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Knyght I, Clifton L, Saaka Y, Lawrence MJ, Barlow DJ. Interaction of the Antimicrobial Peptides Rhesus θ-Defensin and Porcine Protegrin-1 with Anionic Phospholipid Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7403-10. [PMID: 27357217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A combination of Langmuir isotherm, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and neutron reflectivity studies have been performed to gain insight into the effects on model bacterial cell membranes of the antimicrobial peptides, Rhesus θ-defensin 1 (RTD-1), and porcine protegrin 1 (PG-1). The peptides were interacted with monolayers spread at the air-water interface and prepared from a 3:1 molar mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol used to approximate the cell membranes of Gram positive bacteria. The Langmuir film balance measurements show that both peptides perturb the lipid monolayers causing an increase in surface pressure, and the BAM studies show that each results in the formation of small domains within the lipid films, around 5 μm diameter. The overall change in monolayer surface pressure caused by PG-1, however, is a little more pronounced than that due to RTD-1 (+8.5 mN·m(-1) vs +5.5 mN·m(-1)), and the rate of its initial interaction with the monolayer is a little more rapid than that for RTD-1. The neutron reflectivity studies also show differences for PG-1 and RTD-1, with the model fits to these data showing that the more amphiphilic PG-1 becomes fully embedded within the lipid film-causing an extension of the lipid acyl chains but leaving the thickness of the lipid headgroup layer unaffected-while RTD-1 is seen to insert less deeply-causing the same extension of the lipid acyl chains as PG-1 but also causing a significant increase in thickness of the lipid headgroup layer. The various differing effects of the two peptides on anionic lipid monolayers are discussed in the context of their differing hemolytic activities, and their proposed differing propensities to form transmembrane pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Knyght
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Clifton
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Spallation Neutron Source, Harwell OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Yussif Saaka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - M Jayne Lawrence
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David J Barlow
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE Alarmins are constitutively present endogenous molecules that essentially act as early warning signals for the immune system. We provide a brief overview of major alarmins and highlight their roles in tumor immunity. METHODS We searched PubMed up to January 10, 2016, using alarmins and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), as key words. We selected and reviewed articles that focused on the discovery and functions of alarmin and their roles in tumor immunity. FINDINGS Alarmins are essentially endogenous immunostimulatory DAMP molecules that are exposed in response to danger (eg, infection or tissue injury) as a result of degranulation, cell death, or induction. They are sensed by chemotactic receptors and pattern recognition receptors to induce immune responses by promoting the recruitment and activation of leukocytes, particularly antigen-presenting cells. IMPLICATIONS Accumulating data suggest that certain alarmins, High-mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1 (HMGN1) in particular, contribute to the generation of antitumor immunity. Some alarmins can also be used as cancer biomarkers. Therefore, alarmins can potentially be applied for our fight against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Nie
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; Guizhou Provincial Peoples' Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - De Yang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland.
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103
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Andersson D, Hughes D, Kubicek-Sutherland J. Mechanisms and consequences of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 26:43-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Parravicini O, Somlai C, Andujar SA, Garro AD, Lima B, Tapia A, Feresin G, Perczel A, Tóth G, Cascales JL, Rodríguez AM, Enriz RD. Small Peptides Derived from Penetratin as Antibacterial Agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:242-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Parravicini
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- IMIBIO-SL; CONICET; San Luis Argentina
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
| | - Csaba Somlai
- Department of Medical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | - Sebastián A. Andujar
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- IMIBIO-SL; CONICET; San Luis Argentina
| | - Adriana D. Garro
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- IMASL; CONICET; San Luis Argentina
| | - Beatriz Lima
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Nacional de San Juan; San Juan Argentina
| | - Alejandro Tapia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Nacional de San Juan; San Juan Argentina
| | - Gabriela Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Nacional de San Juan; San Juan Argentina
| | - Andras Perczel
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Gabor Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | - Javier López Cascales
- Grupo de Bioinformática y Macromoléculas (BioMac) Aulario II; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; Cartagena Murcia Spain
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- IMIBIO-SL; CONICET; San Luis Argentina
| | - Ricardo D. Enriz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- IMIBIO-SL; CONICET; San Luis Argentina
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Hamad SH, Schauer JJ, Antkiewicz DS, Shafer MM, Kadhim AK. ROS production and gene expression in alveolar macrophages exposed to PM(2.5) from Baghdad, Iraq: Seasonal trends and impact of chemical composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:739-745. [PMID: 26618301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of changes in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) composition on oxidative stress markers in an in-vitro alveolar macrophage (AM) model. Fifty-three PM2.5 samples were collected during a year-long PM sampling campaign in Baghdad, Iraq, a semi-arid region of the country. Monthly composites were analyzed for chemical composition and for biological activity using in-vitro measurements of ROS production and gene expression in the AM model. Twelve genes that were differentially expressed upon PM exposure were identified and their co-associations with the composition of PM2.5 were examined. Ten of those genes were up-regulated in January and April composites; samples which also exhibited high ROS activity and relatively high PM mass concentration. ROS production was statistically correlated with total PM2.5 mass, levoglucosan (a wood burning tracer) and several trace elements of the PM (especially V and Ni, which are associated with oil combustion). The expression of several cytokine genes was found to be moderately associated with PM mass, crustal materials (indication of dusty days or dust storms) and certain metals (e.g. V, Fe and Ni) in the PM. Thus, the ROS activity association with PM2.5, may, in part, be driven by redox-active metals. The antioxidant response genes (Nqo1 and Hmox1) were moderately associated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and showed a good correlation (r-Pearson of >0.7) with metals linked to vehicle-related emissions (i.e. Cu, Zn and Sb). Examining these associations in a larger sample pool (e.g. daily samples) would improve the power of the analysis and may strengthen the implication of these chemicals in the oxidative stress of biological systems, which could aid in the development of new metrics of PM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samera H Hamad
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agricultural Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA.
| | - Dagmara S Antkiewicz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agricultural Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA.
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agricultural Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA.
