101
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Janka EA, Várvölgyi T, Sipos Z, Soós A, Hegyi P, Kiss S, Dembrovszky F, Csupor D, Kéringer P, Pécsi D, Solymár M, Emri G. Predictive Performance of Serum S100B Versus LDH in Melanoma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:772165. [PMID: 34950582 PMCID: PMC8688362 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.772165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, no consensus on the use of blood tests for monitoring disease recurrence in patients with resected melanoma exists. The only meta-analysis conducted in 2008 found that elevated serum S100B levels were associated with significantly worse survival in melanoma patients. Serum LDH is an established prognostic factor in patients with advanced melanoma. Objective To compare the discriminative and prognostic ability of serum S100B with that of serum LDH in patients with melanoma. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis were reported in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42019137138). Results A quantitative analysis of data from 6 eligible studies included 1,033 patients with cutaneous melanoma. The discriminative ability of serum S100B at identifying disease relapse [pooled Area Under the ROC (AUROC) 78.64 (95% CI 70.28; 87.01)] was significantly greater than the discriminative ability of serum LDH [AUROC 64.41 (95% CI 56.05; 7278)] (p=0.013). Ten eligible studies with 1,987 patients were included in the risk of death analysis. The prognostic performance of serum S100B [pooled estimate of adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.78 (95% CI 1.38; 2.29)] was independent but not superior to that of serum LDH [HR 1.60 (95% CI 1.36; 2.29)]. Limitations A relatively small number of articles were eligible and there was considerable heterogeneity across the included studies. Conclusions Serum biomarkers may provide relevant information on melanoma patient status and should be further researched. Serum S100B is a valid marker for diagnosis of melanoma recurrence. Systematic Review Registration The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42019137138).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Anna Janka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Várvölgyi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Sipos
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Soós
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kiss
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fanni Dembrovszky
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kéringer
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dániel Pécsi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Margit Solymár
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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102
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Sun Y, Hu L, Yang P, Zhang M, Wang X, Xiao H, Qiao C, Wang J, Luo L, Feng J, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Shi Y, Chen G. pH Low Insertion Peptide-Modified Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 Potently Suppresses T-Cell Activation Under Acidic Condition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:794226. [PMID: 35003115 PMCID: PMC8733706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 axis is critical for maintenance of immune homeostasis by limiting overactivation of effector T-cell responses. The impairment of PD-L1/PD-1 signals play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, making this pathway an ideal target for novel therapeutics to induce immune tolerance. Given weakly acidic environment as a putative hallmark of inflammation, in this study we designed a new cargo by linking the ectodomain of murine PD-L1 to the N terminus of pHLIPs, a low pH-responding and membrane-insertion peptide, and demonstrated its potent immune-suppressive activity. Specifically, PD-L1-pHLIP spanned the cellular membrane and perfectly recognized its ligand PD-1 in acidic buffer. Immobile PD-L1-pHLIP actively inhibited T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. Importantly, soluble PD-L1-pHLIP retained its function to dampen T-cell responses under acidic condition instead of neutral aqueous solution. Overall, these data suggest that PD-L1-pHLIP has potentials to be a novel therapeutic avenue for T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Linhan Hu
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - He Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zheng
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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103
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Sassu CM, Palaia I, Boccia SM, Caruso G, Perniola G, Tomao F, Di Donato V, Musella A, Muzii L. Role of Circulating Biomarkers in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413650. [PMID: 34948446 PMCID: PMC8707281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second most common cause of death in women with gynecological cancer. Considering the poor prognosis, particularly in the case of platinum-resistant (PtR) disease, a huge effort was made to define new biomarkers able to help physicians in approaching and treating these challenging patients. Currently, most data can be obtained from tumor biopsy samples, but this is not always available and implies a surgical procedure. On the other hand, circulating biomarkers are detected with non-invasive methods, although this might require expensive techniques. Given the fervent hope in their value, here we focused on the most studied circulating biomarkers that could play a role in PtR OC.
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104
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Greene E, Finak G, D'Amico LA, Bhardwaj N, Church CD, Morishima C, Ramchurren N, Taube JM, Nghiem PT, Cheever MA, Fling SP, Gottardo R. New interpretable machine-learning method for single-cell data reveals correlates of clinical response to cancer immunotherapy. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 2:100372. [PMID: 34950900 PMCID: PMC8672150 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2021.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a new method for single-cell cytometry studies, FAUST, which performs unbiased cell population discovery and annotation. FAUST processes experimental data on a per-sample basis and returns biologically interpretable cell phenotypes, making it well suited for the analysis of complex datasets. We provide simulation studies that compare FAUST with existing methodology, exemplifying its strength. We apply FAUST to data from a Merkel cell carcinoma anti-PD-1 trial and discover pre-treatment effector memory T cell correlates of outcome co-expressing PD-1, HLA-DR, and CD28. Using FAUST, we then validate these correlates in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from the same study, as well as an independent CyTOF dataset from a published metastatic melanoma trial. Finally, we show how FAUST's phenotypes can be used to perform cross-study data integration in the presence of diverse staining panels. Together, these results establish FAUST as a powerful new approach for unbiased discovery in single-cell cytometry. An interpretable machine-learning method for cytometry data analysis is developed Using this, candidate biomarkers of response to therapy are identified and visualized The method is used to validate our findings on two additional cytometry datasets It is shown how to integrate findings across datasets with heterogeneous marker panels
Our article introduces a new method, FAUST, which combines novel algorithms for clustering, cluster matching, variable selection, and feature selection. While these algorithms were developed for application to high-dimensional single-cell data—and our article validates this application area with multiple case studies—they are general purpose and can be applied to any collection of related real-valued matrices one wishes to partition. Some useful features of these algorithms to the broader data science community include the following: they estimate the number of clusters across a dataset, they can be applied independently to each matrix in the set of matrices one wishes to cluster, they match clusters across matrices on the basis of data-driven annotations, and the annotations are interpretable in relation to the initial measurement variables. We provide an open-source implementation of our method, https://github.com/RGLab/FAUST, targeting data structures optimized for use in cytometry data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Greene
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Biostatistics Bioinformatics and Epidemiology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Biostatistics Bioinformatics and Epidemiology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leonard A D'Amico
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
| | - Candice D Church
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chihiro Morishima
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nirasha Ramchurren
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janis M Taube
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul T Nghiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin A Cheever
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven P Fling
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Biostatistics Bioinformatics and Epidemiology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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105
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Cheng Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Dai L. Soluble PD-L1 as a predictive biomarker in lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Oncol 2021; 18:261-273. [PMID: 34874185 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) and survival outcomes and treatment response in lung cancer. Methods & methods: Eligible studies were obtained by searching PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Pooled effect estimates were calculated for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR). Results: Twelve eligible studies with 1188 lung cancer patients were included. High sPD-L1 was significantly associated with worse OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.59-3.05; p < 0.001) and PFS (HR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.72-3.42; p < 0.001) in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Meanwhile, high sPD-L1 predicted worse OS (HR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.31-1.96; p < 0.001) and lower ORR (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.35-0.80; p = 0.002) in patients treated with non-ICI therapies. Conclusion: sPD-L1 is a potential predictive biomarker of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Li Dai
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100035, China
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106
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Sagawa R, Sakata S, Gong B, Seto Y, Takemoto A, Takagi S, Ninomiya H, Yanagitani N, Nakao M, Mun M, Uchibori K, Nishio M, Miyazaki Y, Shiraishi Y, Ogawa S, Kataoka K, Fujita N, Takeuchi K, Katayama R. Soluble PD-L1 through alternative polyadenylation works as a decoy in lung cancer immunotherapy. JCI Insight 2021; 7:153323. [PMID: 34874919 PMCID: PMC8765052 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is a novel development in anticancer therapy and has been applied to clinical medicine. However, there are still some problems, including a relatively low response rate, innate mechanisms of resistance against immune checkpoint blockades, and the absence of reliable biomarkers to predict responsiveness. In this study of in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrate that PD-L1-vInt4, a splicing variant of PD-L1, plays a role as a decoy in anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment. First, we showed that PD-L1-vInt4 was detectable in clinical samples and that it was possible to visualize the secreting variants with IHC. By overexpressing the PD-L1-secreted splicing variant on MC38 cells, we observed that an immune-suppressing effect was not induced by their secretion alone. We then demonstrated that PD-L1-vInt4 secretion resisted anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment, compared with wild type PD-L1, which was explicable by the PD-L1-vInt4's decoying of the anti-PD-L1 antibody. The decoying function of PD-L1 splicing variants may be one of the reasons for cancers being resistant to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Measuring serum PD-L1 levels might be helpful in deciding the therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Sagawa
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Sakata
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bo Gong
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Seto
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Takemoto
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Ninomiya
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Yanagitani
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakao
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mingyon Mun
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Uchibori
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishio
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Division of Genome Analysis Platform Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kataoka
- Division of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Fujita
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Katayama
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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107
