- and intracellular hyphae growth within leaf tissues led to the loss of host cell integrity and various levels of organelle disintegration. Severe symptoms of chloroplast damage included the degeneration of chloroplast envelope and grana, and the loss of electron denseness by stroma at the advanced stage of infection. Transcriptional profiling of infected leaves revealed that photosynthesis was the most negatively regulated biological process. However, in infected leaves, chlorophyll and carotenoid content did not decrease until 48 hpi, and several chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, such as photosystem II quantum yield (Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), or plant vitality parameter (Rdf) decreased significantly at 24 and 48 hpi compared to control leaves. Our results indicate that the initial stages of interaction between B. oleracea and A. brassicicola are not uniform within an inoculation site and show a complexity of host responses and fungal attempts to overcome host cell defense mechanisms. The downregulation of photosynthesis at the early stage of this susceptible interaction suggests that it may be a part of a host defense strategy, or, alternatively, that chloroplasts are targets for the unknown virulence factor(s) of A. brassicicola. However, the observed decrease of photosynthetic efficiency at the later stages of infection is a result of the fungus-induced necrotic lesion expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Katarzyna Macioszek
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gapińska
- Laboratory of Microscopy Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Zmienko
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Skoczowski
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University in Krakow, 30-084 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jakub Oliwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Kiejstut Kononowicz
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
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Comparative Genomics Analyses of Lifestyle Transitions at the Origin of an Invasive Fungal Pathogen in the Genus Cryphonectria. mSphere 2020; 5:5/5/e00737-20. [PMID: 33055257 PMCID: PMC7565894 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00737-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest and agroecosystems, as well as animal and human health, are threatened by emerging pathogens. Following decimation of chestnuts in the United States, the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica colonized Europe. After establishment, the pathogen population gave rise to a highly successful lineage that spread rapidly across the continent. Core to our understanding of what makes a successful pathogen is the genetic repertoire enabling the colonization and exploitation of host species. Here, we have assembled >100 genomes across two related genera to identify key genomic determinants leading to the emergence of chestnut blight. We found subtle yet highly specific changes in the transition from saprotrophy to latent pathogenicity mostly determined by enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Large-scale genomic analyses of genes underlying key nutrition modes can facilitate the detection of species with the potential to emerge as pathogens. Emerging fungal pathogens are a threat to forest and agroecosystems, as well as animal and human health. How pathogens evolve from nonpathogenic ancestors is still poorly understood, making the prediction of future outbreaks challenging. Most pathogens have evolved lifestyle adaptations, which were enabled by specific changes in the gene content of the species. Hence, understanding transitions in the functions encoded by genomes gives valuable insight into the evolution of pathogenicity. Here, we studied lifestyle evolution in the genus Cryphonectria, including the prominent invasive pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight on Castanea species. We assembled and compared the genomes of pathogenic and putatively nonpathogenic Cryphonectria species, as well as sister group pathogens in the family Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales, Ascomycetes), to investigate the evolution of genome size and gene content. We found a striking loss of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism (CAZymes) in C. parasitica compared to other Cryphonectriaceae. Despite substantial CAZyme gene loss, experimental data suggest that C. parasitica has retained wood colonization abilities shared with other Cryphonectria species. Putative effectors substantially varied in number, cysteine content, and protein length among species. In contrast, secondary metabolite gene clusters show a high degree of conservation within the genus. Overall, our results underpin the recent lifestyle transition of C. parasitica toward a more pathogenic lifestyle. Our findings suggest that a CAZyme loss may have promoted pathogenicity of C. parasitica on Castanea species. Analyzing gene complements underlying key nutrition modes can facilitate the detection of species with the potential to emerge as pathogens. IMPORTANCE Forest and agroecosystems, as well as animal and human health, are threatened by emerging pathogens. Following decimation of chestnuts in the United States, the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica colonized Europe. After establishment, the pathogen population gave rise to a highly successful lineage that spread rapidly across the continent. Core to our understanding of what makes a successful pathogen is the genetic repertoire enabling the colonization and exploitation of host species. Here, we have assembled >100 genomes across two related genera to identify key genomic determinants leading to the emergence of chestnut blight. We found subtle yet highly specific changes in the transition from saprotrophy to latent pathogenicity mostly determined by enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Large-scale genomic analyses of genes underlying key nutrition modes can facilitate the detection of species with the potential to emerge as pathogens.
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Thordal-Christensen H. A holistic view on plant effector-triggered immunity presented as an iceberg model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3963-3976. [PMID: 32277261 PMCID: PMC7532969 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of plants is highly complex. It involves pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which is signaled and manifested through branched multi-step pathways. To counteract this, pathogen effectors target and inhibit individual PTI steps. This in turn can cause specific plant cytosolic nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Plants and pathogens have many genes encoding NLRs and effectors, respectively. Yet, only a few segregate genetically as resistance (R) genes and avirulence (Avr) effector genes in wild-type populations. In an attempt to explain this contradiction, a model is proposed where far most of the NLRs, the effectors and the effector targets keep one another in a silent state. In this so-called "iceberg model", a few NLR-effector combinations are genetically visible above the surface, while the vast majority is hidden below. Besides, addressing the existence of many NLRs and effectors, the model also helps to explain why individual downregulation of many effectors causes reduced virulence and why many lesion-mimic mutants are found. Finally, the iceberg model accommodates genuine plant susceptibility factors as potential effector targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Gao H, Zhang L, Zhang KL, Yang L, Ma YY, Xu ZQ. Tobacco NtabSPL6-2 can enhance local and systemic resistances of Arabidopsis thaliana to bacterial and fungal pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 253:153263. [PMID: 32836021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
NtabSPL6-2 of Nicotiana tabacum was introduced into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated floral-dip method. Compared to wild-type Col-0 plants, the arrangement of cauline leaves in NtabSPL6-2 transgenic plants was converted into opposite from simple and alternate, and the margin of rosette leaves was serrated. NtabSPL6-2 transgenic plants possessed a significantly greater fresh weight. Subcellular localization by fusion with GFP confirmed that the encoded product of NtabSPL6-2 existed in the nucleus. The leaves of NtabSPL6-2 transgenic plants exhibited an enhanced capacity to restrain the bacterial reproduction after infection by Pseudomonas syringae, accompanied by higher expression of the pathogenesis-related gene PR1 in the infiltrated leaves, indicating NtabSPL6-2 could improve the defense response of Arabidopsis to P. syringae at the local sites. Similarly, it was confirmed that NtabSPL6-2 could enhance the systemic acquired resistance of Arabidopsis in response to P. syringae. In addition, the area of necrotic plaque appearing on the transgenic leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea was smaller and accompanied by an upregulation of PR1 and PR5, indicating NtabSPL6-2 transgenic leaves were less susceptible to the fungal pathogen. Moreover, there was less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and O2-) and malondialdehyde in the local infected sites of transgenic plants, whereas the wild-type Col-0 plants were more oxidatively injured after infestation by B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Ye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China.
