101
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Gao X, Arpin C, Marvel J, Prokopiou SA, Gandrillon O, Crauste F. IL-2 sensitivity and exogenous IL-2 concentration gradient tune the productive contact duration of CD8(+) T cell-APC: a multiscale modeling study. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:77. [PMID: 27535120 PMCID: PMC4989479 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background The CD8+ T cell immune response fights acute infections by intracellular pathogens and, by generating an immune memory, enables immune responses against secondary infections. Activation of the CD8+ T cell immune response involves a succession of molecular events leading to modifications of CD8+ T cell population. To understand the endogenous and exogenous mechanisms controlling the activation of CD8+ T cells and to investigate the influence of early molecular events on the long-term cell population behavior, we developed a multiscale computational model. It integrates three levels of description: a Cellular Potts model describing the individual behavior of CD8+ T cells, a system of ordinary differential equations describing a decision-making molecular regulatory network at the intracellular level, and a partial differential equation describing the diffusion of IL-2 in the extracellular environment. Results We first calibrated the model parameters based on in vivo data and showed the model’s ability to reproduce early dynamics of CD8+ T cells in murine lymph nodes after influenza infection, both at the cell population and intracellular levels. We then showed the model’s ability to reproduce the proliferative responses of CD5hi and CD5lo CD8+ T cells to exogenous IL-2 under a weak TCR stimulation. This stressed the role of short-lasting molecular events and the relevance of explicitly describing both intracellular and cellular scale dynamics. Our results suggest that the productive contact duration of CD8+ T cell-APC is influenced by the sensitivity of individual CD8+ T cells to the activation signal and by the IL-2 concentration in the extracellular environment. Conclusions The multiscale nature of our model allows the reproduction and explanation of some acquired characteristics and functions of CD8+ T cells, and of their responses to multiple stimulation conditions, that would not be accessible in a classical description of cell population dynamics that would not consider intracellular dynamics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-016-0323-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Gao
- Inria team Dracula, Inria Antenne Lyon la Doua, Bâtiment CEI-2, 56 Boulevard Niels Bohr, 69603, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Christophe Arpin
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, F-69007, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, F-69007, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69007, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, F-69007, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, F-69007, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69007, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Sotiris A Prokopiou
- Inria team Dracula, Inria Antenne Lyon la Doua, Bâtiment CEI-2, 56 Boulevard Niels Bohr, 69603, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Olivier Gandrillon
- Inria team Dracula, Inria Antenne Lyon la Doua, Bâtiment CEI-2, 56 Boulevard Niels Bohr, 69603, Villeurbanne cedex, France. .,Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 allée d'Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Fabien Crauste
- Inria team Dracula, Inria Antenne Lyon la Doua, Bâtiment CEI-2, 56 Boulevard Niels Bohr, 69603, Villeurbanne cedex, France. .,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5208, Institut Camille Jordan, 43 blvd. du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France.
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102
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Matsushita N, Suzuki M, Ikebe E, Nagashima S, Inatome R, Asano K, Tanaka M, Matsushita M, Kondo E, Iha H, Yanagi S. Regulation of B cell differentiation by the ubiquitin-binding protein TAX1BP1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31266. [PMID: 27515252 PMCID: PMC4981851 DOI: 10.1038/srep31266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tax1-binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1) is a ubiquitin-binding protein that restricts nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and facilitates the termination of aberrant inflammation. However, its roles in B-cell activation and differentiation are poorly understood. To evaluate the function of TAX1BP1 in B cells, we established TAX1BP1-deficient DT40 B cells that are hyper-responsive to CD40-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation signaling, exhibit prolonged and exaggerated ERK phosphorylation and show enhanced B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1; a transcription factor inducing plasma cell differentiation) expression that is ERK-dependent. Furthermore, TAX1BP1-deficient cells exhibit significantly decreased surface IgM expression and increased IgM secretion. Moreover, TAX1BP1-deficient mice display reduced germinal center formation and antigen-specific antibody production. These findings show that TAX1BP1 restricts ERK activation and Blimp-1 expression and regulates germinal center formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Matsushita
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Midori Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Emi Ikebe
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shun Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryoko Inatome
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsushita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Eisaku Kondo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yanagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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103
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Abstract
A challenging property of gammaherpesviruses is their ability to establish lifelong persistence. The establishment of latency in B cells is thought to involve active virus engagement of host signaling pathways. Pathogenic effects of these viruses during latency or following reactivation can be devastating to the host. Many cancers, including those associated with members of the gammaherpesvirus family, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus, express elevated levels of active host signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). STAT3 is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to many cytokines and can orchestrate effector responses that include proliferation, inflammation, metastasis, and developmental programming. However, the contribution of STAT3 to gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis remains to be completely understood. This is the first study to have identified STAT3 as a critical host determinant of the ability of gammaherpesvirus to establish long-term latency in an animal model of disease. Following an acute infection, murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) established latency in resident B cells, but establishment of latency was dramatically reduced in animals with a B cell-specific STAT3 deletion. The lack of STAT3 in B cells did not impair germinal center responses for immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching in the spleen and did not reduce either total or virus-specific IgG titers. Although ablation of STAT3 in B cells did not have a global effect on these assays of B cell function, it had long-term consequences for the viral load of the host, since virus latency was reduced at 6 to 8 weeks postinfection. Our findings establish host STAT3 as a mediator of gammaherpesvirus persistence. The insidious ability of gammaherpesviruses to establish latent infections can have detrimental consequences for the host. Identification of host factors that promote viral latency is essential for understanding latency mechanisms and for therapeutic interventions. We provide the first evidence that STAT3 expression is needed for murine gammaherpesvirus 68 to establish latency in primary B cells during an active immune response to infection. STAT3 deletion in B cells does not impair adaptive immune control of the virus, but loss of STAT3 in B cells has a long-lasting impact on viral persistence. These results indicate a potential therapeutic benefit of STAT3 inhibitors for combating gammaherpesvirus latency and, thereby, associated pathologies.
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104
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Distinct Differentiation Programs Triggered by IL-6 and LPS in Teleost IgM(+) B Cells in The Absence of Germinal Centers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30004. [PMID: 27481356 PMCID: PMC4969607 DOI: 10.1038/srep30004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although originally identified as a B cell differentiation factor, it is now known that mammalian interleukin-6 (IL-6) only regulates B cells committed to plasma cells in response to T-dependent (TD) antigens within germinal centers (GCs). Even though adaptive immunity is present in teleost fish, these species lack lymph nodes and GCs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to establish the role of trout IL-6 on B cells, comparing its effects to those induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrate that the effects of teleost IL-6 on naïve spleen B cells include proliferation, activation of NF-κB, increased IgM secretion, up-regulation of Blimp1 transcription and decreased MHC-II surface expression that point to trout IL-6 as a differentiation factor for IgM antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). However, LPS induced the secretion of IgM without up-regulating Blimp1, driving the cells towards an intermediate activation state in which antigen presenting mechanisms are elicited together with antibody secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Our results reveal that, in trout, IL-6 is a differentiation factor for B cells, stimulating IgM responses in the absence of follicular structures, and suggest that it was after follicular structures appeared that this cytokine evolved to modulate TD responses within the GC.