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Roulleaux Dugage M, Nassif EF, Italiano A, Bahleda R. Improving Immunotherapy Efficacy in Soft-Tissue Sarcomas: A Biomarker Driven and Histotype Tailored Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:775761. [PMID: 34925348 PMCID: PMC8678134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-PD-(L)1 therapies yield a disappointing response rate of 15% across soft-tissue sarcomas, even if some subtypes benefit more than others. The proportions of TAMs and TILs in their tumor microenvironment are variable, and this heterogeneity correlates to histotype. Tumors with a richer CD8+ T cell, M1 macrophage, and CD20+ cells infiltrate have a better prognosis than those infiltrated by M0/M2 macrophages and a high immune checkpoint protein expression. PD-L1 and CD8+ infiltrate seem correlated to response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), but tertiary lymphoid structures have the best predictive value and have been validated prospectively. Trials for combination therapies are ongoing and focus on the association of ICI with chemotherapy, achieving encouraging results especially with pembrolizumab and doxorubicin at an early stage, or ICI with antiangiogenics. A synergy with oncolytic viruses is seen and intratumoral talimogene laherpavec yields an impressive 35% ORR when associated to pembrolizumab. Adoptive cellular therapies are also of great interest in tumors with a high expression of cancer-testis antigens (CTA), such as synovial sarcomas or myxoid round cell liposarcomas with an ORR ranging from 20 to 50%. It seems crucial to adapt the design of clinical trials to histology. Leiomyosarcomas are characterized by complex genomics but are poorly infiltrated by immune cells and do not benefit from ICI. They should be tested with PIK3CA/AKT inhibition, IDO blockade, or treatments aiming at increasing antigenicity (radiotherapy, PARP inhibitors). DDLPS are more infiltrated and have higher PD-L1 expression, but responses to ICI remain variable across clinical studies. Combinations with MDM2 antagonists or CDK4/6 inhibitors may improve responses for DDLPS. UPS harbor the highest copy number alterations (CNA) and mutation rates, with a rich immune infiltrate containing TLS. They have a promising 15-40% ORR to ICI. Trials for ICB should focus on immune-high UPS. Association of ICI with FGFR inhibitors warrants further exploration in the immune-low group of UPS. Finally translocation-related sarcomas are heterogeneous, and although synovial sarcomas a poorly infiltrated and have a poor response rate to ICI, ASPS largely benefit from ICB monotherapy or its association with antiangiogenics agents. Targeting specific neoantigens through vaccine or adoptive cellular therapies is probably the most promising approach in synovial sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Roulleaux Dugage
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et des Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Elise F. Nassif
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et des Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Antoine Italiano
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et des Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département d’Oncologie Médicale, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rastislav Bahleda
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et des Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
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108
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Khan AA, Liu ZK, Xu X. Recent advances in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:511-520. [PMID: 34344612 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is challenging as most patients are diagnosed at advanced stage with underlying chronic liver conditions. Conventional systemic chemotherapy has failed in HCC, and the clinical efficacy of FDA-approved molecular targeted agents such as sorafenib and lenvatinib remains unsatisfactory. DATA SOURCES Literature search was conducted in PubMed for relevant articles published before January 2021. The search aimed to identify recent developments in immune-based treatment approaches for HCC. Information of clinical trials was obtained from https://clinicaltrials.gov/. RESULTS Two immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), nivolumab and pembrolizumab were approved as monotherapies, which has revolutionized HCC treatment. Besides, combination ICIs have also got accelerated FDA approval recently. Immune-based therapies have challenged targeted drugs owing to their safety, tolerability, and survival benefits. In addition to the significant success in ICIs, other immunotherapeutic strategies such as cancer vaccine, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, natural killer cells, cytokines, and combination therapy, have also shown promising outcomes in clinical trials. Various diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers have been identified which can help in clinical decision making when starting treatment with ICIs. CONCLUSIONS Immunotherapy has emerged as one of the mainstream treatment modalities for advanced HCC in recent years. However, challenges such as low response rate and acquired resistance in previously respondent patients still exist. Further research is needed to understand the unique resistance mechanism to immunotherapy and to discover more predictive biomarkers to guide clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali Khan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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109
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Safai B, Wu AG, Hamby CV. Prognostic Biomarkers in Melanoma: Tailoring Treatments to the Patient. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2021; 14:44-48. [PMID: 35096254 PMCID: PMC8794494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is often difficult to accurately predict how a melanoma will progress because melanomas can be so diverse in their genetic and histological makeup. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the current state and progression of biomedical markers towards their utilization as prognostic indicators for patients with melanoma. METHODS A literature search of the research repository databases PubMed and GoogleScholar was conducted using the following inclusion criteria: (1) published within the last 10 years, and (2) use of overall survival, disease progression, or clinical outcome as primary endpoints. Search terms included various permutations of "biomarkers," "prognostic," "immunologic," "serologic," "visual," and "melanoma." Results were evaluated for statistical power, results significance, and experimental design integrity. RESULTS The prognostic capabilities of clinical tests for malignant melanoma have made great strides in the last few years, with several serologic and immunohistochemical biomarkers being preliminarily linked to various measures of clinical prognosis. While clinical feasibility of a single sensitive and specific biomarker remains unfeasible, use of select combinations of tested biomarkers remain viable. CONCLUSION Diagnostic and prognostic genetic assays have begun to cross over from research to commercial application, giving physicians additional tools during the early stages of diagnosis to optimize and individualize treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Safai
- Dr. Safai is with the Department of Dermatology, Metropolitan Hospital in New York, New York
- Mr. Wu and Dr. Hamby are with New York Medical College School of Medicine in Valhalla, New York
| | - Albert G Wu
- Dr. Safai is with the Department of Dermatology, Metropolitan Hospital in New York, New York
- Mr. Wu and Dr. Hamby are with New York Medical College School of Medicine in Valhalla, New York
| | - Carl V Hamby
- Dr. Safai is with the Department of Dermatology, Metropolitan Hospital in New York, New York
- Mr. Wu and Dr. Hamby are with New York Medical College School of Medicine in Valhalla, New York
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110
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Porter RL, Matulonis UA. Checkpoint Blockade: Not Yet NINJA Status in Ovarian Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:3651-3655. [PMID: 34529504 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Porter
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Ursula A Matulonis
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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111
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Storkus WJ, Maurer D, Lin Y, Ding F, Bose A, Lowe D, Rose A, DeMark M, Karapetyan L, Taylor JL, Chelvanambi M, Fecek RJ, Filderman JN, Looney TJ, Miller L, Linch E, Lowman GM, Kalinski P, Butterfield LH, Tarhini A, Tawbi H, Kirkwood JM. Dendritic cell vaccines targeting tumor blood vessel antigens in combination with dasatinib induce therapeutic immune responses in patients with checkpoint-refractory advanced melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003675. [PMID: 34782430 PMCID: PMC8593702 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A first-in-human, randomized pilot phase II clinical trial combining vaccines targeting overexpressed, non-mutated tumor blood vessel antigens (TBVA) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib was conducted in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2+ patients with advanced melanoma. Methods Patient monocyte-derived type-1-polarized dendritic cells were loaded with HLA-A2-presented peptides derived from TBVA (DLK1, EphA2, HBB, NRP1, RGS5, TEM1) and injected intradermally as a vaccine into the upper extremities every other week. Patients were randomized into one of two treatment arms receiving oral dasatinib (70 mg two times per day) beginning in week 5 (Arm A) or in week 1 (Arm B). Trial endpoints included T cell response to vaccine peptides (interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot), objective clinical response (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors V.1.1) and exploratory tumor, blood and serum profiling of immune-associated genes/proteins. Results Sixteen patients with advanced-stage cutaneous (n=10), mucosal (n=1) or uveal (n=5) melanoma were accrued, 15 of whom had previously progressed on programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade. Of 13 evaluable patients, 6 patients developed specific peripheral blood T cell responses against ≥3 vaccine-associated peptides, with further evidence of epitope spreading. All six patients with specific CD8+ T cell response to vaccine-targeted antigens exhibited evidence of T cell receptor (TCR) convergence in association with preferred clinical outcomes (four partial response and two stabilization of disease (SD)). Seven patients failed to respond to vaccination (one SD and six progressive disease). Patients in Arm B (immediate dasatinib) outperformed those in Arm A (delayed dasatinib) for immune response rate (IRR; 66.7% vs 28.6%), objective response rate (ORR) (66.7% vs 0%), overall survival (median 15.45 vs 3.47 months; p=0.0086) and progression-free survival (median 7.87 vs 1.97 months; p=0.063). IRR (80% vs 25%) and ORR (60% vs 12.5%) was greater for females versus male patients. Tumors in patients exhibiting response to treatment displayed (1) evidence of innate and adaptive immune-mediated inflammation and TCR convergence at baseline, (2) on-treatment transcriptional changes associated with reduced hypoxia/acidosis/glycolysis, and (3) increased inflammatory immune cell infiltration and tertiary lymphoid structure neogenesis. Conclusions Combined vaccination against TBVA plus dasatinib was safe and resulted in coordinating immunologic and/or objective clinical responses in 6/13 (46%) evaluable patients with melanoma, particularly those initiating treatment with both agents. Trial registration number NCT01876212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Storkus
- Dermatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deena Maurer
- Translational and Regulatory Affairs, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Lin
- Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fei Ding
- Biostatistics, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anamika Bose
- Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Devin Lowe
- Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas, USA
| | - Amy Rose
- Clinical Research Services, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa DeMark
- Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lilit Karapetyan
- Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer L Taylor
- Dermatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manoj Chelvanambi
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J Fecek
- Microbiology and Immunology, LECOM, Greensburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica N Filderman
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Lauren Miller
- Molecular Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Santa Clara, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Linch
- Molecular Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Santa Clara, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Lowman
- Molecular Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Santa Clara, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Medical Oncology and Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Research and Development, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ahmad Tarhini
- Cutaneous Oncology and Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Hussein Tawbi
- Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yu X, Li W, Young KH, Li Y. Posttranslational Modifications in PD-L1 Turnover and Function: From Cradle to Grave. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1702. [PMID: 34829931 PMCID: PMC8615371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is one of the most classic immune checkpoint molecules. Cancer cells express PD-L1 to inhibit the activity of effector T cells' cytotoxicity through programmed death 1 (PD-1) engagement in exposure to inflammatory cytokines. PD-L1 expression levels on cancer cells might affect the clinical response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Hence, understanding molecular mechanisms for regulating PD-L1 expression is essential for improving the clinical response rate and efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation, regulate PD-L1 stability, cellular translocation, and interaction with its receptor. A coordinated positive and negative regulation via PTMs is required to ensure the balance and function of the PD-L1 protein. In this review, we primarily focus on the roles of PTMs in PD-L1 expression, trafficking, and antitumor immune response. We also discuss the implication of PTMs in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Yu
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Ken H. Young
- Hematopathology Division, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Yong Li
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.Y.); (W.L.)
