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Esmerats JF, Villa-Roel N, Kumar S, Gu L, Salim MT, Ohh M, Taylor WR, Nerem RM, Yoganathan AP, Jo H. Disturbed Flow Increases UBE2C (Ubiquitin E2 Ligase C) via Loss of miR-483-3p, Inducing Aortic Valve Calcification by the pVHL (von Hippel-Lindau Protein) and HIF-1α (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α) Pathway in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:467-481. [PMID: 30602302 PMCID: PMC6393167 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Calcific aortic valve (AV) disease, characterized by AV sclerosis and calcification, is a major cause of death in the aging population; however, there are no effective medical therapies other than valve replacement. AV calcification preferentially occurs on the fibrosa side, exposed to disturbed flow (d-flow), whereas the ventricularis side exposed to predominantly stable flow remains protected by unclear mechanisms. Here, we tested the role of novel flow-sensitive UBE2C (ubiquitin E2 ligase C) and microRNA-483-3p (miR-483) in flow-dependent AV endothelial function and AV calcification. Approach and Results- Human AV endothelial cells and fresh porcine AV leaflets were exposed to stable flow or d-flow. We found that UBE2C was upregulated by d-flow in human AV endothelial cells in the miR-483-dependent manner. UBE2C mediated OS-induced endothelial inflammation and endothelial-mesenchymal transition by increasing the HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) level. UBE2C increased HIF-1α by ubiquitinating and degrading its upstream regulator pVHL (von Hippel-Lindau protein). These in vitro findings were corroborated by immunostaining studies using diseased human AV leaflets. In addition, we found that reduction of miR-483 by d-flow led to increased UBE2C expression in human AV endothelial cells. The miR-483 mimic protected against endothelial inflammation and endothelial-mesenchymal transition in human AV endothelial cells and calcification of porcine AV leaflets by downregulating UBE2C. Moreover, treatment with the HIF-1α inhibitor (PX478) significantly reduced porcine AV calcification in static and d-flow conditions. Conclusions- These results suggest that miR-483 and UBE2C and pVHL are novel flow-sensitive anti- and pro-calcific AV disease molecules, respectively, that regulate the HIF-1α pathway in AV. The miR-483 mimic and HIF-1α pathway inhibitors may serve as potential therapeutics of calcific AV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Fernandez Esmerats
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
| | - Nicolas Villa-Roel
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
| | - Lina Gu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
| | - Md Tausif Salim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Michael Ohh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - W. Robert Taylor
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University
| | - Robert M. Nerem
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ajit P. Yoganathan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University
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102
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Mathieu P, Boulanger MC. Autotaxin and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:18. [PMID: 30881959 PMCID: PMC6405425 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a complex trait disorder characterized by calcific remodeling of leaflets. Genome-wide association (GWA) study and Mendelian randomization (MR) have highlighted that LPA, which encodes for apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], is causally associated with CAVD. Apo(a) is the protein component of Lp(a), a LDL-like particle, which transports oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs). Autotaxin (ATX), which is encoded by ENPP2, is a member of the ecto-nucleotidase family of enzymes, which is, however, a lysophospholipase. As such, ATX converts phospholipids into lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA), a metabolite with potent and diverse biological properties. Studies have recently underlined that ATX is enriched in the Lp(a) lipid fraction. Functional experiments and data obtained in mouse models suggest that ATX mediates inflammation and mineralization of the aortic valve. Recent findings also indicate that epigenetically-driven processes lower the expression of phospholipid phosphatase 3 (PLPP3) and increased LysoPA signaling and inflammation in the aortic valve during CAVD. These recent data thus provide novel insights about how lipoproteins mediate the development of CAVD. Herein, we review the implication of lipoproteins in CAVD and examine the role of ATX in promoting the osteogenic transition of valve interstitial cells (VICs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Research Center, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Research Center, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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103
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Ali MS, Wang X, Lacerda CMR. The effect of physiological stretch and the valvular endothelium on mitral valve proteomes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:241-251. [PMID: 30722697 PMCID: PMC6425102 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219829006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This work is important to the field of heart valve pathophysiology as it provides new insights into molecular markers of mechanically induced valvular degeneration as well as the protective role of the valvular endothelium. These discoveries reported here advance our current knowledge of the valvular endothelium and how its removal essentially takes valve leaflets into an environmental shock. In addition, it shows that static conditions represent a mild pathological state for valve leaflets, while 10% cyclic stretch provides valvular cell quiescence. These findings impact the field by informing disease stages and by providing potential new drug targets to reverse or slow down valvular change before it affects cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir S Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Xinmei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Carla MR Lacerda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
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104