| | - Ahmed Kh Kadhim
- Iraqi Ministry of Environment, Al-Andalus Square, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Nakamura K, Sakuragi N, Takakuwa A, Ayabe T. Paneth cell α-defensins and enteric microbiota in health and disease. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2015; 35:57-67. [PMID: 27200259 PMCID: PMC4858879 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2015-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are major effectors of innate immunity of multicellular organisms including humans and play a critical role in host defense, and their importance is widely recognized. The epithelium of the intestine is the largest surface area exposed to the outer environment, including pathogens, toxins and foods. The Paneth cell lineage of intestinal epithelial cells produces and secretes α-defensin antimicrobial peptides and functions in innate enteric immunity by removing pathogens and living symbiotically with commensal microbiota to contribute to intestinal homeostasis. Paneth cells secrete α-defensins, HD5 and HD6 in humans and cryptdins in mice, in response to bacterial, cholinergic and other stimuli. The α-defensins have selective activities against bacteria, eliciting potent microbicidal activities against pathogenic bacteria but minimal or no bactericidal activity against commensal bacteria. Therefore, α-defensins regulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota in vivo and play a role in homeostasis of the entire intestine. Recently, relationships between dysbiosis, or abnormal composition of the intestinal microbiota, and diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and lifestyle diseases including obesity and atherosclerosis have been reported. Because α-defensins regulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota, Paneth cells and their α-defensins may have a key role as one mechanism linking the microbiota and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakuragi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Akiko Takakuwa
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, 3-1-30 Higashi, Kita-13, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 065-0013, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Tsybikov NN, Petrisheva IV, Fefelova EV, Kuznik BI, Magen E. Plasma α-defensins are elevated during exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 41:253-9. [PMID: 26411782 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no currently no information regarding the role of α-defensins in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD). AIM To investigate levels of plasma α-defensins at exacerbation and remission of AD, and to assess their association with clinical severity of AD. METHODS Patients with AD during exacerbation were recruited from the Dermatology department at the Chita Medical Academy (Chita, Russian Federation). SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis), itch intensity, plasma concentrations of α-defensins, and serum total IgE, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 levels were measured at study entry and after 4 months. RESULTS In total, 82 patients with AD [35 (45.1%) female and 47 (54.9%) male patients, mean ± SD age 42.2 ± 11.5 years, range 15-40] and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Mean objective SCORAD score was 48.8 ± 19.4 and 16.1 ± 8.3 during AD during exacerbation and remission, respectively (P < 0.01). Plasma α-defensin levels in patients with AD (1.41 ± 0.32 μg/L) were significantly higher than in HCs (0.91 ± 0.34 μg/L) (P < 0.001). Significant correlations were found between plasma α-defensin levels with objective SCORAD (r = 0.55, P < 0.001), itch severity (r = 0.25, P < 0.05) and serum IgE levels (r = 0.38, P < 0.001) during AD exacerbation. Serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-8 were significantly higher and levels of IL-10 were lower at AD exacerbation in patients than in HCs, with a weak negative correlation between plasma α-defensin and serum IL-10 levels (r = -0.22; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION During AD exacerbation, plasma α-defensin levels are elevated, and are positively correlated with AD clinical severity, itch intensity and serum IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Tsybikov
- Pathophysiology Department, Chita Medical Academy, Chita, Russia
| | - I V Petrisheva
- Pathophysiology Department, Chita Medical Academy, Chita, Russia
| | - E V Fefelova
- Pathophysiology Department, Chita Medical Academy, Chita, Russia
| | - B I Kuznik
- Normal Physiology Department, Chita Medical Academy, Chita, Russia
| | - E Magen
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Medicine B Department, Barzilai Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, Israel
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The Potential Use of Natural and Structural Analogues of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Fight against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2015; 20:15392-433. [PMID: 26305243 PMCID: PMC6332049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200815392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, research into the development of new antimicrobial agents has been driven by the increase in resistance to traditional antibiotics and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates as alternatives to current antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of microbial infections. AMPs are produced by all known living species, displaying direct antimicrobial killing activity and playing an important role in innate immunity. To date, more than 2000 AMPs have been discovered and many of these exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral and anti-parasitic activity. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are caused by a variety of pathogens and are particularly wide-spread in low-income and developing regions of the world. Alternative, cost effective treatments are desperately needed to effectively battle these medically diverse diseases. AMPs have been shown to be effective against a variety of NTDs, including African trypanosomes, leishmaniosis and Chagas disease, trachoma and leprosy. In this review, the potential of selected AMPs to successfully treat a variety of NTD infections will be critically evaluated.
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109
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Martin L, van Meegern A, Doemming S, Schuerholz T. Antimicrobial Peptides in Human Sepsis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:404. [PMID: 26347737 PMCID: PMC4542572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 100 years ago, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were identified as an important part of innate immunity. They exist in species from bacteria to mammals and can be isolated in body fluids and on surfaces constitutively or induced by inflammation. Defensins have anti-bacterial effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as anti-viral and anti-yeast effects. Human neutrophil peptides (HNP) 1-3 and human beta-defensins (HBDs) 1-3 are some of the most important defensins in humans. Recent studies have demonstrated higher levels of HNP 1-3 and HBD-2 in sepsis. The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) attenuates local inflammatory response and decreases systemic toxicity of endotoxins. Moreover, BPI might reflect the severity of organ dysfunction in sepsis. Elevated plasma lactoferrin is detected in patients with organ failure. HNP 1-3, lactoferrin, BPI, and heparin-binding protein are increased in sepsis. Human lactoferrin peptide 1-11 (hLF 1-11) possesses antimicrobial activity and modulates inflammation. The recombinant form of lactoferrin [talactoferrin alpha (TLF)] has been shown to decrease mortality in critically ill patients. A phase II/III study with TLF in sepsis did not confirm this result. The growing number of multiresistant bacteria is an ongoing problem in sepsis therapy. Furthermore, antibiotics are known to promote the liberation of pro-inflammatory cell components and thus augment the severity of sepsis. Compared to antibiotics, AMPs kill bacteria but also neutralize pathogenic factors such as lipopolysaccharide. The obstacle to applying naturally occurring AMPs is their high nephro- and neurotoxicity. Therefore, the challenge is to develop peptides to treat septic patients effectively without causing harm. This overview focuses on natural and synthetic AMPs in human and experimental sepsis and their potential to provide significant improvements in the treatment of critically ill with severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Martin
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Anne van Meegern
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Sabine Doemming
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Tobias Schuerholz
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
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Tongaonkar P, Trinh KK, Schaal JB, Tran D, Gulko PS, Ouellette AJ, Selsted ME. Rhesus macaque θ-defensin RTD-1 inhibits proinflammatory cytokine secretion and gene expression by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:1061-70. [PMID: 26269197 PMCID: PMC4661038 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0315-102r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti‐inflammatory effects of θ‐defensin RTD‐1 are mediated by cell signaling pathways that down‐regulate expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. θ‐Defensins are pleiotropic, macrocyclic peptides that are expressed uniquely in Old World monkeys. The peptides are potent, broad‐spectrum microbicides that also modulate inflammatory responses in vitro and in animal models of viral infection and polymicrobial sepsis. θ‐Defensins suppress proinflammatory cytokine secretion by leukocytes stimulated with diverse Toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands. Studies were performed to delineate anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of rhesus θ‐defensin 1 (RTD‐1), the most abundant θ‐defensin isoform in macaque granulocytes. RTD‐1 reduced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐1β, and IL‐8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated human blood monocytes and THP‐1 macrophages, and this was accompanied by inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) activation and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Peptide inhibition of NF‐κB activation occurred following stimulation of extracellular (TLRs 1/2 and 4) and intracellular (TLR9) receptors. Although RTD‐1 did not inhibit MAPK in unstimulated cells, it induced phosphorylation of Akt in otherwise untreated monocytes and THP‐1 cells. In the latter, this occurred within 10 min of RTD‐1 treatment and produced a sustained elevation of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) for at least 4 h. pAkt is a negative regulator of MAPK and NF‐κB activation. RTD‐1 inhibited IκBα degradation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and stimulated Akt phosphorylation in LPS‐treated human primary monocytes and THP‐1 macrophages. Specific inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) blocked RTD‐1‐stimulated Akt phosphorylation and reversed the suppression of NF‐κB activation by the peptide. These studies indicate that the anti‐inflammatory properties of θ‐defensins are mediated by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and suppression of proinflammatory signals in immune‐stimulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Tongaonkar
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katie K Trinh
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin B Schaal
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dat Tran
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Percio S Gulko
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - André J Ouellette
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael E Selsted
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Pinegin BV, Pashenkov MV, Kulakov VV, Murugin VV, Zhmak MN. Complexes of DNA with the Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 Augment NK Cell Functions by Inducing Type I Interferon Production from Circulating Monocytes and Plasmacytoid Predendritic Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:850-8. [PMID: 26258404 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cationic antimicrobial peptide, LL37, forms electrostatic complexes with DNA (LL37-DNA), which are potent activators of circulating plasmacytoid predendritic cells (ppDCs) and monocytes. However, the effects of LL37-DNA on other immune cell types, such as NK cells, are poorly characterized. In this study, we show that complexes of human genomic DNA (hgDNA) or synthetic double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides with LL37 strongly enhance natural cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) upon an overnight culture, whereas hgDNA alone has no effect, and LL37 alone is moderately active. LL37-DNA complexes potentiate degranulation of, and interferon (IFN)-γ production by, NK cells upon subsequent encounter of K562 target cells. The complexes do not influence percentages of NK cells among PBMCs or the expression of cytotoxic proteins by NK cells. Using neutralizing anticytokine antibodies and immunomagnetic depletion of different subpopulations of PBMCs, we found that the effect of LL37-DNA on NK cells is indirect and mediated by type I IFNs produced by monocytes and, to a lesser extent, by ppDCs. We discuss possible roles of LL37-DNA complexes in the regulation of NK cell functions and in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V Pinegin
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency , Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pashenkov
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency , Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kulakov
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency , Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Murugin
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency , Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim N Zhmak
- 2 Laboratory of Ligand-Receptor Interactions, M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bio-Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
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Tilapia Piscidin 4 (TP4) Stimulates Cell Proliferation and Wound Closure in MRSA-Infected Wounds in Mice. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2813-33. [PMID: 25955756 PMCID: PMC4446607 DOI: 10.3390/md13052813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are endogenous antibiotics that directly affect microorganisms, and also have a variety of receptor-mediated functions. One such AMP, Tilapia piscidin 4 (TP4), was isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus); TP4 has antibacterial effects and regulates the innate immune system. The aim of the present study was to characterize the role of TP4 in the regulation of wound closure in mice and proliferation of a keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and fibroblast cell line (Hs-68). In vitro, TP4 stimulated cell proliferation and activated collagen I, collagen III, and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) gene expression in Hs-68 cells, which induces keratin production by HaCaT cells. This effect was detectable at TP4 concentrations of 6.25 µg/mL in both cell lines. In vivo, TP4 was found to be highly effective at combating peritonitis and wound infection caused by MRSA in mouse models, without inducing adverse behavioral effects or liver or kidney toxicity. Taken together, our results indicate that TP4 enhances the survival rate of mice infected with the bacterial pathogen MRSA through both antimicrobial and wound closure activities mediated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The peptide is likely involved in antibacterial processes and regulation of tissue homeostasis in infected wounds in mice. Overall, these results suggest that TP4 may be suitable for development as a novel topical agent for wound dressing.