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105
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Wöhner M, Tagoh H, Bilic I, Jaritz M, Poliakova DK, Fischer M, Busslinger M. Molecular functions of the transcription factors E2A and E2-2 in controlling germinal center B cell and plasma cell development. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1201-21. [PMID: 27261530 PMCID: PMC4925024 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20152002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Busslinger et al. showed that the transcription factors E2A and E2-2 control the expression of genes required for the development of GC B cells and plasma cells. E2A is an essential regulator of early B cell development. Here, we have demonstrated that E2A together with E2-2 controlled germinal center (GC) B cell and plasma cell development. As shown by the identification of regulated E2A,E2-2 target genes in activated B cells, these E-proteins directly activated genes with important functions in GC B cells and plasma cells by inducing and maintaining DNase I hypersensitive sites. Through binding to multiple enhancers in the Igh 3′ regulatory region and Aicda locus, E-proteins regulated class switch recombination by inducing both Igh germline transcription and AID expression. By regulating 3′ Igk and Igh enhancers and a distal element at the Prdm1 (Blimp1) locus, E-proteins contributed to Igk, Igh, and Prdm1 activation in plasmablasts. Together, these data identified E2A and E2-2 as central regulators of B cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Bilic
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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106
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Hu M, Wang YM, Wang Y, Zhang GY, Zheng G, Yi S, O'Connell PJ, Harris DCH, Alexander SI. Regulatory T cells in kidney disease and transplantation. Kidney Int 2016; 90:502-14. [PMID: 27263492 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be important in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune disease, including autoimmune kidney disease. It is also likely that they play a role in limiting kidney transplant rejection and potentially in promoting transplant tolerance. Although other subsets of Tregs exist, the most potent and well-defined Tregs are the Foxp3 expressing CD4(+) Tregs derived from the thymus or generated peripherally. These CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs limit autoimmune renal disease in animal models, especially chronic kidney disease, and kidney transplantation. Furthermore, other subsets of Tregs, including CD8 Tregs, may play a role in immunosuppression in kidney disease. The development and protective mechanisms of Tregs in kidney disease and kidney transplantation involve multiple mechanisms of suppression. Here we review the development and function of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. We discuss the specific application of Tregs as a therapeutic strategy to prevent kidney disease and to limit kidney transplant rejection and detail clinical trials in this area of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Y Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shounan Yi
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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107
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Zambrano K, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Buchholz R, Jäck HM, Hübner H, Schuh W. Prolonged Ex vivo expansion and differentiation of naïve murine CD43−B splenocytes. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:978-89. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Zambrano
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nürnberg; Paul-Gordan-Straße 3 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Chair for Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 Bayreuth D-95447 Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Chair for Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 Bayreuth D-95447 Germany
| | - Rainer Buchholz
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nürnberg; Paul-Gordan-Straße 3 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III; Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Glückstr. 6 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Holger Hübner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nürnberg; Paul-Gordan-Straße 3 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III; Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Glückstr. 6 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
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108
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Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved pathway that recycles cytosolic material and organelles via lysosomal degradation. Once simplistically viewed as a non-selective survival strategy in dire straits, autophagy has emerged as a tightly regulated process ensuring organelle function, proteome plasticity, cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis, with key roles in physiology and disease. Selective target recognition, mediated by specific adapter proteins, enables autophagy to orchestrate highly specialized functions in innate and adaptive immunity. Among them, the shaping of plasma cells for sustainable antibody production through a negative control on their differentiation program. Moreover, memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells require autophagy to exist. Further, the plasma cell malignancy, multiple myeloma deploys abundant autophagy, essential for homeostasis, survival and drug resistance.
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109
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Minnich M, Tagoh H, Bönelt P, Axelsson E, Fischer M, Cebolla B, Tarakhovsky A, Nutt SL, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. Multifunctional role of the transcription factor Blimp-1 in coordinating plasma cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:331-43. [PMID: 26779602 PMCID: PMC5790184 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Blimp-1 is necessary for the generation of plasma cells. Here we studied its functions in plasmablast differentiation by identifying regulated Blimp-1 target genes. Blimp-1 promoted the migration and adhesion of plasmablasts. It directly repressed genes encoding several transcription factors and Aicda (which encodes the cytidine deaminase AID) and thus silenced B cell-specific gene expression, antigen presentation and class-switch recombination in plasmablasts. It directly activated genes, which led to increased expression of the plasma cell regulator IRF4 and proteins involved in immunoglobulin secretion. Blimp-1 induced the transcription of immunoglobulin genes by controlling the 3' enhancers of the loci encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) and κ-light chain (Igk) and, furthermore, regulated the post-transcriptional expression switch from the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin heavy chain to its secreted form by activating Ell2 (which encodes the transcription-elongation factor ELL2). Notably, Blimp-1 recruited chromatin-remodeling and histone-modifying complexes to regulate its target genes. Hence, many essential functions of plasma cells are under the control of Blimp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elin Axelsson
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatriz Cebolla
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stephen L. Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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110
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Pandey RK, Sundar S, Prajapati VK. Differential Expression of miRNA Regulates T Cell Differentiation and Plasticity During Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:206. [PMID: 26941729 PMCID: PMC4766295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a tropical neglected disease caused by Leishmania donovani, results in significant mortality in the Indian subcontinent. The plasticity of T cell proliferation and differentiation depends on microRNA mediated gene regulation which leads Th1/Th2 or Th17/Treg type of immune response during human VL. This study depicts the identification of target immune signaling molecule and transcription factors, which play a role in T-cell proliferation and differentiation followed by the identification of miRNA controlling their gene expression using three web servers’ viz., TargetScan, miRPath and miRDB. This study provides the bioinformatics evidences that seed region present in the miRNAs miR-29-b, miR-29a, have the putative binding site in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of TBX21 transcription factor of CD4+ T helper (Th1), which may suppress the Th1 specific protective immune response. Development of Th2 type specific immune response can be suppressed by binding of miR-135 and miR-126 miRNAs over the 3′-UTR region of GATA-3 transcription factor of Th2 specific CD4+ T helper cells. MiRNA identified against Th2/Treg immune cells are important and their over expression or administration can be used for developing the Th1/Th17 type of protective immune response during VL infection. This study indicates that miRNAs have the capacity to regulate immune signaling, cytokine production and immune cell migration to control the VL infection in human. This observation warrants further investigation for the development of miRNA based therapy controlling T cell differentiation in human VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Kishangarh, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Kishangarh, India
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111
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Jandl C, King C. Cytokines in the Germinal Center Niche. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5010005. [PMID: 31557986 PMCID: PMC6698856 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted, glycoproteins that specifically affect the interactions and communications between cells. Cytokines are produced transiently and locally, acting in a paracrine or autocrine manner, and they are extremely potent, ligating high affinity cell surface receptors to elicit changes in gene expression and protein synthesis in the responding cell. Cytokines produced during the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells within the germinal center (GC) niche play an important role in ensuring that the humoral immune response is robust, whilst retaining flexibility, during the generation of affinity matured antibodies. Cytokines produced by B cells, antigen presenting cells and stromal cells are important for the differentiation of Tfh cells and Tfh cell produced cytokines act both in an autocrine fashion to firm Tfh cell differentiation and in a paracrine fashion to support the differentiation of memory B cells and plasma cells. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines during the GC reaction with a particular focus on the influence of cytokines on Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jandl
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Cecile King
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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112