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Derada Troletti C, Fontijn RD, Gowing E, Charabati M, van Het Hof B, Didouh I, van der Pol SMA, Geerts D, Prat A, van Horssen J, Kooij G, de Vries HE. Inflammation-induced endothelial to mesenchymal transition promotes brain endothelial cell dysfunction and occurs during multiple sclerosis pathophysiology. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:45. [PMID: 30718504 PMCID: PMC6361981 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has a major role in maintaining brain homeostasis through the specialized function of brain endothelial cells (BECs). Inflammation of the BECs and loss of their neuroprotective properties is associated with several neurological disorders, including the chronic neuro-inflammatory disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). Yet, the underlying mechanisms of a defective BBB in MS remain largely unknown. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a pathophysiological process in which endothelial cells lose their specialized function and de-differentiate into mesenchymal cells. This transition is characterized by an increase in EndoMT-related transcription factors (TFs), a downregulation of brain endothelial markers, and an upregulation of mesenchymal markers accompanied by morphological changes associated with cytoskeleton reorganization. Here, we postulate that EndoMT drives BEC de-differentiation, mediates inflammation-induced human BECs dysfunction, and may play a role in MS pathophysiology. We provide evidence that stimulation of human BECs with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and interleukin (IL)-1β promotes EndoMT, a process in which the TF SNAI1, a master regulator of EndoMT, plays a crucial role. We demonstrate the involvement of TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) in EndoMT induction in BECs. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis revealed EndoMT-associated alterations in the brain vasculature of human post-mortem MS brain tissues. Taken together, our novel findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BECs dysfunction during MS pathology and can be used to develop new potential therapeutic strategies to restore BBB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Derada Troletti
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud D Fontijn
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Gowing
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Marc Charabati
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Bert van Het Hof
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imad Didouh
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M A van der Pol
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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105
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Kim S, Chun SH, Park HJ, Lee SI. Systemic Sclerosis and Microbiota: Overview of Current Research Trends and Future Perspective. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2019.26.4.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sung Hak Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sang-Il Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
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106
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Wawro ME, Chojnacka K, Wieczorek-Szukała K, Sobierajska K, Niewiarowska J. Invasive Colon Cancer Cells Induce Transdifferentiation of Endothelium to Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts through Microtubules Enriched in Tubulin-β3. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010053. [PMID: 30583584 PMCID: PMC6337286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world, is usually diagnosed in invasive stages. The interactions between cancer cells and cells located in their niche remain the crucial mechanism inducing tumor metastasis. The most important among those cells are cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the heterogeneous group of myofibroblasts transdifferentiated from numerous cells of different origin, including endothelium. The endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is associated with modulation of cellular morphology, polarization and migration ability as a result of microtubule cytoskeleton reorganization. Here we reveal, for the first time, that invasive colon cancer cells regulate EndMT of endothelium via tubulin-β3 upregulation and its phosphorylation. Thus, we concluded that therapies based on inhibition of tubulin-β3 expression or phosphorylation, or blocking tubulin-β3's recruitment to the microtubules, together with anti-inflammatory chemotherapeutics, are promising means to treat advanced stages of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ewelina Wawro
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Wieczorek-Szukała
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sobierajska
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Niewiarowska
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
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107
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Kim AJ, Alfieri CM, Yutzey KE. Endothelial Cell Lineage Analysis Does Not Provide Evidence for EMT in Adult Valve Homeostasis and Disease. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:125-135. [PMID: 30306735 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables stationary epithelial cells to exhibit migratory behavior and is the key step that initiates heart valve development. Recent studies suggest that EMT is reactivated in the pathogenesis of myxomatous valve disease (MVD), a condition that involves the progressive degeneration and thickening of valve leaflets. These studies have been limited to in vitro experimentation and reliance on histologic costaining of epithelial and mesenchymal markers as evidence of EMT in mouse and sheep models of valve disease. However, longitudinal analysis of cell lineage origins and potential pathogenic or reparative contributions of newly generated mesenchymal cells have not been reported previously. In this study, a genetic lineage tracing strategy was pursued by irreversibly labeling valve endothelial cells in the Osteogenesis imperfecta and Marfan syndrome mouse models to determine whether they undergo EMT during valve disease. Tie2-CreER T2 and Cdh5(PAC)-CreER T2 mouse lines were used in combination with colorimetric and fluorescent reporters for longitudinal assessment of endothelial cells. These lineage tracing experiments showed no evidence of EMT during adult valve homeostasis or valve pathogenesis. Additionally, CD31 and smooth muscle α-actin (αSMA) double-positive cells, used as an indicator of EMT, were not detected, and levels of EMT transcription factors were not altered. Interestingly, contrary to the endothelial cell-specific Cdh5(PAC)-CreER T2 driver line, Tie2-CreER T2 lineage-derived cells in diseased heart valves also included CD45+ leukocytes. Altogether, our data indicate that EMT is not a feature of valve homeostasis and disease but that increased immune cells may contribute to MVD. Anat Rec, 302:125-135, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kim