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Conlon JM. Host-defense peptides of the skin with therapeutic potential: From hagfish to human. Peptides 2015; 67:29-38. [PMID: 25794853 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that peptides that were first identified on the basis of their ability to inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi are multifunctional and so are more informatively described as host-defense peptides. In some cases, their role in protecting the organism against pathogenic microorganisms, although of importance, may be secondary. A previous article in the journal (Peptides 2014; 57:67-77) assessed the potential of peptides present in the skin secretions of frogs for development into anticancer, antiviral, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic drugs. This review aims to extend the scope of this earlier article by focusing upon therapeutic applications of host-defense peptides present in skin secretions and/or skin extracts of species belonging to other vertebrate classes (Agnatha, Elasmobranchii, Teleostei, Reptilia, and Mammalia as represented by the human) that supplement their potential role as anti-infectives for use against multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Conlon
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
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114
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Yacoub HA, Elazzazy AM, Abuzinadah OAH, Al-Hejin AM, Mahmoud MM, Harakeh SM. Antimicrobial activities of chicken β-defensin (4 and 10) peptides against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:36. [PMID: 25941665 PMCID: PMC4400880 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Host Defense Peptides (HDPs) are small cationic peptides found in several organisms. They play a vital role in innate immunity response and immunomodulatory stimulation. This investigation was designed to study the antimicrobial activities of β-defensin peptide-4 (sAvBD-4) and 10 (sAvBD-4) derived from chickens against pathogenic organisms including bacteria and fungi. Ten bacterial strains and three fungal species were used in investigation. The results showed that the sAvBD-10 displayed a higher bactericidal potency against all the tested bacterial strains than that of sAvBD-4. The exhibited bactericidal activity was significant against almost the different bacterial strains at different peptide concentrations except for that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Streptococcus bovis (Str. bovis) strains where a moderate effect was noted. Both peptides were effective in the inactivation of fungal species tested yielding a killing rate of up to 95%. The results revealed that the synthetic peptides were resistant to salt at a concentration of 50 mM NaCl. However, they lost antimicrobial potency when applied in the presence of high salt concentrations. Based on blood hemolysis studies, a little hemolytic effect was showed in the case of both peptides even when applied at high concentrations. The data obtained from this study indicated that synthetic avian peptides exhibit strong antibacterial and antifungal activity. In conclusion, future work and research should be tailored to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of those peptides and their potential use in the pharmaceutical industry to help reduce the incidence and impact of infectious agent and be marketed as a naturally occurring antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham A Yacoub
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre Gizza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Elazzazy
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre Gizza, Egypt
| | - Osama A H Abuzinadah
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Al-Hejin
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged M Mahmoud
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, Department of Molecular Genetics and Enzymology, National Research Centre Gizza, Egypt
| | - Steve M Harakeh
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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115
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Zhang XJ, Zhang XY, Zhang N, Guo X, Peng KS, Wu H, Lu LF, Wu N, Chen DD, Li S, Nie P, Zhang YA. Distinctive Structural Hallmarks and Biological Activities of the Multiple Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides in a Primitive Teleost Fish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4974-87. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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116
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The first anionic defensin from amphibians. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1301-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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117
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Rocha-Ferreira E, Hristova M. Antimicrobial peptides and complement in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induced brain damage. Front Immunol 2015; 6:56. [PMID: 25729383 PMCID: PMC4325932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a clinical condition in the neonate, resulting from oxygen deprivation around the time of birth. HIE affects 1-5/1000 live births worldwide and is associated with the development of neurological deficits, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive disabilities. Even though the brain is considered as an immune-privileged site, it has innate and adaptive immune response and can produce complement (C) components and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Dysregulation of cerebral expression of AMPs and C can exacerbate or ameliorate the inflammatory response within the brain. Brain ischemia triggers a prolonged inflammatory response affecting the progression of injury and secondary energy failure and involves both innate and adaptive immune systems, including immune-competent and non-competent cells. Following injury to the central nervous system (CNS), including neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI), resident microglia, and astroglia are the main cells providing immune defense to the brain in a stimulus-dependent manner. They can express and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and therefore trigger prolonged inflammation, resulting in neurodegeneration. Microglial cells express and release a wide range of inflammation-associated molecules including several components of the complement system. Complement activation following neonatal HI injury has been reported to contribute to neurodegeneration. Astrocytes can significantly affect the immune response of the CNS under pathological conditions through production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunomodulatory AMPs. Astrocytes express β-defensins, which can chemoattract and promote maturation of dendritic cells (DC), and can also limit inflammation by controlling the viability of these same DC. This review will focus on the balance of complement components and AMPs within the CNS following neonatal HI injury and the effect of that balance on the subsequent brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Institute for Women's Health, University College London , London , UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Institute for Women's Health, University College London , London , UK
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Kopp ZA, Jain U, Van Limbergen J, Stadnyk AW. Do antimicrobial peptides and complement collaborate in the intestinal mucosa? Front Immunol 2015; 6:17. [PMID: 25688244 PMCID: PMC4311685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well understood that multiple antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are constitutively deployed by the epithelium to bolster the innate defenses along the entire length of the intestines. In addition to this constitutive/homeostatic production, AMPs may be inducible and levels changed during disease. In contrast to this level of knowledge on AMP sources and roles in the intestines, our understanding of the complement cascade in the healthy and diseased intestines is rudimentary. Epithelial cells make many complement proteins and there is compelling evidence that complement becomes activated in the lumen. With the common goal of defending the host against microbes, the opportunities for cross-talk between these two processes is great, both in terms of actions on the target microbes but also on regulating the synthesis and secretion of the alternate family of molecules. This possibility is beginning to become apparent with the finding that colonic epithelial cells possess anaphylatoxin receptors. There still remains much to be learned about the possible points of collaboration between AMPs and complement, for example, whether there is reciprocal control over expression in the intestinal mucosa in homeostasis and restoring the balance following infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë A Kopp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada
| | - Umang Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada
| | - Johan Van Limbergen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada
| | - Andrew W Stadnyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada
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119
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New role for human α-defensin 5 in the fight against hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains. Infect Immun 2014; 83:986-95. [PMID: 25547793 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02955-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), one of the most common hospital-acquired infections, is increasing in incidence and severity with the emergence and diffusion of hypervirulent strains. CDI is precipitated by antibiotic treatment that destroys the equilibrium of the gut microbiota. Human α-defensin 5 (HD5), the most abundant enteric antimicrobial peptide, is a key regulator of gut microbiota homeostasis, yet it is still unknown if C. difficile, which successfully evades killing by other host microbicidal peptides, is susceptible to HD5. We evaluated, by means of viability assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, and electron microscopy, the antimicrobial activities of α-defensins 1 and 5 against a panel of C. difficile strains encompassing the most prevalent epidemic and hypervirulent PCR ribotypes in Europe (012, 014/020, 106, 018, 027, and 078). Here we show that (i) concentrations of HD5 within the intestinal physiological range produced massive C. difficile cell killing; (ii) HD5 bactericidal activity was mediated by membrane depolarization and bacterial fragmentation with a pattern of damage peculiar to C. difficile bacilli, compared to commensals like Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis; and (iii) unexpectedly, hypervirulent ribotypes were among the most susceptible to both defensins. These results support the notion that HD5, naturally present at very high concentrations in the mucosa of the small intestine, could indeed control the very early steps of CDI by killing C. difficile bacilli at their germination site. As a consequence, HD5 can be regarded as a good candidate for the containment of hypervirulent C. difficile strains, and it could be exploited in the therapy of CDI and relapsing C. difficile-associated disease.