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113
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Xue JS, Liu H, Meng GX, Ding ZN, Yan LJ, Yao SY, Li HC, Dong ZR, Chen ZQ, Hong JG, Li T. Prognostic value of soluble programmed cell death-1 (sPD-1) and soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1633-1644. [PMID: 34750662 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary studies have suggested that soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1) and soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) have prognostic implications in many malignant tumors. However, the correlation between sPD-1/sPD-L1 level and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. METHODS We searched several electronic databases from database inception to October 7, 2021. Meta-analyses were performed separately for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), time to progression (TTP), and tumor-free survival (TFS). Random effects were introduced to this meta-analysis. The correlation between sPD-1/sPD-L1 level and prognosis was evaluated using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). RESULTS A total of 11 studies (1291 patients) were incorporated into this meta-analysis, including seven on sPD-L1, two on sPD-1, and two about both factors. The pooled results showed that high sPD-L1 level was associated with worse OS (HR = 2.46, 95%CI 1.74-3.49, P < 0.001; I2 = 31.4, P = 0.177) and poorer DFS/RFS/TTP/TFS of patients with HCC (HR = 2.22, 95%CI 1.47-3.35, P < 0.001; I2 = 66.1, P = 0.011), irrespective of method of detection, study type, treatment, cut-off value and follow-up time. In contrast, the level of sPD-1 was not correlated to the OS (HR = 1.19, 95%CI 0.55-2.56, P = 0.657) and DFS/TFS of patients with HCC (HR = 0.94, 95%CI 0.36-2.49, P = 0.906). CONCLUSION sPD-L1 rather than sPD-1 could be a good predictor for recurrence and survival after treatment for HCC. More high-quality prospective studies are warranted to assess the prognostic value of sPD-1 or sPD-L1 for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Shuai Xue
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Guang-Xiao Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zi-Niu Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lun-Jie Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hai-Chao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhao-Ru Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jian-Guo Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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García-Sancha N, Corchado-Cobos R, Bellido-Hernández L, Román-Curto C, Cardeñoso-Álvarez E, Pérez-Losada J, Orfao A, Cañueto J. Overcoming Resistance to Immunotherapy in Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5134. [PMID: 34680282 PMCID: PMC8533861 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most frequent cancer in humans, and is now responsible for as many deaths as melanoma. Immunotherapy has changed the therapeutic landscape of advanced CSCC after the FDA approval of anti-PD1 molecules for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic CSCC. However, roughly 50% of patients will not respond to this systemic treatment and even those who do respond can develop resistance over time. The etiologies of primary and secondary resistance to immunotherapy involve changes in the neoplastic cells and the tumor microenvironment. Indirect modulation of immune system activation with new therapies, such as vaccines, oncolytic viruses, and new immunotherapeutic agents, and direct modulation of tumor immunogenicity using other systemic treatments or radiotherapy are now under evaluation in combined regimens. The identification of predictors of response is an important area of research. In this review, we focus on the features associated with the response to immunotherapy, and the evaluation of combination treatments and new molecules, a more thorough knowledge of which is likely to improve the survival of patients with advanced CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia García-Sancha
- IBMCC-CSIC, Laboratory 7, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.G.-S.); (R.C.-C.); (J.P.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.B.-H.); (C.R.-C.); (A.O.)
| | - Roberto Corchado-Cobos
- IBMCC-CSIC, Laboratory 7, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.G.-S.); (R.C.-C.); (J.P.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.B.-H.); (C.R.-C.); (A.O.)
| | - Lorena Bellido-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.B.-H.); (C.R.-C.); (A.O.)
- Departament of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Concepción Román-Curto
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.B.-H.); (C.R.-C.); (A.O.)
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Esther Cardeñoso-Álvarez
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Jesús Pérez-Losada
- IBMCC-CSIC, Laboratory 7, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.G.-S.); (R.C.-C.); (J.P.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.B.-H.); (C.R.-C.); (A.O.)
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.B.-H.); (C.R.-C.); (A.O.)
- IBMCC-CSIC, Laboratory 11, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC) (CB16/12/00400, CB16/12/00233, CB16/12/00369, CB16/12/00489 and CB16/12/00480), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Cañueto
- IBMCC-CSIC, Laboratory 7, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.G.-S.); (R.C.-C.); (J.P.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.B.-H.); (C.R.-C.); (A.O.)
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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Oh SY, Kim S, Keam B, Kim TM, Kim DW, Heo DS. Soluble PD-L1 is a predictive and prognostic biomarker in advanced cancer patients who receive immune checkpoint blockade treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19712. [PMID: 34611279 PMCID: PMC8492653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating soluble programmed death-1 ligand (sPD-L1) is measurable in the serum of cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate the significance of sPD-L1 in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Blood samples were obtained before and after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (January 2015 to January 2019). The study cohort consisted of 128 patients who were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (n = 50), melanoma (n = 31), small cell lung cancer (n = 14), urothelial carcinoma (n = 13), and other cancers (n = 20). Patients with a high level (> 11.0 pg/μL) of sPD-L1 were more likely to exhibit progressive disease compared with those with a low level (41.8% versus 20.7%, p = 0.013). High sPD-L1 was also associated with worse prognosis; the median PFS was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-3.7) months versus 6.3 (95% CI 3.0-9.6) months (p = 0.023), and the median OS was 7.4 (95% CI 6.3-8.5) months versus 13.3 (95% CI 9.2-17.4) months (p = 0.005). In the multivariate analyses, high sPD-L1 was an independent prognostic factor for both decreased PFS (HR 1.928, p = 0.038) and OS (HR 1.788, p = 0.004). sPD-L1 levels did not correlate with tissue PD-L1 expression. However, sPD-L1 levels were positively correlated with neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios and negatively correlated with both the proportion and the total number of lymphocytes. We found that high pretreatment sPD-L1 levels were associated with progressive disease and were an independent prognostic factor predicting lower PFS and OS in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Oh
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University and Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhumsuk Keam
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University and Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Seog Heo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Song DW, Ro WB, Park HM. Evaluation of circulating PD-1 and PD-L1 as diagnostic biomarkers in dogs with tumors. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e75. [PMID: 34553519 PMCID: PMC8460464 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have important roles in tumor evasion of the immune system. Objectives This study aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of circulating PD-1 and PD-L1 levels in healthy dogs and dogs with tumors. Methods Circulating PD-1 and PD-L1 levels in the serum of 71 dogs with tumors were compared with those of 52 healthy dogs by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The ELISA results revealed higher circulating PD-1 and PD-L1 levels in dogs with tumors (2.9 [2.2–3.7] ng/mL; median [IQR] and 2.4 [1.4–4.4] ng/mL, respectively) than in healthy dogs (2.4 [1.9–3.0] ng/mL; p = 0.012 and 1.4 [0.9–2.1] ng/mL; p < 0.001, respectively). Especially, there was a significant difference in circulating PD-1 levels between healthy dogs and dogs with malignant epithelial tumors (2.4 [1.9–3.0] ng/mL and 3.1 [2.6–4.4] ng/mL, respectively; p < 0.01). In addition, there was a significant difference in circulating PD-L1 levels between healthy dogs and dogs with lymphomas (1.4 [0.9–2.1] ng/mL and 2.7 [1.6–5.8] ng/mL, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusion This study indicates that circulating PD-1 and PD-L1 have potential as tumor diagnostic biomarkers in dogs with tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Won Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Woong-Bin Ro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hee-Myung Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Gawali VS, Chimote AA, Newton HS, Feria-Garzón MG, Chirra M, Janssen EM, Wise-Draper TM, Conforti L. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Regulate K + Channel Activity in Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes of Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:742862. [PMID: 34512366 PMCID: PMC8429813 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.742862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) interaction negatively regulates T cell function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Overexpression of PD-1 reduces intracellular Ca2+ fluxes, and thereby T cell effector functions. In HNSCC patients, PD-1 blockade increases KCa3.1 and Kv1.3 activity along with Ca2+ signaling and mobility in CD8+ peripheral blood T cells (PBTs). The mechanism by which PD-L1/PD-1 interaction regulates ion channel function is not known. We investigated the effects of blocking PD-1 and PD-L1 on ion channel functions and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in CD8+ PBTs of HNSCC patients and healthy donors (HDs) using single-cell electrophysiology and live microscopy. Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies increase KCa3.1 and Kv1.3 function in CD8+ PBTs of HNSCC patients. Anti-PD-1 treatment increases Ca2+ fluxes in a subset of HSNCC patients. In CD8+ PBTs of HDs, exposure to PD-L1 reduces KCa3.1 activity and Ca2+ signaling, which were restored by anti-PD-1 treatment. The PD-L1-induced inhibition of KCa3.1 channels was rescued by the intracellular application of the PI3 kinase modulator phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) in patch-clamp experiments. In HNSCC CD8+ PBTs, anti-PD-1 treatment did not affect the expression of KCa3.1, Kv1.3, Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, and markers of cell activation (CD69) and exhaustion (LAG-3 and TIM-3). Our data show that immune checkpoint blockade improves T cell function by increasing KCa3.1 and Kv1.3 channel activity in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhavkumar S Gawali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ameet A Chimote
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Hannah S Newton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Manuel G Feria-Garzón
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Martina Chirra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Trisha M Wise-Draper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Laura Conforti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Khan M, Arooj S, Wang H. Soluble B7-CD28 Family Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Proteins and Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651634. [PMID: 34531847 PMCID: PMC8438243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-inhibitory B7-CD28 family member proteins negatively regulate T cell responses and are extensively involved in tumor immune evasion. Blockade of classical CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4) and PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) checkpoint pathways have become the cornerstone of anti-cancer immunotherapy. New inhibitory checkpoint proteins such as B7-H3, B7-H4, and BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator) are being discovered and investigated for their potential in anti-cancer immunotherapy. In addition, soluble forms of these molecules also exist in sera of healthy individuals and elevated levels are found in chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Soluble forms are generated by proteolytic shedding or alternative splicing. Elevated circulating levels of these inhibitory soluble checkpoint molecules in cancer have been correlated with advance stage, metastatic status, and prognosis which underscore their broader involvement in immune regulation. In addition to their potential as biomarker, understanding their mechanism of production, biological activity, and pathological interactions may also pave the way for their clinical use as a therapeutic target. Here we review these aspects of soluble checkpoint molecules and elucidate on their potential for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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An HJ, Chon HJ, Kim C. Peripheral Blood-Based Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9414. [PMID: 34502325 PMCID: PMC8430528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is rapidly evolving in clinical practice, it is necessary to identify biomarkers that will allow the selection of cancer patients who will benefit most or least from ICIs and to longitudinally monitor patients' immune responses during treatment. Various peripheral blood-based immune biomarkers are being identified with recent advances in high-throughput multiplexed analytical technologies. The identification of these biomarkers, which can be easily detected in blood samples using non-invasive and repeatable methods, will contribute to overcoming the limitations of previously used tissue-based biomarkers. Here, we discuss the potential of circulating immune cells, soluble immune and inflammatory molecules, circulating tumor cells and DNA, exosomes, and the blood-based tumor mutational burden, as biomarkers for the prediction of immune responses and clinical benefit from ICI treatment in patients with advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung An