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christina M Alfieri
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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108
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Lee SH, Choi JH. Involvement of inflammatory responses in the early development of calcific aortic valve disease: lessons from statin therapy. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:390-399. [PMID: 30533261 PMCID: PMC6282465 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1528175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common degenerative heart valve disease. Among the many risk factors for this disease are age, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, type-2 diabetes, rheumatic fever, and chronic kidney disease. Since many of these overlap with risk factors for atherosclerosis, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of CAVD development have been presumed to be similar to those for atherogenesis. Thus, attempts have been made to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of statins, representative anti-atherosclerosis drugs with lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects, against CAVD. Unfortunately, statins have shown little or no effect on CAVD development. But some reports suggest that statins may prevent or reduce the development of early stage CAVD in which having calcification is absent or minimal. These results suggest that therapeutic approaches should differ according to the stage of disease, and that a precise understanding of the mechanism of aortic valve calcification is required to identify novel therapeutic targets for advanced CAVD. Given the involvement of inflammatory processes in the development and progression of CAVD, current therapeutic approaches for chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disease like atherosclerosis may help to prevent or minimize the early development of CAVD. In this review, we focus on several inflammatory cellular and molecular components involved in CAVD that might be considered drug targets for preventing CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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109
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Dekker S, van Geemen D, van den Bogaerdt AJ, Driessen-Mol A, Aikawa E, Smits AIPM. Sheep-Specific Immunohistochemical Panel for the Evaluation of Regenerative and Inflammatory Processes in Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:105. [PMID: 30159315 PMCID: PMC6104173 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of living heart valve replacements via tissue engineering is actively being pursued by many research groups. Numerous strategies have been described, aimed either at culturing autologous living valves in a bioreactor (in vitro) or inducing endogenous regeneration by the host via resorbable scaffolds (in situ). Whereas a lot of effort is being invested in the optimization of heart valve scaffold parameters and culturing conditions, the pathophysiological in vivo remodeling processes to which tissue-engineered heart valves are subjected upon implantation have been largely under-investigated. This is partly due to the unavailability of suitable immunohistochemical tools specific to sheep, which serves as the gold standard animal model in translational research on heart valve replacements. Therefore, the goal of this study was to comprise and validate a comprehensive sheep-specific panel of antibodies for the immunohistochemical analysis of tissue-engineered heart valve explants. For the selection of our panel we took inspiration from previous histopathological studies describing the morphology, extracellular matrix composition and cellular composition of native human heart valves throughout development and adult stages. Moreover, we included a range of immunological markers, which are particularly relevant to assess the host inflammatory response evoked by the implanted heart valve. The markers specifically identifying extracellular matrix components and cell phenotypes were tested on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of native sheep aortic valves. Markers for inflammation and apoptosis were tested on ovine spleen and kidney tissues. Taken together, this panel of antibodies could serve as a tool to study the spatiotemporal expression of proteins in remodeling tissue-engineered heart valves after implantation in a sheep model, thereby contributing to our understanding of the in vivo processes which ultimately determine long-term success or failure of tissue-engineered heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Dekker
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Daphne van Geemen
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Anita Driessen-Mol
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthal I. P. M. Smits
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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110
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Man S, Sanchez Duffhues G, Ten Dijke P, Baker D. The therapeutic potential of targeting the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Angiogenesis 2018; 22:3-13. [PMID: 30076548 PMCID: PMC6510911 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) have been found to be capable of acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype through a process known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). First seen in the developing embryo, EndMT can be triggered postnatally under certain pathological conditions. During this process, ECs dedifferentiate into mesenchymal stem-like cells (MSCs) and subsequently give rise to cell types belonging to the mesoderm lineage. As EndMT contributes to a multitude of diseases, pharmacological modulation of the signaling pathways underlying EndMT may prove to be effective as a therapeutic treatment. Additionally, EndMT in ECs could also be exploited to acquire multipotent MSCs, which can be readily re-differentiated into various distinct cell types. In this review, we will consider current models of EndMT, how manipulation of this process might improve treatment of clinically important pathologies and how it could be harnessed to advance regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Man
