101
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Jamieson TR, Poutou J, Ilkow CS. Redirecting oncolytic viruses: Engineering opportunists to take control of the tumour microenvironment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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102
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Oncolytic Adenovirus in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113354. [PMID: 33202717 PMCID: PMC7697649 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-selective replicating "oncolytic" viruses are novel and promising tools for immunotherapy of cancer. However, despite their first success in clinical trials, previous experience suggests that currently used oncolytic virus monotherapies will not be effective enough to achieve complete tumor responses and long-term cure in a broad spectrum of cancers. Nevertheless, there are reasonable arguments that suggest advanced oncolytic viruses will play an essential role as enablers of multi-stage immunotherapies including established systemic immunotherapies. Oncolytic adenoviruses (oAds) display several features to meet this therapeutic need. oAds potently lyse infected tumor cells and induce a strong immunogenic cell death associated with tumor inflammation and induction of antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, established and versatile platforms of oAds exist, which are well suited for the incorporation of heterologous genes to optimally exploit and amplify the immunostimulatory effect of viral oncolysis. A considerable spectrum of functional genes has already been integrated in oAds to optimize particular aspects of immune stimulation including antigen presentation, T cell priming, engagement of additional effector functions, and interference with immunosuppression. These advanced concepts have the potential to play a promising future role as enablers of multi-stage immunotherapies involving adoptive cell transfer and systemic immunotherapies.
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103
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Zhang B, Cheng P. Improving antitumor efficacy via combinatorial regimens of oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:158. [PMID: 33172438 PMCID: PMC7656670 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a promising therapeutic strategy, oncolytic virotherapy has shown potent anticancer efficacy in numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials. Oncolytic viruses have the capacity for conditional-replication within carcinoma cells leading to cell death via multiple mechanisms, including direct lysis of neoplasms, induction of immunogenic cell death, and elicitation of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, these viruses can be engineered to express cytokines or chemokines to alter tumor microenvironments. Combination of oncolytic virotherapy with other antitumor therapeutic modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy as well as cancer immunotherapy can be used to target a wider range of tumors and promote therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we outline the basic biological characteristics of oncolytic viruses and the underlying mechanisms that support their use as promising antitumor drugs. We also describe the enhanced efficacy attributed to virotherapy combined with other drugs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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104
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Dagher O, King TR, Wellhausen N, Posey AD. Combination Therapy for Solid Tumors: Taking a Classic CAR on New Adventures. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:621-623. [PMID: 33064993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD19-specific CAR-T cell therapies are the gold standard of adoptive cellular immunotherapy for hematopoietic malignancies. In Science Translational Medicine, Park et al. develop an oncolytic vaccinia virus that introduces truncated CD19 expression in solid tumors, which are then eradicated by CD19-specific CAR-T cells in immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula Dagher
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tiffany R King
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avery D Posey
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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105
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Gardell JL, Matsumoto LR, Chinn H, DeGolier KR, Kreuser SA, Prieskorn B, Balcaitis S, Davis A, Ellenbogen RG, Crane CA. Human macrophages engineered to secrete a bispecific T cell engager support antigen-dependent T cell responses to glioblastoma. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001202. [PMID: 33122397 PMCID: PMC7597484 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted and effective treatment options are needed for solid tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM), where survival rates with standard treatments are typically less than 2 years from diagnosis. Solid tumors pose many barriers to immunotherapies, including therapy half-life and persistence, tumor penetrance, and targeting. Therapeutics delivered systemically may not traffic to the tumor site. If cellular therapies or drugs are able to access the tumor site, or can be delivered directly within the tumor, treatments may not persist for the duration necessary to reduce or eliminate tumor burden. An approach that allows durable and titratable local therapeutic protein delivery could improve antitumor efficacy while minimizing toxicities or unwanted on-target, off-tissue effects. METHODS In this study, human monocyte-derived macrophages were genetically engineered to secrete a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) specific to the mutated epidermal growth factor variant III (EGFRvIII) expressed by some GBM tumors. We investigated the ability of lentivirally modified macrophages to secrete a functional BiTE that can bind target tumor antigen and activate T cells. Secreted BiTE protein was assayed in a range of T cell functional assays in vitro and in subcutaneous and intracranial GBM xenograft models. Finally, we tested genetically engineered macrophages (GEMs) secreting BiTE and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 to amplify T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Transduced human macrophages secreted a lentivirally encoded functional EGFRvIII-targeted BiTE protein capable of inducing T cell activation, proliferation, degranulation, and killing of antigen-specific tumor cells. Furthermore, BiTE secreting macrophages reduced early tumor burden in both subcutaneous and intracranial mouse models of GBM, a response which was enhanced using macrophages that were dual transduced to secrete both the BiTE protein and single chain IL-12, preventing tumor growth in an aggressive GBM model. CONCLUSIONS The ability of macrophages to infiltrate and persist in solid tumor tissue could overcome many of the obstacles associated with systemic delivery of immunotherapies. We have found that human GEMs can locally and constitutively express one or more therapeutic proteins, which may help recruit T cells and transform the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to better support antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gardell
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa R Matsumoto
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harrison Chinn
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kole R DeGolier
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shannon A Kreuser
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brooke Prieskorn
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Balcaitis
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amira Davis
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard G Ellenbogen
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney A Crane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA .,Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Mozart Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USE
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106
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Combination Immunotherapy Using Oncolytic Virus for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207743. [PMID: 33086754 PMCID: PMC7589893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) is a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. OVs can selectively infect and destroy cancer cells, and therefore act as an in situ cancer vaccine by releasing tumor-specific antigens. Moreover, they can remodel the tumor microenvironment toward a T cell-inflamed phenotype by stimulating widespread host immune responses against the tumor. Recent evidence suggests several possible applications of OVs against cancer, especially in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms of oncolytic virotherapy and OV-induced immune responses, provide a brief summary of recent preclinical and clinical updates on this rapidly evolving field, and discuss a combinational strategy that is able to overcome the limitations of OV-based monotherapy.
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107
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Oncolytic Viruses as a Platform for the Treatment of Malignant Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207449. [PMID: 33050329 PMCID: PMC7589928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors remain incurable diseases. Although much effort has been devoted to improving patient outcome, multiple factors such as the high tumor heterogeneity, the strong tumor-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment, and the low mutational burden make the treatment of these tumors especially challenging. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies are urgent. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are biotherapeutics that have been selected or engineered to infect and selectively kill cancer cells. Increasingly, preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the ability of OVs to recruit T cells and induce durable immune responses against both virus and tumor, transforming a “cold” tumor microenvironment into a “hot” environment. Besides promising clinical results as a monotherapy, OVs can be powerfully combined with other cancer therapies, helping to overcome critical barriers through the creation of synergistic effects in the fight against brain cancer. Although many questions remain to be answered to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of OVs, oncolytic virotherapy will clearly be part of future treatments for patients with malignant brain tumors.