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McDonald PW, Read KA, Baker CE, Anderson AE, Powell MD, Ballesteros-Tato A, Oestreich KJ. IL-7 signalling represses Bcl-6 and the TFH gene program. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10285. [PMID: 26743592 PMCID: PMC4729877 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 is linked to the development of both CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) and central memory T (TCM) cells. Here, we demonstrate that in response to decreased IL-2 signalling, T helper 1 (TH1) cells upregulate Bcl-6 and co-initiate TFH- and TCM-like gene programs, including expression of the cytokine receptors IL-6Rα and IL-7R. Exposure of this potentially bi-potent cell population to IL-6 favours the TFH gene program, whereas IL-7 signalling represses TFH-associated genes including Bcl6 and Cxcr5, but not the TCM-related genes Klf2 and Sell. Mechanistically, IL-7-dependent activation of STAT5 contributes to Bcl-6 repression. Importantly, antigen-specific IL-6Rα+IL-7R+ CD4+ T cells emerge from the effector population at late time points post influenza infection. These data support a novel role for IL-7 in the repression of the TFH gene program and evoke a divergent regulatory mechanism by which post-effector TH1 cells may contribute to long-term cell-mediated and humoral immunity. It remains incompletely understood how cytokines shape TH1 cell differentiation to central memory T (TCM) and follicular T helper (TFH) cells. Here the authors show that TH1 cells can co-initiate the expression of both TFH and TCM gene programs and that IL-7 signalling represses TFH-associated but not TCM-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W McDonald
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | - Kaitlin A Read
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | - Chandra E Baker
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | - Ashlyn E Anderson
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | - Michael D Powell
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | | | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
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113
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Chi J, Cohen P. The Multifaceted Roles of PRDM16: Adipose Biology and Beyond. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:11-23. [PMID: 26688472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The PRDM [PRDI-BFI (positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1) and RIZ1 (retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1) homologous domain containing] protein family is involved in a spectrum of biological processes including cell fate determination and development. These proteins regulate transcription through intrinsic chromatin-modifying activity or by complexing with histone-modifying or other nuclear proteins. Studies have indicated crucial roles for PRDM16 in the determination and function of brown and beige fat as well as in hematopoiesis and cardiac development, highlighting the importance of PRDM16 in developmental processes in different tissues. More recently, PRDM16 mutations were also identified in humans. The substantial progress in understanding the mechanism underlying the action of PRDM16 in adipose biology may have relevance to other PRDM family members, and this new knowledge has the potential to be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Chi
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Sharifi L, Mirshafiey A, Rezaei N, Azizi G, Magaji Hamid K, Amirzargar AA, Asgardoon MH, Aghamohammadi A. The role of toll-like receptors in B-cell development and immunopathogenesis of common variable immunodeficiency. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 12:195-207. [PMID: 26654573 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1114885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary immune deficiency and is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, defect in specific antibody response and increased susceptibility to recurrent infections, malignancy and autoimmunity. Patients with CVID often have defects in post-antigenic B-cell differentiation, with fewer memory B cells and impaired isotype switching. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on various immune cells as key elements of innate and adaptive immunity. TLR signaling in B cells plays multiple roles in cell differentiation and activation, class-switch recombination and cytokine and antibody production. Moreover, recent studies have shown functional alteration of TLRs responses in CVID patients including poor cell proliferation, impaired upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and failure in cytokine and immunoglobulin production. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the role of TLRs in B-cell development and function as well as their role in the immunopathogenesis of CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Sharifi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- d Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
| | - Kabir Magaji Hamid
- b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Immunology Department, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Usmanu Danfodiyo University , Sokoto , Nigeria
| | - Ali Akbar Amirzargar
- c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asgardoon
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Smith SM, Carew NT, Milcarek C. RNA polymerases in plasma cells trav-ELL2 the beat of a different drum. World J Immunol 2015; 5:99-112. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a major transformation in gene expression between mature B cells (including follicular, marginal zone, and germinal center cells) and antibody secreting cells (ASCs), i.e., ASCs, (including plasma blasts, splenic plasma cells, and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells). This significant change-over occurs to accommodate the massive amount of secretory-specific immunoglobulin that ASCs make and the export processes itself. It is well known that there is an up-regulation of a small number of ASC-specific transcription factors Prdm1 (B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1), interferon regulatory factor 4, and Xbp1, and the reciprocal down-regulation of Pax5, Bcl6 and Bach2, which maintain the B cell program. Less well appreciated are the major alterations in transcription elongation and RNA processing occurring between B cells and ASCs. The three ELL family members ELL1, 2 and 3 have different protein sequences and potentially distinct cellular roles in transcription elongation. ELL1 is involved in DNA repair and small RNAs while ELL3 was previously described as either testis or stem-cell specific. After B cell stimulation to ASCs, ELL3 levels fall precipitously while ELL1 falls off slightly. ELL2 is induced at least 10-fold in ASCs relative to B cells. All of these changes cause the RNA Polymerase II in ASCs to acquire different properties, leading to differences in RNA processing and histone modifications.
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116
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EBV-miR-BHRF1-2 targets PRDM1/Blimp1: potential role in EBV lymphomagenesis. Leukemia 2015; 30:594-604. [PMID: 26530011 PMCID: PMC4777778 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PRDM1/Blimp1, a master regulator of B-cell terminal differentiation, has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in aggressive lymphomas, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). It has been shown in DLBCL and Hodgkin lymphoma that PRDM1 is downregulated by cellular microRNAs. In this study, we identify the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) microRNA (miRNA), EBV-miR-BHRF1-2, as a viral miRNA regulator of PRDM1. EBV-miR-BHRF1-2 repressed luciferase reporter activity by specific interaction with the seed region within the PRDM1 3' untranslated region. EBV-miR-BHRF1-2 inhibition upregulated PRDM1 protein expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), supporting a role of miR-BHRF1-2 in PRDM1 downregulation in vivo. Discordance of PRDM1 messenger RNA and protein expressions is associated with high EBV-miR-BHRF1-2 levels in LCLs and primary post-transplant EBV-positive DLBCL. Enforced expression of PRDM1-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in LCL cells. Inhibition of EBV-miR-BHRF1-2 negatively regulates cell cycle and decreases expression of SCARNA20, a small nucleolar RNA that is also downregulated by PRDM1 overexpression. The interaction between EBV-miR-BHRF1-2 and PRDM1 may be one of the mechanisms by which EBV-miR-BHRF1-2 promotes EBV lymphomagenesis. Our results support the potential of EBV-miR-BHRF1-2 as a therapeutic target in EBV-associated lymphoma.
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Cell-Cycle-Dependent Reconfiguration of the DNA Methylome during Terminal Differentiation of Human B Cells into Plasma Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1059-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Trans-presentation of IL-15 modulates STAT5 activation and Bcl-6 expression in TH1 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15722. [PMID: 26500048 PMCID: PMC4620557 DOI: 10.1038/srep15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, naïve CD4+ T helper cells differentiate into specialized effector subsets based upon environmental signals propagated by the cytokine milieu. Recently, this paradigm has been complicated by the demonstration that alterations in the cytokine environment can result in varying degrees of plasticity between effector T helper cell populations. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms by which cytokines regulate T helper cell differentiation decisions is increasingly important. The gamma common cytokine IL-15 is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of malignancies, due to its well-established role in the regulation of natural killer and CD8+ T cell immune responses. However, the effect of IL-15 signaling on CD4+ T cell activity is incompletely understood. One mechanism by which IL-15 activity is conferred is through trans-presentation via the IL-15 receptor alpha subunit. Here, we demonstrate that differentiated TH1 cells are responsive to trans-presented IL-15. Importantly, while trans-presentation of IL-15 results in STAT5 activation and maintenance of the TH1 gene program, IL-15 treatment alone allows for increased Bcl-6 expression and the upregulation of a TFH-like profile. Collectively, these findings describe a novel role for IL-15 in the modulation of CD4+ T cell responses and provide valuable insight for the use of IL-15 in immunotherapeutic approaches.
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119
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Regulation of CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in HIV-1 infection. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:126-33. [PMID: 26520669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in cellular immune responses against control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is key to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies against viral proliferation. Clear insights into the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is crucial to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies due to their unique ability to eliminate virus-infected cells during the course of infection. Here, we reviewed the roles of transcription factors, co-inhibitory molecules and regulatory cytokines following HIV infection and their potential significance in regulating the cytotoxic potentials of CD8+ T cells.