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Dectin-2 deficiency promotes Th2 response and mucin production in the lungs after pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 2014; 83:671-81. [PMID: 25422263 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02835-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectin-2 is a C-type lectin receptor that recognizes high mannose polysaccharides. Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast-form fungal pathogen, is rich in polysaccharides in its cell wall and capsule. In the present study, we analyzed the role of Dectin-2 in the host defense against C. neoformans infection. In Dectin-2 gene-disrupted (knockout) (Dectin-2KO) mice, the clearance of this fungus and the inflammatory response, as shown by histological analysis and accumulation of leukocytes in infected lungs, were comparable to those in wild-type (WT) mice. The production of type 2 helper T (Th2) cytokines in lungs was higher in Dectin-2KO mice than in WT mice after infection, whereas there was no difference in the levels of production of Th1, Th17, and proinflammatory cytokines between these mice. Mucin production was significantly increased in Dectin-2KO mice, and this increase was reversed by administration of anti-interleukin 4 (IL-4) monoclonal antibody (MAb). The levels of expression of β1-defensin, cathelicidin, surfactant protein A (Sp-A), and Sp-D in infected lungs were comparable between these mice. In in vitro experiments, IL-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production and expression of CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages were completely abrogated in Dectin-2KO mice. Finally, the disrupted lysates of C. neoformans, but not of whole yeast cells, activated Dectin-2-triggered signaling in an assay with nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter cells expressing this receptor. These results suggest that Dectin-2 may oppose the Th2 response and IL-4-dependent mucin production in the lungs after infection with C. neoformans, and it may not be required for the production of Th1, Th17, and proinflammatory cytokines or for clearance of this fungal pathogen.
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121
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Intestinal barrier function and the brain-gut axis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:73-113. [PMID: 24997030 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The luminal-mucosal interface of the intestinal tract is the first relevant location where microorganism-derived antigens and all other potentially immunogenic particles face the scrutiny of the powerful mammalian immune system. Upon regular functioning conditions, the intestinal barrier is able to effectively prevent most environmental and external antigens to interact openly with the numerous and versatile elements that compose the mucosal-associated immune system. This evolutionary super system is capable of processing an astonishing amount of antigens and non-immunogenic particles, approximately 100 tons in one individual lifetime, only considering food-derived components. Most important, to develop oral tolerance and proper active immune responses needed to prevent disease and inflammation, this giant immunogenic load has to be managed in a way that physiological inflammatory balance is constantly preserved. Adequate functioning of the intestinal barrier involves local and distant regulatory networks integrating the so-called brain-gut axis. Along this complex axis both brain and gut structures participate in the processing and execution of response signals to external and internal changes coming from the digestive tract, using multidirectional pathways to communicate. Dysfunction of brain-gut axis facilitates malfunctioning of the intestinal barrier, and vice versa, increasing the risk of uncontrolled immunological reactions that may trigger mucosal and brain low-grade inflammation, a putative first step to the initiation of more permanent gut disorders. In this chapter, we describe the structure, function and interactions of intestinal barrier, microbiota and brain-gut axis in both healthy and pathological conditions.
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122
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Epithelial antimicrobial peptides: guardian of the oral cavity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2014; 2014:370297. [PMID: 25435884 PMCID: PMC4243596 DOI: 10.1155/2014/370297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gingival epithelium provides first line of defence from the microorganisms present in dental plaque. It not only provides a mechanical barrier but also has an active immune function too. Gingival epithelial cells participate in innate immunity by producing a range of antimicrobial peptides to protect the host against oral pathogens. These epithelial antimicrobial peptides (EAPs) include the β-defensin family, cathelicidin (LL-37), calprotectin, and adrenomedullin. While some are constitutively expressed in gingival epithelial cells, others are induced upon exposure to microbial insults. It is likely that these EAPs have a role in determining the initiation and progression of oral diseases. EAPs are broad spectrum antimicrobials with a different but overlapping range of activity. Apart from antimicrobial activity, they participate in several other crucial roles in host tissues. Some of these, for instance, β-defensins, are chemotactic to immune cells. Others, such as calprotectin are important for wound healing and cell proliferation. Adrenomedullin, a multifunctional peptide, has its biological action in a wide range of tissues. Not only is it a potent vasodilator but also it has several endocrine effects. Knowing in detail the various bioactions of these EAPs may provide us with useful information regarding their utility as therapeutic agents.