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez Duffhues
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - David Baker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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111
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The Roles of Matrix Stiffness and ß-Catenin Signaling in Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of Aortic Valve Endothelial Cells. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2018; 9:158-167. [PMID: 29761409 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-018-0363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Valve stiffening is a hallmark of aortic valve stenosis caused by excess extracellular matrix accumulation by myofibroblasts. We aimed to elucidate whether matrix stiffness regulates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of adult valvular endothelial cells (VECs) to myofibroblasts as a mechanism to further promote valve fibrosis. In addition, we specifically examined the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the development of myofibroblasts during EndMT, as Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in EndMT during heart development, is reactivated in valve disease, and is required for mechanically-regulated myofibrogenesis of valve interstitial cells. Clonally derived porcine VECs were cultured on soft (5 kPa) or stiff (50 kPa) silicone Sylgard 527 substrates and treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to induce EndMT. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that TGF-β1 preferentially promoted EndMT in VECs on stiffer substrates, evidenced by a decrease in the endothelial marker VE-cadherin and an increase in the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). These changes were accompanied by β-catenin nuclear localization both in vitro and in vivo, assessed by immunostaining. Degradation of β-catenin with endostatin reduced VEC myofibroblast transition, as indicated by decreased α-SMA fiber expression. We conclude that TGF-β1-induced EndMT in aortic VECs is dependent on matrix stiffness and Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes myofibrogenesis during EndMT.
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112
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Miscianinov V, Martello A, Rose L, Parish E, Cathcart B, Mitić T, Gray GA, Meloni M, Al Haj Zen A, Caporali A. MicroRNA-148b Targets the TGF-β Pathway to Regulate Angiogenesis and Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition during Skin Wound Healing. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1996-2007. [PMID: 29843955 PMCID: PMC6094488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is crucial for regulation of the endothelial cell (EC) homeostasis. Perturbation of TGF-β signaling leads to pathological conditions in the vasculature, causing cardiovascular disease and fibrotic disorders. The TGF-β pathway is critical in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), but a gap remains in our understanding of the regulation of TGF-β and related signaling in the endothelium. This study applied a gain- and loss-of function approach and an in vivo model of skin wound healing to demonstrate that miR-148b regulates TGF-β signaling and has a key role in EndMT, targeting TGFB2 and SMAD2. Overexpression of miR-148b increased EC migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis, whereas its inhibition promoted EndMT. Cytokine challenge decreased miR-148b levels in ECs while promoting EndMT through the regulation of SMAD2. Finally, in a mouse model of skin wound healing, delivery of miR-148b mimics promoted wound vascularization and accelerated closure. In contrast, inhibition of miR-148b enhanced EndMT in wounds, resulting in impaired wound closure that was reversed by SMAD2 silencing. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that miR-148b is a key factor controlling EndMT and vascularization. This opens new avenues for therapeutic application of miR-148b in vascular and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Miscianinov
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrea Martello
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lorraine Rose
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elisa Parish
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ben Cathcart
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tijana Mitić
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gillian A Gray
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Marco Meloni
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ayman Al Haj Zen
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrea Caporali
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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113
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Hortells L, Sur S, St Hilaire C. Cell Phenotype Transitions in Cardiovascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:27. [PMID: 29632866 PMCID: PMC5879740 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification was originally considered a passive, degenerative process, however with the advance of cellular and molecular biology techniques it is now appreciated that ectopic calcification is an active biological process. Vascular calcification is the most common form of ectopic calcification, and aging as well as specific disease states such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and genetic mutations, exhibit this pathology. In the vessels and valves, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblast-like cells contribute to the formation of extracellular calcified nodules. Research suggests that these vascular cells undergo a phenotypic switch whereby they acquire osteoblast-like characteristics, however the mechanisms driving the early aspects of these cell transitions are not fully understood. Osteoblasts are true bone-forming cells and differentiate from their pluripotent precursor, the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC); vascular cells that acquire the ability to calcify share aspects of the transcriptional programs exhibited by MSCs differentiating into osteoblasts. What is unknown is whether a fully-differentiated vascular cell directly acquires the ability to calcify by the upregulation of osteogenic genes or, whether these vascular cells first de-differentiate into an MSC-like state before obtaining a “second hit” that induces them to re-differentiate down an osteogenic lineage. Addressing these questions will enable progress in preventative and regenerative medicine strategies to combat vascular calcification pathologies. In this review, we will summarize what is known about the phenotypic switching of vascular endothelial, smooth muscle, and valvular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Hortells