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Chan Kim
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea
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Mao CP, Wang SC, Su YP, Tseng SH, He L, Wu AA, Roden RBS, Xiao J, Hung CF. Protein detection in blood with single-molecule imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/33/eabg6522. [PMID: 34380620 PMCID: PMC8357237 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to characterize individual biomarker protein molecules in patient blood samples could enable diagnosis of diseases at an earlier stage, when treatment is typically more effective. Single-molecule imaging offers a promising approach to accomplish this goal. However, thus far, single-molecule imaging methods have not been translated into the clinical setting. The detection limit of these methods has been confined to the picomolar (10-12 M) range, several orders of magnitude higher than the circulating concentrations of biomarker proteins present in many diseases. Here, we describe single-molecule augmented capture (SMAC), a single-molecule imaging technique to quantify and characterize individual protein molecules of interest down to the subfemtomolar (<10-15 M) range. We demonstrate SMAC in a variety of applications with human blood samples, including the analysis of disease-associated secreted proteins, membrane proteins, and rare intracellular proteins. SMAC opens the door to the application of single-molecule imaging in noninvasive disease profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Mao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shih-Chin Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Pin Su
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ssu-Hsueh Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liangmei He
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annie A Wu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore MD, USA
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Khairil Anwar NA, Mohd Nazri MN, Murtadha AH, Mohd Adzemi ER, Balakrishnan V, Mustaffa KMF, Tengku Din TADAA, Yahya MM, Haron J, Mokshtar NF. Prognostic prospect of soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 in cancer management. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:961-978. [PMID: 34180502 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive tissue biopsy is commonly unavoidable in the management of most suspected tumor cases to conclusively verify the presence of cancerous cells through histological assessment. The extracted tissue is also immunostained for detection of antigens (tissue tumor markers) of potential prognostic or therapeutic importance to assist in treatment decision. Although liquid biopsies can be a powerful tool for monitoring treatment response, they are still excluded from standard cancer diagnostics, and their utility is still being debated in the scientific community. With a myriad of soluble tissue tumor markers now being discovered, liquid biopsies could completely change the current paradigms of cancer management. Recently, soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 (sPD-L1), which is found in the peripheral blood, i.e. serum and plasma, has shown potential as a pre-therapeutic predictive marker as well as a prognostic biomarker to monitor treatment efficacy. Thus, this review focuses on the emergence of sPD-L1 and promising technologies for its detection in order to support liquid biopsies for future cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amira Khairil Anwar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Najmi Mohd Nazri
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Hafiz Murtadha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Elis Rosliza Mohd Adzemi
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Venugopal Balakrishnan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | | | - Maya Mazuwin Yahya
- Breast Cancer Awareness & Research Unit (BestARi), Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Juhara Haron
- Breast Cancer Awareness & Research Unit (BestARi), Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Noor Fatmawati Mokshtar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
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Li H, Zheng C, Han J, Zhu J, Liu S, Jin T. PD-1/PD-L1 Axis as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis: A T Cell Perspective. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:716747. [PMID: 34381337 PMCID: PMC8350166 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.716747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis is a widely studied immune checkpoint that modulates signaling pathways related to T cell activation. The use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is a promising immune therapy strategy for cancer patients. However, individuals treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors may develop immune-related adverse events due to excessive immune reactions. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. T cells and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis play vital roles in the pathogenesis of MS. A better understanding of the complex relationship between the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and T cells may extend our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for MS. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in MS and discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to modulate the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiXia Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Unbalanced expression of membrane-bound and soluble programmed cell death 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Immunol 2021; 229:108800. [PMID: 34289424 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1) and its ligand (sPD-L1) levels in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) patients and elucidate its underlying immunomodulatory mechanisms. Plasma levels of sPD-1, sPD-L1 and related cytokines and proteins were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Luminex. The effects of PD-1/PD-L1 signal on mDC (myeloid dendritic cell) and IL-6 secretion were measured using flow cytometry. The results revealed decreased levels of sPD-1 in sJIA patients negatively correlated with JADAS-27, PGA, PtGA and CRP. sJIA patients had lower CD86 and MHC-II expression on mDC. When blocking PD-1/PD-L1 signal, IL-6 secretion of DC were increased. Our finding displayed downregulated sPD-1 was related with clinical indicators and could be a new biomarker for sJIA diagnosis. The reduced membrane and soluble forms of PD-1/PD-L1 might take part in sJIA pathogenesis by enhancing mDC proliferation and IL-6 secretion.
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Chaput L, Jordheim LP. [Current landscape of biomarker development for immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in oncology]. Therapie 2021; 76:597-615. [PMID: 34332787 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune checkpoints inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 represent a new paradigm in the cancer treatment strategy. However, some populations of patients do not benefit from these agents. The identification of predictive biomarkers appears as an essential step for the treatment pathway, to guarantee the access to an evidence-based medicine accounting for the potential toxicity profile, the cost for the healthcare system and the clinical benefit eventually provided by these new drugs. In this review, we propose, based on scientific literature and industrial communications, an overview of the current landscape of predictive biomarkers related to PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors efficacy, validated or under development, their evidence level, and limits accounting for identified or potential confounding factors. Our paper shows that, despite the important amount of work performed in this field, there is not yet a validated and efficient solution for the prediction of the activity and/or the toxicity of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chaput
- Université Lyon, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, faculté de pharmacie de Lyon, ISPB, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Lars Petter Jordheim
- Université Lyon, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, faculté de pharmacie de Lyon, ISPB, 69008 Lyon, France; Université Lyon, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, centre Léon-Bérard, centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Ying H, Zhang X, Duan Y, Lao M, Xu J, Yang H, Liang T, Bai X. Non-cytomembrane PD-L1: An atypical target for cancer. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105741. [PMID: 34174446 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has conventionally been considered as a type I transmembrane protein that can interact with its receptor, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), thus inducing T cell deactivation and immune escape. However, targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has achieved adequate clinical responses in very few specific malignancies. Recent studies have explored the extracellularly and subcellularly located PD-L1, namely, nuclear PD-L1 (nPD-L1), cytoplasmic PD-L1 (cPD-L1), soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1), and extracellular vesicle PD-L1 (EV PD-L1), which might shed light on the resistance to anti-PD1/PDL1 therapy. In this review, we summarize the four atypical localizations of PD-L1 with a focus on their novel functions, such as gene transcription regulation, therapeutic efficacy prediction, and resistance to various cancer therapies. Additionally, we highlight that non-cytomembrane PD-L1s are of significant cancer diagnostic value and are promising therapeutic targets to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Ying
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengyi Lao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanshen Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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Eltahir M, Isaksson J, Mattsson JSM, Kärre K, Botling J, Lord M, Mangsbo SM, Micke P. Plasma Proteomic Analysis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133116. [PMID: 34206510 PMCID: PMC8268315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy leads to highly variable responses in lung cancer patients. We assessed the value of a blood-based test to predict which patients would benefit from this new treatment modality. We determined that some patients have higher and lower levels of immune markers in their blood samples, and that this is related to better survival without tumor growth. The blood test has the potential to help select the optimal therapy for lung cancer patients. Abstract Checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only a minority of patients demonstrate a durable clinical response. PD-L1 scoring is currently the only biomarker measure routinely used to select patients for immunotherapy, but its predictive accuracy is modest. The aim of our study was to evaluate a proteomic assay for the analysis of patient plasma in the context of immunotherapy. Pretreatment plasma samples from 43 NSCLC patients who received anti-PD-(L)1 therapy were analyzed using a proximity extension assay (PEA) to quantify 92 different immune oncology-related proteins. The plasma protein levels were associated with clinical and histopathological parameters, as well as therapy response and survival. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis revealed two patient groups with distinct protein profiles associated with high and low immune protein levels, designated as “hot” and “cold”. Further supervised cluster analysis based on T-cell activation markers showed that higher levels of T-cell activation markers were associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.01). The analysis of single proteins revealed that high plasma levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 and low ADA levels were associated with better response and prolonged PFS (p < 0.05). Moreover, in an explorative response prediction model, the combination of protein markers (CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-15, CASP8, and ADA) resulted in higher accuracy in predicting response than tumor PD-L1 expression or each protein assayed individually. Our findings demonstrate a proof of concept for the use of multiplex plasma protein levels as a tool for anti-PD-(L)1 response prediction in NSCLC. Additionally, we identified protein signatures that could predict the response to anti-PD-(L)1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Eltahir
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.E.); (J.I.); (J.S.M.M.); (J.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.L.); (S.M.M.)
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.E.); (J.I.); (J.S.M.M.); (J.B.)
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University, Region Gävleborg, 801 88 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Sofia Margareta Mattsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.E.); (J.I.); (J.S.M.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Johan Botling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.E.); (J.I.); (J.S.M.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Martin Lord
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.L.); (S.M.M.)
| | - Sara M. Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.L.); (S.M.M.)