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Wei F, Yang D, Tewary P, Li Y, Li S, Chen X, Howard OMZ, Bustin M, Oppenheim JJ. The Alarmin HMGN1 contributes to antitumor immunity and is a potent immunoadjuvant. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5989-98. [PMID: 25205103 PMCID: PMC6309998 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alarmins are endogenous mediators that are elicited rapidly in response to danger signals, enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses by promoting the recruitment and maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APC). The nucleosome-binding protein HMGN1 is a potent alarmin that binds TLR4 and induces antigen-specific Th1 immune responses, but its contributions to antitumor immunity have not been explored. We found that ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing EG7 mouse thymoma cells grew much faster in Hmgn1-deficient mice than littermate-matched controls. Tumor-bearing Hmgn1(-/-) mice generated fewer OVA-specific CD8 cells in the spleen than EG7-bearing Hmgn1(+/+) mice, suggesting that HMGN1 supported T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. In addition, EG7 tumors expressing HMGN1 grew more slowly than control EG7 tumors, suggesting greater resistance to HMGN1-expressing tumors. This resistance relied on T cell-mediated immunity because it was abolished by in vivo depletion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, mice vaccinated with a DNA vector expressing an HMGN1-gp100 fusion protein manifested gp100-specific, Th1-polarized immune responses, acquiring resistance to challenge with mouse B16F1 melanoma. Overall, our findings show that HMGN1 contributes to antitumor immunity and it may offer an effective adjuvant to heighten responses to cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - De Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Poonam Tewary
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yana Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sandra Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - O. M. Zack Howard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Bustin
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joost J. Oppenheim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Mohan T, Mitra D, Rao DN. Nasal delivery of PLG microparticle encapsulated defensin peptides adjuvanted gp41 antigen confers strong and long-lasting immunoprotective response against HIV-1. Immunol Res 2014; 58:139-53. [PMID: 23666811 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Defensins display immunostimulatory activities including a chemotactic effect for T lymphocytes/immature dendritic cells and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines suggest their role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. We hypothesized whether defensins with separately emulsified HIV-1 immunogen would elicit peptide-specific systemic and mucosal antibody response in mice. The HIV-1 peptide alone in microsphere showed low peptide-specific antibody response in sera and different washes, while the presence of defensins markedly increased the antibody peak titre both in sera (102,400-409,600) (p < 0.05) and in washes (800-25,600) (p < 0.001). Defensins with HIV-1 peptide were showing 43.0-83.2% and 38.7-72.3% in vitro neutralization against laboratory isolates in serum and lavage samples, respectively, higher than HIV-1 peptide alone. Our findings may have implications in the development of new mucosal adjuvant for AIDS vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Room Number 3029, New Delhi, 110029, India,
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125
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Langfeldt D, Neulinger SC, Stiesch M, Stumpp N, Bang C, Schmitz RA, Eberhard J. Health- and disease-associated species clusters in complex natural biofilms determine the innate immune response in oral epithelial cells during biofilm maturation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 360:137-43. [PMID: 25212593 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to verify our hypothesis concerning the differential induction of various antimicrobial and immunomodulatory responses in oral epithelial cells by diverse bacterial species clusters. For this purpose, oral biofilms between 1 and 14 days of maturation (36 volunteers) were co-incubated with gingival epithelial cells. Subsequently, human β-defensin (hBD)-2, hBD-3, LL-37, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA expression profiles were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The correlation between bacterial species and the host innate immune response was determined by relating these results to existing 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis by amplicon sequencing (Langfeldt et al. 2014. PLoS One 9: e87449). Data were analysed by multiple factor analysis. Transcription of hBD-2 and hBD-3 was significantly associated with the abundance of species of the Prevotella cluster and the absence of species of the Streptococcus cluster. IL-1β, -6, -8 and -10 mRNA syntheses were significant correlated with Leptotrichia species [Leptotrichia 302H02 (0.448, P < 0.0001), Leptotrichia nbw822e09c1 (0.214, P = 0.008) and Leptotrichia wadei (0.218, P = 0.007)] of the Prevotella cluster. In the third dimension IL-10 and members of the Prevotella cluster were negatively correlated, whereas hBD-3 and IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were positive correlated to axis 3, like members of the Proteobacteria cluster. In conclusion, distinct species of health- and disease-associated bacterial clusters induce antibacterial or immunomodulatory reactions in oral epithelial cells during early stages of bacteria-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Langfeldt
- Institute for General Microbiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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126
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Ditu LM, Chifiriuc MC, Bezirtzoglou E, Marutescu L, Bleotu C, Pelinescu D, Mihaescu G, Lazar V. Immunomodulatory effect of non-viable components of probiotic culture stimulated with heat-inactivated Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus on holoxenic mice. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2014; 25:23239. [PMID: 25317114 PMCID: PMC4172693 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v25.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Competition of probiotic bacteria with other species from the intestinal microbiota involves different mechanisms that occur regardless of probiotics’ viability. The objective of this paper was to assess the cytokine serum levels in holoxenic mice after oral administration of non-viable components (NVC) of Enterococcus faecium probiotic culture stimulated with heat-inactivated Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus in comparison to NVC of unstimulated E. faecium probiotic culture. Methods Probiotic E. faecium CMGb 16 culture, grown in the presence of heat-inactivated cultures of E. coli and B. cereus CMGB 102, was subsequently separated into supernatant (SN) and heat-inactivated cellular sediment (CS) fractions by centrifugation. Each NVC was orally administered to holoxenic mice (balb C mouse strain), in three doses, given at 24 hours. Blood samples were collected from the retinal artery, at 7, 14, and 21 days after the first administration of the NVC. The serum concentrations of IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) interleukins were assessed by ELISA method. Results After the oral administration of SN component obtained from the probiotic culture stimulated with heat-inactivated cultures of B. cereus CMGB 102 and E. coli O28, the serum concentrations of IL-12 were maintained higher in the samples collected at 7 and 14 days post-administration. No specific TNF-α profile could be established, depending on stimulated or non-stimulated probiotic culture, NVC fraction, or harvesting time. Conclusion The obtained results demonstrate that non-viable fractions of probiotic bacteria, stimulated by other bacterial species, could induce immunostimulatory effects mediated by cytokines and act, therefore, as immunological adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ditu
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M C Chifiriuc
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - E Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - L Marutescu
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C Bleotu
- Institute of Virology 'St. Nicolau', Bucharest, Romania
| | - D Pelinescu
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - G Mihaescu
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - V Lazar
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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127
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Zhou G, Wang J, Zhu X, Wu Y, Gao M, Shen H. Induction of maggot antimicrobial peptides and treatment effect inSalmonella pullorum-infected chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2013-00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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128
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Defensins and sepsis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:180109. [PMID: 25210703 PMCID: PMC4151856 DOI: 10.1155/2014/180109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the critical illness. Multiple immune inflammatory processes take part in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Defensins are endogenous antimicrobial peptides with three disulphide bonds created by six cysteine residues. Besides the intrinsic microbicidal properties, defensins are active players which modulate both innate and adaptive immunity against various infections. Defensins can recruit neutrophils, enhance phagocytosis, chemoattract T cells and dendritic cells, promote complement activation, and induce IL-1β production and pyrotosis. Previous publications have documented that defensins play important roles in a series of immune inflammatory diseases including sepsis. This review aims to briefly summarize in vitro, in vivo, and genetic studies on defensins' effects as well as corresponding mechanisms within sepsis and highlights their promising findings which may be potential targets in future therapies of sepsis.
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129
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Sol A, Skvirsky Y, Nashef R, Zelentsova K, Burstyn-Cohen T, Blotnick E, Muhlrad A, Bachrach G. Actin enables the antimicrobial action of LL-37 peptide in the presence of microbial proteases. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22926-22941. [PMID: 24947511 PMCID: PMC4132794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides play an important host-protective role by their microcidal action, immunomodulatory functions, and tissue repair activities. Proteolysis is a common strategy of pathogens used to neutralize host defense peptides. Here, we show that actin, the most abundant structural protein in eukaryotes, binds the LL-37 host defense peptide, protects it from degradation by the proteases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and enables its antimicrobial activity despite the presence of the proteases. Co-localization of LL-37 with extracellular actin was observed in necrotized regions of samples from oral lesions. Competition assays, cross-linking experiments, limited proteolysis, and mass spectrometry revealed that LL-37 binds by specific hydrophobic interactions to the His-40-Lys-50 segment of actin, located in the DNase I binding loop. The integrity of the binding site of both LL-37 and actin is a prerequisite to the binding. Our results demonstrate that actin, presumably released by dead cells and abundant in infected sites, might be utilized by the immune system to enhance spatio-temporal immunity in an attempt to arrest infection and control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Sol
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yaniv Skvirsky
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Rizan Nashef
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Katya Zelentsova
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tal Burstyn-Cohen
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Edna Blotnick
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Andras Muhlrad
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Gilad Bachrach
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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130
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Uraki S, Sugimoto K, Shiraki K, Tameda M, Inagaki Y, Ogura S, Kasai C, Nojiri K, Yoneda M, Yamamoto N, Takei Y, Nobori T, Ito M. Human β-defensin-3 inhibits migration of colon cancer cells via downregulation of metastasis-associated 1 family, member 2 expression. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1059-64. [PMID: 24969834 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays an important role as the first line of defense against many types of microbes. Accumulating reports suggest that human β-defensins (hBDs) are expressed by and have certain roles in some cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the roles of hBD-3 in colon cancer cells. The expression of hBD-3 was examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of colon cancer cell lines and immunohistochemical staining of colon cancer tissues. The effect of hBD-3 on proliferation of colon cancer was assessed using the MTT assay and a real-time cell analyzer, and the effect of hBD-3 on the migration of colon cancer cells was also examined. The results showed that hBD-3 is not expressed in colon cancer cells but is produced by tumor-infiltrating monocytes. Migration of colon cancer cells was significantly inhibited by hBD-3 in a dose-dependent manner, although proliferation of colon cancer cells was not affected by administration of hBD-3. Moreover, reduced expression of metastasis-associated 1 family, member 2 (MTA2) mRNA in colon cancer cells was associated with exposure to hBD-3. In conclusion, progression of colon cancer was inhibited by hBD-3 in a paracrine fashion. Therefore, hBD-3 may be a potent new agent for treating colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Uraki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kazushi Sugimoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Katsuya Shiraki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tameda