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Yang Y, Wang X, Chen P, Zhou K, Xue W, Abid K, Chen S. Redox Status, JA and ET Signaling Pathway Regulating Responses to Botrytis cinerea Infection Between the Resistant Cucumber Genotype and Its Susceptible Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559070. [PMID: 33101327 PMCID: PMC7546314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a broad host range and the ability to causing great economic losses in cucumber. However, the resistance mechanism against this pathogen in cucumber was not well understood. In this study, the microscopic observation of the spore growth, redox status measurements and transcriptome analysis were carried out after Botrytis cinerea infection in the resistant genotype No.26 and its susceptible mutant 26M. Results revealed shorter hypha, lower rate of spore germination, less acceleration of H2O2, O2 -, and lower total glutathione content (GSH+GSSG) in No.26 than that in 26M, which were identified by the staining result of DAB and NBT. Transcriptome data showed that after pathogen infection, a total of 3901 and 789 different expression genes (DEGs) were identified in No.26 and 26M respectively. These DEGs were highly enriched in redox regulation pathway, hormone signaling pathway and plant-pathogen interaction pathway. The glutathione S-transferase genes, putative peroxidase gene, and NADPH oxidase were up-regulated in No.26 whereas these genes changed little in 26M after Botrytis cinerea infection. Jasmonic acid and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways were distinctively activated in No.26 comparing with 26M upon infection. Much more plant defense related genes including mitogen-activated protein kinases, calmodulin, calmodulin-like protein, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and WRKY transcription factor were induced in No.26 than 26M after pathogen infection. Finally, a model was established which elucidated the resistance difference between resistant cucumber genotype and susceptible mutant after B. cinerea infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Keke Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Wanyu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Kan Abid
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Shuxia Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
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Xiang S, Wu S, Zhang H, Mou M, Chen Y, Li D, Wang H, Chen L, Yu D. The PIFs Redundantly Control Plant Defense Response against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091246. [PMID: 32967288 PMCID: PMC7570020 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous signals are perceived and integrated by plants to precisely control defense responses. As a crucial environmental cue, light reportedly plays vital roles in plant defenses against necrotrophic pathogens. Phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) is one of the important transcription factors which plays essential roles in photoreceptor-mediated light response. In this study, we revealed that PIFs negatively regulate plant defenses against Botrytis cinerea. Gene expression analyses showed that the expression level of a subset of defense-response genes was higher in pifq (pif1/3/4/5) mutants than in the wild-type control, but was lower in PIF-overexpressing plants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays proved that PIF4/5 binds directly to the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (ERF1) promoter. Moreover, genetic analyses indicated that the overexpression of ERF1 dramatically rescues the susceptibility of PIF4-HA and PIF5-GFP transgenic plants, and that PIF controls the resistance to B. cinerea in a COI1- and EIN2-dependent manner. Our results provide compelling evidence that PIF, together with the jasmonate/ethylene pathway, is important for plant resistance to B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (S.X.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (M.M.); (Y.C.); (D.L.); (H.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (S.X.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (M.M.); (Y.C.); (D.L.); (H.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (S.X.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (M.M.); (Y.C.); (D.L.); (H.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Mou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (S.X.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (M.M.); (Y.C.); (D.L.); (H.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (S.X.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (M.M.); (Y.C.); (D.L.); (H.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daibo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (S.X.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (M.M.); (Y.C.); (D.L.); (H.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Houping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (S.X.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (M.M.); (Y.C.); (D.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Ligang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (S.X.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (M.M.); (Y.C.); (D.L.); (H.W.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +86-871-6514-3017 (L.C.); +86-871-6517-8133 (D.Y.); Fax: 86-871-6516-0916 (L.C. & D.Y.)
| | - Diqiu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (S.X.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (M.M.); (Y.C.); (D.L.); (H.W.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +86-871-6514-3017 (L.C.); +86-871-6517-8133 (D.Y.); Fax: 86-871-6516-0916 (L.C. & D.Y.)
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115
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Brouwer SM, Odilbekov F, Burra DD, Lenman M, Hedley PE, Grenville-Briggs L, Alexandersson E, Liljeroth E, Andreasson E. Intact salicylic acid signalling is required for potato defence against the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1-19. [PMID: 32562056 PMCID: PMC7417411 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Using disease bioassays and transcriptomic analysis we show that intact SA-signalling is required for potato defences against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria solani. ABSTRACT Early blight, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani, is an increasing problem in potato cultivation. Studies of the molecular components defining defence responses to A. solani in potato are limited. Here, we investigate plant defence signalling with a focus on salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways in response to A. solani. Our bioassays revealed that SA is necessary to restrict pathogen growth and early blight symptom development in both potato foliage and tubers. This result is in contrast to the documented minimal role of SA in resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against necrotrophic pathogens. We also present transcriptomic analysis with 36 arrays of A. solani inoculated SA-deficient, JA-insensitive, and wild type plant lines. A greater number of genes are differentially expressed in the SA-deficient mutant plant line compared to the wild type and JA- insensitive line. In wild type plants, genes encoding metal ion transporters, such as copper, iron and zinc transporters were upregulated and transferase-encoding genes, for example UDP-glucoronosyltransferase and Serine-glyoxylate transferase, were downregulated. The SA-deficient plants show upregulation of genes enriched in GO terms related to oxidoreductase activity, respiratory chain and other mitochondrial-related processes. Pathogenesis-related genes, such as genes encoding chitinases and PR1, are upregulated in both the SA-deficient and wild type plants, but not in the JA-insensitive mutants. The combination of our bioassays and the transcriptomic analysis indicate that intact SA signalling, and not JA signalling, is required for potato defences against the necrotrophic pathogen A. solani. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (10.1007/s11103-020-01019-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Brouwer
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Firuz Odilbekov
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Dharani Dhar Burra
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Marit Lenman
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Pete E Hedley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Genome Technology, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Erik Alexandersson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Erland Liljeroth
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden.
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116
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Zhang B, Shao L, Wang J, Zhang Y, Guo X, Peng Y, Cao Y, Lai Z. Phosphorylation of ATG18a by BAK1 suppresses autophagy and attenuates plant resistance against necrotrophic pathogens. Autophagy 2020; 17:2093-2110. [PMID: 32804012 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1810426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is critical for plant defense against necrotrophic pathogens, which causes serious yield loss on crops. However, the post-translational regulatory mechanisms of autophagy pathway in plant resistance against necrotrophs remain poorly understood. In this study, we report that phosphorylation modification on ATG18a, a key regulator of autophagosome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana, constitutes a post-translation regulation of autophagy, which attenuates plant resistance against necrotrophic pathogens. We found that phosphorylation of ATG18a suppresses autophagosome formation and its subsequent delivery into the vacuole, which results in reduced autophagy activity and compromised plant resistance against Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, overexpression of ATG18a dephosphorylation-mimic form increases the accumulation of autophagosomes and complements the plant resistance of atg18a mutant against B. cinerea. Moreover, BAK1, a key regulator in plant resistance, was identified to physically interact with and phosphorylate ATG18a. Mutation of BAK1 blocks ATG18a phosphorylation at four of the five detected phosphorylation sites after B. cinerea infection and strongly activates autophagy, leading to enhanced resistance against B. cinerea. Collectively, the identification of functional phosphorylation sites on ATG18a and the corresponding kinase BAK1 unveiled how plant regulates autophagy during resistance against necrotrophic pathogens.Abbreviations: 35s: the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter; A. thaliana: Arabidopsis thaliana; A. brassicicola: Alternaria brassicicola; ABA: abscisic acid; ATG: autophagy-related; ATG18a: autophagy-related protein 18a in A. thaliana; ATG8a: autophagy-related protein 8a in A. thaliana; ATG8-PE: ATG8 conjugated with PE; B. cinerea: Botrytis cinerea; BAK1: Brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase1 in A. thaliana; BiFC: biomolecular fluorescence complementation; BIK1: Botrytis-insensitive kinase 1 in A. thaliana; BKK1: BAK1-like 1 in A. thaliana; BR: brassinosteroid; Co-IP: coimmunoprecipitation; dai: days after inoculation; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; E. coli: Escherochia coli; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ETI: effector-triggered immunity; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HA: hemagglutinin; IP: immunoprecipitation; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LCI: luciferase complementation imaging; MPK3: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 in A. thaliana; MPK4: mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 in A. thaliana; MPK6: mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 in A. thaliana; N. benthamiana: Nicotiana benthamiana; NES: nuclear export sequence; PAMP: pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PRR: pattern recognition receptor; PtdIns(3,5)P2: phosphatidylinositol (3,5)-biphosphate; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-biphosphate; PTI: PAMP-triggered immunity; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription PCR; SnRK2.6: SNF1-related protein kinase 2.6 in A. thaliana; TORC1: the rapamycin-sensitive Tor complex1; TRAF: tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor; WT: wild type plant; Yc: C-terminal fragment of YFP; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein; Yn: N-terminal fragment of YFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujiao Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibing Lai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Zechmann B. Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091067. [PMID: 32825274 PMCID: PMC7569779 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles, within different cell compartments, in activating plant defense and the development of resistance. In mitochondria, the accumulation of ROS and the change of glutathione towards its oxidized state leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, activates cell death, and triggers resistance. The accumulation of glutathione in chloroplasts and peroxisomes at the early stages of plant pathogen interactions is related to increased tolerance and resistance. The collapse of the antioxidative system in these two cell compartments at the later stages leads to cell death through retrograde signaling. The cytosol can be considered to be the switchboard during biotic stress where glutathione is synthesized, equally distributed to, and collected from different cell compartments. Changes in the redox state of glutathione and the accumulation of ROS in the cytosol during biotic stress can initiate the activation of defense genes in nuclei through pathways that involve salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxins, and abscisic acid. This review dissects the roles of glutathione in individual organelles during compatible and incompatible bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases in plants and explores the subcelluar roles of ROS, glutathione, ascorbate, and related enzymes in the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97046, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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118
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Unraveling the mechanisms of resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using comparative RNA-Seq analysis of resistant and susceptible genotypes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236823. [PMID: 32745143 PMCID: PMC7398544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem rot, a devastating fungal disease of peanut, is caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. RNA-sequencing approaches have been used to unravel the mechanisms of resistance to stem rot in peanut over the course of fungal infection in resistant (NRCG-CS85) and susceptible (TG37A) genotypes under control conditions and during the course of infection. Out of about 290 million reads, nearly 251 million (92.22%) high-quality reads were obtained and aligned to the Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis genomes with the average mapping of 78.91% and 78.61%, respectively. In total, about 48.6% of genes were commonly regulated, while approximately 21.8% and 29.6% of uniquely regulated genes from A. duranensis and A. ipaensis genomes, respectively, were identified. Several annotated transcripts, such as receptor-like kinases, jasmonic acid pathway enzymes, and transcription factors (TFs), including WRKY, Zinc finger protein, and C2-H2 zinc finger, showed higher expression in resistant genotypes upon infection. These transcripts have a known role in channelizing the downstream of pathogen perception. The higher expression of WRKY transcripts might have induced the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by the activation of the jasmonic acid defense signaling pathway. Furthermore, a set of 30 transcripts involved in the defense mechanisms were validated with quantitative real-time PCR. This study suggested PAMP-triggered immunity as a probable mechanism of resistance, while the jasmonic acid signaling pathway was identified as a possible defense mechanism in peanut. The information generated is of immense importance in developing more effective ways to combat the stem rot disease in peanut.