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Swastika Sur
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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114
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Hulin A, Hego A, Lancellotti P, Oury C. Advances in Pathophysiology of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Propose Novel Molecular Therapeutic Targets. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:21. [PMID: 29594151 PMCID: PMC5862098 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disease and its incidence is expected to rise with aging population. No medical treatment so far has shown slowing progression of CAVD progression. Surgery remains to this day the only way to treat it. Effective drug therapy can only be achieved through a better insight into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CAVD. The cellular and molecular events leading to leaflets calcification are complex. Upon endothelium cell damage, oxidized LDLs trigger a proinflammatory response disrupting healthy cross-talk between valve endothelial and interstitial cells. Therefore, valve interstitial cells transform into osteoblasts and mineralize the leaflets. Studies have investigated signaling pathways driving and connecting lipid metabolism, inflammation and osteogenesis. This review draws a summary of the recent advances and discusses their exploitation as promising therapeutic targets to treat CAVD and reduce valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hulin
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Valvular Heart Disease, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Hego
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Valvular Heart Disease, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Valvular Heart Disease, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium.,GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiology, University of Liège Hospital, Heart Valve Clinic, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium.,Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Anthea Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Cécile Oury
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Valvular Heart Disease, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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115
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Cho JG, Lee A, Chang W, Lee MS, Kim J. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition Represents a Key Link in the Interaction between Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515588 PMCID: PMC5826197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells that line the inner walls of blood vessels are in direct contact with blood and display remarkable heterogeneity in their response to exogenous stimuli. These ECs have unique location-dependent properties determined by the corresponding vascular beds and play an important role in regulating the homeostasis of the vascular system. Evidence suggests that vascular endothelial cells exposed to various environments undergo dynamic phenotypic switching, a key biological program in the context of endothelial heterogeneity, but that might result in EC dysfunction and, in turn, cause a variety of human diseases. Emerging studies show the importance of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in endothelial dysfunction during inflammation. EndMT is a complex biological process in which ECs lose their endothelial characteristics, acquire mesenchymal phenotypes, and express mesenchymal cell markers, such as alpha smooth muscle actin and fibroblast-specific protein 1. EndMT is induced by inflammatory responses, leading to pathological states, including tissue fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and atherosclerosis, via dysfunction of the vascular system. Although the mechanisms associated with inflammation-induced EndMT have been identified, unraveling the specific role of this phenotypic switching in vascular dysfunction remains a challenge. Here, we review the current understanding on the interactions between inflammatory processes, EndMT, and endothelial dysfunction, with a focus on the mechanisms that regulate essential signaling pathways. Identification of such mechanisms will guide future research and could provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gu Cho
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woochul Chang
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
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116
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Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P. TGF-β Signaling in Control of Cardiovascular Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a022210. [PMID: 28348036 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in animals and humans indicate that gene mutations that functionally perturb transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling are linked to specific hereditary vascular syndromes, including Osler-Rendu-Weber disease or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and Marfan syndrome. Disturbed TGF-β signaling can also cause nonhereditary disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Accordingly, cell culture studies using endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells (SMCs), cultured alone or together in two- or three-dimensional cell culture assays, on plastic or embedded in matrix, have shown that TGF-β has a pivotal effect on endothelial and SMC proliferation, differentiation, migration, tube formation, and sprouting. Moreover, TGF-β can stimulate endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process shown to be of key importance in heart valve cushion formation and in various pathological vascular processes. Here, we discuss the roles of TGF-β in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis and the deregulation of TGF-β signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Souilhol C, Harmsen MC, Evans PC, Krenning G. Endothelial–mesenchymal transition in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:565-577. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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118