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Suguru Ogura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Chika Kasai
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Nojiri
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Misao Yoneda
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yamamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nobori
- Department of Molecular and Laboratory Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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131
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McKown RL, Coleman Frazier EV, Zadrozny KK, Deleault AM, Raab RW, Ryan DS, Sia RK, Lee JK, Laurie GW. A cleavage-potentiated fragment of tear lacritin is bactericidal. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22172-82. [PMID: 24942736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are important as the first line of innate defense, through their tendency to disrupt bacterial membranes or intracellular pathways and potentially as the next generation of antibiotics. How they protect wet epithelia is not entirely clear, with most individually inactive under physiological conditions and many preferentially targeting Gram-positive bacteria. Tears covering the surface of the eye are bactericidal for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Here we narrow much of the bactericidal activity to a latent C-terminal fragment in the prosecretory mitogen lacritin and report that the mechanism combines membrane permeabilization with rapid metabolic changes, including reduced levels of dephosphocoenzyme A, spermidine, putrescine, and phosphatidylethanolamines and elevated alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, glycine, lysine, serine, glutamate, cadaverine, and pyrophosphate. Thus, death by metabolic stress parallels cellular attempts to survive. Cleavage-dependent appearance of the C-terminal cationic amphipathic α-helix is inducible within hours by Staphylococcus epidermidis and slowly by another mechanism, in a chymotrypsin- or leupeptin protease-inhibitable manner. Although bactericidal at low micromolar levels, within a biphasic 1-10 nM dose optimum, the same domain is mitogenic and cytoprotective for epithelia via a syndecan-1 targeting mechanism dependent on heparanase. Thus, the C terminus of lacritin is multifunctional by dose and proteolytic processing and appears to play a key role in the innate protection of the eye, with wider potential benefit elsewhere as lacritin flows from exocrine secretory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L McKown
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Erin V Coleman Frazier
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Kaneil K Zadrozny
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Andrea M Deleault
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Ronald W Raab
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Denise S Ryan
- the Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, and
| | - Rose K Sia
- the Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, and
| | - Jae K Lee
- the Departments of Public Health Sciences, Systems and Information Engineering
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Cell Biology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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132
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Abstract
There is a pressing need to develop new antiviral treatments; of the 60 drugs currently available, half are aimed at HIV-1 and the remainder target only a further six viruses. This demand has led to the emergence of possible peptide therapies, with 15 currently in clinical trials. Advancements in understanding the antiviral potential of naturally occurring host defence peptides highlights the potential of a whole new class of molecules to be considered as antiviral therapeutics. Cationic host defence peptides, such as defensins and cathelicidins, are important components of innate immunity with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory capabilities. In recent years they have also been shown to be natural, broad-spectrum antivirals against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and herpes simplex virus. Here we review the antiviral properties of several families of these host peptides and their potential to inform the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gwyer Findlay
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
| | - Silke M. Currie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
| | - Donald J. Davidson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
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133
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Cheng DQ, Li Y, Huang JF. Molecular evolution of the primate α-/θ-defensin multigene family. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97425. [PMID: 24819937 PMCID: PMC4018336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate α-/θ-defensin multigene family encodes versatile endogenous cationic and amphipathic peptides that have broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Although previous studies have reported that α-/θ-defensin (DEFA/DEFT) genes are under birth-and-death evolution with frequent duplication and rapid evolution, the phylogenetic relationships of the primate DEFA/DEFT genes; the genetic bases for the existence of similar antimicrobial spectra among closely related species; and the evolutionary processes involved in the emergence of cyclic θ-defensins in Old World monkeys and their subsequent loss of function in humans, chimpanzees and gorillas require further investigation. In this study, the DEFA/DEFT gene repertoires from primate and treeshrew were collected, followed by detailed phylogenetic, sequence and structure, selection pressure and comparative genomics analyses. All treeshrew, prosimian and simian DEFA/DEFT genes are grouped into two major clades, which are tissue-specific for enteric and myeloid defensins in simians. The simian enteric and myeloid α-defensins are classified into six functional gene clusters with diverged sequences, variable structures, altered functional constraints and different selection pressures, which likely reflect the antimicrobial spectra among closely related species. Species-specific duplication or pseudogenization within each simian cluster implies that the antimicrobial spectrum is ever-shifting, most likely challenged by the ever-changing pathogen environment. The DEFT evolved from the myeloid DEFA8. The prosegment of θ-defensin is detected with adaptive changes coevolving with the new protein fold of mature peptide, coincident with the importance of the prosegment for the correct folding of the mature peptide. Lastly, a less-is-hitchhiking hypothesis was proposed as a possible explanation for the expansion of pseudogene DEFTP and the loss of functional DEFT, where the gain or loss of the hitchhiker is determined by its adjacent driver gene during the birth-and-death evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Jing-Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hongkong Joint Research Center for Bio-resources and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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134
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Dommisch H, Winter J, Götz W, Miesen J, Klein A, Hierse L, Deschner J, Jäger A, Eberhard J, Jepsen S. Effect of growth factors on antimicrobial peptides and pro-inflammatory mediators during wound healing. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:209-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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135
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Bommineni YR, Pham GH, Sunkara LT, Achanta M, Zhang G. Immune regulatory activities of fowlicidin-1, a cathelicidin host defense peptide. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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136
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Mohan T, Verma P, Rao D. Comparative mucosal immunogenicity of HIV gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) containing single and multiple repeats of ELDKWA sequence with defensin peptides. Immunobiology 2014; 219:292-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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137
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Li H, Guo H, Shan S, Qi C, An L, Yang G. Characterization and expression pattern of a novel β-defensin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): implications for its role in mucosal immunity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:430-7. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.885830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
β-defensins are a group of cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides that play antibacterial and antiviral roles in immune systems of vertebrates. Here, we report the cloning and identification of a β-defensin 3 cDNA sequence from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that this β-defensin 3 belonged to the BD-2 group of fish. Real-time PCR showed that the β-defensin 3 mRNA was expressed in all the tissues of normal common carp that we examined and was highly expressed in the spleen and gills. When challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, the expression level of common carp β-defensin 3 mRNA was quickly upregulated in various tissues. Our results indicate that the β-defensin 3 showed markedly high constitutive expression in the gills, and significantly upregulated expression in the hindgut of the common carp after infection, suggesting it plays an important role in the innate and mucosal immunity of common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chenchen Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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138
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Dietrich DE, Martin AD, Brogden KA. Human β-defensin HBD3 binds to immobilized Bla g2 from the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). Peptides 2014; 53:265-9. [PMID: 24495736 PMCID: PMC3992933 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensin 3 (HBD3) is a small, well-characterized peptide in mucosal secretions with broad antimicrobial activities and diverse innate immune functions. Among these functions is the ability of HBD3 to bind to antigens. In this study, we hypothesize that HBD3 binds to the allergen Bla g2 from the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). The ability of HBD1 (used as a control β-defensin) and HBD3 to bind to Bla g2 and human serum albumin (HSA, used as a control ligand) was assessed using the SensíQ Pioneer surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy biosensor system. HBD1 was observed to bind weakly to Bla g2, while HBD3 demonstrated a stronger affinity for the allergen. HBD3 was assessed under two buffer conditions using 0.15 M and 0.3 M NaCl to control the electrostatic attraction of the peptide to the chip surface. The apparent K(D) of HBD3 binding Bla g2 was 5.9±2.1 μM and for binding HSA was 4.2±0.7 μM, respectively. Thus, HBD3, found in mucosal secretions has the ability to bind to allergens like Bla g2 possibly by electrostatic interaction, and may alter the ability of Bla g2 to induce localized allergic and/or inflammatory mucosal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Dietrich
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Aaron D Martin
- SensíQ Technologies Inc., 800 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kim A Brogden
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Periodontics and Dows Institute for Dental Research, N423 DSB, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, 801 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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139
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Avian antimicrobial host defense peptides: from biology to therapeutic applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:220-47. [PMID: 24583933 PMCID: PMC3978490 DOI: 10.3390/ph7030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are an important first line of defense with antimicrobial and immunomoduatory properties. Because they act on the microbial membranes or host immune cells, HDPs pose a low risk of triggering microbial resistance and therefore, are being actively investigated as a novel class of antimicrobials and vaccine adjuvants. Cathelicidins and β-defensins are two major families of HDPs in avian species. More than a dozen HDPs exist in birds, with the genes in each HDP family clustered in a single chromosomal segment, apparently as a result of gene duplication and diversification. In contrast to their mammalian counterparts that adopt various spatial conformations, mature avian cathelicidins are mostly α-helical. Avian β-defensins, on the other hand, adopt triple-stranded β-sheet structures similar to their mammalian relatives. Besides classical β-defensins, a group of avian-specific β-defensin-related peptides, namely ovodefensins, exist with a different six-cysteine motif. Like their mammalian counterparts, avian cathelicidins and defensins are derived from either myeloid or epithelial origin expressed in a majority of tissues with broad-spectrum antibacterial and immune regulatory activities. Structure-function relationship studies with several avian HDPs have led to identification of the peptide analogs with potential for use as antimicrobials and vaccine adjuvants. Dietary modulation of endogenous HDP synthesis has also emerged as a promising alternative approach to disease control and prevention in chickens.