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108
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Chitadze G, Laqua A, Lettau M, Baldus CD, Brüggemann M. Bispecific antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:1211-1233. [PMID: 33000968 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1831380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blinatumomab, first in a class of bispecific T-cell engagers, revolutionized treatment paradigm of B-cell precursor relapsed/refractory or minimal residual disease positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults and children, inducing deep remissions in a proportion of patients. However, significant numbers of patients do not respond or eventually relapse. Strategies for improvement of treatment outcomes are required. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the main structural and functional features of blinatumomab, and its place in the treatment of ALL. Furthermore, prospects to increase the efficacy of blinatumomab are addressed. The developments in the field of bispecific antibodies and their possible implications for treatment of ALL are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Better understanding the mechanisms of response and resistance to blinatumomab might help us to identify the group of patients benefiting most from treatment and to spare potentially toxic subsequent treatment strategies. Data emerging from ongoing clinical trials might change the treatment landscape of ALL and beyond. Early use of blinatumomab in frontline protocols with more advantageous treatment sequences and in combination with other targeted therapies might reduce the failure rates. Exponentially increasing number of novel treatment options and their possible combinations might complicate treatment decision-making without data from randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guranda Chitadze
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Laqua
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia D Baldus
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Monika Brüggemann
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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109
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All systems go: converging synthetic biology and combinatorial treatment for CAR-T cell therapy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 65:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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110
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Zhang L, Ding J, Li HY, Wang ZH, Wu J. Immunotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, where are we? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188441. [PMID: 33007432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A couple of molecular-targeting medications, such as Lenvatinib, are available for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in addition to Sorafenib in an advanced stage. Approval for the use of immune check-point inhibitors, such as Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab has shifted the paradigm of current HCC treatment, and the monotherapy or in combination with Lenvatinib or Sorafenib has significantly extended overall survival or progression-free survival in a large portion of patients. A combination of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitor Atezolizumab with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor, Bevacizumab, has recently achieved promising outcome in unresectable HCC patients. Other immunotherapy, such as chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has achieved an evolutional success in hematologic malignancies, and has extended its use in deadly solid tumors, such as HCC. Although there exist various barriers, novel approaches are developed to move potential adoptive T cell therapy strategies, including cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), T cell receptor (TCR) T cells, CAR-T cells, to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jing'an District Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hui-Yan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China.
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111
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Jung M, Yang Y, McCloskey JE, Zaman M, Vedvyas Y, Zhang X, Stefanova D, Gray KD, Min IM, Zarnegar R, Choi YY, Cheong JH, Noh SH, Rha SY, Chung HC, Jin MM. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Targeting ICAM-1 in Gastric Cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:587-601. [PMID: 32995483 PMCID: PMC7501410 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy utilizing adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has demonstrated remarkable clinical outcomes in hematologic malignancies. However, CAR T cell application to solid tumors has had limited success, partly due to the lack of tumor-specific antigens and an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. From the tumor tissues of gastric cancer patients, we found that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression is significantly associated with advanced stage and shorter survival. In this study, we report a proof-of-concept study using ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells against gastric cancer. The efficacy of ICAM-1 CAR T cells showed a significant correlation with the level of ICAM-1 expression in target cells in vitro. In animal models of human gastric cancer, ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells potently eliminated tumors that developed in the lungs, while their efficacy was more limited against the tumors in the peritoneum. To augment CAR T cell activity against intraperitoneal tumors, combinations with paclitaxel or CAR activation-dependent interleukin (IL)-12 release were explored and found to significantly increase anti-tumor activity and survival benefit. Collectively, ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells alone or in combination with chemotherapy represent a promising strategy to treat patients with ICAM-1+ advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Jung
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yanping Yang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marjan Zaman
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yogindra Vedvyas
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xianglan Zhang
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji City, China
| | | | | | - Irene M. Min
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raza Zarnegar
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoon Young Choi
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Noh
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Chung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moonsoo M. Jin
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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112
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Date V, Nair S. Emerging vistas in CAR T-cell therapy: challenges and opportunities in solid tumors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:145-160. [PMID: 32882159 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1819978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite advances in modern evidence-based medicine, cancer remains a major cause of global disease-associated mortality. CAR T-cell therapy is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent immunotherapy involving adoptive cell transfer. Cancer immunotherapy witnessed a major breakthrough with the US FDA approval of the first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy KymriahTM (tisagenlecleucel) for relapsed or refractory (R/R) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in August 2017 followed by approval of Yescarta® (axicabtagene ciloleucel) for R/R non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in October 2017. AREAS COVERED We review the potential of CAR T-cell therapy which, despite showing great promise in hematological malignancies, faces significant challenges in targeting solid tumors. We address these challenges and discuss proposed strategies to overcome them in solid tumors. We highlight the potential of CAR T-cell therapy as cancer precision medicine and briefly discuss the 'financial toxicity' of CAR T-cell therapy. EXPERT OPINION Taken together, we discuss various strategies to circumvent the limitations of CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors. Despite the rapid advances in CAR NK-cell therapies, there is immense scope for CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors. We provide a synthetic review of CAR T-cell therapy that will drive future research and harness its full potential in cancer precision medicine for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varada Date
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University , Mumbai, India
| | - Sujit Nair
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai , Mumbai, India
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113
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Adenovirus Receptor Expression in Cancer and Its Multifaceted Role in Oncolytic Adenovirus Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186828. [PMID: 32957644 PMCID: PMC7554712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus therapy is believed to be a promising way to treat cancer patients. To be able to target tumor cells with an oncolytic adenovirus, expression of the adenovirus receptor on the tumor cell is essential. Different adenovirus types bind to different receptors on the cell, of which the expression can vary between tumor types. Pre-existing neutralizing immunity to human adenovirus species C type 5 (HAdV-C5) has hampered its therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials, hence several adenoviral vectors from different species are currently being developed as a means to evade pre-existing immunity. Therefore, knowledge on the expression of appropriate adenovirus receptors on tumor cells is important. This could aid in determining which tumor types would benefit most from treatment with a certain oncolytic adenovirus type. This review provides an overview of the known receptors for human adenoviruses and how their expression on tumor cells might be differentially regulated compared to healthy tissue, before and after standardized anticancer treatments. Mechanisms behind the up- or downregulation of adenovirus receptor expression are discussed, which could be used to find new targets for combination therapy to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus therapy. Additionally, the utility of the adenovirus receptors in oncolytic virotherapy is examined, including their role in viral spread, which might even surpass their function as primary entry receptors. Finally, future directions are offered regarding the selection of adenovirus types to be used in oncolytic adenovirus therapy in the fight against cancer.