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Herlihy JH, Long TA, McDowell JM. Iron homeostasis and plant immune responses: Recent insights and translational implications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13444-13457. [PMID: 32732287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism and the plant immune system are both critical for plant vigor in natural ecosystems and for reliable agricultural productivity. Mechanistic studies of plant iron home-ostasis and plant immunity have traditionally been carried out in isolation from each other; however, our growing understanding of both processes has uncovered significant connections. For example, iron plays a critical role in the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates during immunity and has been recently implicated as a critical factor for immune-initiated cell death via ferroptosis. Moreover, plant iron stress triggers immune activation, suggesting that sensing of iron depletion is a mechanism by which plants recognize a pathogen threat. The iron deficiency response engages hormone signaling sectors that are also utilized for plant immune signaling, providing a probable explanation for iron-immunity cross-talk. Finally, interference with iron acquisition by pathogens might be a critical component of the immune response. Efforts to address the global burden of iron deficiency-related anemia have focused on classical breeding and transgenic approaches to develop crops biofortified for iron content. However, our improved mechanistic understanding of plant iron metabolism suggests that such alterations could promote or impede plant immunity, depending on the nature of the alteration and the virulence strategy of the pathogen. Effects of iron biofortification on disease resistance should be evaluated while developing plants for iron biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Herlihy
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Terri A Long
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
| | - John M McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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120
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Necrotrophic lifestyle of Rhizoctonia solani AG3-PT during interaction with its host plant potato as revealed by transcriptome analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12574. [PMID: 32724205 PMCID: PMC7387450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani infects a broad range of plants worldwide and is responsible for significant crop losses. Rhizoctonia solani AG3-PT attacks germinating potato sprouts underground while molecular responses during interaction are unknown. To gain insights into processes induced in the fungus especially at early stage of interaction, transcriptional activity was compared between growth of mycelium in liquid culture and the growing fungus in interaction with potato sprouts using RNA-sequencing. Genes coding for enzymes with diverse hydrolase activities were strongly differentially expressed, however with remarkably dissimilar time response. While at 3 dpi, expression of genes coding for peptidases was predominantly induced, strongest induction was found for genes encoding hydrolases acting on cell wall components at 8 dpi. Several genes with unknown function were also differentially expressed, thus assuming putative roles as effectors to support host colonization. In summary, the presented analysis characterizes the necrotrophic lifestyle of R. solani AG3-PT during early interaction with its host.
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121
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Shi X, Qin T, Liu H, Wu M, Li J, Shi Y, Gao Y, Ren A. Endophytic Fungi Activated Similar Defense Strategies of Achnatherum sibiricum Host to Different Trophic Types of Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1607. [PMID: 32793143 PMCID: PMC7393327 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that Epichloë endophytes can enhance the resistance of grasses to herbivory. However, reports on resistance to pathogenic fungi are limited, and their conclusions are variable. In this study, we chose pathogenic fungi with different trophic types, namely, the biotrophic pathogen Erysiphales species and the necrotrophic pathogen Curvularia lunata, to test the effects of Epichloë on the pathogen resistance of Achnatherum sibiricum. The results showed that, compared to Erysiphales species, C. lunata caused a higher degree of damage and lower photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) in endophyte−free (E−) leaves. Endophytes significantly alleviated the damage caused by these two pathogens. The leaf damaged area and Fv/Fm of endophyte−infected (E+) leaves were similar between the two pathogen treatments, indicating that the beneficial effects of endophytes were more significant when hosts were exposed to C. lunata than when they were exposed to Erysiphales species. We found that A. sibiricum initiated jasmonic acid (JA)−related pathways to resist C. lunata but salicylic acid (SA)–related pathways to resist Erysiphales species. Endophytic fungi had no effect on the content of SA but increased the content of JA and total phenolic compounds, which suggest that endophyte infection might enhance the resistance of A. sibiricum to these two different trophic types of pathogens through similar pathways.
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Toral L, Rodríguez M, Béjar V, Sampedro I. Crop Protection against Botrytis cinerea by Rhizhosphere Biological Control Agent Bacillus velezensis XT1. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070992. [PMID: 32635146 PMCID: PMC7409083 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the use of Bacillus velezensis strain XT1 as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) and biocontrol agent against B. cinerea in tomato and strawberry plants. Foliar and radicular applications of strain XT1 increased plant total biomass as compared to the control and B. cinerea-infected plants, with root applications being, on the whole, the most effective mode of treatment. Applications of the bacterium were found to reduce infection parameters such as disease incidence and severity by 50% and 60%, respectively. We analyzed stress parameters and phytohormone content in order to evaluate the capacity of XT1 to activate the defense system through phytohormonal regulation. Overall, the application of XT1 reduced oxidative damage, while the H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower in XT1-treated and B. cinerea-infected plants as compared to non-XT1-treated plants. Moreover, treatment with XT1 induced callose deposition, thus boosting the response to pathogenic infection. The results of this study suggest that the signaling and activation pathways involved in defense mechanisms are mediated by jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene hormones, which are induced by preventive treatment with XT1. The study also highlights the potential of preventive applications of strain XT1 to activate defense mechanisms in strawberry and tomato plants through hormone regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Toral
- Xtrem Biotech S.L., European Business Innovation Center, Avenida de la Innovación, 1, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Miguel Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.); (V.B.)
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Institute of Biotechnology, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Victoria Béjar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.); (V.B.)
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Institute of Biotechnology, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Sampedro
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.); (V.B.)
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Institute of Biotechnology, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.T.); (I.S.)