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Chen Z, Su L, Xu Q, Katz J, Michalek SM, Fan M, Feng X, Zhang P. IL-1R/TLR2 through MyD88 Divergently Modulates Osteoclastogenesis through Regulation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells c1 (NFATc1) and B Lymphocyte-induced Maturation Protein-1 (Blimp1). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30163-74. [PMID: 26483549 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) and the receptor for interleukin-1 (IL-1R) signaling play an important role in bacteria-mediated bone loss diseases including periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteomyelitis. Recent studies have shown that TLR ligands inhibit the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation from un-committed osteoclast precursors, whereas IL-1 potentiates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. However, IL-1R and TLR belong to the same IL-1R/TLR superfamily, and activate similar intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the distinct effects of IL-1 and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS-PG) on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Our results show that LPS-PG and IL-1 differentially regulate RANKL-induced activation of osteoclast genes encoding Car2, Ctsk, MMP9, and TRAP, as well as expression of NFATc1, a master transcription factor of osteoclastogenesis. Regulation of osteoclast genes and NFATc1 by LPS-PG and IL-1 is dependent on MyD88, an important signaling adaptor for both TLR and IL-1R family members. Furthermore, LPS-PG and IL-1 differentially regulate RANKL-costimulatory receptor OSCAR (osteoclast-associated receptor) expression and Ca(2+) oscillations induced by RANKL. Moreover, LPS-PG completely abrogates RANKL-induced gene expression of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp1), a global transcriptional repressor of anti-osteoclastogenic genes encoding Bcl6, IRF8, and MafB. However, IL-1 enhances RANKL-induced blimp1 gene expression but suppresses the gene expression of bcl6, irf8, and mafb. Our study reveals the involvement of multiple signaling molecules in the differential regulation of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by TLR2 and IL-1 signaling. Understanding the signaling cross-talk among TLR, IL-1R, and RANK is critical for identifying therapeutic strategies to control bacteria-mediated bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, the Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China, and
| | - Lingkai Su
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry
| | - Qingan Xu
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, the The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jenny Katz
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry
| | | | - Mingwen Fan
- the The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Ping Zhang
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry,
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Mould AW, Morgan MAJ, Nelson AC, Bikoff EK, Robertson EJ. Blimp1/Prdm1 Functions in Opposition to Irf1 to Maintain Neonatal Tolerance during Postnatal Intestinal Maturation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005375. [PMID: 26158850 PMCID: PMC4497732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal intestine is a very complex and dynamic organ that must rapidly adapt and remodel in response to a barrage of environmental stimuli during the first few postnatal weeks. Recent studies demonstrate that the zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 plays an essential role governing postnatal reprogramming of intestinal enterocytes during this period. Functional loss results in global changes in gene expression patterns, particularly in genes associated with metabolic function. Here we engineered a knock-in allele expressing an eGFP-tagged fusion protein under control of the endogenous regulatory elements and performed genome wide ChIP-seq analysis to identify direct Blimp1 targets and further elucidate the function of Blimp1 in intestinal development. Comparison with published human and mouse datasets revealed a highly conserved core set of genes including interferon-inducible promoters. Here we show that the interferon-inducible transcriptional activator Irf1 is constitutively expressed throughout fetal and postnatal intestinal epithelium development. ChIP-seq demonstrates closely overlapping Blimp1 and Irf1 peaks at key components of the MHC class I pathway in fetal enterocytes. The onset of MHC class I expression coincides with down-regulated Blimp1 expression during the suckling to weaning transition. Collectively, these experiments strongly suggest that in addition to regulating the enterocyte metabolic switch, Blimp1 functions as a gatekeeper in opposition to Irf1 to prevent premature activation of the MHC class I pathway in villus epithelium to maintain tolerance in the neonatal intestine. The transcriptional repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 plays a pivotal role in the metabolic switch that occurs in the small intestine during the suckling to weaning transition. Notably, expression profiling of perinatal Blimp1-deficient small intestine revealed premature activation of metabolic genes normally restricted to post-weaning enterocytes. To further elucidate the function of Blimp1 in intestinal development, we engineered a novel Blimp1-eGFP-fusion knock-in mouse strain to perform ChIP-seq analysis. In addition to identifying which metabolic genes are direct Blimp1 targets, ChIP-seq analysis revealed a highly conserved Blimp1/Irf-1 overlapping sites that function to control MHC class I antigen processing during acquisition of neonatal tolerance in the first weeks after birth during early colonization of the intestinal tract by commensal microorganisms. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis of human fetal intestine suggests that a BLIMP1/IRF-1 axis may also function in human intestinal epithelium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne W. Mould
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A. J. Morgan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Nelson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K. Bikoff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EKB); (EJR)
| | - Elizabeth J. Robertson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EKB); (EJR)
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Zhang B, Calado DP, Wang Z, Fröhler S, Köchert K, Qian Y, Koralov SB, Schmidt-Supprian M, Sasaki Y, Unitt C, Rodig S, Chen W, Dalla-Favera R, Alt FW, Pasqualucci L, Rajewsky K. An oncogenic role for alternative NF-κB signaling in DLBCL revealed upon deregulated BCL6 expression. Cell Rep 2015; 11:715-26. [PMID: 25921526 PMCID: PMC4426003 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a complex disease comprising diverse subtypes and genetic profiles. Possibly because of the prevalence of genetic alterations activating canonical NF-κB activity, a role for oncogenic lesions that activate the alternative NF-κB pathway in DLBCL has remained elusive. Here, we show that deletion/mutation of TRAF3, a negative regulator of the alternative NF-κB pathway, occurs in ∼15% of DLBCLs and that it often coexists with BCL6 translocation, which prevents terminal B cell differentiation. Accordingly, in a mouse model constitutive activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway cooperates with BCL6 deregulation in DLBCL development. This work demonstrates a key oncogenic role for the alternative NF-κB pathway in DLBCL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochun Zhang
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Dinis Pedro Calado
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Kings College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sebastian Fröhler
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Karl Köchert
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Yoshiteru Sasaki
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Christine Unitt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Riccardo Dalla-Favera
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str 10, Berlin 13125, Germany.
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Swaminathan S, Kelleher AD. MicroRNA modulation of key targets associated with T cell exhaustion in HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2015; 9:464-71. [PMID: 25023625 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The emergence of studies linking microRNAs (miRNAs), a species of small RNA molecules important in gene regulation, with HIV-1 infection has led to a better understanding of the complex molecular changes that occur following infection. We aim to discuss these changes and show how miRNAs may be involved with regulating key immunomodulatory molecules linked to T cell exhaustion at the post-transcriptional level. RECENT FINDINGS Blimp-1 is a recently described T cell exhaustion marker. Reduced levels of miR-9 have been shown to have a functional role in the higher levels of Blimp-1 in CD4 T cells from patients with HIV-1 infection. Reduced levels of let-7 miRNAs have been linked to higher levels of IL-10, again with potential pathophysiological significance in HIV-1 infection. The advent of deep sequencing technologies is allowing detection of virally derived miRNAs expressed at extremely low levels, although some controversy still exists. SUMMARY miRNAs have emerged as important players in the T cell dysfunction observed with HIV-1 infection. It is likely that they may emerge as novel markers of T cell dysfunction and provide potential targets for new therapeutics to reverse dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Swaminathan
- aDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals bSydney Medical School, University of Sydney cSchool of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney dImmunovirology Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst eThe Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights the control of transcriptional networks, including induction of inhibitory receptors, by T cell-specific transcription factors in exhausted T cells that accumulate in chronic viral infections including HIV. RECENT FINDINGS Transcriptional profiling has established distinct molecular phenotypes for exhausted CD4 and CD8 T cells in chronic viral infection models. There exists a subset of transcription factors associated with exhaustion, notably Blimp-1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like and Helios. Epigenetic phenomena are likely important in regulating gene expression networks during exhaustion as illustrated by programmed death 1 promoter methylation patterns. SUMMARY Following chronic viral infections, CD4 and CD8 T cells defined functionally and phenotypically as exhausted have distinct transcriptional profiles. These studies have identified a core set of transcription factors that have been implicated in promoting exhaustion. However, no single factor appears to be an exhaustion determining factor, suggesting that T cell exhaustion reflects a combinatorial mechanism with multiple transcription factors interacting to influence the development of functionally exhausted T cells as well as different T effector populations.