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114
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Wagner J, Wickman E, DeRenzo C, Gottschalk S. CAR T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors: Bright Future or Dark Reality? Mol Ther 2020; 28:2320-2339. [PMID: 32979309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has garnered significant excitement due to its success for hematological malignancies in clinical studies leading to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of three CD19-targeted CAR T cell products. In contrast, the clinical experience with CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors and brain tumors has been less encouraging, with only a few patients achieving complete responses. Clinical and preclinical studies have identified multiple "roadblocks," including (1) a limited array of targetable antigens and heterogeneous antigen expression, (2) limited T cell fitness and survival before reaching tumor sites, (3) an inability of T cells to efficiently traffic to tumor sites and penetrate physical barriers, and (4) an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Herein, we review these challenges and discuss strategies that investigators have taken to improve the effector function of CAR T cells for the adoptive immunotherapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wagner
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wickman
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christopher DeRenzo
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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115
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Fu X, Tao L, Wu W, Zhang X. Arming HSV-Based Oncolytic Viruses with the Ability to Redirect the Host's Innate Antiviral Immunity to Attack Tumor Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:33-46. [PMID: 33024817 PMCID: PMC7530262 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the major hurdles for cancer immunotherapy is the host's innate antiviral defense mechanisms. They include innate immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, which can be recruited within hours to the site of injection to clear the introduced oncolytic viruses. Here, we report a strategy to redirect these infiltrating innate immune cells to attack tumor cells instead by arming herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived oncolytic viruses with secreted chimeric molecules that can engage these innate immune cells with tumor cells to kill the latter. These chimeric molecules have, at their N terminus, a custom-binding moiety for a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and at their C terminus, protein L (PL) that binds to immunoglobulins (Igs). The binding of PL to Igs exposes the Fc to the Fc receptors on the surface of the innate immune cells, trigging them to attack the engaged tumor cells. In vitro and in vivo evaluation in a murine tumor model with limited permissiveness to oncolytic HSVs showed that arming the viruses with these chimeric molecules significantly boosts the killing effect and therapeutic activity. Moreover, our data also showed that the combined killing effect from the engaged innate immune cells and the oncolytic virus resulted in a more efficient stimulation of neoantigen-specific antitumor immunity than the virotherapy alone. Our data suggest that arming an oncolytic virus with this strategy represents a unique and pragmatic way of potentiating the oncolytic and immunotherapeutic effect of virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Fu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lihua Tao
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wanfu Wu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoliu Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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116
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Park AK, Fong Y, Kim SI, Yang J, Murad JP, Lu J, Jeang B, Chang WC, Chen NG, Thomas SH, Forman SJ, Priceman SJ. Effective combination immunotherapy using oncolytic viruses to deliver CAR targets to solid tumors. Sci Transl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz1863
http://stm.sciencemag.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An effective combination immunotherapy using oncolytic viruses delivers de novo CD19 to promote CD19-CAR T cell therapy against solid tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K. Park
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jason Yang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John P. Murad
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Brook Jeang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wen-Chung Chang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Nanhai G. Chen
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sandra H. Thomas
- Department of Clinical and Translational Project Development, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Stephen J. Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Saul J. Priceman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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117
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Chen W, Yuan Y, Jiang X. Antibody and antibody fragments for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2020; 328:395-406. [PMID: 32853733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody has become the most rapidly expanding class of pharmaceuticals for treating a wide variety of human diseases including cancers. Especially, with the fast development of cancer immunotherapy, antibody drugs have become the most promising therapeutic for curing cancers. Immune-mediated cell killing by antibodies including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as well as regulation of T cell function through immune checkpoint blockade. Due to the absence of Fc fragment, antibody fragments including single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) and single-domain antibodies (sdAds) are mainly applied in chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cell therapy for redirecting T cells to tumors and T cell activation by immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, the cancer immunity is first discussed. Then the principal mechanisms of antibody-based immunotherapy will be reviewed. Next, the antibody and antibody fragments applied for cancer immunotherapy will be summarized. Bispecific and multispecific antibodies and a combination of cancer immunotherapy with other tumor treatments will also be mentioned. Finally, an outlook and perspective of antibody-based cancer immunotherapy will be given. This review would provide a comprehensive guidance for the researchers who are interested in and intended to involve in the antibodies- or antibody fragments-based tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Yang Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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118
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Overhauling CAR T Cells to Improve Efficacy, Safety and Cost. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092360. [PMID: 32825533 PMCID: PMC7564591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is now surpassing 30 years of clinical experience and in that time a variety of approaches has been applied for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies. While the promise of gene therapy was over-stated in the 1990’s, the following decades were met with polar extremes between demonstrable success and devastating setbacks. Currently, the field of gene therapy is enjoying the rewards of overcoming the hurdles that come with turning new ideas into safe and reliable treatments, including for cancer. Among these modalities, the modification of T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) has met with clear success and holds great promise for the future treatment of cancer. We detail a series of considerations for the improvement of the CAR-T cell approach, including the design of the CAR, routes of gene transfer, introduction of CARs in natural killer and other cell types, combining the CAR approach with checkpoint blockade or oncolytic viruses, improving pre-clinical models as well as means for reducing cost and, thus, making this technology more widely available. While CAR-T cells serve as a prime example of translating novel ideas into effective treatments, certainly the lessons learned will serve to accelerate the current and future development of gene therapy drugs.
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119
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Multidirectional Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses by Tumor Infiltrating Immune Cells. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105094. [PMID: 32795509 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy has demonstrated to be a promising approach in cancer treatment due to tumor-specific oncolysis. However, their clinical use so far has been largely limited due to the lack of suitable delivery strategies with high efficacy. Direct 'intratumoral' injection is the way to cross the hurdles of systemic toxicity, while providing local effects. Progress in this field has enabled the development of alternative way using 'systemic' oncolytic virotherapy for producing better results. One major potential roadblock to systemic OV delivery is the low virus persistence in the face of hostile immune system. The delivery challenge is even greater when attempting to target the oncolytic viruses into the entire tumor mass, where not all tumor cells are equally exposed to exactly the same microenvironment. The microenvironment of many tumors is known to be massively infiltrated with various types of leucocytes in both primary and metastatic sites. Interestingly, this intratumoral immune cell heterogeneity exhibits a degree of organized distribution inside the tumor bed as evidenced, for example, by the hypoxic tumor microenviroment where predominantly recruits tumor-associated macrophages. Although in vivo OV delivery seems complicated and challenging, recent results are encouraging for decreasing the limitations of systemically administered oncolytic viruses and an improved efficiency of oncolytic viral therapy in targeting cancerous tissues in vitro. Here, we review the latest developments of carrier cell-based oncolytic virus delivery using tumor-infiltrating immune cells with a focus on the main features of each cellular vehicle.
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120
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Smagina AS, Kulemzin SV, Yusubalieva GM, Kedrova AG, Sanzharov AE, Ivanov YV, Matvienko DA, Kalsin VA, Gorchakov AA, Baklaushev VP, Taranin AV. VAV1-overexpressing YT cells display improved cytotoxicity against malignant cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:849-855. [PMID: 32767384 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T- and NK-cells is an area of active ongoing research and has proven highly efficacious for patients with certain B-cell malignancies. Use of NK cells and NK cell lines as carriers of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) appears particularly promising, as this opens an opportunity for moving the therapy from autologous to the allogeneic (universal) format. This "off-the-shelf" approach is thought to significantly reduce the price of the treatment and make it available to many more patients in need. Yet, the efficacy of CAR-NK cells in vivo presently remains low, and boosting the activity of CAR NK cells via stronger tumor homing, resistance to tumor microenvironment, as well as greater cytotoxicity may translate into improved patient outcomes. Here, we established a derivative of a human NK cell line YT overexpressing a positive regulator of cytotoxicity, VAV1. Activity of YT-VAV1 cells obtained was assayed in vitro against several cancer cell lines and primary patient-derived cancer cells. YT-VAV1 cells outperform parental YT cells in terms of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Smagina
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Kulemzin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Anna G Kedrova
- Federal Research Clinical Center FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey E Sanzharov
- Federal Research Clinical Center FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yurii V Ivanov
- Federal Research Clinical Center FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Darya A Matvienko
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Kalsin
- Federal Research Clinical Center FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Gorchakov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Aleksandr V Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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121