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.E.); (J.I.); (J.S.M.M.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-6112615
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Bailly C, Thuru X, Quesnel B. Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1): A Pool of Circulating Proteins Implicated in Health and Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3034. [PMID: 34204509 PMCID: PMC8233757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon T-cell receptor stimulation, the Programmed cell Death-1 receptor (PD-1) expressed on T-cells can interact with its ligand PD-L1 expressed at the surface of cancer cells or antigen-presenting cells. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 are routinely used for the treatment of cancers, but their clinical efficacy varies largely across the variety of tumor types. A part of the variability is linked to the existence of several forms of PD-L1, either expressed on the plasma membrane (mPD-L1), at the surface of secreted cellular exosomes (exoPD-L1), in cell nuclei (nPD-L1), or as a circulating, soluble protein (sPD-L1). Here, we have reviewed the different origins and roles of sPD-L1 in humans to highlight the biochemical and functional heterogeneity of the soluble protein. sPD-L1 isoforms can be generated essentially by two non-exclusive processes: (i) proteolysis of m/exoPD-L1 by metalloproteases, such as metalloproteinases (MMP) and A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM), which are capable of shedding membrane PD-L1 to release an active soluble form, and (ii) the alternative splicing of PD-L1 pre-mRNA, leading in some cases to the release of sPD-L1 protein isoforms lacking the transmembrane domain. The expression and secretion of sPD-L1 have been observed in a large variety of pathologies, well beyond cancer, notably in different pulmonary diseases, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and viral diseases. The expression and role of sPD-L1 during pregnancy are also evoked. The structural heterogeneity of sPD-L1 proteins, and associated functional/cellular plurality, should be kept in mind when considering sPD-L1 as a biomarker or as a drug target. The membrane, exosomal and soluble forms of PD-L1 are all integral parts of the highly dynamic PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, essential for immune-tolerance or immune-escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Thuru
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
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Puglisi R, Bellenghi M, Pontecorvi G, Pallante G, Carè A, Mattia G. Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Response to Immunotherapy in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2875. [PMID: 34207514 PMCID: PMC8228007 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Melanoma classification is constantly looking for specific and sensitive biomarkers capable of having a positive effect on diagnosis, prognosis and risk assessment, eventually affecting clinical outcome. Classical morphological, immunohistochemical and the well-known BRAF and NRAS genetic biomarkers do not allow the correct categorization of patients, being melanoma conditioned by high genetic heterogeneity. At the same time, classic prognostic methods are unsatisfactory. Therefore, new advances in omics and high-throughput analytical techniques have enabled the identification of numerous possible biomarkers, but their potentiality needs to be validated and standardized in prospective studies. Melanoma is considered an immunogenic tumor, being the first form of cancer to take advantage of the clinical use of the immune-checkpoint blockers. However, as immunotherapy is effective only in a limited number of patients, biomarkers associated with different responses are essential to select the more promising therapeutic approach and maximize clinical benefits. In this review, we summarize the most utilized biomarkers for Cutaneous Melanoma diagnosis, focusing on new prognostic and predictive biomarkers mainly associated with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alessandra Carè
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (G.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
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Zhang H, Dai Z, Wu W, Wang Z, Zhang N, Zhang L, Zeng WJ, Liu Z, Cheng Q. Regulatory mechanisms of immune checkpoints PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:184. [PMID: 34088360 PMCID: PMC8178863 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)/B7 and programmed death 1 (PD-1)/ programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are two most representative immune checkpoint pathways, which negatively regulate T cell immune function during different phases of T-cell activation. Inhibitors targeting CTLA-4/B7 and PD1/PD-L1 pathways have revolutionized immunotherapies for numerous cancer types. Although the combined anti-CTLA-4/B7 and anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy has demonstrated promising clinical efficacy, only a small percentage of patients receiving anti-CTLA-4/B7 or anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy experienced prolonged survival. Regulation of the expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 significantly impacts the treatment effect. Understanding the in-depth mechanisms and interplays of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 could help identify patients with better immunotherapy responses and promote their clinical care. In this review, regulation of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 is discussed at the levels of DNA, RNA, and proteins, as well as indirect regulation of biomarkers, localization within the cell, and drugs. Specifically, some potential drugs have been developed to regulate PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expressions with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wantao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- One-third Lab, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Russo A, Incorvaia L, Del Re M, Malapelle U, Capoluongo E, Gristina V, Castiglia M, Danesi R, Fassan M, Giuffrè G, Gori S, Marchetti A, Normanno N, Pinto C, Rossi G, Santini D, Sartore-Bianchi A, Silvestris N, Tagliaferri P, Troncone G, Cinieri S, Beretta GD. The molecular profiling of solid tumors by liquid biopsy: a position paper of the AIOM-SIAPEC-IAP-SIBioC-SIC-SIF Italian Scientific Societies. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100164. [PMID: 34091263 PMCID: PMC8182269 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The term liquid biopsy (LB) refers to the use of various biological fluids as a surrogate for neoplastic tissue to achieve information for diagnostic, prognostic and predictive purposes. In the current clinical practice, LB is used for the identification of driver mutations in circulating tumor DNA derived from both tumor tissue and circulating neoplastic cells. As suggested by a growing body of evidence, however, there are several clinical settings where biological samples other than tissue could be used in the routine practice to identify potentially predictive biomarkers of either response or resistance to targeted treatments. New applications are emerging as useful clinical tools, and other blood derivatives, such as circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor RNA, microRNAs, platelets, extracellular vesicles, as well as other biofluids such as urine and cerebrospinal fluid, may be adopted in the near future. Despite the evident advantages compared with tissue biopsy, LB still presents some limitations due to both biological and technological issues. In this context, the absence of harmonized procedures corresponds to an unmet clinical need, ultimately affecting the rapid implementation of LB in clinical practice. In this position paper, based on experts’ opinions, the AIOM–SIAPEC-IAP–SIBIOC–SIF Italian Scientific Societies critically discuss the most relevant technical issues of LB, the current and emerging evidences, with the aim to optimizing the applications of LB in the clinical setting. In the current clinical practice LB is used for the identification of driver mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). New applications in tumors other than non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are emerging as useful clinical tools. Other blood derivatives, together with other biofluids, are an active field of research and may be adopted in the near future. Despite the evident advantages, liquid biopsy still presents limitations due to both biological and technological issues. Standardization of the procedures needs to be addressed to ensure widespread implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - L Incorvaia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - U Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - E Capoluongo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - V Gristina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Castiglia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), Padua, Italy
| | - G Giuffrè
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age 'Gaetano Barresi', Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Gori
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
| | - A Marchetti
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, University-Foundation, CeSI Biotech Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - N Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - C Pinto
- Medical Oncology Unit, Clinical Cancer Centre, IRCCS-AUSL di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - G Rossi
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria Delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy
| | - D Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - A Sartore-Bianchi
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - N Silvestris
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II' of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - P Tagliaferri
- Medical and Translational Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S Cinieri
- Medical Oncology Division and Breast Unit, Senatore Antonio Perrino Hospital, ASL Brindisi, Brindisi, Italy
| | - G D Beretta
- Department of Oncology, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Bergamo, Italy
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Machiraju D, Wiecken M, Lang N, Hülsmeyer I, Roth J, Schank TE, Eurich R, Halama N, Enk A, Hassel JC. Soluble immune checkpoints and T-cell subsets in blood as biomarkers for resistance to immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1926762. [PMID: 34104542 PMCID: PMC8158029 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1926762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms lead to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) resistance. Identifying clinically useful biomarkers might improve drug selection and patients’ therapy. We analyzed the soluble immune checkpoints sPD1, sPDL1, sLAG3, and sTIM3 using ELISA and their expression on circulating T cells using FACS in pre- and on-treatment blood samples of ICI treated melanoma patients. In addition, pre-treatment melanoma metastases were stained for TIM3 and LAG3 expression by IHC. Results were correlated with treatment response and progression-free survival (PFS). Resistance to anti-PD1 treatment (n = 48) was associated with high pre-treatment serum levels of sLAG3 (DCR: p = .009; PFS: p = .018; ROC cutoff >148 pg/ml) but not sPD1, sPDL1 or sTIM3. In contrast, resistance to ipilimumab plus nivolumab (n = 42) was associated with high levels of sPD1 (DCR: p = .019, PFS: p = .046; ROC cutoff >167 pg/ml) but not sPDL1, sLAG3 or sTIM3. Both treatment regimens shared a profound increase of sPD1 serum levels with treatment (p < .0001). FACS analysis revealed reduced frequencies of CD3+ CD8+ PD1 + T cells (p = .028) in anti-PD1-resistant patients, whereas increased frequencies of CD3+ CD4+ LAG3 + T cells characterized patients resistant to ipilimumab plus nivolumab (p = .033). Unlike anti-PD1 monotherapy, combination blockade significantly increased proliferating T cells (CD3+ CD8+ Ki67 + T cells; p < .0001) and eosinophils (p = .001). In melanoma metastases, an increased infiltration with TIM3+ or LAG3 + T cells in the tumor microenvironment correlated with a shorter PFS under anti-PD1 treatment (TIM3: p = .019, LAG3: p = .07). Different soluble immune checkpoints characterized checkpoint inhibitor-resistant melanoma. Measuring these serum markers may have the potential to be used in clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devayani Machiraju
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Wiecken
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nina Lang
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hülsmeyer
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Roth
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timo E Schank
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rosa Eurich
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Enk
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica C Hassel
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Du XX, He C, Lu X, Guo YL, Chen ZH, Cai LJ. YAP/STAT3 promotes the immune escape of larynx carcinoma by activating VEGFR1-TGFβ signaling to facilitate PD-L1 expression in M2-like TAMs. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112655. [PMID: 34044017 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Larynx carcinoma (LC) is the most prevalent head and neck cancer among adults. LC xenograft mouse model was generated to verify the effect of VEGF on macrophage polarization and tumor growth in vivo. EdU assay was performed to measure the cell proliferation. Transwell assay was applied to assess cell migration. The expression of YAP and STAT3 was also significantly increased in LC tumor tissues. Moreover, both YAP and STAT3 overexpression in LC cells promoted the proliferation, migration, as well as the secretion of PD-L1 in M2-like TAMs. Mechanistically, the interaction between YAP and STAT3 facilitated the transcription of VEGF. Moreover, with a co-culture system, VEGF secretion in LC cells enhanced PD-L1 expression in M2-like TAMs via activating VEGFR1-TGFβ signaling pathway. Furthermore, VEGF secreted from LC cells also promoted the tumor growth of LC in vivo. We revealed that dysregulated YAP/STAT3 activity in LC cells could enhance the secretion of VEGF, which then functioned on M2-like TAMs via activating VEGFR1-TGFββ pathway to promote the expression of PD-L1 and immunosuppressive function of M2-like TAMs. Therefore, VEGF and PD-L1 might have a pivotal crosstalk between M2-like TAMs and LC cells, which provided a novel therapeutic target in regulating the metastasis of LC in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Du
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education & NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation & Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, PR China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China & Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation & Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities & ZhengZhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yu-Liang Guo
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education & NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation & Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education & NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation & Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Lan-Jun Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