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Kiyomiya H, Ariyoshi W, Okinaga T, Kaneuji T, Mitsugi S, Sakurai T, Habu M, Yoshioka I, Tominaga K, Nishihara T. IL-33 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation through the regulation of Blimp-1 and IRF-8 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:320-6. [PMID: 25795135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a recently discovered proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 family. Several studies have reported that IL-33 inhibits osteoclast differentiation. However, the mechanism of IL-33 regulation of osteoclastogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of IL-33 on osteoclast formation in vitro. IL-33 suppressed osteoclast formation in both mouse bone marrow cells and monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells induced by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and/or macrophage stimulating factor (M-CSF). IL-33 also inhibited the expression of RANKL-induced nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), thereby decreasing the expression of osteoclastogenesis-related marker genes, including Cathepsin K, Osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein (Oc-stamp) and Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap). Blockage of IL-33-ST2 binding suppressed the IL-33-mediated inhibition of NFATc1. RANKL-induced B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) expression was also suppressed by IL-33, which was followed by the stimulation of anti-osteoclastic genes such as interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8). These results suggest that IL-33-ST2 interactions down-regulate both RANKL-induced NFATc1 activation and osteoclast differentiation via the regulation of Blimp-1 and IRF-8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Kiyomiya
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Toshinori Okinaga
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneuji
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Sho Mitsugi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Takuma Sakurai
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Manabu Habu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Izumi Yoshioka
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tominaga
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Nishihara
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan.
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The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex regulates germinal center formation by repressing Blimp-1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E718-27. [PMID: 25646472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418592112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) reaction is crucial in adaptive immune responses. The formation of GC is coordinated by the expression of specific genes including Blimp-1 and Bcl-6. Although gene expression is critically influenced by the status of chromatin structure, little is known about the role of chromatin remodeling factors for regulation of GC formation. Here, we show that the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is required for GC reactions. Mice lacking Srg3/mBaf155, a core component of the SWI/SNF complex, showed impaired differentiation of GC B and follicular helper T cells in response to T cell-dependent antigen challenge. The SWI/SNF complex regulates chromatin structure at the Blimp-1 locus and represses its expression by interacting cooperatively with Bcl-6 and corepressors. The defect in GC reactions in mice lacking Srg3 was due to the derepression of Blimp-1 as supported by genetic studies with Blimp-1-ablated mice. Hence, our study identifies the SWI/SNF complex as a key mediator in GC reactions by modulating Bcl-6-dependent Blimp-1 repression.
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127
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Antignano F, Zaph C. Regulation of CD4 T-cell differentiation and inflammation by repressive histone methylation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:245-52. [PMID: 25582341 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repressive epigenetic modifications such as dimethylation and trimethylation histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2 and H3K9me3) and H3K27me3 have been shown to be critical for embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation by silencing cell lineage-promiscuous genes. CD4(+) T helper (T(H)) cell differentiation is a powerful model to study the molecular mechanisms associated with cellular lineage choice in adult cells. Naïve T(H) cells have the capacity to differentiate into one of the several phenotypically and functionally distinct and stable lineages. Although some repressive epigenetic mechanisms have a critical role in T(H) cell differentiation in a similar manner to that in ES cells, it is clear that there are disparate functions for certain modifications between ES cells and T(H) cells. Here we review the role of repressive histone modifications in the differentiation and function of T(H) cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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128
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The role of Pax5 in leukemia: diagnosis and prognosis significance. Med Oncol 2014; 32:360. [PMID: 25428382 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pax5 transcription factor, also known as B-cell specific activator protein (BSAP), plays a dual role in the hematopoietic system. Pax5 expression is essential in B-cell precursors for normal differentiation and maturation of B-cells. On the other hand, it inhibits the differentiation and progress toward other lineages. The expression of this factor is involved in several aspects of B-cell differentiation, including commitment, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, BCR signal transduction and B-cell survival, so that the deletion or inactivating mutations of Pax5 cause cell arrest in Pro-B-cell stage. In recent years, point mutations, deletions and various rearrangements in Pax5 gene have been reported in several types of human cancers. However, no clear relationship has been found between these aberrations and disease prognosis. Specific expression of Pax5 in B-cells can raise it as a marker for the diagnosis and differentiation of B-cell leukemias and lymphomas as well as account for remission or relapse. Extensive studies on Pax5 along with other genes and immunomarkers are necessary for decisive results in this regard.
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129
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White CA, Pone EJ, Lam T, Tat C, Hayama KL, Li G, Zan H, Casali P. Histone deacetylase inhibitors upregulate B cell microRNAs that silence AID and Blimp-1 expression for epigenetic modulation of antibody and autoantibody responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5933-50. [PMID: 25392531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and plasma cell differentiation, which requires B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), are critical for the generation of class-switched and hypermutated (mature) Ab and autoantibody responses. We show that histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid and butyrate dampened AICDA/Aicda (AID) and PRDM1/Prdm1 (Blimp-1) mRNAs by upregulating miR-155, miR-181b, and miR-361 to silence AICDA/Aicda, and miR-23b, miR-30a, and miR-125b to silence PRDM1/Prdm1, in human and mouse B cells. This led to downregulation of AID, Blimp-1, and X-box binding protein 1, thereby inhibiting CSR, SHM, and plasma cell differentiation without altering B cell viability or proliferation. The selectivity of histone deacetylase inhibitor-mediated silencing of AICDA/Aicda and PRDM1/Prdm1 was emphasized by unchanged expression of HoxC4 and Irf4 (important inducers/modulators of AICDA/Aicda), Rev1 and Ung (central elements for CSR/SHM), and Bcl6, Bach2, or Pax5 (repressors of PRDM1/Prdm1 expression), as well as unchanged expression of miR-19a/b, miR-20a, and miR-25, which are not known to regulate AICDA/Aicda or PRDM1/Prdm1. Through these B cell-intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms, valproic acid blunted class-switched and hypermutated T-dependent and T-independent Ab responses in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, it decreased class-switched and hypermutated autoantibodies, ameliorated disease, and extended survival in lupus MRL/Fas(lpr/lpr) mice. Our findings outline epigenetic mechanisms that modulate expression of an enzyme (AID) and transcription factors (Blimp-1 and X-box binding protein 1) that are critical to the B cell differentiation processes that underpin Ab and autoantibody responses. They also provide therapeutic proof-of-principle in autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton A White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Egest J Pone
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Tonika Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Connie Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ken L Hayama
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Guideng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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130
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Hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor gene PRDM1/Blimp-1 supports a pathogenetic role in EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e261. [PMID: 25382611 PMCID: PMC4571983 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM1/Blimp-1 is a tumor suppressor gene in the activated B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Its inactivation contributes to pathogenesis in this setting by impairing terminal B-cell differentiation induced by constitutive nuclear factor-κB activation. The role of PRDM1 in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lymphomagenesis is not known. Here we identified hypermethylation of the promoter region and exon 1 of PRDM1 in all six Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive BL cell lines and 12 of 23 (52%) primary EBV-positive BL or BL-related cases examined, but in none of the EBV-negative BL cell lines or primary tumors that we assessed, implying a tumor suppressor role for PRDM1 specifically in EBV-associated BL. A direct induction of PRDM1 hypermethylation by EBV is unlikely, as PRDM1 hypermethylation was not observed in EBV-immortalized B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Treatment of EBV-positive BL cells with 5′ azacytidine resulted in PRDM1 induction associated with PRDM1 demethylation, consistent with transcriptional silencing of PRDM1 as a result of DNA methylation. Overexpression of PRDM1 in EBV-positive BL cell lines resulted in cell cycle arrest. Our results expand the spectrum of lymphoid malignancies in which PRDM1 may have a tumor suppressor role and identify an epigenetic event that likely contributes to the pathogenesis of BL.