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Guo ZS, Lotze MT, Zhu Z, Storkus WJ, Song XT. Bi- and Tri-Specific T Cell Engager-Armed Oncolytic Viruses: Next-Generation Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E204. [PMID: 32664210 PMCID: PMC7400484 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are potent anti-cancer biologics with a bright future, having substantial evidence of efficacy in patients with cancer. Bi- and tri-specific antibodies targeting tumor antigens and capable of activating T cell receptor signaling have also shown great promise in cancer immunotherapy. In a cutting-edge strategy, investigators have incorporated the two independent anti-cancer modalities, transforming them into bi- or tri-specific T cell engager (BiTE or TriTE)-armed OVs for targeted immunotherapy. Since 2014, multiple research teams have studied this combinatorial strategy, and it showed substantial efficacy in various tumor models. Here, we first provide a brief overview of the current status of oncolytic virotherapy and the use of multi-specific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. We then summarize progress on BiTE and TriTE antibodies as a novel class of cancer therapeutics in preclinical and clinical studies, followed by a discussion of BiTE- or TriTE-armed OVs for cancer therapy in translational models. In addition, T cell receptor mimics (TCRm) have been developed into BiTEs and are expected to greatly expand the application of BiTEs and BiTE-armed OVs for the effective targeting of intracellular tumor antigens. Future applications of such innovative combination strategies are emerging as precision cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.T.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.J.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.T.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.J.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zhi Zhu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.T.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.J.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Walter J. Storkus
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.T.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.J.S.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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122
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Zhang PF, Huang Y, Liang X, Li D, Jiang L, Yang X, Zhu M, Gou HF, Gong YL, Wei YQ, Li Q, Wang W. Enhancement of the antitumor effect of HER2-directed CAR-T cells through blocking epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tumor cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:11185-11199. [PMID: 32645243 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000080rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy in solid tumors is far from satisfactory. In this study, we investigated the influence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) on the antitumor effect of CAR-T cells and explored the potential efficacy of combining CAR-T cells with inhibitors targeting EMT. We successfully induced EMT in tumor cells with TGF-β1, and the antitumor effect of HER2-directed CAR-T cells was significantly suppressed by EMT. Upregulation of PD-L1 was observed in tumor cells undergoing EMT, and change in PD-L1 expression during the EMT process was dependent on the MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Inhibition of the TGF-β1 pathway could block the EMT process in tumor cells and restore their susceptibility to HER2-directed CAR-T cells in vitro. In addition, targeting the TGF-β1 pathway significantly enhanced the antitumor effect of HER2-directed CAR-T cells in vivo. Our findings suggest that blocking EMT could potently enhance the antitumor effect of CAR-T cells, which provides a promising approach to improving the therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Feng Gou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You-Ling Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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123
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Huang M, Deng J, Gao L, Zhou J. Innovative strategies to advance CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1979-1992. [PMID: 32774996 PMCID: PMC7407347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Current cancer treatment strategies have been advanced by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy, a rapidly emerging cellular immunotherapy. The numerous revolutionary achievements of CAR T cells against hematological malignancies initiated an upsurge in research on translating this therapy into a treatment for solid tumors. Unfortunately, no equivalent success has yet been achieved in treating solid tumors. The main challenges posed by solid tumors have gradually been recognized and include a lack of unique antigen targets, antigen heterogeneity, limited infiltration into the tumor, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Surmounting the limitations of solid tumors remains critical in popularizing CAR T cell applications. Various approaches to augmenting the efficiency of CAR T cells through directly optimizing CAR constructs or through innovative combination strategies such as vaccines, biomaterials, and oncolytic virus have arisen. In addition to describing the main obstacles that restrict the promotion of CAR T cells, this paper focuses on reviewing new ongoing strategies to circumvent these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jinniu Deng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
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124
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Hemminki O, Dos Santos JM, Hemminki A. Oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:84. [PMID: 32600470 PMCID: PMC7325106 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the use of oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy treatments in general, with a particular focus on adenoviruses. These serve as a model to elucidate how versatile viruses are, and how they can be used to complement other cancer therapies to gain optimal patient benefits. Historical reports from over a hundred years suggest treatment efficacy and safety with adenovirus and other oncolytic viruses. This is confirmed in more contemporary patient series and multiple clinical trials. Yet, while the first viruses have already been granted approval from several regulatory authorities, room for improvement remains. As good safety and tolerability have been seen, the oncolytic virus field has now moved on to increase efficacy in a wide array of approaches. Adding different immunomodulatory transgenes to the viruses is one strategy gaining momentum. Immunostimulatory molecules can thus be produced at the tumor with reduced systemic side effects. On the other hand, preclinical work suggests additive or synergistic effects with conventional treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In addition, the newly introduced checkpoint inhibitors and other immunomodulatory drugs could make perfect companions to oncolytic viruses. Especially tumors that seem not to be recognized by the immune system can be made immunogenic by oncolytic viruses. Logically, the combination with checkpoint inhibitors is being evaluated in ongoing trials. Another promising avenue is modulating the tumor microenvironment with oncolytic viruses to allow T cell therapies to work in solid tumors. Oncolytic viruses could be the next remarkable wave in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Hemminki
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - João Manuel Dos Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland. .,Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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125
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Evgin L, Huff AL, Wongthida P, Thompson J, Kottke T, Tonne J, Schuelke M, Ayasoufi K, Driscoll CB, Shim KG, Reynolds P, Monie DD, Johnson AJ, Coffey M, Young SL, Archer G, Sampson J, Pulido J, Perez LS, Vile R. Oncolytic virus-derived type I interferon restricts CAR T cell therapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3187. [PMID: 32581235 PMCID: PMC7314766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of adoptive T cell therapies, including those using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells, to solid tumors requires combinatorial strategies to overcome immune suppression associated with the tumor microenvironment. Here we test whether the inflammatory nature of oncolytic viruses and their ability to remodel the tumor microenvironment may help to recruit and potentiate the functionality of CAR T cells. Contrary to our hypothesis, VSVmIFNβ infection is associated with attrition of murine EGFRvIII CAR T cells in a B16EGFRvIII model, despite inducing a robust proinflammatory shift in the chemokine profile. Mechanistically, type I interferon (IFN) expressed following infection promotes apoptosis, activation, and inhibitory receptor expression, and interferon-insensitive CAR T cells enable combinatorial therapy with VSVmIFNβ. Our study uncovers an unexpected mechanism of therapeutic interference, and prompts further investigation into the interaction between CAR T cells and oncolytic viruses to optimize combination therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Oncolytic Virotherapy
- Oncolytic Viruses/genetics
- Oncolytic Viruses/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amanda L Huff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tim Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pierce Reynolds
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dileep D Monie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarah L Young
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gary Archer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John Sampson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jose Pulido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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126
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Rodriguez-Garcia A, Palazon A, Noguera-Ortega E, Powell DJ, Guedan S. CAR-T Cells Hit the Tumor Microenvironment: Strategies to Overcome Tumor Escape. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1109. [PMID: 32625204 PMCID: PMC7311654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have demonstrated remarkable efficacy for the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, in patients with solid tumors, objective responses to CAR-T cell therapy remain sporadic and transient. A major obstacle for CAR-T cells is the intrinsic ability of tumors to evade immune responses. Advanced solid tumors are largely composed of desmoplastic stroma and immunosuppressive modulators, and characterized by aberrant cell proliferation and vascularization, resulting in hypoxia and altered nutrient availability. To mount a curative response after infusion, CAR-T cells must infiltrate the tumor, recognize their cognate antigen and perform their effector function in this hostile tumor microenvironment, to then differentiate and persist as memory T cells that confer long-term protection. Fortunately, recent advances in synthetic biology provide a wide set of tools to genetically modify CAR-T cells to overcome some of these obstacles. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the key tumor intrinsic mechanisms that prevent an effective CAR-T cell antitumor response and we discuss the most promising strategies to prevent tumor escape to CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Rodriguez-Garcia
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Asis Palazon
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Laboratory, Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Estela Noguera-Ortega
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel J. Powell
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sonia Guedan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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127
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Oncolytic Adenoviruses: Strategies for Improved Targeting and Specificity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061504. [PMID: 32526919 PMCID: PMC7352392 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem. Most of the treatments exhibit systemic toxicity, as they are not targeted or specific to cancerous cells and tumors. Adenoviruses are very promising gene delivery vectors and have immense potential to deliver targeted therapy. Here, we review a wide range of strategies that have been tried, tested, and demonstrated to enhance the specificity of oncolytic viruses towards specific cancer cells. A combination of these strategies and other conventional therapies may be more effective than any of those strategies alone.