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Wang D, Xu H, Huang J, Kong Y, AbuQamar S, Yu D, Liu S, Zhou G, Chai G. The Arabidopsis CCCH protein C3H14 contributes to basal defense against Botrytis cinerea mainly through the WRKY33-dependent pathway. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1792-1806. [PMID: 32279333 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea cause significant crop yield losses. Plant CCCH proteins play important roles in pathogen resistance responses. However, the CCCH-mediated defense mechanisms against necrotrophic pathogens are unclear. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis CCCH protein C3H14 positively regulates basal defense against B. cinerea mainly by WRKY33 signaling. Simultaneous mutation of C3H14 and its paralog C3H15 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to B. cinerea, while C3H14 or C3H15 overexpression lines exhibited reduced susceptibility. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were present in the c3h14c3h15 double mutant and C3H14 overexpression plants compared with wild-type plants at 24 hr post infection. These DEGs covered over one third of B. cinerea-responsive WRKY33 targets, including genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) signaling, and camalexin biosynthesis. Genetic analysis indicated that C3H14 mainly depended on WRKY33 to modulate defense against B. cinerea. Moreover, C3H14 activated the WRKY33-ORA59 and -PAD3 cascades to correspondingly control JA/ET- and camalexin-mediated defense responses. However, C3H14 was essential for B. cinerea-induced production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and it also directly mediated ORA59-dependent JA/ET signaling after infection. Therefore, C3H14 may act as a novel transcriptional regulator of the WRKY33-mediated defense pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Junyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Synan AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Diqiu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohua Chai
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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124
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Wang Y, Wang Y. Oxalic Acid Metabolism Contributes to Full Virulence and Pycnidial Development in the Poplar Canker Fungus Cytospora chrysosperma. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1319-1325. [PMID: 32154765 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-19-0381-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Poplar Cytospora canker, which is mainly caused by Cytospora chrysosperma, is one of the most destructive and widespread tree diseases worldwide. Although oxalic acid (OA) is demonstrated as an important virulence determinant in several necrotrophic fungi, specific functions of OA during pathogenesis remain controversial. Here, we identified three genes (CcOah, CcOdc1, and CcOdc2) directly involved in OA biosynthesis and catabolism in C. chrysosperma. We demonstrated that CcOah is required for OA biogenesis. All three genes were found to be highly upregulated during early infection stages of the poplar stem. The deletion of any of the three genes led to an obvious reduction of pycnidial production but no abnormality of hyphal growth and morphology. Furthermore, the individual deletion strain exhibited significantly limited lesion sizes on poplar twigs and leaves. Exogenous application of OA or citric acid can complement the virulence defects of ΔCcOah and ΔCcOdc1 strains. We further found that the ΔCcOah strain strongly promoted reactive oxygen species burst of poplar leaves during infection. Finally, induced secretion of OA was observed by monitoring color change of the plates after poplar stem extracts were added in the cultures; however, we failed to quantify OA concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taken together, the present results provide insights into the function of OA acting as an important virulence factor of C. chrysosperma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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125
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Xie J, Wei JG, Wang KW, Luo J, Wu YJ, Luo JT, Yang XH, Yang XB. Three phytotoxins produced by Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, the causal agent of ring spot on Kadsura coccinea. Microbiol Res 2020; 238:126531. [PMID: 32603933 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxins are widely found in plant pathogens. In recent years, many diseases caused by Neopestalotiopsis clavispora have been reported. To better understand the pathogenicity of N. clavispora, a solid fermentation strategy was employed to isolate and identify virulence factors afritoxinone B, afritoxinone A and oxysporone. The phytotoxic activities of these toxins were evaluated. Oxysporone exhibited high levels of phytotoxic activity after 72 h and the lesion area ranged from 21.5-84.3 mm2 after 9 days of treatment. The phytotoxic activities of the other two compounds were lower than that for oxysporone. The phytotoxic activity towards non-host organisms was also assessed for the three analyzed compounds; phytotoxic activity was observed in each case. Based on these results, we conclude that oxysporone is the main virulence factor in N. clavispora. We also suggest that each of the three compounds were non-host-specific toxins (NHST). To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze phytotoxins produced by N. clavispora.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xie
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - J G Wei
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.
| | - K W Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - J Luo
- Guangxi Academy of Forestry Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530002, China
| | - Y J Wu
- Guangxi Academy of Forestry Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530002, China
| | - J T Luo
- Guangxi Forest Pest Management Station, Nanning, Guangxi, 530028, China
| | - X H Yang
- Guangxi Forest Pest Management Station, Nanning, Guangxi, 530028, China
| | - X B Yang
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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126
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Cao Z, Kapoor K, Li L, Banniza S. Interactive Gene Expression Patterns of Susceptible and Resistant Lens ervoides Recombinant Inbred Lines and the Necrotroph Ascochyta lentis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1259. [PMID: 32670221 PMCID: PMC7326948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascochyta lentis is a foliar pathogen of Lens species and is of worldwide importance in cultivated lentil production. High levels of resistance were identified in the wild species Lens ervoides. This resistance was explored through histopathology, qPCR estimation of fungal biomass and transcriptome sequencing in a susceptible and a resistant recombinant inbred line (RIL) of L. ervoides infected with an aggressive isolate of A. lentis. Necrotrophic growth was delayed in the resistant RIL compared to accelerated necrotrophy of A. lentis in the susceptible RIL. Analysis of the fungal secretome indicated that the early activation of cell wall-degrading enzymes contributed to increased virulence of A. lentis. On the host side, gene co-expression analysis revealed that the invasion by A. lentis caused mRNA, DNA and protein decay in infected plants regardless of the level of resistance in the host. The resistant RIL exhibited a stronger gene co-expression in lipid localization and sulfur processes, and cellular responses to nutrients and stimuli than the susceptible RIL. In addition, differential gene analysis revealed that the repression of both, gibberellin signaling and cell death associated with the hypersensitive response (HR), were associated with enhanced A. lentis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cao
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Karan Kapoor
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Li Li
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sabine Banniza
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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127
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Zhang M, Sun C, Liu Y, Feng H, Chang H, Cao S, Li G, Yang S, Hou J, Zhu‐Salzman K, Zhang H, Qin Q. Transcriptome analysis and functional validation reveal a novel gene, BcCGF1, that enhances fungal virulence by promoting infection-related development and host penetration. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:834-853. [PMID: 32301267 PMCID: PMC7214349 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous transcriptome analyses of both host plants and pathogens, and functional validation of the identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) allow us to better understand the mechanisms underlying their interactions. Here, we analyse the mixed transcriptome derived from Botrytis cinerea (the causal agent of grey mould) infected tomato leaves at 24 hr after inoculation, a critical time point at which the pathogen has penetrated and developed in the leaf epidermis, whereas necrotic symptoms have not yet appeared. Our analyses identified a complex network of genes involved in the tomato-B. cinerea interaction. The expression of fungal transcripts encoding candidate effectors, enzymes for secondary metabolite biosynthesis, hormone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and autophagy-related proteins was up-regulated, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the initial infection processes. Specifically, tomato genes involved in phytoalexin production, stress responses, ATP-binding cassette transporters, pathogenesis-related proteins, and WRKY DNA-binding transcription factors were up-regulated. We functionally investigated several B. cinerea DEGs via gene replacement and pathogenicity assays, and demonstrated that BcCGF1 was a novel virulence-associated factor that mediates fungal development and virulence via regulation of conidial germination, conidiation, infection structure formation, host penetration, and stress adaptation. The fungal infection-related development was controlled by BcCGF-mediated ROS production and exogenous cAMP restored the mutant infection-related development. Our findings provide new insights into the elucidation of the simultaneous tactics of pathogen attack and host defence. Our systematic elucidation of BcCGF1 in mediating fungal pathogenesis may open up new targets for fungal disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Chen‐Hao Sun
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Hui‐Qiang Feng
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Hao‐Wu Chang
- College of Computer Science, Technology, Symbol Computation and Knowledge EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Sheng‐Nan Cao
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Gui‐Hua Li
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Song Yang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
- College of ForestryBeiHua UniversityJinlinChina
| | - Keyan Zhu‐Salzman
- Department of EntomologyNorman Borlaug CenterTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Technology, Symbol Computation and Knowledge EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Qing‐Ming Qin
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
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128
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The Effect of Mechanical Stress on Plant Susceptibility to Pests: A Mini Opinion Review. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050632. [PMID: 32423165 PMCID: PMC7285366 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants are subject to multiple pest attacks during their growing cycle. In order to address consumers' desire to buy healthy vegetables and fruits, i.e., without chemical residues, and to develop environment-friendly agriculture, major research efforts are being made to find alternative methods to reduce or suppress the use of chemicals. Many methods are currently being tested. Among these methods, some are being tested in order to modify plant physiology to render it less susceptible to pathogen and pest attacks by developing plant immunity. An emerging potentially interesting method that is being studied at this time is mechanical stimuli (MS). Although the number of articles on the effect of MS on plant immunity is still not large, it has been reported that several types of mechanical stimuli induce a reduction of plant susceptibility to pests for different plant species in the case of wounding and non-wounding stimuli. This mini review aims to summarize the knowledge available at this time by raising questions that should be addressed before considering MS as an operable alternative method to increase plant immunity for crop protection.