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131
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Andersson KME, Svensson MND, Erlandsson MC, Jonsson IM, Bokarewa MI. Down-regulation of survivin alleviates experimental arthritis. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:135-45. [PMID: 25381389 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0714-317r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin is a proto-oncogene that regulates cell division and apoptosis. It is a molecular marker of cancer. Recently, survivin has emerged as a feature of RA, associated with severe joint damage and poor treatment response. The present study examined if inhibition of survivin affects experimental arthritis, which was induced in mBSA-immunized mice by an injection of mBSA in the knee joint or developed spontaneously in collagen type II-immunized mice. The inhibition of survivin transcription by a lentivirus shRNA construct alleviated joint inflammation and reduced bone damage. The inhibition of survivin reduced the levels of metalloproteinases, β-catenin, and vimentin, limiting the invasive capacity of synovia, while no inhibition of osteoclastogenesis could be found. The inhibition of survivin led to a p53-independent reduction of T cell proliferation and favored the transcription and activity of Blimp-1, which limited IL-2 production and facilitated formation of regulatory Foxp3(+)CD4(+) and effector CD8(+) T cells. The study shows that the inhibition of survivin is sufficient to reduce joint inflammation and bone damage in preclinical models of arthritis. Antiarthritic effects of survivin inhibition are related to p53-independent control of lymphocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M E Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M N D Svensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M C Erlandsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I-M Jonsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M I Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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132
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Yang H, Qiu Q, Gao B, Kong S, Lin Z, Fang D. Hrd1-mediated BLIMP-1 ubiquitination promotes dendritic cell MHCII expression for CD4 T cell priming during inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2467-79. [PMID: 25366967 PMCID: PMC4235642 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin pathway plays critical roles in antigen presentation. However, the ubiquitin ligases that regulate MHC gene transcription remain unidentified. We showed that the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1, expression of which is induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, is required for MHC-II but not MHC-I transcription in dendritic cells (DCs). Targeted Hrd1 gene deletion in DCs diminished MHC-II expression. As a consequence, Hrd1-null DCs failed to prime CD4(+) T cells without affecting the activation of CD8(+) T cells. Hrd1 catalyzed ubiquitination and degradation of the transcriptional suppressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) to promote MHC-II expression. Genetic suppression of Hrd1 function in DCs protected mice from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We identified Hrd1-mediated BLIMP1 ubiquitination as a previously unknown mechanism in programming DC for CD4(+) T cell activation during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoung Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Quan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Beixue Gao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Sinyi Kong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Zhenghong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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133
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Joo H, Li D, Dullaers M, Kim TW, Duluc D, Upchurch K, Xue Y, Zurawski S, Le Grand R, Liu YJ, Kuroda M, Zurawski G, Oh S. C-type lectin-like receptor LOX-1 promotes dendritic cell-mediated class-switched B cell responses. Immunity 2014; 41:592-604. [PMID: 25308333 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a pattern-recognition receptor for a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands. However, LOX-1 function in the host immune response is not fully understood. Here, we report that LOX-1 expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells promotes humoral responses. On B cells LOX-1 signaling upregulated CCR7, promoting cellular migration toward lymphoid tissues. LOX-1 signaling on DCs licensed the cells to promote B cell differentiation into class-switched plasmablasts and led to downregulation of chemokine receptor CXCR5 and upregulation of chemokine receptor CCR10 on plasmablasts, enabling their exit from germinal centers and migration toward local mucosa and skin. Finally, we found that targeting influenza hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) subunit to LOX-1 elicited HA1-specific protective antibody responses in rhesus macaques. Thus, LOX-1 expressed on B cells and DC cells has complementary functions to promote humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeMee Joo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Melissa Dullaers
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Tae-Whan Kim
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Dorothee Duluc
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Katherine Upchurch
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA; Baylor University, Institute for Biomedical Studies, South 5th Street, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Yaming Xue
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Sandy Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Commissariat á l'Energie Atomique, Paris 922655, France
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Marcelo Kuroda
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433-8915, USA
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA; Baylor University, Institute for Biomedical Studies, South 5th Street, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - SangKon Oh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204, USA; Baylor University, Institute for Biomedical Studies, South 5th Street, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
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134
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Boi M, Zucca E, Inghirami G, Bertoni F. PRDM1/BLIMP1: a tumor suppressor gene in B and T cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1223-8. [PMID: 25115512 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.953155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the human BLIMP1, prdm1, is located on chromosome 6q21, a locus frequently deleted in lymphoid tumors. BLIMP1 is able to silence its target genes in a context-dependent manner through different mechanisms. BLIMP1 is expressed in both B and T cells, in which it plays important functions. In B cells, BLIMP1 acts as the master regulator of plasma cell differentiation, repressed by BCL6 and repressing both BCL6 and PAX5. In T cells, BLIMP1 is a critical factor for most terminal effector cell differentiation in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. BLIMP1 is frequently inactivated in a variety of lymphomas, including diffuse large B cell lymphomas, Natural Killer cell lymphoma and anaplastic large T cell lymphoma. In this review, we will summarize the role of BLIMP1 in normal cells, focusing on lymphoid cells, and on its function as tumor suppressor gene in lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Boi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
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135
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Lu D, Nakagawa R, Lazzaro S, Staudacher P, Abreu-Goodger C, Henley T, Boiani S, Leyland R, Galloway A, Andrews S, Butcher G, Nutt SL, Turner M, Vigorito E. The miR-155-PU.1 axis acts on Pax5 to enable efficient terminal B cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2183-98. [PMID: 25288398 PMCID: PMC4203942 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A single microRNA (miRNA) can regulate the expression of many genes, though the level of repression imparted on any given target is generally low. How then is the selective pressure for a single miRNA/target interaction maintained across long evolutionary distances? We addressed this problem by disrupting in vivo the interaction between miR-155 and PU.1 in mice. Remarkably, this interaction proved to be key to promoting optimal T cell-dependent B cell responses, a previously unrecognized role for PU.1. Mechanistically, miR-155 inhibits PU.1 expression, leading to Pax5 down-regulation and the initiation of the plasma cell differentiation pathway. Additional PU.1 targets include a network of genes whose products are involved in adhesion, with direct links to B-T cell interactions. We conclude that the evolutionary adaptive selection of the miR-155-PU.1 interaction is exercised through the effectiveness of terminal B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lu
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Rinako Nakagawa
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Sandra Lazzaro
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Philipp Staudacher
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Cei Abreu-Goodger
- National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langbio), Cinvestav, Irapuato, 36821 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Tom Henley
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Sara Boiani
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Rebecca Leyland
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Alison Galloway
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Simon Andrews
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Geoffrey Butcher
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia 3010, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Martin Turner
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Elena Vigorito
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development and The Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, England, UK
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136
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Liu Y, Fan L, Zhu J, Xu X, Huang G, Li X, Xun W. PRDM1 expression on the epithelial component but not on ectopic lymphoid tissues of Warthin tumour. Oral Dis 2014; 21:432-6. [PMID: 25280345 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of PRDM1, a key molecule for modulating the immune cells, in Warthin tumour (WT) pathogenesis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty paraffin-embedded parotid tissues of patients (mean age: 62.08 ± 11.90) with WT were retrieved from the pathology archives of Qindu Hospital from January 2012 to December 2012. The PRDM1 expression was investigated in a cohort of WT by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PRDM1 was expressed only on the epithelial component but not on ectopic lymphoid tissue of the tumour. Statistically, PRDM1 expression rates between WT glandular epithelial cells (40/40 cases) and the tumour-adjacent tissues (0/9 cases), and WT germinal centres (0/34 cases) and tonsil tissues (10/10 cases) were significantly different (P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The PRDM1 expression appeared to play an essential role in WT pathogenesis. A better understanding of it might give options for revealing possible novel management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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137
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Multiscale Modeling of the Early CD8 T-Cell Immune Response in Lymph Nodes: An Integrative Study. COMPUTATION 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/computation2040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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138
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Igarashi K, Ochiai K, Itoh-Nakadai A, Muto A. Orchestration of plasma cell differentiation by Bach2 and its gene regulatory network. Immunol Rev 2014; 261:116-25. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Sendai Japan
| | - Kyoko Ochiai
- Department of Biochemistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Sendai Japan
| | - Ari Itoh-Nakadai
- Department of Biochemistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Sendai Japan
| | - Akihiko Muto
- Department of Biochemistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Sendai Japan
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139
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Deng XM, Yan SX, Wei W. IL-21 acts as a promising therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus by regulating plasma cell differentiation. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:31-9. [PMID: 25088225 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells, which secrete auto-antibodies, are considered to be the arch-criminal of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, but there are many cytokines involved in inducing the differentiation of B-cell subsets into plasma cells. Here, we emphasize IL-21, which has emerged as the most potent inducer of plasma cell differentiation. In this review, we focused on the promoting effects of IL-21 on plasma cell differentiation and discuss how these effects contribute to B cell-mediated autoimmune disease.