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128
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Terrível M, Gromicho C, Matos AM. Oncolytic viruses: what to expect from their use in cancer treatment. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:477-492. [PMID: 31663631 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are biologic agents able to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells while sparing the normal ones. Furthermore, they also stimulate the host immune system to combat the tumor growth and to promote tumor removal. This review thoroughly describes different types of viruses developed for targeting specific cancers, as well as the strategies to improve the efficacy and safety of oncolytic virotherapy. It also explores how their potential as anticancer agents may be enhanced through combination with other traditional therapies, such as chemotherapy or more recent approaches, such as checkpoint inhibitors. There are many oncolytic viruses currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of various types of cancer, suggesting that this approach could become the near future of the oncology field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Miguel Matos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre on Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products (CIEPQF), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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129
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Mineo M, Lyons SM, Zdioruk M, von Spreckelsen N, Ferrer-Luna R, Ito H, Alayo QA, Kharel P, Giantini Larsen A, Fan WY, Auduong S, Grauwet K, Passaro C, Khalsa JK, Shah K, Reardon DA, Ligon KL, Beroukhim R, Nakashima H, Ivanov P, Anderson PJ, Lawler SE, Chiocca EA. Tumor Interferon Signaling Is Regulated by a lncRNA INCR1 Transcribed from the PD-L1 Locus. Mol Cell 2020; 78:1207-1223.e8. [PMID: 32504554 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tumor interferon (IFN) signaling promotes PD-L1 expression to suppress T cell-mediated immunosurveillance. We identify the IFN-stimulated non-coding RNA 1 (INCR1) as a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcribed from the PD-L1 locus and show that INCR1 controls IFNγ signaling in multiple tumor types. Silencing INCR1 decreases the expression of PD-L1, JAK2, and several other IFNγ-stimulated genes. INCR1 knockdown sensitizes tumor cells to cytotoxic T cell-mediated killing, improving CAR T cell therapy. We discover that PD-L1 and JAK2 transcripts are negatively regulated by binding to HNRNPH1, a nuclear ribonucleoprotein. The primary transcript of INCR1 binds HNRNPH1 to block its inhibitory effects on the neighboring genes PD-L1 and JAK2, enabling their expression. These findings introduce a mechanism of tumor IFNγ signaling regulation mediated by the lncRNA INCR1 and suggest a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mineo
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Shawn M Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mykola Zdioruk
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Niklas von Spreckelsen
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruben Ferrer-Luna
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hirotaka Ito
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Quazim A Alayo
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Prakash Kharel
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Giantini Larsen
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Y Fan
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sophia Auduong
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Korneel Grauwet
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carmela Passaro
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jasneet K Khalsa
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pavel Ivanov
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul J Anderson
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Harvey W. Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories (HCNL), Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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130
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Scaranti M, Cojocaru E, Banerjee S, Banerji U. Exploiting the folate receptor α in oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:349-359. [PMID: 32152484 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Folate receptor α (FRα) came into focus as an anticancer target many decades after the successful development of drugs targeting intracellular folate metabolism, such as methotrexate and pemetrexed. Binding to FRα is one of several methods by which folate is taken up by cells; however, this receptor is an attractive anticancer drug target owing to the overexpression of FRα in a range of solid tumours, including ovarian, lung and breast cancers. Furthermore, using FRα to better localize effective anticancer therapies to their target tumours using platforms such as antibody-drug conjugates, small-molecule drug conjugates, radioimmunoconjugates and, more recently, chimeric antigen receptor T cells could further improve the outcomes of patients with FRα-overexpressing cancers. FRα can also be harnessed for predictive biomarker research. Moreover, imaging FRα radiologically or in real time during surgery can lead to improved functional imaging and surgical outcomes, respectively. In this Review, we describe the current status of research into FRα in cancer, including data from several late-phase clinical trials involving FRα-targeted therapies, and the use of new technologies to develop FRα-targeted agents with improved therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Scaranti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elena Cojocaru
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Susana Banerjee
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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131
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Chiu M, Armstrong EJL, Jennings V, Foo S, Crespo-Rodriguez E, Bozhanova G, Patin EC, McLaughlin M, Mansfield D, Baker G, Grove L, Pedersen M, Kyula J, Roulstone V, Wilkins A, McDonald F, Harrington K, Melcher A. Combination therapy with oncolytic viruses and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:635-652. [PMID: 32067509 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1729351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have dramatically improved the outcome for cancer patients across multiple tumor types. However the response rates to ICI monotherapy remain relatively low, in part due to some tumors cultivating an inherently 'cold' immune microenvironment. Oncolytic viruses (OV) have the capability to promote a 'hotter' immune microenvironment which can improve the efficacy of ICI.Areas covered: In this article we conducted a literature search through Pubmed/Medline to identify relevant articles in both the pre-clinical and clinical settings for combining OVs with ICIs and discuss the impact of this approach on treatment as well as changes within the tumor microenvironment. We also explore the future directions of this novel combination strategy.Expert opinion: The imminent results of the Phase 3 study combining pembrolizumab with or without T-Vec injection are eagerly awaited. OV/ICI combinations remain one of the most promising avenues to explore in the success of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chiu
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Edward John Lloyd Armstrong
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vicki Jennings
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Shane Foo
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Eva Crespo-Rodriguez
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Galabina Bozhanova
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Martin McLaughlin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - David Mansfield
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Baker
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lorna Grove
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Joan Kyula
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Victoria Roulstone
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Wilkins
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Kevin Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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132
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Sato-Dahlman M, LaRocca CJ, Yanagiba C, Yamamoto M. Adenovirus and Immunotherapy: Advancing Cancer Treatment by Combination. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051295. [PMID: 32455560 PMCID: PMC7281656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy with viral vectors has significantly advanced in the past few decades, with adenovirus being one of the most commonly employed vectors for cancer gene therapy. Adenovirus vectors can be divided into 2 groups: (1) replication-deficient viruses; and (2) replication-competent, oncolytic (OVs) viruses. Replication-deficient adenoviruses have been explored as vaccine carriers and gene therapy vectors. Oncolytic adenoviruses are designed to selectively target, replicate, and directly destroy cancer cells. Additionally, virus-mediated cell lysis releases tumor antigens and induces local inflammation (e.g., immunogenic cell death), which contributes significantly to the reversal of local immune suppression and development of antitumor immune responses ("cold" tumor into "hot" tumor). There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the host immune response may provide a critical boost for the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. Additionally, genetic engineering of oncolytic viruses allows local expression of immune therapeutics, thereby reducing related toxicities. Therefore, the combination of oncolytic virus and immunotherapy is an attractive therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on adenovirus-based vectors and discuss recent progress in combination therapy of adenoviruses with immunotherapy in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Sato-Dahlman
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J. LaRocca
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chikako Yanagiba
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-624-9131
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133
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Tian Y, Li Y, Shao Y, Zhang Y. Gene modification strategies for next-generation CAR T cells against solid cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:54. [PMID: 32423475 PMCID: PMC7236186 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have become the backbone of cancer treatment. Among them, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated great success in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, CAR T therapy against solid tumors is less effective. Antigen targeting; an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME); and the infiltration, proliferation, and persistence of CAR T cells are the predominant barriers preventing the extension of CAR T therapy to solid tumors. To circumvent these obstacles, the next-generation CAR T cells will require more potent antitumor properties, which can be achieved by gene-editing technology. In this review, we summarize innovative strategies to enhance CAR T cell function by improving target identification, persistence, trafficking, and overcoming the suppressive TME. The construction of multi-target CAR T cells improves antigen recognition and reduces immune escape. Enhancing CAR T cell proliferation and persistence can be achieved by optimizing costimulatory signals and overexpressing cytokines. CAR T cells equipped with chemokines or chemokine receptors help overcome their poor homing to tumor sites. Strategies like knocking out immune checkpoint molecules, incorporating dominant negative receptors, and chimeric switch receptors can favor the depletion or reversal of negative T cell regulators in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Tian