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129
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Zhu Y, Saltzgiver M. A systematic analysis of apple root resistance traits to Pythium ultimum infection and the underpinned molecular regulations of defense activation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:62. [PMID: 32377353 PMCID: PMC7193572 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD), caused by a pathogen complex, significantly impacts apple orchard establishment. The molecular regulation on ARD resistance has not been investigated until recently. A systematic phenotyping effort and a series of transcriptomic analyses were performed to uncover the underpinned molecular mechanism of apple root resistance to P. ultimum, a representative member in ARD pathogen complex. Genotype-specific plant survival rates and biomass reduction corresponded with microscopic features of necrosis progression patterns along the infected root. The presence of defined boundaries separating healthy and necrotic sections likely caused delayed necrosis expansion in roots of resistant genotypes compared with swift necrosis progression and profuse hyphae growth along infected roots of susceptible genotypes. Comprehensive datasets from a series of transcriptome analyses generated the first panoramic view of genome-wide transcriptional networks of defense activation between resistant and susceptible apple roots. Earlier and stronger molecular defense activation, such as pathogen perception and hormone signaling, may differentiate resistance from susceptibility in apple root. Delayed and interrupted activation of multiple defense pathways could have led to an inadequate resistance response. Using the panel of apple rootstock germplasm with defined resistant and susceptible phenotypes, selected candidate genes are being investigated by transgenic manipulation including CRISPR/Cas9 tools for their specific roles during apple root defense toward P. ultimum infection. Individual apple genes with validated functions regulating root resistance responses can be exploited for developing molecular tools for accurate and efficient incorporation of resistance traits into new apple rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhu
- USDA-ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
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130
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Otun S, Ntushelo K. Proteomic analysis of the phytogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1144:122053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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131
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Schumacher J, Gorbushina AA. Light sensing in plant- and rock-associated black fungi. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:407-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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132
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Wang J, Singh SK, Geng S, Zhang S, Yuan L. Genome-wide analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase gene family and functional characterization of two cutin group GPATs in Brassica napus. PLANTA 2020; 251:93. [PMID: 32246349 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide identification, spatio-temporal expression analysis and functional characterization of selected Brassica napus GPATs highlight their roles in cuticular wax biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens. Glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (GPAT) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of glycerolipids, a major component of cellular membranes and extracellular protective layers, such as cuticles in plants. Brassica napus is an economically important crop and cultivated worldwide mostly for its edible oil. The B. napus GPATs (BnGPATs) are insufficiently characterized. Here, we performed genome-wide analysis to identify putative GPATs in B. napus and its diploid progenitors B. rapa and B oleracea. The 32 B. napus BnGPATs are phylogenetically divided into three major groups, cutin, suberin, and diverse ancient groups. Analysis of transcriptomes of different tissues and seeds at different developmental stages revealed the spatial and temporal expression profiles of BnGPATs. The yield and oil quality of B. napus are adversely affected by the necrotrophic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We showed that several BnGPATs, including cutin-related BnGPAT19 and 21, were upregulated in the S. sclerotiorum resistant line. RNAi-mediated suppression of BnGPAT19 and 21 in B. napus resulted in thinner cuticle, leading to rapid water and chlorophyll loss in toluidine blue staining and leaf bleaching assays. In addition, the RNAi plants also developed severe necrotic lesions following fungal inoculation compared to the wild-type plants, indicating that BnGPAT19 and 21 are likely involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis that is critical for initial pathogen defense. Taken together, we provided a comprehensive account of GPATs B. napus and characterized BnGPAT19 and 21 for their potential roles in cuticular wax biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Siyu Geng
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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133
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Wang L, Liu W, Wang Y. Heterologous expression of Chinese wild grapevine VqERFs in Arabidopsis thaliana enhance resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and to Botrytis cinerea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 293:110421. [PMID: 32081269 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
When a plant is attacked by a pathogen, an immune response is activated to help protect it from harm. ERF transcription factors have been reported to regulate immune responses in plants. Here, three ERF transcription factors from Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis, VqERF112, VqERF114 and VqERF072, are shown to respond to pathogen inoculation by powdery mildew, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 and Botrytis cinerea and to hormone treatments including with ET, SA, MeJA or ABA. Tissue specific expression analysis shows the highest expression levels of VqERF112 and VqERF114 were in mature berries and of VqERF072 was in tendrils. A GUS activity assay indicates that the promoters of VqERF112, VqERF114 and VqERF072 can be induced by powdery mildew inoculation and by hormone treatment, including with ET, SA and MeJA. Overexpression of VqERF112, VqERF114 and VqERF072 in transgenic Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) and B. cinerea, and it increased the expression of the SA signaling-related genes AtNPR1 and AtPR1 and of the JA/ET signaling-related genes AtPDF1.2, AtLOX3, AtPR3 and AtPR4. Compared to Col-0 plants, the H2O2 accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis increased after Pst DC3000 inoculation but decreased after B. cinerea inoculation. These results demonstrate that VqERF112, VqERF114 and VqERF072 positively regulate resistance to Pst DC3000 and B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Wandi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yuejin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Histochemical and Microscopic Studies Predict that Grapevine Genotype "Ju mei gui" is Highly Resistant against Botrytis cinerea. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040253. [PMID: 32244290 PMCID: PMC7238070 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea causes devastating pre- and post-harvest yield losses in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Although B. cinerea has been well-studied in different plant species, there is limited information related to the resistance and susceptibility mechanisms of Vitis genotypes against B. cinerea infection. In the present study, leaves and berries of twenty four grape genotypes were evaluated against B. cinerea infection. According to the results, one genotype (Ju mei gui) was highly resistant (HR), one genotype (Kyoho) was resistant (R), eight genotypes were susceptible (S), and fourteen genotypes were highly susceptible (HS) against infection of B. cinerea in leaves. Whereas in the case of B. cinerea infection in grape berry, three genotypes were found to be highly resistant, three resistant, eleven genotypes susceptible, and seven were highly susceptible. To further explore the mechanism of disease resistance in grapevine, we evaluated "Ju mei gui" and "Summer black" in terms of B. cinerea progression, reactive oxygen species reactions, jasmonic acid contents, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaf and fruit. We surmise that the resistance of "Ju mei gui" is due to seized fungal growth, minor reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, elevated antioxidant enzyme activity, and more jasmonic acid (JA) contents. This study provides insights into the resistance and susceptibility mechanism of Vitis genotypes against B. cinerea. This will help for the selection of appropriate germplasm to explore the molecular basis of disease resistance mechanisms in grapevine.
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135
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Vega-Vásquez P, Mosier NS, Irudayaraj J. Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems: From Medicine to Agriculture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:79. [PMID: 32133353 PMCID: PMC7041307 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main challenges in drug delivery systems are to protect, transport and release biologically active compounds at the right time in a safe and reproducible manner, usually at a specific target site. In the past, drug nano-carriers have contributed to the development of precision medicine and to a lesser extent have focused on its inroads in agriculture. The concept of engineered nano-carriers may be a promising route to address confounding challenges in agriculture that could perhaps lead to an increase in crop production while reducing the environmental impact associated with crop protection and food production. The main objective of this review is to contrast the advantages and disadvantages of different types of nanoparticles and nano-carriers currently used in the biomedical field along with their fabrication methods to discuss the potential use of these technologies at a larger scale in agriculture. Here we explain what is the problem that nano-delivery systems intent to solve as a technological platform and describe the benefits this technology has brought to medicine. Also here we highlight the potential drawbacks that this technology may face during its translation to agricultural applications, based on the lessons learned so far from its use for biomedical purposes. We discuss not only the characteristics of an ideal nano-delivery system, but also the potential constraints regarding the fabrication including technical, environmental, and legal aspects. A key motivation is to evaluate the potential use of these systems in agriculture, especially in the area of plant breeding, growth promotion, disease control, and post-harvest quality control. Further, we highlight the importance of a rational design of nano-carriers and identify current research gaps to enable scale-up relevant to applications in the treatment of plant diseases, controlled release of fertilizers, and plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vega-Vásquez
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nathan S. Mosier
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IL, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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136
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Zhang H, Yan M, Deng R, Song F, Jiang M. The silencing of DEK reduced disease resistance against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 based on virus-induced gene silencing analysis in tomato. Gene 2020; 727:144245. [PMID: 31715302 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DEK involves in the modulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration and cell senescence. However, direct genetic evidence proving the functions of DEK in disease resistance against pathogens is still deficient. In the present study, four DEKs were identified in tomato genome and their roles in disease resistance in tomato were analyzed. The expression levels of DEKs were differently induced by Botrytis cinerea, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 and defense-related signaling molecules (such as jasmonic acid, aethylene precursor and salicylic acid). The DEKs' silencing by virus induced gene silencing led to decreased resistance against B. cinerea or Pst DC3000. The underlying mechanisms may be through the upregulation of the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the changed expression levels of defense-related genes by pathogen inoculation. These results indicate that DEKs involve in disease resistance against different pathogens and thus broaden the knowledge of DEK genes' function in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- Collegue of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Yan
- Collegue of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Rong Deng
- Collegue of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Collegue of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China.