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140
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HIV-1 Tat affects the programming and functionality of human CD8⁺ T cells by modulating the expression of T-box transcription factors. AIDS 2014; 28:1729-38. [PMID: 24841128 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV infection is characterized by several immune dysfunctions of both CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells as hyperactivation, impairment of functionality and expansion of memory T cells. CD8⁺ T-cell dysfunctions have been associated with increased expression of T-bet, Eomesdermin and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and with down-regulation of CD127. The HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein, which is released by infected cells and detected in tissues of HIV-positive individuals, is known to contribute to the dysregulation of CD4⁺ T cells; however, its effects on CD8⁺ T cells have not been investigated. Thus, in this study, we sought to address whether Tat may affect CD8⁺ T-cell functionality and programming. METHODS CD8⁺ T cells were activated by T-cell receptor engagement in the presence or absence of Tat. Cytokine production, killing capacity, surface phenotype and expression of transcription factors important for T-cell programming were evaluated. RESULTS Tat favors the secretion of interleukin-2, interferon-γ and granzyme B in CD8⁺ T cells. Behind this functional modulation we observed that Tat increases the expression of T-bet, Eomesdermin, Blimp-1, Bcl-6 and Bcl-2 in activated but not in unstimulated CD8⁺ T lymphocytes. This effect is associated with the down-regulation of CD127 and the up-regulation of CD27. CONCLUSION Tat deeply alters the programming and functionality of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes.
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Neumann C, Heinrich F, Neumann K, Junghans V, Mashreghi MF, Ahlers J, Janke M, Rudolph C, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Kühl AA, Heimesaat MM, Esser C, Im SH, Radbruch A, Rutz S, Scheffold A. Role of Blimp-1 in programing Th effector cells into IL-10 producers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1807-19. [PMID: 25073792 PMCID: PMC4144744 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator Blimp-1 is absolutely required for IL-10 production in Th1 cells and limits inflammatory effector T cell responses downstream of IL-12 and IL-27. Secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL) 10 by effector T cells is an essential mechanism of self-limitation during infection. However, the transcriptional regulation of IL-10 expression in proinflammatory T helper (Th) 1 cells is insufficiently understood. We report a crucial role for the transcriptional regulator Blimp-1, induced by IL-12 in a STAT4-dependent manner, in controlling IL-10 expression in Th1 cells. Blimp-1 deficiency led to excessive inflammation during Toxoplasma gondii infection with increased mortality. IL-10 production from Th1 cells was strictly dependent on Blimp-1 but was further enhanced by the synergistic function of c-Maf, a transcriptional regulator of IL-10 induced by multiple factors, such as the Notch pathway. We found Blimp-1 expression, which was also broadly induced by IL-27 in effector T cells, to be antagonized by transforming growth factor (TGF) β. While effectively blocking IL-10 production from Th1 cells, TGF-β shifted IL-10 regulation from a Blimp-1–dependent to a Blimp-1–independent pathway in IL-27–induced Tr1 (T regulatory 1) cells. Our findings further illustrate how IL-10 regulation in Th cells relies on several transcriptional programs that integrate various signals from the environment to fine-tune expression of this critical immunosuppressive cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Neumann
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Neumann
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria Junghans
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Ahlers
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marko Janke
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Rudolph
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rutz
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Purssell E. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors inhibit antibody response through interference with MAPK/ERK pathways and BLIMP-1 inhibition. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:372-7. [PMID: 25012778 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a common symptom of illness in children, and although not harmful in itself, fever and its associated symptoms are often treated with antipyretic drugs. A number of national and other guidelines now recommend against their routine use; a conclusion that was initially supported by a study showing that the prophylactic use of paracetamol might reduce antibody response to some vaccine antigens, although data from booster vaccinations are more equivocal. Although in vivo data on the cause of this inhibition are scarce, in vitro data suggests that the cause may be due to inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinase pathways, and a subsequent reduction in the process of plasma cell differentiation at the beginning of the antibody response. This suggests that in high-risk patients these drugs could be avoided in the early part of an infection when plasma-cell differentiation is occurring. More data are needed to define this period; until then existing data support the recommendation against the routine use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Purssell
- King's College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London SE1 8WA, United Kingdom.
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143
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Xu Y, Xu L, Zhao M, Xu C, Fan Y, Pierce SK, Liu W. No receptor stands alone: IgG B-cell receptor intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms contribute to antibody memory. Cell Res 2014; 24:651-64. [PMID: 24839903 PMCID: PMC4042179 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunological memory is a striking phenomenon. A lethal epidemic sweeps through a naïve population, many die but those who survive are never "attacked twice - never at least fatally", as the historian Thucydides observed in 430 BCE. Antibody memory is critical for protection against many human infectious diseases and is the basis for nearly all current human vaccines. Antibody memory is encoded, in part, in isotype-switched immunoglobulin (Ig)G-expressing memory B cells that are generated in the primary response to antigen and give rise to rapid, high-affinity and high-titered antibody responses upon challenge with the same antigen. How IgG-B-cell receptors (BCRs) and antigen-induced IgG-BCR signaling contribute to memory antibody responses are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize exciting new advances that are revealing the cellular and molecular mechanisms at play in antibody memory and discuss how studies using different experimental approaches will help elucidate the complex phenomenon of B-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsheng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liling Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - ChenGuang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yilin Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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144
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Strutt TM, McKinstry KK, Marshall NB, Vong AM, Dutton RW, Swain SL. Multipronged CD4(+) T-cell effector and memory responses cooperate to provide potent immunity against respiratory virus. Immunol Rev 2014; 255:149-64. [PMID: 23947353 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the known spectrum of CD4(+) T-cell effector subsets has become much broader, and it has become clear that there are multiple dimensions by which subsets with a particular cytokine commitment can be further defined, including their stage of differentiation, their location, and, most importantly, their ability to carry out discrete functions. Here, we focus on our studies that highlight the synergy among discrete subsets, especially those defined by helper and cytotoxic function, in mediating viral protection, and on distinctions between CD4(+) T-cell effectors located in spleen, draining lymph node, and in tissue sites of infection. What emerges is a surprising multiplicity of CD4(+) T-cell functions that indicate a large arsenal of mechanisms by which CD4(+) T cells act to combat viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Strutt
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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145
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He S, Tong Q, Bishop DK, Zhang Y. Histone methyltransferase and histone methylation in inflammatory T-cell responses. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:989-1004. [PMID: 23998733 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During immune responses, T cells require tightly controlled expression of transcriptional programs to regulate the balance between beneficial and harmful immunity. These transcriptional programs are critical for the lineage specification of effector T cells, the production of effector cytokines and molecules, and the development and maintenance of memory T cells. An emerging theme is that post-translational modification of histones by methylation plays an important role in orchestrating the expression of transcriptional programs in T cells. In this article, we provide a broad overview of histone methylation signatures for effector molecules and transcription factors in T cells, and the functional importance of histone methyltransferases in regulating T-cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5942, USA
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146
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From the regulatory functions of B cells to the identification of cytokine-producing plasma cell subsets. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:77-83. [PMID: 24637161 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes have a unique role as antibody-producing cells. Antibodies are key mediators of humoral immunity against infections, and are thought to account for the protection afforded by successful vaccines. B cells can also secrete cytokines and subsequently regulate immune responses mediated by T and innate cells. Remarkably, recent studies identified plasma blasts/plasma cells as the main types of activated B cells producing the cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17, and GM-CSF in various contexts in mice. Here, we discuss these observations, which suggest the existence of various subsets of plasma blast/plasma cells distinguishable through their cytokine expression pattern.