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Mair MJ, Ilhan-Mutlu A, Pajenda S, Kiesel B, Wöhrer A, Widhalm G, Dieckmann K, Marosi C, Wagner L, Preusser M, Berghoff AS. Circulating PD-L1 levels change during bevacizumab-based treatment in recurrent glioma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3643-3650. [PMID: 33956203 PMCID: PMC8571215 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In primary brain tumors, the efficacy of immune-modulating therapies is still under investigation as inflammatory responses are restricted by tight immunoregulatory mechanisms in the central nervous system. Here, we measured soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in the plasma of patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) and recurrent WHO grade II–III glioma treated with bevacizumab-based salvage therapy. Methods Thirty patients with recurrent GBM and 10 patients with recurrent WHO grade II–III glioma were treated with bevacizumab-based salvage therapy at the Medical University of Vienna. Prior to each treatment cycle, EDTA plasma was drawn and sPD-L1 was measured applying a sandwich ELISA with a lower detection limit of 0.050 ng/ml. Leukocyte counts and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured according to institutional practice. Results Median number of sPD-L1 measurements was 6 per patient (range: 2–24). At baseline, no significant difference in sPD-L1 concentrations was observed between WHO grade II–III glioma and GBM. Intra-patient variability of sPD-L1 concentrations was significantly higher in WHO grade II–III glioma than in GBM (p = 0.014) and tendentially higher in IDH-mutant than in IDH-wildtype glioma (p = 0.149) In WHO grade II–III glioma, sPD-L1 levels were significantly lower after one administration of bevacizumab than at baseline (median: 0.039 ng/ml vs. 0.4855 ng/ml, p = 0.036). In contrast, no significant change could be observed in patients with GBM. Conclusions Changes in systemic inflammation markers including sPD-L1 are observable in patients with recurrent glioma under bevacizumab-based treatment and differ between WHO grade II–III glioma and GBM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00262-021-02951-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Mair
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Personalized Immunotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ayseguel Ilhan-Mutlu
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sahra Pajenda
- Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kiesel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Wöhrer
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Dieckmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Marosi
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Personalized Immunotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna S Berghoff
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Personalized Immunotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Moe A, Liow E, Redfern A, Swarbrick N, Ferguson T, Davis ID, Hayne D. A phase I open label dose-escalation study to evaluate the tolerability, safety and immunological efficacy of sub-urothelial durvalumab injection in adults with muscle-invasive or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (SUBDUE-1, SUB-urothelial DUrvalumab injection-1 study): clinical trial protocol. BJU Int 2021; 128 Suppl 1:9-17. [PMID: 33960102 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article presents the clinical trial protocol for a phase I open label dose-escalation study to evaluate the tolerability, safety and immunological efficacy of sub-urothelial durvalumab injection in adults with muscle-invasive or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), the SUB-urothelial DUrvalumab injection-1 study (SUBDUE-1). The primary objectives of this study are to assess the safety of sub-urothelial injection of durvalumab using patient reported outcome measures and observed local or systemic adverse events. The secondary objectives are to examine the local immunological efficacy of sub-urothelial administration of durvalumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS The SUBDUE-1 trial will include adult patients with either high-risk NMIBC or MIBC, who are scheduled for radical cystectomy or who have refused or are unsuitable for systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Three fixed total dose levels of durvalumab (25, 75, 150 mg) will be studied to identify a dose suitable to be taken forward into phase II trials. The primary endpoint is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the trial intervention in terms of the incidence and severity of adverse events and the potential establishment of dose-limiting toxicities. The secondary efficacy endpoints include rates of pT0 status at resection, lymph node status, as well as the change in distribution of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumour-activated macrophages between pre- and post-injection bladder biopsies. Translational studies will focus on bladder tumour molecular sub-typing, immune infiltrate characterisation, and immune checkpoint protein expression relative to efficacy end-points. OUTCOME AND SIGNIFICANCE If proven safe and effective, this novel strategy comprising sub-urothelial durvalumab injections aimed at promoting an anti-tumour immune reaction, will provide additional treatment options for reducing tumour recurrence and progression in treatment-naïve patients with high-risk NMIBC or in patients with bacille Calmette-Guérin-refractory NMIBC. Local administration of durvalumab may be associated with a reduced rate of immunological side-effects and lower costs when compared to systemic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Moe
- University of Western Australia (UWA) Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Urology and Medical Oncology Departments, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia.,Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Liow
- Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- University of Western Australia (UWA) Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Urology and Medical Oncology Departments, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia.,Cancer Division, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole Swarbrick
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tom Ferguson
- Urology and Medical Oncology Departments, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Oncology, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Dickon Hayne
- University of Western Australia (UWA) Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Urology and Medical Oncology Departments, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia.,Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Yazdanpanah P, Alavianmehr A, Ghaderi A, Monabati A, Montazer M, Tahmasbi K, Farjadian S. PD-L1 expression in tumor lesions and soluble PD-L1 serum levels in patients with breast cancer: TNBC versus TPBC. Breast Dis 2021; 40:43-50. [PMID: 33523034 DOI: 10.3233/bd-201049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Block of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) interaction with its ligand, PD-L1, enhances anti-tumor activity. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the association between PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and CD8+ tumor infiltrating T cells (TILs) as well as soluble (s)PD-L1 serum levels in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to triple positive (TPBC). METHODS A total of 113 tumor sections and 133 serum samples were available from 144 patients with breast cancer (72 TNBC and 72 TPBC). Dual immunohistochemistry staining was applied to determine differential PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and CD8+ TILs. Soluble PD-L1 serum levels were also evaluated in patients compared to 40 healthy women by ELISA method. RESULTS Despite TPBC patients which were mostly grades 1/2, TNBC patients were grade 3 (72% versus 66.7%, P < 0.001). Most of the TNBC patients were stages I/II, whereas most of the TPBC patients were stages III/IV (57.3% versus 68.3%,P = 0.005). There was no difference in tumor size and metastasis between TNBC and TPBC patients, although the number of involved lymph nodes was significantly more in TPBC patients (P = 0.0012). PD-L1 expression was detected in 11.5% of samples mostly in TNBC subtype and was associated with advanced grades (P = 0.039). There was no relationship between PD-L1 expression and tumor stage. PD-L1 expression in CD8+ TILs was nonsignificantly higher than tumor cells. Serum levels of sPD-L1 showed no difference between patients and healthy women. We found no correlation between PD-L1 expression in tumor lesions and serum levels of sPD-L1 in patients. CONCLUSION PD-L1 expression was more detected in our patients with TNBC. It seems that, these patients who are resistant to standard chemotherapy regimens may get benefit from PD-L1 inhibition therapy and because of its low serum levels, sPD-L1 cannot interfere with this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Alavianmehr
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Monabati
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Montazer
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamran Tahmasbi
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirin Farjadian
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Xiong W, Gao Y, Wei W, Zhang J. Extracellular and nuclear PD-L1 in modulating cancer immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:837-846. [PMID: 33903073 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although targeting programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) has achieved durable responses and disease remission in patients with certain cancers, relatively low response rates and emerging resistance limit its clinical application. Hence, a more thorough understanding of regulatory mechanisms of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is vital for developing combined therapeutic strategies to overcome hurdles of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that PD-L1 can be secreted into the extracellular space or translocated into the nucleus, which also plays a critical role in regulating cancer immune evasion, tumorigenesis, and immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize these emerging roles of extracellular and nuclear PD-L1 and discuss future research directions and potential opportunities in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xiong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Yang Q, Chen M, Gu J, Niu K, Zhao X, Zheng L, Xu Z, Yu Y, Li F, Meng L, Chen Z, Zhuo W, Zhang L, Sun J. Novel Biomarkers of Dynamic Blood PD-L1 Expression for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665133. [PMID: 33936103 PMCID: PMC8085403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a high-profile regimen for malignancy recently. However, only a small subpopulation obtains long-term clinical benefit. How to select optimal patients by reasonable biomarkers remains a hot topic. Methods Paired tissue samples and blood samples from 51 patients with advanced malignancies were collected for correlation analysis. Dynamic changes in blood PD-L1 (bPD-L1) expression, including PD-L1 mRNA, exosomal PD-L1 (exoPD-L1) protein and soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1), were detected after 2 months of ICIs treatment in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The best cutoff values for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of all three biomarkers were calculated with R software. Results In 51 cases of various malignancies, those with positive tissue PD-L1 (tPD-L1) had significantly higher PD-L1 mRNA than those with negative tPD-L1. In 40 advanced NSCLC patients, those with a fold change of PD-L1 mRNA ≥ 2.04 had better PFS, OS and best objective response (bOR) rate. In addition, a fold change of exoPD-L1 ≥ 1.86 was also found to be associated with better efficacy and OS in a cohort of 21 advanced NSCLC cases. The dynamic change of sPD-L1 was not associated with efficacy and OS. Furthermore, the combination of PD-L1 mRNA and exoPD-L1 could screen better patients for potential benefit from ICIs treatment. Conclusion There was a positive correlation between bPD-L1 and tPD-L1 expression. Increased expression of PD-L1 mRNA, exoPD-L1, or both in early stage of ICIs treatment could serve as positive biomarkers of efficacy and OS in advanced NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yang
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Ultrasound, The 941st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Xining, China
| | - Mingjing Chen
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Gu
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Liangping People's Hospital, Liangping, China
| | - Kai Niu
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianlan Zhao
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linpeng Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingxin Meng
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengtang Chen
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenlei Zhuo
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luping Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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138
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Qu S, Jiao Z, Lu G, Yao B, Wang T, Rong W, Xu J, Fan T, Sun X, Yang R, Wang J, Yao Y, Xu G, Yan X, Wang T, Liang H, Zen K. PD-L1 lncRNA splice isoform promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression via enhancing c-Myc activity. Genome Biol 2021; 22:104. [PMID: 33849634 PMCID: PMC8042710 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although using a blockade of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to enhance T cell immune responses shows great promise in tumor immunotherapy, the immune-checkpoint inhibition strategy is limited for patients with solid tumors. The mechanism and efficacy of such immune-checkpoint inhibition strategies in solid tumors remains unclear. RESULTS Employing qRT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, and RNA BaseScope analysis, we show that human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) all produce a long non-coding RNA isoform of PD-L1 (PD-L1-lnc) by alternative splicing, regardless if the tumor is positive or negative for the protein PD-L1. Similar to PD-L1 mRNA, PD-L1-lnc in various lung adenocarcinoma cells is significantly upregulated by IFNγ. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that PD-L1-lnc increases proliferation and invasion but decreases apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mechanistically, PD-L1-lnc promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression through directly binding to c-Myc and enhancing c-Myc transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the PD-L1 gene can generate a long non-coding RNA through alternative splicing to promote lung adenocarcinoma progression by enhancing c-Myc activity. Our results argue in favor of investigating PD-L1-lnc depletion in combination with PD-L1 blockade in lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zichen Jiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Geng Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinlei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongzhong Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guifang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hongwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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139