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137
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Zhang W, Zhao L, Zhou J, Yu H, Zhang C, Lv Y, Lin Z, Hu S, Zou Z, Sun J. Enhancement of oxidative stress contributes to increased pathogenicity of the invasive pine wood nematode. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180323. [PMID: 30967022 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in defence response of host plants versus pathogens. While generation and detoxification of ROS is well understood, how varied ability of different isolates of pathogens to overcome host ROS, or ROS contribution to a particular isolate's pathogenicity, remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that transcriptional regulation of the ROS pathway, in combination with the insulin pathway, increases the pathogenicity of invasive species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The results showed a positive correlation between fecundity and pathogenicity of different nematode isolates. The virulent isolates from introduced populations in Japan, China and Europe had significantly higher fecundity than native avirulent isolates from the USA. Increased expression of Mn-SOD and reduced expression of catalase/ GPX-5 and H2O2 accumulation during invasion are associated with virulent strains. Additional H2O2 could improve fecundity of Bu. xylophilus. Furthermore, depletion of Mn-SOD decreased fecundity and virulence of Bu. xylophilus, while the insulin pathway is significantly affected. Thus, we propose that destructive pathogenicity of Bu. xylophilus to pines is partly owing to upregulated fecundity modulated by the insulin pathway in association with the ROS pathway and further enhanced by H2O2 oxidative stress. These findings provide a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in plant-pathogen interactions and adaptive evolution of invasive species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,3 Laboratory of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing l00091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lilin Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Yu
- 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxue Lv
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Lin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Songnian Hu
- 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China.,5 School of Medicine, Huzhou University , Huzhou 311300 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
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138
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Villafana RT, Rampersad SN. Diversity, structure, and synteny of the cutinase gene of Colletotrichum species. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1425-1443. [PMID: 32076525 PMCID: PMC7029052 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum species complexes are among the top 10 economically important fungal plant pathogens worldwide because they can infect climacteric and nonclimacteric fruit at the pre and/or postharvest stages. C. truncatum is the major pathogen responsible for anthracnose of green and red bell pepper fruit worldwide. C. brevisporum was recently reported to be a minor pathogen of red bell pepper fruit in Trinidad, but has recently been reported as pathogenic to other host species in other countries. The ability of these phytopathogens to produce and secrete cutinase is required for dismantling the cuticle of the host plant and, therefore, crucial to the necrotrophic phase of their infection strategy. In vitro bioassays using different lipid substrates confirmed the ability of C. truncatum and C. brevisporum isolates from green and red bell peppers to secrete cutinase. The diversity, structure and organization and synteny of the cutinase gene were determined among different Colletotrichum species. Cluster analysis indicated a low level of nucleotide variation among C. truncatum sequences. Nucleotide sequences of C. brevisporum were more related to C. truncatum cutinase nucleotide sequences than to C. gloeosporioides. Cluster patterns coincided with haplotype and there was evidence of significant positive selection with no recombination signatures. The structure of the cutinase gene included two exons with one intervening intron and, therefore, one splice variant. Although amino acid sequences were highly conserved among C. truncatum isolates, diversity "hot spots" were revealed when the 66-amino acid coding region of 200 fungal species was compared. Twenty cutinase orthologues were detected among different fungal species, whose common ancestor is Pezizomycotina and it is purported that these orthologues arose through a single gene duplication event prior to speciation. The cutinase domain was retained both in structure and arrangement among 34 different Colletotrichum species. The order of aligned genomic blocks between species and the arrangement of flanking protein domains were also conserved and shared for those domains immediately located at the N- and C-terminus of the cutinase domain. Among these were an RNA recognition motif, translation elongation factor, signal peptide, pentatricopeptide repeat, and Hsp70 family of chaperone proteins, all of which support the expression of the cutinase gene. The findings of this study are important to understanding the evolution of the cutinase gene in C. truncatum as a key component of the biotrophic-necrotrophic switch which may be useful in developing gene-targeting strategies to decrease the pathogenic potential of Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria T. Villafana
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Life SciencesBiochemistry Research LabThe University of the West IndiesSt. AugustineTrinidad and Tobago – West Indies
| | - Sephra N. Rampersad
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Life SciencesBiochemistry Research LabThe University of the West IndiesSt. AugustineTrinidad and Tobago – West Indies
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139
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Xu J, Jia W, Hu C, Nie M, Ming J, Cheng Q, Cai M, Sun X, Li X, Zheng X, Wang J, Zhao X. Selenium as a potential fungicide could protect oilseed rape leaves from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113495. [PMID: 31733958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum) is a soil-borne pathogen causing serious damage to the yield of oilseed rape. Selenium (Se) acted as a beneficial element for plants, and also proved to inhibit the growth of plant pathogens. However, whether Se could reduce S. sclerotiorum infection in oilseed rape, the related mechanism is still unclear. In this study, proper Se levels (0.1 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg) applied in soil decreased the lesion diameter and incidence of S. sclerotiorum in rape leaves. Se enfeebled the decrease of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr), and maintained leaf cell structure. Se enhanced the antioxidant system of leaves, as evidenced by the maintenance of mitochondrial function, reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the improvement of antioxidant enzyme activities including catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The upregulated defense gene expressions (CHI, ESD1, NPR1 and PDF1.2) of leaves were also observed under Se treatments. Furthermore, metabolome analysis revealed that Se promoted the metabolism of energy and amino acids in leaves infected with S. sclerotiorum. These findings inferred that Se could act as a potential eco-fungicide to protect oilseed rape leaves from S. sclerotiorum attack. The result arising from this study not only introduces an ecological method to control S. sclerotiorum, but also provides a deep insight into microelement for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Nie
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiajia Ming
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinran Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer / Research Center of Trace Elements / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Breia R, Conde A, Pimentel D, Conde C, Fortes AM, Granell A, Gerós H. VvSWEET7 Is a Mono- and Disaccharide Transporter Up-Regulated in Response to Botrytis cinerea Infection in Grape Berries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1753. [PMID: 32047506 PMCID: PMC6996298 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The newly-identified SWEETs are high-capacity, low-affinity sugar transporters with important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical. SWEETs are desirable targets for manipulation by pathogens and their expression may be transcriptionally reprogrammed during infection. So far, few plant SWEET transporters have been functionally characterized, especially in grapevine. In this study, in the Botrytis-susceptible variety "Trincadeira," we thoroughly analyzed modifications in the gene expression profile of key SWEET genes in Botrytis cinerea-infected grape berries. VvSWEET7 and VvSWEET15 are likely to play an important role during fruit development and Botrytis infection as they are strongly expressed at the green and mature stage, respectively, and were clearly up-regulated in response to infection. Also, B. cinerea infection down-regulated VvSWEET17a expression at the green stage, VvSWEET10 and VvSWEET17d expression at the veraison stage, and VvSWEET11 expression at the mature stage. VvSWEET7 was functionally characterized by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a low-affinity, high-capacity glucose and sucrose transporter with a K m of 15.42 mM for glucose and a K m of 40.08 mM for sucrose. VvSWEET7-GFP and VvSWEET15-GFP fusion proteins were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells and confocal microscopy allowed to observe that both proteins clearly localize to the plasma membrane. In sum, VvSWEETs transporters are important players in sugar mobilization during grape berry development and their expression is transcriptionally reprogrammed in response to Botrytis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Breia
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diana Pimentel
- University of Lisbon, Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S-Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- University of Lisbon, Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Granell
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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A combined transcriptional, biochemical and histopathological study unravels the complexity of Alternaria resistance and susceptibility in Brassica coenospecies. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:44-53. [PMID: 31892376 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria blight is one of the most devastating diseases of rapeseed-mustard caused by a necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicae. Lack of satisfactory resistance resource in Brassica is still a main obstruction for developing resistance against Alternaria. In this study, we have selected Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba and Camelina sativa to understand and unravel the mechanism of disease resistance against Alternaria. Histopathological studies showed early onset of necrosis in B. juncea (1 dpi) and delayed in S. alba (2 dpi) and C. sativa (3 dpi) respectively. Early and enhanced production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was observed in C. sativa and S. alba (6 hpi) when compared to B. juncea (12 hpi). An increase in catalase activity was observed in both C. sativa (36 % at 6 hpi) and S. alba (15 % at 12 hpi), whereas it significantly decreased in B. juncea at 6 hpi (23 %), 12 hpi (30 %) and 24 hpi (8 %). Gene expression analysis showed induction of PR-3 and PR-12 genes only in C. sativa and S. alba when compared to B. juncea suggesting their vital role for Alternaria resistance. In contrast, SA marker genes were significantly expressed in B. juncea only which provides evidence of hormonal cross talk in B. juncea during Alternaria infection thereby increasing its susceptibility.