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yilu Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yupei Shao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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134
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Cerrano M, Ruella M, Perales MA, Vitale C, Faraci DG, Giaccone L, Coscia M, Maloy M, Sanchez-Escamilla M, Elsabah H, Fadul A, Maffini E, Pittari G, Bruno B. The Advent of CAR T-Cell Therapy for Lymphoproliferative Neoplasms: Integrating Research Into Clinical Practice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:888. [PMID: 32477359 PMCID: PMC7235422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on CAR T cells has achieved enormous progress in recent years. After the impressive results obtained in relapsed and refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and aggressive B-cell lymphomas, two constructs, tisagenlecleucel and axicabtagene ciloleucel, were approved by FDA. The role of CAR T cells in the treatment of B-cell disorders, however, is rapidly evolving. Ongoing clinical trials aim at comparing CAR T cells with standard treatment options and at evaluating their efficacy earlier in the disease course. The use of CAR T cells is still limited by the risk of relevant toxicities, most commonly cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity, whose management has nonetheless significantly improved. Some patients do not respond or relapse after treatment, either because of poor CAR T-cell expansion, lack of anti-tumor effects or after the loss of the target antigen on tumor cells. Investigators are trying to overcome these hurdles in many ways: by testing constructs which target different and/or multiple antigens or by improving CAR T-cell structure with additional functions and synergistic molecules. Alternative cell sources including allogeneic products (off-the-shelf CAR T cells), NK cells, and T cells obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells are also considered. Several trials are exploring the curative potential of CAR T cells in other malignancies, and recent data on multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia are encouraging. Given the likely expansion of CAR T-cell indications and their wider availability over time, more and more highly specialized clinical centers, with dedicated clinical units, will be required. Overall, the costs of these cell therapies will also play a role in the sustainability of many health care systems. This review will focus on the major clinical trials of CAR T cells in B-cell malignancies, including those leading to the first FDA approvals, and on the new settings in which these constructs are being tested. Besides, the most promising approaches to improve CAR T-cell efficacy and early data on alternative cell sources will be reviewed. Finally, we will discuss the challenges and the opportunities that are emerging with the advent of CAR T cells into clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cerrano
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Ruella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Candida Vitale
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Danilo Giuseppe Faraci
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Giaccone
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Coscia
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Molly Maloy
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Miriam Sanchez-Escamilla
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation, Research Institute of Marques de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Hesham Elsabah
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology/BMT Service, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afraa Fadul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology/BMT Service, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Enrico Maffini
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Romagna Transplant Network, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pittari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology/BMT Service, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Benedetto Bruno
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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135
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Chimeric antigen receptor therapy in hematological malignancies: antigenic targets and their clinical research progress. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:1681-1699. [PMID: 32388608 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based immunotherapy has achieved dramatic success in the treatment of B cell malignancies, based on the summary of current research data, and has shown good potential in early phase cancer clinical trials. Modified constructs are being optimized to recognize and destroy tumor cells more effectively. By targeting the proper B-lineage-specific antigens such as CD19 and CD20, adoptive immunotherapy has demonstrated promising clinical results and already plays a role in the treatment of several lymphoid malignancies, which highlights the importance of target selection for other CAR therapies. The high efficacy of CAR-T cells has resulted in the approval of anti-CD19-directed CAR-T cells for the treatment of B cell malignancies. In this review, we focus on the basic structure and current clinical application of CAR-T cells, detail the research progress of CAR-T for different antigenic targets in hematological malignancies, and further discuss the current barriers and proposed solutions, investigating the possible mechanisms of recurrence of CAR-T cell therapy. A summary of the paper is also given to overview as the prospects for this therapy.
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136
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Shi T, Song X, Wang Y, Liu F, Wei J. Combining Oncolytic Viruses With Cancer Immunotherapy: Establishing a New Generation of Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:683. [PMID: 32411132 PMCID: PMC7198760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent successes of tumor immunotherapy approaches, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, have revolutionized cancer treatment, improving efficacy and extending treatment to a larger proportion of cancer patients. However, due to high heterogeneity of cancer, poor tumor cell targeting, and the immunosuppressive status of the tumor microenvironment (TME), combinatorial agents are required to obtain more effective and consistent therapeutic responses in a wide range of cancers. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are able to selectively replicate in and destroy tumor cells and subsequently induce systematic anti-tumor immune responses. Thus, they are ideal for combining with cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of OVs, as well as the latest preclinical and clinical progress of combining OVs with cancer immunotherapies, including ICB, CAR-T therapy, bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs), and cancer vaccines. Moreover, we consider future directions for applying OVs to personalized cancer immunotherapies, which could potentially launch a new generation of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shi
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueru Song
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangcen Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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137
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Farrera-Sal M, Fillat C, Alemany R. Effect of Transgene Location, Transcriptional Control Elements and Transgene Features in Armed Oncolytic Adenoviruses. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1034. [PMID: 32340119 PMCID: PMC7226017 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical results with oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) used as antitumor monotherapies show limited efficacy. To increase OAd potency, transgenes have been inserted into their genome, a strategy known as "arming OAds". Here, we review different parameters that affect the outcome of armed OAds. Recombinant adenovirus used in gene therapy and vaccination have been the basis for the design of armed OAds. Hence, early region 1 (E1) and early region 3 (E3) have been the most commonly used transgene insertion sites, along with partially or complete E3 deletions. Besides transgene location and orientation, transcriptional control elements, transgene function, either virocentric or immunocentric, and even the codons encoding it, greatly impact on transgene levels and virus fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Farrera-Sal
- VCN Biosciences S.L., 08174 Sant Cugat, Spain
- ProCure and Oncobell Programs, Institut Català d’Oncologia/Bellbitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cristina Fillat
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rare Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBERER), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ramon Alemany
- ProCure and Oncobell Programs, Institut Català d’Oncologia/Bellbitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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138
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High-salt diet inhibits tumour growth in mice via regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1732. [PMID: 32265505 PMCID: PMC7138858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-salt diets are associated with an elevated risk of autoimmune diseases, and immune dysregulation plays a key role in cancer development. However, the correlation between high-salt diets (HSD) and cancer development remains unclear. Here, we report that HSD increases the local concentration of sodium chloride in tumour tissue, inducing high osmotic stress that decreases both the production of cytokines required for myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expansion and MDSCs accumulation in the blood, spleen, and tumour. Consequently, the two major types of MDSCs change their phenotypes: monocytic-MDSCs differentiate into antitumour macrophages, and granulocytic-MDSCs adopt pro-inflammatory functions, thereby reactivating the antitumour actions of T cells. In addition, the expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 is enhanced in HSD-induced M-MDSC differentiation. Collectively, our study indicates that high-salt intake inhibits tumour growth in mice by activating antitumour immune surveillance through modulating the activities of MDSCs.