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140
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5-lipoxygenase-dependent recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages by eotaxin-stimulated murine eosinophils. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:102160. [PMID: 24723744 PMCID: PMC3955596 DOI: 10.1155/2014/102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of eosinophils in antimicrobial defense remain incompletely understood. In ovalbumin-sensitized mice, eosinophils are selectively recruited to the peritoneal cavity by antigen, eotaxin, or leukotriene(LT)B4, a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) metabolite. 5-LO blockade prevents responses to both antigen and eotaxin. We examined responses to eotaxin in the absence of sensitization and their dependence on 5-LO. BALB/c or PAS mice and their mutants (5-LO-deficient ALOX; eosinophil-deficient GATA-1) were injected i.p. with eotaxin, eosinophils, or both, and leukocyte accumulation was quantified up to 24 h. Significant recruitment of eosinophils by eotaxin in BALB/c, up to 24 h, was accompanied by much larger numbers of recruited neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. These effects were abolished by eotaxin neutralization and 5-LO-activating protein inhibitor MK886. In ALOX (but not PAS) mice, eotaxin recruitment was abolished for eosinophils and halved for neutrophils. In GATA-1 mutants, eotaxin recruited neither neutrophils nor macrophages. Transfer of eosinophils cultured from bone-marrow of BALB/c donors, or from ALOX donors, into GATA-1 mutant recipients, i.p., restored eotaxin recruitment of neutrophils and showed that the critical step dependent on 5-LO is the initial recruitment of eosinophils by eotaxin, not the secondary neutrophil accumulation. Eosinophil-dependent recruitment of neutrophils in naive BALB/c mice was associated with increased binding of bacteria.
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141
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Inclusion of the bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 3 with glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus 1 in a DNA vaccine modulates immune responses of mice and cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:463-77. [PMID: 24451331 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00696-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) causes recurrent respiratory and genital infections in cattle and predisposes them to lethal secondary infections. While modified live and killed BoHV-1 vaccines exist, these are not without problems. Development of an effective DNA vaccine for BoHV-1 has the potential to address these issues. As a strategy to enhance DNA vaccine immunity, a plasmid encoding the bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 3 (BNBD3) as a fusion with truncated glycoprotein D (tgD) and a mix of two plasmids encoding BNBD3 and tgD were tested in mice and cattle. In mice, coadministration of BNBD3 on the separate plasmid enhanced the tgD-induced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response but not the antibody response. BNBD3 fused to tgD did not affect the antibody levels or the number of IFN-γ-secreting cells but increased the induction of tgD-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In cattle, the addition of BNBD3 as a fusion construct also modified the immune response. While the IgG and virus-neutralizing antibody levels were not affected, the number of IFN-γ-secreting cells was increased after BoHV-1 challenge, specifically the CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) T cells, including CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) CD25(+) CTLs. While reduced virus shedding, rectal temperature, and weight loss were observed, the level of protection was comparable to that observed in pMASIA-tgD-vaccinated animals. These data show that coadministration of BNBD3 with a protective antigen as a fusion in a DNA vaccine strengthened the Th1 bias and increased cell-mediated immune responses but did not enhance protection from BoHV-1 infection.
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142
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The human alpha defensin HD5 neutralizes JC polyomavirus infection by reducing endoplasmic reticulum traffic and stabilizing the viral capsid. J Virol 2013; 88:948-60. [PMID: 24198413 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02766-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal disease with limited treatment options, both clinically and in the research pipeline. Potential therapies would target and neutralize its etiologic agent, JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). The innate immune response to JCPyV infection has not been studied, and little is known about the initial host response to polyomavirus infection. This study examined the ability of a human alpha defensin, HD5, to neutralize JCPyV infection in human fetal glial cells. We show that HD5, by binding to the virion, blocks infection. The JCPyV-HD5 complexes bind to and enter host cells but are reduced in their ability to reach the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where virions are normally uncoated. Furthermore, HD5 binding to the virion stabilizes the capsid and prevents genome release. Our results show that HD5 neutralizes JCPyV infection at an early postentry step in the viral life cycle by stabilizing the viral capsid and disrupting JCPyV trafficking. This study provides a naturally occurring platform for developing antivirals to treat PML and also expands on the known capabilities of human defensins.