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142
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Verly C, Djoman ACR, Rigault M, Giraud F, Rajjou L, Saint-Macary ME, Dellagi A. Plant Defense Stimulator Mediated Defense Activation Is Affected by Nitrate Fertilization and Developmental Stage in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583. [PMID: 32528493 PMCID: PMC7264385 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense stimulators, used in crop protection, are an attractive option to reduce the use of conventional crop protection products and optimize biocontrol strategies. These products are able to activate plant defenses and thus limit infection by pathogens. However, the effectiveness of these plant defense stimulators remains erratic and is potentially dependent on many agronomic and environmental parameters still unknown or poorly controlled. The developmental stage of the plant as well as its fertilization, and essentially nitrogen nutrition, play major roles in defense establishment in the presence of pathogens or plant defense stimulators. The major nitrogen source used by plants is nitrate. In this study, we investigated the impact of Arabidopsis thaliana plant developmental stage and nitrate nutrition on its capacity to mount immune reactions in response to two plant defense stimulators triggering two major defense pathways, the salicylic acid and the jasmonic acid pathways. We show that optimal nitrate nutrition is needed for effective defense activation and protection against the pathogenic bacteria Dickeya dadantii and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Using an npr1 defense signaling mutant, we showed that nitrate dependent protection against D. dadantii requires a functional NPR1 gene. Our results indicate that the efficacy of plant defense stimulators is strongly affected by nitrate nutrition and the developmental stage. The nitrate dependent efficacy of plant defense stimulators is not only due to a metabolic effect but also invloves NPR1 mediated defense signaling. Plant defense stimulators may have opposite effects on plant resistance to a pathogen. Together, our results indicate that agronomic use of plant defense stimulators must be optimized according to nitrate fertilization and developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Verly
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Staphyt-Service L&G/BIOTEAM, Martillac, France
| | - Atsin Claude Roméo Djoman
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Staphyt-Service L&G/BIOTEAM, Martillac, France
| | - Martine Rigault
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Loïc Rajjou
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Alia Dellagi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- *Correspondence: Alia Dellagi,
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143
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Dai Y, Ogilvie HA, Liu Y, Huang M, Markillie LM, Mitchell HD, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV, Gaffrey MJ, Orr G, Chehab EW, Mao WT, Braam J. Rosette core fungal resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2019; 250:1941-1953. [PMID: 31529398 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unlike rosette leaves, the mature Arabidopsis rosette core can display full resistance to Botrytis cinerea revealing the importance for spatial and developmental aspects of plant fungal resistance. Arabidopsis thaliana is a model host to investigate plant defense against fungi. However, many of the reports investigating Arabidopsis fungal defense against the necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea, utilize rosette leaves as host tissue. Here we report organ-dependent differences in B. cinerea resistance of Arabidopsis. Although wild-type Arabidopsis rosette leaves mount a jasmonate-dependent defense that slows fungal growth, this defense is incapable of resisting fungal devastation. In contrast, as the fungus spreads through infected leaf petioles towards the plant center, or rosette core, there is a jasmonate- and age-dependent fungal penetration blockage into the rosette core. We report evidence for induced and preformed resistance in the rosette core, as direct rosette core inoculation can also result in resistance, but at a lower penetrance relative to infections that approach the core from infected leaf petioles. The Arabidopsis rosette core displays a distinct transcriptome relative to other plant organs, and BLADE ON PETIOLE (BOP) transcripts are abundant in the rosette core. The BOP genes, with known roles in abscission zone formation, are required for full Arabidopsis rosette core B. cinerea resistance, suggesting a possible role for BOP-dependent modifications that may help to restrict fungal susceptibility of the rosette core. Finally, we demonstrate that cabbage and cauliflower, common Brassicaceae crops, also display leaf susceptibility and rosette core resistance to B. cinerea that can involve leaf abscission. Thus, spatial and developmental aspects of plant host resistance play critical roles in resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens and are important to our understanding of plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwan Dai
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Huw A Ogilvie
- Computer Science Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael Huang
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lye Meng Markillie
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Hugh D Mitchell
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Eli J Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - E Wassim Chehab
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Wan-Ting Mao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Janet Braam
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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144
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Ors M, Randoux B, Siah A, Couleaud G, Maumené C, Sahmer K, Reignault P, Halama P, Selim S. A Plant Nutrient- and Microbial Protein-Based Resistance Inducer Elicits Wheat Cultivar-Dependent Resistance Against Zymoseptoria tritici. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:2033-2045. [PMID: 31294680 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-19-0075-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The induction of plant defense mechanisms by resistance inducers is an attractive and innovative alternative to reduce the use of fungicides on wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici, the responsible agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB). Under controlled conditions, we investigated the resistance induction in three wheat cultivars with different susceptible levels to STB as a response to a treatment with a sulfur, manganese sulfate, and protein-based resistance inducer (NECTAR Céréales). While no direct antigermination effect of the product was observed in planta, more than 50% reduction of both symptoms and sporulation were recorded on the three tested cultivars. However, an impact of the wheat genotype on resistance induction was highlighted, which affects host penetration, cell colonization, and the production of cell-wall degrading enzymes by the fungus. Moreover, in the most susceptible cultivar Alixan, the product upregulated POX2, PAL, PR1, and GLUC gene expression in both noninoculated and inoculated plants and CHIT2 in noninoculated plants only. In contrast, defense responses induced in Altigo, the most resistant cultivar, seem to be more specifically mediated by the phenylpropanoid pathway in noninoculated as well as inoculated plants, since PAL and CHS were most specifically upregulated in this cultivar. In Premio, the moderate resistant cultivar, NECTAR Céréales elicits mainly the octadecanoid pathway, via LOX and AOS induction in noninoculated plants. We concluded that this complex resistance-inducing product protects wheat against Z. tritici by stimulating the cultivar-dependent plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ors
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais Cedex, France
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale de Boigneville, F-91720 Boigneville, France
| | - B Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais Cedex, France
| | - A Siah
- Institut Charles Viollette (EA 7394), Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture, Université de Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - G Couleaud
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale de Boigneville, F-91720 Boigneville, France
| | - C Maumené
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale de Boigneville, F-91720 Boigneville, France
| | - K Sahmer
- Equipe Sols et Environnement, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géoEnvironnement (EA 4515), Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture, 48 Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - P Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais Cedex, France
| | - P Halama
- Institut Charles Viollette (EA 7394), Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture, Université de Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - S Selim
- AGHYLE, SFR Condorcet 3417, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, F-60026 Beauvais Cedex, France
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145
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Zanne AE, Abarenkov K, Afkhami ME, Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Bates S, Bhatnagar JM, Busby PE, Christian N, Cornwell WK, Crowther TW, Flores-Moreno H, Floudas D, Gazis R, Hibbett D, Kennedy P, Lindner DL, Maynard DS, Milo AM, Nilsson RH, Powell J, Schildhauer M, Schilling J, Treseder KK. Fungal functional ecology: bringing a trait-based approach to plant-associated fungi. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:409-433. [PMID: 31763752 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungi play many essential roles in ecosystems. They facilitate plant access to nutrients and water, serve as decay agents that cycle carbon and nutrients through the soil, water and atmosphere, and are major regulators of macro-organismal populations. Although technological advances are improving the detection and identification of fungi, there still exist key gaps in our ecological knowledge of this kingdom, especially related to function. Trait-based approaches have been instrumental in strengthening our understanding of plant functional ecology and, as such, provide excellent models for deepening our understanding of fungal functional ecology in ways that complement insights gained from traditional and -omics-based techniques. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of fungal functional ecology, taxonomy and systematics and introduce a novel database of fungal functional traits (FunFun ). FunFun is built to interface with other databases to explore and predict how fungal functional diversity varies by taxonomy, guild, and other evolutionary or ecological grouping variables. To highlight how a quantitative trait-based approach can provide new insights, we describe multiple targeted examples and end by suggesting next steps in the rapidly growing field of fungal functional ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, U.S.A
| | - Kessy Abarenkov
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Michelle E Afkhami
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, U.S.A
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Freie Universität-Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott Bates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Westville, IN, 46391, U.S.A
| | | | - Posy E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, U.S.A
| | - Natalie Christian
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, U.S.A.,Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, U.S.A
| | - William K Cornwell
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Habacuc Flores-Moreno
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, and Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Dimitrios Floudas
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Romina Gazis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, U.S.A
| | - David Hibbett
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA, 01610, U.S.A