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139
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Aalipour A, Le Boeuf F, Tang M, Murty S, Simonetta F, Lozano AX, Shaffer TM, Bell JC, Gambhir SS. Viral Delivery of CAR Targets to Solid Tumors Enables Effective Cell Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:232-240. [PMID: 32346612 PMCID: PMC7183102 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has had limited efficacy for solid tumors, largely due to a lack of selectively and highly expressed surface antigens. To avoid reliance on a tumor’s endogenous antigens, here we describe a method of tumor-selective delivery of surface antigens using an oncolytic virus to enable a generalizable CAR T cell therapy. Using CD19 as our proof of concept, we engineered a thymidine kinase-disrupted vaccinia virus to selectively deliver CD19 to malignant cells, and thus demonstrated potentiation of CD19 CAR T cell activity against two tumor types in vitro. In an immunocompetent model of B16 melanoma, this combination markedly delayed tumor growth and improved median survival compared with antigen-mismatched combinations. We also found that CD19 delivery could improve CAR T cell activity against tumor cells that express low levels of cognate antigen, suggesting a potential application in counteracting antigen-low escape. This approach highlights the potential of engineering tumors for effective adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Aalipour
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Matthew Tang
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Surya Murty
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Federico Simonetta
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander X Lozano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1A8, Canada
| | - Travis M Shaffer
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John C Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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140
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Goebeler ME, Bargou RC. T cell-engaging therapies - BiTEs and beyond. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:418-434. [PMID: 32242094 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-oncology approaches have entered clinical practice, with tremendous progress particularly in the field of T cell-engaging therapies over the past decade. Herein, we provide an overview of the current status of bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) therapy, considering the unprecedented new indication for such therapy in combating minimal (or measurable) residual disease in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and the development of novel approaches based on this concept. Key aspects that we discuss include the current clinical data, challenges relating to treatment administration and patient monitoring, toxicities and resistance to treatment, and novel strategies to overcome these hurdles as well as to broaden the indications for BiTE therapy, particularly to common solid cancers. Elucidation of mechanisms of resistance and immune escape and new technologies used in drug development pave the way for new and more-effective therapies and rational combinatorial approaches. In particular, we highlight novel therapeutic agents, such as bifunctional checkpoint-inhibitory T cell engagers (CiTEs), simultaneous multiple interaction T cell engagers (SMITEs), trispecific killer engagers (TriKEs) and BiTE-expressing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (CART.BiTE cells), designed to integrate various immune functions into one molecule or a single cellular vector and thereby enhance efficacy without compromising safety. We also discuss the targeting of intracellular tumour-associated epitopes using bispecific constructs with T cell receptor (TCR)-derived, rather than an antibody-based, antigen-recognition domains, termed immune-mobilizing monoclonal TCRs against cancer (ImmTACs), which might broaden the armamentarium of T cell-engaging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf C Bargou
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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141
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Groeneveldt C, van Hall T, van der Burg SH, Ten Dijke P, van Montfoort N. Immunotherapeutic Potential of TGF-β Inhibition and Oncolytic Viruses. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:406-420. [PMID: 32223932 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In cancer immunotherapy, a patient's own immune system is harnessed against cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors release the brakes on tumor-reactive T cells and, therefore, are particularly effective in treating certain immune-infiltrated solid tumors. By contrast, solid tumors with immune-silent profiles show limited efficacy of checkpoint blockers due to several barriers. Recent discoveries highlight transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced immune exclusion and a lack of immunogenicity as examples of these barriers. In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical evidence that illustrates how the inhibition of TGF-β signaling and the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) can increase the efficacy of immunotherapy, and discuss the promise and challenges of combining these approaches with immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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142
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a malignant embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system that is most commonly diagnosed in the abdomen, often presenting with signs and symptoms of metastatic spread. Three decades ago, high-risk NB metastatic to bone and bone marrow in children was not curable. Today, with multimodality treatment, 50% of these patients will survive, but most suffer from debilitating treatment-related complications. Novel targeted therapies to improve cure rates while minimizing toxicities are urgently needed. Recent molecular discoveries in oncology have spawned the development of an impressive array of targeted therapies for adult cancers, yet the paucity of recurrent somatic mutations or activated oncogenes in pediatric cancers poses a major challenge to the evolving paradigm of personalized medicine. Although low tumor mutational burden is a major hurdle for immune checkpoint inhibitors, an immature or impaired immune system and inhibitory tumor microenvironment can further complicate the prospects for successful immunotherapy. In this regard, despite the poor immunogenic properties of NB, the success of antibody-based immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy directed at single targets (eg, GD2 and B7-H3) is both encouraging and surprising, given that most solid tumor antibodies that use Fc-dependent mechanisms or radioimmunotargeting have largely failed. Here, we summarize the current information on the immunologic properties of this tumor, its potential immunotherapeutic targets, and novel antibody-based strategies on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong A Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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143
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Development of oncolytic virotherapy: from genetic modification to combination therapy. Front Med 2020; 14:160-184. [PMID: 32146606 PMCID: PMC7101593 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a novel form of immunotherapy using natural or genetically modified viruses to selectively replicate in and kill malignant cells. Many genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) with enhanced tumor targeting, antitumor efficacy, and safety have been generated, and some of which have been assessed in clinical trials. Combining OVT with other immunotherapies can remarkably enhance the antitumor efficacy. In this work, we review the use of wild-type viruses in OVT and the strategies for OV genetic modification. We also review and discuss the combinations of OVT with other immunotherapies.