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Garutti M, Bonin S, Buriolla S, Bertoli E, Pizzichetta MA, Zalaudek I, Puglisi F. Find the Flame: Predictive Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081819. [PMID: 33920288 PMCID: PMC8070445 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of melanoma. In particular, checkpoint inhibition has shown to increase long-term outcome, and, in some cases, it can be virtually curative. However, the absence of clinically validated predictive biomarkers is one of the major causes of unpredictable efficacy of immunotherapy. Indeed, the availability of predictive biomarkers could allow a better stratification of patients, suggesting which type of drugs should be used in a certain clinical context and guiding clinicians in escalating or de-escalating therapy. However, the difficulty in obtaining clinically useful predictive biomarkers reflects the deep complexity of tumor biology. Biomarkers can be classified as tumor-intrinsic biomarkers, microenvironment biomarkers, and systemic biomarkers. Herein we review the available literature to classify and describe predictive biomarkers for checkpoint inhibition in melanoma with the aim of helping clinicians in the decision-making process. We also performed a meta-analysis on the predictive value of PDL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Garutti
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.B.); (M.A.P.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Serena Bonin
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Silvia Buriolla
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Bertoli
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.B.); (M.A.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Maria Antonietta Pizzichetta
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.B.); (M.A.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Iris Zalaudek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.B.); (M.A.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
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140
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Cunha Pereira T, Rodrigues-Santos P, Almeida JS, Rêgo Salgueiro F, Monteiro AR, Macedo F, Soares RF, Domingues I, Jacinto P, Sousa G. Immunotherapy and predictive immunologic profile: the tip of the iceberg. Med Oncol 2021; 38:51. [PMID: 33788049 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between cancer and the immune system has been under investigation for more than a century. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the outcome of several tumors; however, there is a significant percentage of patients presenting resistance to immunotherapy. Besides the action mechanism, it is essential to unravel this complex interplay between host immune system and tumorigenesis to determine an immune profile as a predictive factor to immune checkpoint blockade agents. Tumor expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), tumor mutational burden, or mismatch repair deficiency are recognized predictive biomarkers to immunotherapy but are insufficient to explain the response rates and heterogeneity across tumor sites. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the role of the tumor microenvironment in the diversity and clonality of tumor-infiltrating immune cells since different checkpoint molecules play an influential role in cytotoxic T cell activation. Moreover, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors regulated by epigenetic factors play a complex part. Peripheral immune cells expressing PD-1/PD-L1 and the biologic roles of soluble immune checkpoint molecules are the subject of new lines of investigation. This article addresses some of the new molecules and mechanisms studied as possible predictive biomarkers to immunotherapy, linked with the concept of immune dynamics monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Cunha Pereira
- Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Oncolology Institute of Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 98, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunology and Oncology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jani Sofia Almeida
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunology and Oncology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio Rêgo Salgueiro
- Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Oncolology Institute of Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 98, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Monteiro
- Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Oncolology Institute of Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 98, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Macedo
- Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Oncolology Institute of Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 98, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Félix Soares
- Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Oncolology Institute of Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 98, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Domingues
- Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Oncolology Institute of Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 98, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Jacinto
- Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Oncolology Institute of Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 98, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Sousa
- Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Oncolology Institute of Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 98, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
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141
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Fattore L, Ruggiero CF, Liguoro D, Castaldo V, Catizone A, Ciliberto G, Mancini R. The Promise of Liquid Biopsy to Predict Response to Immunotherapy in Metastatic Melanoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:645069. [PMID: 33816298 PMCID: PMC8013996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.645069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer whose incidence has been rising dramatically over the last few decades. Nowadays, the most successful approach in treating advanced melanoma is immunotherapy which encompasses the use of immune checkpoint blockers able to unleash the immune system's activity against tumor cells. Immunotherapy has dramatically changed clinical practice by contributing to increasing long term overall survival. Despite these striking therapeutic effects, the clinical benefits are strongly mitigated by innate or acquired resistance. In this context, it is of utmost importance to develop methods capable of predicting patient response to immunotherapy. To this purpose, one major step forward may be provided by measuring non-invasive biomarkers in human fluids, namely Liquid Biopsies (LBs). Several LB approaches have been developed over the last few years thanks to technological breakthroughs that have allowed to evaluate circulating components also when they are present in low abundance. The elements of this so-called "circulome" mostly encompass: tumor DNA, tumor and immune cells, soluble factors and non-coding RNAs. Here, we review the current knowledge of these molecules as predictors of response to immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma and predict that LB will soon enter into routine practice in order to guide clinical decisions for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Fattore
- SAFU Laboratory, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Francesco Ruggiero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Liguoro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Castaldo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angiolina Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic- Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Directorate, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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142
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Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 Induces Soluble PD-L1 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030603. [PMID: 33804064 PMCID: PMC7998736 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancy. The principal oncogene of EBV, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), induces the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is an immunosuppressive transmembrane protein and a promising therapeutic target for various malignancies. Recent studies have revealed an association between the level of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) and disease progression. However, the role of sPD-L1 in NPC or its relevance to LMP1 has not been elucidated. This study aimed to examine whether LMP1 induces sPD-L1 in vitro and analyze the clinical relevance of LMP1, PD-L1, and sPD-L1 in NPC patients. Analysis of nasopharyngeal cell lines revealed that LMP1 induces both cellular PD-L1 and sPD-L1. Analysis of biopsy specimens from 32 NPC patients revealed that LMP1 expression was significantly correlated with PD-L1 expression. Finally, the serum sPD-L1 level in NPC patients was higher than that in the controls. Moreover, the sPD-L1 level in the advanced stage was higher than that in the early stage. However, LMP1 expression, PD-L1 expression, and sPD-L1 levels were not associated with prognosis. These results suggest that LMP1 induces both sPD-L1 and PD-L1, which are associated with NPC progression.
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143
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The clinical implication of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in patients with breast cancer and its biological function in regulating the function of T lymphocyte. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2893-2909. [PMID: 33688997 PMCID: PMC8423647 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the clinical prognostic implications and biological function of plasma soluble programmed cell death ligand 1 in breast cancer patients. Plasma sPD-L1 levels of recurrent/metastatic breast cancer patients were determined, and the association of sPD-L1 levels and metastatic progression-free survival and metastatic overall survival was assessed. The PD-L1 expression on breast cancer cells was analyzed by flow cytometry, and the level of sPD-L1 in the supernatant of breast cancer cells was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the effect of sPD-L1 on the proliferation and apoptosis of T lymphocytes was detected by WST-1 assay and flow cytometry. The plasma sPD-L1 levels in 208 patients with recurrent/metastatic breast cancer before receiving first-line rescue therapy were measured. The optimal cutoff value of plasma sPD-L1 for predicting disease progression was 8.774 ng/ml. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified high sPD-L1 level (≥ 8.774 ng/ml) and visceral metastasis were independent factors associated with poor prognosis. Relevance analysis showed that the plasma sPD-L1 level was weakly associated with some systemic inflammation markers, including white cell count (WBC), absolute monocyte count, and absolute neutrophil count. Furthermore, we found sPD-L1 could be found in supernatant of culture with breast cancer cell line expressing PD-L1 on the cell surface and inhibit T lymphocyte function, playing a negative regulatory role in cellular immunity. sPD-L1 was a good tumor predictive maker in breast cancer and it may play a potentially important role in immune tolerance.
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144
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Wu Z, Cui P, Tao H, Zhang S, Ma J, Liu Z, Wang J, Qian Y, Chen S, Huang Z, Zheng X, Huang D, Hu Y. The Synergistic Effect of PARP Inhibitors and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2021; 15:1179554921996288. [PMID: 33737855 PMCID: PMC7934064 DOI: 10.1177/1179554921996288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have demonstrated great promise for treating cancers with homologous recombination (HR) defects, such as germline BRCA1/2 mutation. Further studies suggest that PARP inhibitors (PARPi) can also exhibit efficacy in HR-competent cancers, by amplifying the DNA damage and inducing immunogenic cell death, and PARPi lead to increasing tumor neoantigen, upregulation of interferons and PD-L1, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment, which may facilitate a more profound antitumor immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 have achieved impressive success in the treatment of different malignancies. However, only a subset of populations derive clinical benefit, and the biomarkers and resistance mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, given that PARPi could potentiate the therapeutic effect of ICIs, PARPi combined with ICIs are becoming an alternative for patients who cannot benefit from ICI monotherapy. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms and immune role of PARPi and discuss the rationale and clinical studies of this combined regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhen Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Graduate Administration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sujie Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxun Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhefeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyu Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shixue Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Graduate Administration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Graduate Administration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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145
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Identification of immune checkpoint and cytokine signatures associated with the response to immune checkpoint blockade in gastrointestinal cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2669-2679. [PMID: 33624146 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) of the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint pathway has led to unprecedented advances in cancer therapy. However, the overall response rate of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy is still unpromising, underscoring the need for predictive biomarkers. In this retrospective study, we collected pretreatment plasma samples from two independent cohorts of patients receiving ICB. To determine whether a signature of plasma cytokines could be associated with therapeutic efficacy, we systemically profiled cytokine clusters and functional groups in the discovery and validation datasets by using 59 multiplexed bead immunoassays and bioinformatics analysis. We first attempted to functionally classify the 59 immunological factors according to their biological classification or functional roles in the cancer-immunity cycle. Surprisingly, we observed that two signatures, the "checkpoint signature" and "trafficking of T-cell signature", were higher in the response subgroup than in the nonresponse subgroup in both the discovery and validation cohorts. Moreover, enrichment of the "checkpoint signature" was correlated with improved overall survival and progression-free survival in both datasets. In addition, we demonstrated that increased baseline levels of three checkpoint molecules (PD-L1, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 3 and T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28) were common peripheral responsive correlates in both cohorts, thus rendering this "refined checkpoint signature" an ideal candidate for future verification. In the peripheral blood system, the "refined checkpoint signature" may function as a potential biomarker for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers.