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Daniel L Lindner
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Center for Forest Mycology Research, Madison, Wisconsin, WI, 53726, U.S.A
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amy M Milo
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, U.S.A
| | - Rolf Henrik Nilsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jeff Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Mark Schildhauer
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan Schilling
- Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, U.S.A
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146
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Zhang W, Zuo C, Chen Z, Kang Y, Qin S. RNA Sequencing Reveals That Both Abiotic and Biotic Stress-Responsive Genes are Induced during Expression of Steroidal Glycoalkaloid in Potato Tuber Subjected to Light Exposure. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E920. [PMID: 31718041 PMCID: PMC6896166 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), which are widely produced by potato, even in other Solanaceae plants, are a class of potentially toxic compounds, but are beneficial to host resistance. However, changes of the other metabolic process along with SGA accumulation are still poorly understood and researched. Based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis, the global gene expression profiles of potato variety Helan 15 (Favorita) was investigated at four-time points during light exposure. The data was further verified by using quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). When compared to the control group, 1288, 1592, 1737, and 1870 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 8 d, respectively. The results of both RNAseq and qRT-PCR showed that SGA biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in the potato tuber under light exposure. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes related to PS light reaction and Protein degradation were significantly enriched in most time points of light exposure. Additionally, enriched Bins included Receptor kinases, Secondary metabolic process in flavonoids, Abiotic stress, and Biotic stress in the early stage of light exposure, but PS Calvin cycle, RNA regulation of transcription, and UDP glucosyl and glucoronyl transferases in the later stage. Most of the DEGs involved in PS light reaction and Abiotic stress were up-regulated at all four time points, whereas DEGs that participated in biotic stresses were mainly up-regulated at the later stage (48 h and 8 d). Cis-element prediction and co-expression assay were used to confirm the expressional correlation between genes that are responsible for SGA biosynthesis and disease resistance. In conclusion, the expressions of genes involved in PS light reaction, Abiotic stress, and Biotic stress were obviously aroused during the accumulation of SGAs induced by light exposure. Moreover, an increased defense response might contribute to the potato resistance to the infection by phytopathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Cunwu Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Yichen Kang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
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147
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Song N, Ma L, Wang W, Sun H, Wang L, Baldwin IT, Wu J. An ERF2-like transcription factor regulates production of the defense sesquiterpene capsidiol upon Alternaria alternata infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5895-5908. [PMID: 31294452 PMCID: PMC6812721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Capsidiol is a sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin produced in Nicotiana and Capsicum species in response to pathogen attack. Whether capsidiol plays a defensive role and how its biosynthesis is regulated in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata when the plant is attacked by Alternaria alternata (tobacco pathotype), a notorious necrotrophic fungus causing brown spot disease, are unknown. Transcriptome analysis indicated that a metabolic switch to sesquiterpene biosynthesis occurred in young leaves of N. attenuata after A. alternata inoculation: many genes leading to sesquiterpene production were strongly up-regulated, including the capsidiol biosynthetic genes 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (EAS) and 5-epi-aristolochene hydroxylase (EAH). Consistently, the level of capsidiol was increased dramatically in young leaves after fungal inoculation, from not detectable in mock control to 50.68±3.10 µg g-1 fresh leaf at 3 d post-inoculation. Capsidiol-reduced or capsidiol-depleted plants, which were generated by silencing EAHs or EASs by virus-induced gene silencing, were more susceptible to the fungus. In addition, this sesquiterpene when purified from infected plants exhibited strong anti-fungal activities against A. alternata in vitro. Furthermore, an ERF2-like transcription factor was found to positively regulate capsidiol production and plant resistance through the direct transactivation of a capsidiol biosynthetic gene, EAS12. Taken together, our results demonstrate that capsidiol, a phytoalexin highly accumulated in N. attenuata plants in response to A. alternata infection, plays an important role in pathogen resistance independent of jasmonate and ethylene signaling pathways, and its biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated by an ERF2-like transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Weiguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources of State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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148
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Cui F, Wu W, Wang K, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Brosché M, Liu S, Overmyer K. Cell death regulation but not abscisic acid signaling is required for enhanced immunity to Botrytis in Arabidopsis cuticle-permeable mutants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5971-5984. [PMID: 31328223 PMCID: PMC6812726 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Prevailing evidence indicates that abscisic acid (ABA) negatively influences immunity to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in most but not all cases. ABA is required for cuticle biosynthesis, and cuticle permeability enhances immunity to Botrytis via unknown mechanisms. This complex web of responses obscures the role of ABA in Botrytis immunity. Here, we addressed the relationships between ABA sensitivity, cuticle permeability, and Botrytis immunity in the Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutants protein phosphatase2c quadruple mutant (pp2c-q) and enhanced response to aba1 (era1-2). Neither pp2c-q nor era1-2 exhibited phenotypes predicted by the known roles of ABA; conversely, era1-2 had a permeable cuticle and was Botrytis resistant. We employed RNA-seq analysis in cuticle-permeable mutants of differing ABA sensitivities and identified a core set of constitutively activated genes involved in Botrytis immunity and susceptibility to biotrophs, independent of ABA signaling. Furthermore, botrytis susceptible1 (bos1), a mutant with deregulated cell death and enhanced ABA sensitivity, suppressed the Botrytis immunity of cuticle permeable mutants, and this effect was linearly correlated with the extent of spread of wound-induced cell death in bos1. Overall, our data demonstrate that Botrytis immunity conferred by cuticle permeability can be genetically uncoupled from PP2C-regulated ABA sensitivity, but requires negative regulation of a parallel ABA-dependent cell-death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, China
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: or
| | - Wenwu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Library of Donghu Campus, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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149
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Liu L, Gueguen-Chaignon V, Gonçalves IR, Rascle C, Rigault M, Dellagi A, Loisel E, Poussereau N, Rodrigue A, Terradot L, Condemine G. A secreted metal-binding protein protects necrotrophic phytopathogens from reactive oxygen species. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4853. [PMID: 31649262 PMCID: PMC6813330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few secreted proteins involved in plant infection common to necrotrophic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes have been identified except for plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. Here we study a family of iron-binding proteins that is present in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and some animals. Homolog proteins in the phytopathogenic bacterium Dickeya dadantii (IbpS) and the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea (BcIbp) are involved in plant infection. IbpS is secreted, can bind iron and copper, and protects the bacteria against H2O2-induced death. Its 1.7 Å crystal structure reveals a classical Venus Fly trap fold that forms dimers in solution and in the crystal. We propose that secreted Ibp proteins binds exogenous metals and thus limit intracellular metal accumulation and ROS formation in the microorganisms. The authors identify a family of iron-binding proteins that is present in phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. Some of these proteins are secreted, bind metals, protect the pathogen from H2O2-induced death, and are involved in plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Isabelle R Gonçalves
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Martine Rigault
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Alia Dellagi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Elise Loisel
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Rodrigue
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Terradot
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France.
| | - Guy Condemine
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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150
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Function of miR825 and miR825* as Negative Regulators in Bacillus cereus AR156-elicited Systemic Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205032. [PMID: 31614458 PMCID: PMC6829492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs function to regulate plant defense responses to pathogens. We previously showed that miR825 and miR825* downregulate Bacillus cereus AR156 (AR156)-triggered systemic resistance to Pseudomonassyringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). Here, Northern blotting revealed that miR825 and miR825* were more strongly downregulated in wild type Arabidopsis Col-0 (Col-0) plants pretreated with AR156 than in nontreated plants upon Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) B1301 infection. Furthermore, compared with Col-0, transgenic plants with attenuated miR825 and miR825* expression were more resistant to B. cinerea B1301, yet miR825- and miR825*-overexpressing (OE) plants were more susceptible to the pathogen. With AR156 pretreatment, the transcription of four defense-related genes (PR1, PR2, PR5, and PDF1.2) and cellular defense responses (hydrogen peroxide production and callose deposition) were faster and stronger in miR825 and miR825* knockdown lines but weaker in their OE plants than in Col-0 plants upon pathogen attack. Also, AR156 pretreatment caused stronger phosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6 and expression of FRK1 and WRKY53 genes upon B. cinerea B1301 inoculation in miR825 and miR825* knockdown plants than in Col-0 plants. Additionally, the assay of agrobacterium-mediated transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed that AT5G40910, AT5G38850, AT3G04220, and AT5G44940 are target genes of miR825 or miR825*. Compared with Col-0, the target mutant lines showed higher susceptibility to B. cinerea B1301, while still expressing AR156-triggered induced systemic resistance (ISR). The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant (P < 0.01) interactive effect of treatment and genotype on the defense responses. Hence, miR825 and miR825*act as negative regulators of AR156-mediated systemic resistance to B. cinerea B1301 in Arabidopsis.
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