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144
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Kochneva GV, Sivolobova GF, Tkacheva AV, Gorchakov AA, Kulemzin SV. Combination of Oncolytic Virotherapy and CAR T/NK Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Cancer. Mol Biol 2020; 54:3-16. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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145
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Porter CE, Rosewell Shaw A, Jung Y, Yip T, Castro PD, Sandulache VC, Sikora A, Gottschalk S, Ittman MM, Brenner MK, Suzuki M. Oncolytic Adenovirus Armed with BiTE, Cytokine, and Checkpoint Inhibitor Enables CAR T Cells to Control the Growth of Heterogeneous Tumors. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1251-1262. [PMID: 32145203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
No single cancer immunotherapy will likely defeat all evasion mechanisms of solid tumors, including plasticity of tumor antigen expression and active immune suppression by the tumor environment. In this study, we increase the breadth, potency, and duration of anti-tumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells using an oncolytic virus (OV) that produces cytokine, checkpoint blockade, and a bispecific tumor-targeted T cell engager (BiTE) molecule. First, we constructed a BiTE molecule specific for CD44 variant 6 (CD44v6), since CD44v6 is widely expressed on tumor but not normal tissue, and a CD44v6 antibody has been safely administered to cancer patients. We then incorporated this BiTE sequence into an oncolytic-helper binary adenovirus (CAdDuo) encoding an immunostimulatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-12) and an immune checkpoint blocker (PD-L1Ab) to form CAdTrio. CD44v6 BiTE from CAdTrio enabled HER2-specific CAR T cells to kill multiple CD44v6+ cancer cell lines and to produce more rapid and sustained disease control of orthotopic HER2+ and HER2-/- CD44v6+ tumors than any component alone. Thus, the combination of CAdTrio with HER2.CAR T cells ensures dual targeting of two tumor antigens by engagement of distinct classes of receptor (CAR and native T cell receptor [TCR]), and significantly improves tumor control and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Porter
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Rosewell Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youngrock Jung
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany Yip
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patricia D Castro
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vlad C Sandulache
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Sikora
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael M Ittman
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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146
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Heidbuechel JPW, Abate-Daga D, Engeland CE, Enderling H. Mathematical Modeling of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2058:307-320. [PMID: 31486048 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9794-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling in biology has a long history as it allows the analysis and simulation of complex dynamic biological systems at little cost. A mathematical model trained on experimental or clinical data can be used to generate and evaluate hypotheses, to ask "what if" questions, and to perform in silico experiments to guide future experimentation and validation. Such models may help identify and provide insights into the mechanisms that drive changes in dynamic systems. While a mathematical model may never replace actual experiments, it can synergize with experiments to save time and resources by identifying experimental conditions that are unlikely to yield favorable outcomes, and by using optimization principles to identify experiments that are most likely to be successful. Over the past decade, numerous models have also been developed for oncolytic virotherapy, ranging from merely theoretic frameworks to fully integrated studies that utilize experimental data to generate actionable hypotheses. Here we describe how to develop such models for specific oncolytic virotherapy experimental setups, and which questions can and cannot be answered using integrated mathematical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P W Heidbuechel
- Research Group Mechanisms of Oncolytic Immunotherapy, Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Abate-Daga
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Engeland
- Research Group Mechanisms of Oncolytic Immunotherapy, Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Enderling
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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147
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Stern LA, Jonsson VD, Priceman SJ. CAR T Cell Therapy Progress and Challenges for Solid Tumors. Cancer Treat Res 2020; 180:297-326. [PMID: 32215875 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38862-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have marked the beginning of an unprecedented success story for cancer therapy through redirecting antitumor immunity [1]. While the mechanisms that control the initial and ongoing immune responses against tumors remain a strong research focus, the clinical development of technologies that engage the immune system to target and kill cancer cells has become a translational research priority. Early attempts documented in the late 1800s aimed at sparking immunity with cancer vaccines were difficult to interpret but demonstrated an opportunity that more than 100 years later has blossomed into the current field of cancer immunotherapy. Perhaps the most recent and greatest illustration of this is the widespread appreciation that tumors actively shut down antitumor immunity, which has led to the emergence of checkpoint pathway inhibitors that re-invigorate the body's own immune system to target cancer [2, 3]. This class of drugs, with first FDA approvals in 2011, has demonstrated impressive durable clinical responses in several cancer types, including melanoma, lung cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma, with the ongoing investigation in others. The biology and ultimate therapeutic successes of these drugs led to the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded to Dr. James Allison and Dr. Tasuku Honjo for their contributions to cancer therapy [4]. In parallel to the emerging science that aided in unleashing the body's own antitumor immunity with checkpoint pathway inhibitors, researchers were also identifying ways to re-engineer antitumor immunity through adoptive cellular immunotherapy approaches. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based T cell therapy has achieved an early head start in the field, with two recent FDA approvals in 2017 for the treatment of B-cell malignancies [5]. There is an explosion of preclinical and clinical efforts to expand the therapeutic indications for CAR T cell therapies, with a specific focus on improving their clinical utility, particularly for the treatment of solid tumors. In this chapter, we will highlight the recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives surrounding the development of CAR T cell therapies for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Stern
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa D Jonsson
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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148
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Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 17:147-167. [PMID: 31848460 PMCID: PMC7223338 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have proven — and impressive — therapeutic activity in patients with certain subtypes of B cell leukaemia or lymphoma, with promising efficacy also demonstrated in patients with multiple myeloma. Nevertheless, various barriers restrict the efficacy and/or prevent the widespread use of CAR T cell therapies in these patients as well as in those with other cancers, particularly solid tumours. Key challenges relating to CAR T cells include severe toxicities, restricted trafficking to, infiltration into and activation within tumours, suboptimal persistence in vivo, antigen escape and heterogeneity, and manufacturing issues. The evolution of CAR designs beyond the conventional structures will be necessary to address these limitations and to expand the use of CAR T cells to a wider range of malignancies. Investigators are addressing the current obstacles with a wide range of engineering strategies in order to improve the safety, efficacy and applicability of this therapeutic modality. In this Review, we discuss the innovative designs of novel CAR T cell products that are being developed to increase and expand the clinical benefits of these treatments in patients with diverse cancers. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, the first approved therapeutic approach with a genetic engineering component, holds substantial promise in the treatment of a range of cancers but is nevertheless limited by various challenges, including toxicities, intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms, and manufacturing issues. In this Review, the authors describe the innovative approaches to the engineering of CAR T cell products that are providing solutions to these challenges and therefore have the potential to considerably improve the safety and effectiveness of treatment. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have induced remarkable responses in patients with certain haematological malignancies, yet various barriers restrict the efficacy and/or prevent the widespread use of this treatment. Investigators are addressing these challenges with engineering strategies designed to improve the safety, efficacy and applicability of CAR T cell therapy. CARs have modular components, and therefore the optimal molecular design of the CAR can be achieved through many variations of the constituent protein domains. Toxicities currently associated with CAR T cell therapy can be mitigated using engineering strategies to make CAR T cells safer and that potentially broaden the range of tumour-associated antigens that can be targeted by overcoming on-target, off-tumour toxicities. CAR T cell efficacy can be enhanced by using engineering strategies to address the various challenges relating to the unique biology of diverse haematological and solid malignancies. Strategies to address the manufacturing challenges can lead to an improved CAR T cell product for all patients.
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149
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Rader C. Bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 65:9-16. [PMID: 31841859 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among antibody-based cancer therapies, bispecific antibodies (biAbs) have gained momentum in preclinical and clinical investigations following the regulatory approvals of the trailblazing T-cell engaging biAb (T-biAb) blinatumomab. Discussed herein are recent strategies that aim at boosting the potency and mitigating the toxicity of T-biAbs, broadening their therapeutic utility from hematologic to solid malignancies, and generating T-biAbs in situ. In cancer immunotherapy, T-biAbs are facing fierce competition with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts), a battle for clinical and commercial viability that will be closely watched. However, innovative combinations of T-biAbs and CAR-Ts have also transpired. NK-cell engaging biAbs (NK-biAbs) are reemerging as an alternative that addresses liabilities of T-biAbs. Beyond NK-biAbs, other biAbs designed to recruit cellular and molecular components of the innate immune system will be covered in this reflection on new tools, technologies, and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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150
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Abstract
Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) or cancer biomarkers are major targets for cancer therapies. Antibody- based agents targeting the cancer biomarkers include monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), radiolabeled MoAbs, bispecific T cell engagers, and antibody-drug conjugates. Antibodies targeting CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD38, CD79B and SLAMF7 are in clinical applications for hematological malignancies. CD123, CLL-1, B cell maturation antigen, and CD138 are targets for cancer immunotherapeutic agents, including the chimeric antigen receptor - engineered T cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 have led to the revolution of cancer immunotherapy. More ICIs targeting IDO, LAG3, TIM-3, TIGIT, SIGLECs, VISTA and CD47 are being explored. Small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) against tyrosine kinase oncoproteins such as BCR-ABL, JAK2, Bruton tyrosine kinase, FLT3, EGFR, ALK, HER2, VEGFR, FGFR, MEK, and MET have fundamentally changed the landscape of cancer therapy. SMIs against BCL-2, IDHs, BRAF, PI3 kinase, mTOR, PARP, and CDKs have become the mainstay in the treatment of a variety of cancer types. To reduce and avoid off-tumor toxicities, cancer-specific TAAs such as CD33 are being manufactured through systems biology approach. Search for novel biomarkers and new designs as well as delivery methods of targeted agents are fueling the next wave of advances in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Liu
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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