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146
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Santos PM, Adamik J, Howes TR, Du S, Vujanovic L, Warren S, Gambotto A, Kirkwood JM, Butterfield LH. Impact of checkpoint blockade on cancer vaccine-activated CD8+ T cell responses. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151736. [PMID: 32369107 PMCID: PMC7336310 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune and molecular profiling of CD8 T cells of patients receiving DC vaccines expressing three full-length melanoma antigens (MAs) was performed. Antigen expression levels in DCs had no significant impact on T cell or clinical responses. Patients who received checkpoint blockade before DC vaccination had higher baseline MA-specific CD8 T cell responses but no evidence for improved functional responses to the vaccine. Patients who showed the best clinical responses had low PD-1 expression on MA-specific T cells before and after DC vaccination; however, blockade of PD-1 during antigen presentation by DC had minimal functional impact on PD-1high MA-specific T cells. Gene and protein expression analyses in lymphocytes and tumor samples identified critical immunoregulatory pathways, including CTLA-4 and PD-1. High immune checkpoint gene expression networks correlated with inferior clinical outcomes. Soluble serum PD-L2 showed suggestive positive association with improved outcome. These findings show that checkpoint molecular pathways are critical for vaccine outcomes and suggest specific sequencing of vaccine combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Santos
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Juraj Adamik
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
| | - Timothy R Howes
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
| | - Samuel Du
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lazar Vujanovic
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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147
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Clinical Implications of Exosomal PD-L1 in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8839978. [PMID: 33628854 PMCID: PMC7886511 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8839978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) signaling axis reinvigorates the antitumor immune response with remarkable clinical efficacy. Yet, low response rates limit the benefits of immunotherapy to a minority of patients. Recent studies have explored the importance of PD-L1 as a transmembrane protein in exosomes and have revealed exosomal PD-L1 as a mechanism of tumor immune escape and immunotherapy resistance. Exosomal PD-L1 suppresses T cell effector function, induces systemic immunosuppression, and transfers functional PD-L1 across the tumor microenvironment (TME). Because of its significant contribution to immune escape, exosomal PD-L1 has been proposed as a biomarker to predict immunotherapy response and to assess therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we summarize the immunological mechanisms of exosomal PD-L1, focusing on the factors that lead to exosome biogenesis and release. Next, we review the effect of exosomal PD-L1 on T cell function and its role across the TME. In addition, we discuss the latest findings on the use of exosomal PD-L1 as a biomarker for cancer immunotherapy. Throughout this review, we propose exosomal PD-L1 as a critical mediator of tumor progression and highlight the clinical implications that follow for immuno-oncology, discussing the potential to target exosomes to advance cancer treatment.
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148
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Larrinaga G, Solano-Iturri JD, Errarte P, Unda M, Loizaga-Iriarte A, Pérez-Fernández A, Echevarría E, Asumendi A, Manini C, Angulo JC, López JI. Soluble PD-L1 Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040667. [PMID: 33562338 PMCID: PMC7915750 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous and complex disease with almost no response to chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have achieved great clinical success but no interesting circulating markers of clinical use have developed so far in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). We investigate the diagnostic and prognostic role of plasma PD-1 (sPD-1) and PD-L1 (sPD-L1) proteins for the first time together with the immunohistochemical expression counterpart of these proteins within the tumor front and tumor center in the same sample of patients with renal cancer undergoing surgery. We also investigate these plasma and tissue markers in the population of metastatic patients according to International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) prognostic groups and the response to systemic therapy. The independent role of sPD-L1 as a predictor of prognosis and treatment response is demonstrated. Abstract (1). Background: Immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) is being used to evaluate advanced malignancies with potential response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We evaluated both plasma and tissue expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in the same cohort of patients, including non-metastatic and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Concomitant plasma and tissue expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was evaluated with emphasis on diagnostic and prognostic implications. (2) Methods: we analyzed PD-1 and PD-L1 IHC expression in tumor tissues and soluble forms (sPD-1 and sPD-L1) in plasma from 89 patients with CCRCC, of which 23 were metastatic and 16 received systemic therapy. The primary endpoint was evaluation of overall survival using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox regression model. Plasma samples from healthy volunteers were also evaluated. (3) Results: Interestingly, sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels were lower in cancer patients than in controls. sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels and their counterpart tissue expression both at the tumor center and infiltrating front were not associated. Higher expression of both PD-1 and PD-L1 were associated with tumor grade, necrosis and tumor size. PD-1 was associated to tumor stage (pT) and PD-L1 to metastases. sPD-1 and sPD-L1 were not associated with clinico-pathological parameters, although both were higher in patients with synchronous metastases compared to metachronous ones and sPD-L1 was also higher for metastatic patients compared to non-metastatic patients. sPD-1 was also associated with the International Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Database Consortium (IMDC) prognostic groups in metastatic CCRCC and also to the Morphology, Attenuation, Size and Structure (MASS) response criteria in metastatic patients treated with systemic therapy, mainly tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. Regarding prognosis, PD-L1 immunostaining at the tumor center with and without the tumor front was associated with worse survival, and so was sPD-L1 at a cut-off >793 ng/mL. Combination of positivity at both the tissue and plasma level increased the level of significance to predict prognosis. (4) Conclusions: Our findings corroborate the role of PD-L1 IHC to evaluate prognosis in CCRCC and present novel data on the usefulness of plasma sPD-L1 as a promising biomarker of survival in this neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Larrinaga
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.E.); (E.E.)
- BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.D.S.-I.); (J.I.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jon Danel Solano-Iturri
- BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.D.S.-I.); (J.I.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian-Donostia, Spain
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Peio Errarte
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.E.); (E.E.)
- BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.D.S.-I.); (J.I.L.)
| | - Miguel Unda
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (M.U.); (A.L.-I.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Ana Loizaga-Iriarte
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (M.U.); (A.L.-I.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Amparo Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (M.U.); (A.L.-I.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Enrique Echevarría
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Aintzane Asumendi
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Claudia Manini
- Department of Pathology, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, 10154 Turin, Italy;
| | - Javier C. Angulo
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Getafe, 28907 Getafe, Spain
| | - José I. López
- BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.D.S.-I.); (J.I.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
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149
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Ugurel S, Schadendorf D, Horny K, Sucker A, Schramm S, Utikal J, Pföhler C, Herbst R, Schilling B, Blank C, Becker JC, Paschen A, Zimmer L, Livingstone E, Horn PA, Rebmann V. Elevated baseline serum PD-1 or PD-L1 predicts poor outcome of PD-1 inhibition therapy in metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol 2021; 31:144-152. [PMID: 31912789 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibition has recently advanced to one of the most effective treatment strategies in melanoma. Nevertheless, a considerable proportion of patients show upfront therapy resistance and baseline predictive biomarkers of treatment outcome are scarce. In this study we quantified PD-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in baseline sera from melanoma patients in relation to therapy response and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sera taken at therapy baseline from a total of 222 metastatic melanoma patients (two retrospectively selected monocentric discovery cohorts, n = 130; one prospectively collected multicentric validation cohort, n = 92) and from 38 healthy controls were analyzed for PD-1 and PD-L1 concentration by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Melanoma patients showed higher serum concentrations of PD-1 (P = 0.0054) and PD-L1 (P < 0.0001) than healthy controls. Elevated serum PD-1 and PD-L1 levels at treatment baseline were associated with an impaired best overall response (BOR) to anti-PD-1 (P = 0.014, P = 0.041), but not to BRAF inhibition therapy. Baseline PD-1 and PD-L1 serum levels correlated with progression-free (PFS; P = 0.0081, P = 0.053) and overall survival (OS; P = 0.055, P = 0.0062) in patients who received anti-PD-1 therapy, but not in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors. By combining both markers, we obtained a strong discrimination between favorable and poor outcome of anti-PD-1 therapy, with elevated baseline serum levels of PD-1 and/or PD-L1 associated with an impaired BOR (P = 0.037), PFS (P = 0.048), and OS (P = 0.0098). This PD-1/PD-L1 combination serum biomarker was confirmed in an independent multicenter validation set of serum samples prospectively collected at baseline of PD-1 inhibition (BOR, P = 0.019; PFS, P = 0.038; OS, P = 0.022). Multivariable Cox regression demonstrated serum PD-1/PD-L1 as an independent predictor of PFS (P = 0.010) and OS (P = 0.003) in patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate PD-1 and PD-L1 as useful serum biomarkers to predict the outcome of PD-1 inhibition therapy in melanoma patients and to select patients for PD-1-based versus BRAF-based therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ugurel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - D Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Horny
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - A Sucker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Schramm
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - C Pföhler
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - R Herbst
- Department of Dermatology, Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - B Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Blank
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J C Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - A Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Livingstone
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - V Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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150
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Kobayashi S, Hiwasa T, Ishige T, Kano M, Hoshino T, Rahmutulla B, Seimiya M, Shimada H, Nomura F, Matsubara H, Matsushita K. Anti-FIRΔexon2 autoantibody as a novel indicator for better overall survival in gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:847-858. [PMID: 33306856 PMCID: PMC7894018 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no clinically available biomarker for efficiently indicating the overall survival or therapy response of gastric cancer (GC). The autoantibodies (Abs) in the sera of anti‐far‐upstream element‐binding protein‐interacting repressor‐lacking exon2 (FIRΔexon2), anti‐sorting nexin 15, and anti‐spermatogenesis and oogenesis–specific basic helix–loop–helix 1 were markedly higher in GC patients than in healthy donors (HDs). These Abs were identified by large‐scale serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning screenings and their expression levels were evaluated by amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay. In particular, compared with age‐matched HDs, the level of anti‐FIRΔexon2 Abs in GC patients was significantly higher (P < .001). The Spearman's rank correlation analysis between anti‐FIRΔexon2 Abs and clinically available tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was statistically insignificant, indicating that FIRΔexon2 Abs is an independent biomarker. We performed receiver‐operating curve analysis to evaluate the anti‐FIRΔexon2 Ab as a candidate biomarker with CEA and carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9). The overall survival of GC patients with high anti‐FIRΔexon2 Abs titer was significantly favorable (P = .04) than that of GC patients who were below detection level of anti‐FIRΔexon2 Abs. However, clinical stages were not apparently correlated with the levels of anti‐FIRΔexon2 Ab, CEA, and CA19‐9. In conclusion, anti‐FIRΔexon2 Abs detected in GC patients is a potential biomarker for monitoring a better prognosis. Hence, anti‐FIRΔexon2 Abs is a promising biomarker for indicating better overall survival of gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology & Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishige
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kano
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bahityar Rahmutulla
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masanori Seimiya
- Department of Medical Technology & Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Nomura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsushita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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