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147
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Horn M, Geisen C, Cermak L, Becker B, Nakamura S, Klein C, Pagano M, Antebi A. DRE-1/FBXO11-dependent degradation of BLMP-1/BLIMP-1 governs C. elegans developmental timing and maturation. Dev Cell 2014; 28:697-710. [PMID: 24613396 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental timing genes catalyze stem cell progression and animal maturation programs across taxa. Caenorhabditis elegans DRE-1/FBXO11 functions in an SCF E3-ubiquitin ligase complex to regulate the transition to adult programs, but its cognate proteolytic substrates are unknown. Here, we identify the conserved transcription factor BLMP-1 as a substrate of the SCF(DRE-1/FBXO11) complex. blmp-1 deletion suppressed dre-1 mutant phenotypes and exhibited developmental timing defects opposite to dre-1. blmp-1 also opposed dre-1 for other life history traits, including entry into the dauer diapause and longevity. BLMP-1 protein was strikingly elevated upon dre-1 depletion and dysregulated in a stage- and tissue-specific manner. The role of DRE-1 in regulating BLMP-1 stability is evolutionary conserved, as we observed direct protein interaction and degradation function for worm and human counterparts. Taken together, posttranslational regulation of BLMP-1/BLIMP-1 by DRE-1/FBXO11 coordinates C. elegans developmental timing and other life history traits, suggesting that this two-protein module mediates metazoan maturation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Horn
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Geisen
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Cermak
- Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ben Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Corinna Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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148
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Lin MH, Yeh LT, Chen SJ, Chiou HYC, Chu CC, Yen LB, Lin KI, Chang DM, Sytwu HK. T cell-specific BLIMP-1 deficiency exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in nonobese diabetic mice by increasing Th1 and Th17 cells. Clin Immunol 2014; 151:101-13. [PMID: 24568746 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP-1) has a role in regulating the differentiation and effector function of Th1 and Th17 cells. As these cells play critical roles in the induction and pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we investigated the potential role of T cell BLIMP-1 in modulating MOG35-55-induced EAE. We established T cell-specific BLIMP-1 conditional knockout (CKO) NOD mice to dissect the role of BLIMP-1 in EAE using loss-of-function model. Our results indicate that EAE severity is dramatically exacerbated in CKO mice. The numbers of CNS-infiltrating Th1, Th17, IFN-γ(+)IL-17A(+), and IL-21(+)IL-17A(+) CD4(+) T cells are remarkably increased in brain and spinal cord of CKO mice. Moreover, the ratio of Tregs/effectors and IL-10 production of Tregs are significantly downregulated in CNS of CKO mice. We conclude that BLIMP-1 suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis via downregulating Th1 and Th17 cells and impairing Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hong Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Tzu Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shyi-Jou Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Ying C Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Recreation and Health-Care Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Linju B Yen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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149
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Park HJ, Kim DH, Lim SH, Kim WJ, Youn J, Choi YS, Choi JM. Insights into the role of follicular helper T cells in autoimmunity. Immune Netw 2014; 14:21-9. [PMID: 24605077 PMCID: PMC3942504 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are recently highlighted as their crucial role for humoral immunity to infection as well as their abnormal control to induce autoimmune disease. During an infection, naïve T cells are differentiating into TFH cells which mediate memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells in germinal center (GC). TFH cells are characterized by their expression of master regulator, Bcl-6, and chemokine receptor, CXCR5, which are essential for the migration of T cells into the B cell follicle. Within the follicle, crosstalk occurs between B cells and TFH cells, leading to class switch recombination and affinity maturation. Various signaling molecules, including cytokines, surface molecules, and transcription factors are involved in TFH cell differentiation. IL-6 and IL-21 cytokine-mediated STAT signaling pathways, including STAT1 and STAT3, are crucial for inducing Bcl-6 expression and TFH cell differentiation. TFH cells express important surface molecules such as ICOS, PD-1, IL-21, BTLA, SAP and CD40L for mediating the interaction between T and B cells. Recently, two types of microRNA (miRNA) were found to be involved in the regulation of TFH cells. The miR-17-92 cluster induces Bcl-6 and TFH cell differentiation, whereas miR-10a negatively regulates Bcl-6 expression in T cells. In addition, follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells are studied as thymus-derived CXCR5(+)PD-1(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells that play a significant role in limiting the GC response. Regulation of TFH cell differentiation and the GC reaction via miRNA and TFR cells could be important regulatory mechanisms for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we review recent studies on the various factors that affect TFH cell differentiation, and the role of TFH cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jai Park
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. ; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. ; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. ; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Won-Ju Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. ; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Jeehee Youn
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Youn-Soo Choi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. ; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Anti-CD200R2, anti-IL-9, anti-IL-35, or anti-TGF-β abolishes increased graft survival and Treg induction induced in cromolyn-treated CD200R1KO.CD200tg mice. Transplantation 2014; 97:39-46. [PMID: 24142033 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182a8936a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rejection is associated with early degranulation (≥80%) of graft-infiltrating CD200R1 receptor-positive mast cells (MCs). Survival is increased, and MC degranulation is decreased, in CD200 mice but not in CD200R1KO mice. CD200 engagement of CD200R2 (not present on MCs) alters dendritic cell differentiation and enhances induction of Foxp3 regulatory T cells (Tregs). We investigated whether attenuation of MC degranulation by sodium cromoglycate allowed CD200 to increase survival in CD200R1KO mice. METHODS C57BL/6 control, CD200R1KO, CD200, or CD200R1KO.CD200 mice received BALB/c grafts with or without treatment with cromoglycate. Survival was monitored daily from day 10, with mixed lymphocyte culture responses measured on day 14 or 21 and graft immunohistology performed on day 14. RESULTS Decreased MC degranulation and increased graft Foxp3 Treg infiltration/survival occurred in CD200 mice and in CD200-treated control mice or CD200R1KO.CD200 mice receiving cromoglycate. Neutralizing anti-CD200 or anti-CD200R1/R2 monoclonal antibody caused graft rejection, as did anti-interleukin (IL)-9, anti-IL-35, or anti-transforming growth factor-β antibodies, with the latter also decreasing graft-infiltrating Tregs. CONCLUSION These data imply a coordinated effect of MCs and Tregs on increased graft survival induced by CD200, with a critical role for IL-9, IL-35, and transforming growth factor-β in the development/function of Tregs.
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