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143
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Cuperus T, Coorens M, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. Avian host defense peptides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:352-369. [PMID: 23644014 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are important effector molecules of the innate immune system of vertebrates. These antimicrobial peptides are also present in invertebrates, plants and fungi. HDPs display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and fulfill an important role in the first line of defense of many organisms. It is becoming increasingly clear that in the animal kingdom the functions of HDPs are not confined to direct antimicrobial actions. Research in mammals has indicated that HDPs have many immunomodulatory functions and are also involved in other physiological processes ranging from development to wound healing. During the past five years our knowledge about avian HDPs has increased considerably. This review addresses our current knowledge on the evolution, regulation and biological functions of HDPs of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryntsje Cuperus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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144
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Williams WM, Torres S, Siedlak SL, Castellani RJ, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. Antimicrobial peptide β-defensin-1 expression is upregulated in Alzheimer's brain. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:127. [PMID: 24139179 PMCID: PMC3817866 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human β-defensins (hBDs) are a highly conserved family of cationic antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides expressed primarily by epithelial cells in response to invasion by bacteria, fungi and some viruses. To date, the most studied members of this family of peptides are hBD-1, -2, and -3. Expression of hBD-1 and -2 has been demonstrated previously in cultured microglia and astrocytes of both mouse and human brain. Unlike inducible hBD-2 and -3, hBD-1 is constitutively expressed and is not generally upregulated by proinflammatory factors. In this study, we investigated whether hBDs, as active components of the innate immune response, are affected by pathological events in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. We assessed the expression of hBD-1, -2, and -3 in tissue obtained at autopsy from AD and age-matched control brains. Methods Fixed and frozen choroid plexus and the CA1 region of the hippocampus were obtained at autopsy from individuals diagnosed with AD, or from age-matched control brains without diagnosed neurodegenerative disease. Histopathologically diagnosed AD brain tissue was obtained for our study. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed using affinity purified polyclonal antibodies directed against hBD-1, -2, or -3. TaqMan gene expression assays were used to quantify the mRNA of hBD-1, -2, and -3 in the choroid plexus and hippocampus. Immunocytochemical detection of iron deposits was achieved using a modified Perl’s stain for redox-active iron. In vitro experiments were performed on human primary oral epithelial cells to model the human choroid plexus epithelial response to ferric chloride. Cells were then exposed to ferric chloride added to selected wells at 0, 1, or 10 mM concentrations for 24 h at 37°C. Total mRNA was isolated to quantify hBD-1 mRNA expression by RTqPCR. Results hBD-1 peptide is apparent in astrocytes of the AD hippocampus and hippocampal neurons, notably within granulovacuolar degeneration structures (GVD). A higher level of hBD-1 was also seen in the choroid plexus of AD brain in comparison to age-matched control tissue. Increased expression of hBD-1 mRNA was observed only in the choroid plexus of the AD brain when compared to expression level in age-matched control brain. Redox-active iron was also elevated in the AD choroid plexus and in vitro addition of Fe+3Cl3 to cultured epithelial cells induced hBD-1 mRNA expression. Conclusions Our findings suggest interplay between hBD-1 and neuroimmunological responses in AD, marked by microglial and astrocytic activation, and increased expression of the peptide within the choroid plexus and accumulation within GVD. As a constitutively expressed component of the innate immune system, we propose that hBD-1 may be of considerable importance early in the disease process. We also demonstrate that increased iron deposition in AD may contribute to the elevated expression of hBD-1 within the choroid plexus. These findings represent a potentially important etiological aspect of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2124 Cornell Rd,, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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145
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Gácser A, Tiszlavicz Z, Németh T, Seprényi G, Mándi Y. Induction of human defensins by intestinal Caco-2 cells after interactions with opportunistic Candida species. Microbes Infect 2013; 16:80-5. [PMID: 24095867 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis on human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) production in Caco-2 intestinal cell line, and the production of alpha-defensins (human neutrophil peptides, HNP 1-3) in peripheral blood. Opportunistic pathogen yeasts can modulate the host immune function by inducing defensins, the natural antimicrobial peptides. Here we show that Candida spp. stimulated HBD-2 expression in and release from Caco-2 cells, with C. albicans inducing the highest levels of HBD-2. Similarly, HNP 1-3 secretion was significantly increased in whole blood after exposure to Candida yeast cells, with C. albicans producing the greatest effect. Our investigations underscore the important role of beta and alpha defensins produced by intestinal epithelial cells locally and neutrophils systemically in the antifungal defense against Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Tiszlavicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Németh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Seprényi
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yvette Mándi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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146
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Greer A, Zenobia C, Darveau RP. Defensins and LL-37: a review of function in the gingival epithelium. Periodontol 2000 2013; 63:67-79. [PMID: 23931055 PMCID: PMC3744237 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides represent an important aspect of the innate defense system that contributes to the control of bacterial colonization and infection. As studies have progressed it has become clear that antimicrobial peptides manifest other functions in addition to their antimicrobial effects. These functions include chemotaxis of numerous types of host cells involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, the antimicrobial activity, the regulation and the contribution to host homeostasis of alpha-defensins and LL-37, as well as of beta-defensins, are discussed in the context of their specific tissue locations in the junctional epithelium and oral epithelium, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard P. Darveau
- Corresponding Author: Richard P. Darveau, University of Washington, Department of Periodontics, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195-7444, Tel: 206-543-5043, Fax: 206-616-7478,
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147
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Boesch AW, Zhao Y, Landman AS, Garcia MR, Fahey JV, Wira CR, Ackerman ME. A multiplexed assay to detect antimicrobial peptides in biological fluids and cell secretions. J Immunol Methods 2013; 397:71-6. [PMID: 24035708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues represent the front line in defense against potential pathogens, and one means by which mucosa provide protection is via the secretion of antimicrobials which can interfere with potential pathogens as well as recruit and modify the responses of immune cells. Here we describe adaptation of ELISA assays to microsphere format, facilitating simultaneous quantification of antimicrobial peptides including elafin, MIP3α, HBD2, HBD3, SLPI, RANTES, SDF1, lactoferrin, LL-37, and HNP1-3. The multiplexed assay exhibits excellent reproducibility, shows linearity over a two order of magnitude concentration range for most analytes, is compatible with biological fluids such as cervicovaginal lavage fluid, and presents significant cost and sample savings relative to traditional ELISA assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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148
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Abstract
The ability of tissue injury to result in inflammation is a well-recognized phenomenon and is central to a number of common liver and pancreatic diseases including alcoholic steatohepatitis and pancreatitis, as well as drug-induced liver injury, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and pancreatitis from other causes. The requirements of extracellular damage-associated molecules and a cytosolic machinery labeled the inflammasome have been established in in vitro culture systems and in vivo disease models. This has provided a generic insight into the pathways involved, and the challenge now is to understand the specifics of these mechanisms in relation to the particular insults and organs involved. One reason for the excitement in this field is that a number of therapeutic candidates such a toll-like receptor antagonists and interleukin-1R antagonists are either approved or in clinical trials for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaz Hoque
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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149
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Vemula SV, Pandey A, Singh N, Katz JM, Donis R, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Adenoviral vector expressing murine β-defensin 2 enhances immunogenicity of an adenoviral vector based H5N1 influenza vaccine in aged mice. Virus Res 2013; 177:55-61. [PMID: 23892144 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to resist infections and respond to vaccinations is greatly reduced in the older adult population owing to a general decline in innate and adaptive immune functions with aging. Over the years several strategies such as increasing the vaccine dose, number of immunizations and using adjuvants have been evaluated to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines in the older adult population. Murine β-defensin 2 (Mbd2) has been shown to function as a molecular adjuvant by recruiting and activating immature dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), to the site of the immunization. In this study, we evaluated the potential utility of Mbd2 to enhance the efficacy of an adenoviral vector-based H5N1 influenza vaccine expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) (HAd-HA-NP) in an aged mouse model. Our results indicated that immunostimulation with an adenoviral vector expressing Mbd2 (HAd-Mbd2) activated DCs and significantly enhanced the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by HAd-HA-NP. Furthermore, immunostimulation with HAd-Mbd2 followed by immunization with HAd-HA-NP resulted in significantly lower virus titers in the lungs following challenge with a H5N1 influenza virus compared to the group immunized with HAd-HA-NP without immunostimulation. Overall, our results highlight the potential utility of Mbd2 as a molecular adjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai V Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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150
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Wanyonyi SS, Lefevre C, Sharp JA, Nicholas KR. The extracellular matrix regulates MaeuCath1a gene expression. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:289-299. [PMID: 23500515 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the gene for MaeuCath1, a cathelicidin secreted in wallaby milk is alternately spliced into two variants, MaeuCath1a and MaeuCath1b which are temporally regulated in order to provide antimicrobial protection to the newborn and stimulate mammary growth, respectively. The current study investigated the extracellular matrix (ECM) for its regulatory role in MaeuCath1 gene expression. Reverse transcription qPCR using RNA isolated from mammary epithelial cells (WallMEC) cultured on ECM showed that ECM regulates MaeuCath1a gene expression in a lactation phase-dependent manner. Luciferase reporter-based assays and in silico analysis of deletion fragments of the 2245bp sequence upstream of the translation start site identified ECM-dependent positive regulatory activity in the -709 to -15 region and repressor activity in the -919 to -710 region. Electrophoretic Gel Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) using nuclear extract from ECM-treated WallMEC showed differential band shift in the -839 to -710 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Wanyonyi
- Molecular and Medical Research SRC, School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd., Waurn Ponds, 3217 VIC, Australia.
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