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Sánchez-Duffhues G, García de Vinuesa A, Ten Dijke P. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cardiovascular diseases: Developmental signaling pathways gone awry. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:492-508. [PMID: 28891150 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The process named endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was observed for the first time during the development of the chicken embryo several decades ago. Of interest, accumulating evidence suggests that EndMT plays a critical role in the onset and progression of multiple postnatal cardiovascular diseases. EndMT is controlled by a set of developmental signaling pathways, very similar to the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which determine the activity of several EndMT transcriptional effectors. Once activated, these EndMT effectors regulate the expression of endothelial- and mesenchymal-specific genes, in part by interacting with specific motifs in promoter regions, eventually leading to the down-regulation of endothelial-specific features and acquisition of a fibroblast-like phenotype. Important technical advances in lineage tracing methods combined with experimental mouse models demonstrated the pathophysiological importance of EndMT for human diseases. In this review, we discuss the major signal transduction pathways involved in the activation and regulation of the EndMT program. Furthermore, we will review the latest discoveries on EndMT, focusing on cardiovascular diseases, and in particular on its role in vascular calcification, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and organ fibrosis. Developmental Dynamics 247:492-508, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Amaya García de Vinuesa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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119
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Dynamic regulation of canonical TGFβ signalling by endothelial transcription factor ERG protects from liver fibrogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:895. [PMID: 29026072 PMCID: PMC5638819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the endothelium in protecting from chronic liver disease and TGFβ-mediated fibrosis remains unclear. Here we describe how the endothelial transcription factor ETS-related gene (ERG) promotes liver homoeostasis by controlling canonical TGFβ-SMAD signalling, driving the SMAD1 pathway while repressing SMAD3 activity. Molecular analysis shows that ERG binds to SMAD3, restricting its access to DNA. Ablation of ERG expression results in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and spontaneous liver fibrogenesis in EC-specific constitutive hemi-deficient (Erg cEC-Het ) and inducible homozygous deficient mice (Erg iEC-KO ), in a SMAD3-dependent manner. Acute administration of the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept inhibits carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced fibrogenesis in an ERG-dependent manner in mice. Decreased ERG expression also correlates with EndMT in tissues from patients with end-stage liver fibrosis. These studies identify a pathogenic mechanism where loss of ERG causes endothelial-dependent liver fibrogenesis via regulation of SMAD2/3. Moreover, ERG represents a promising candidate biomarker for assessing EndMT in liver disease.The transcription factor ERG is key to endothelial lineage specification and vascular homeostasis. Here the authors show that ERG balances TGFβ signalling through the SMAD1 and SMAD3 pathways, protecting the endothelium from endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and consequent liver fibrosis in mice via a SMAD3-dependent mechanism.
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120
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Li A, Peng W, Xia X, Li R, Wang Y, Wei D. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: A Potential Mechanism for Atherosclerosis Plaque Progression and Destabilization. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:883-891. [PMID: 28920704 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a cellular reprogramming mechanism by which endothelial cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. EndMT is associated with fibroproliferative diseases, such as cancer progression and metastasis and cardiac and kidney fibrosis, and this condition has been extensively investigated over the past decade. Recently, studies showed that EndMT contributes to the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesion and plaque destabilization. Unstable atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis are the main pathological causes of acute cardiovascular events. EndMT is plastic and reversible. Therefore, our enhanced understanding on the mechanisms controlling EndMT and its roles in the atherosclerosis plaque progression and instability may provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to stabilize and reverse atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afang Li
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Wenxi Peng
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Xia
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China , Hengyang, China .,2 Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Rongqing Li
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Dangheng Wei
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China , Hengyang, China
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121
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Effect of Losartan on Mitral Valve Changes After Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:1232-1244. [PMID: 28859786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After myocardial infarction (MI), mitral valve (MV) tethering stimulates adaptive leaflet growth, but counterproductive leaflet thickening and fibrosis augment mitral regurgitation (MR), doubling heart failure and mortality. MV fibrosis post-MI is associated with excessive endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), driven by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β overexpression. In vitro, losartan-mediated TGF-β inhibition reduces EMT of MV endothelial cells. OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that profibrotic MV changes post-MI are therapeutically accessible, specifically by losartan-mediated TGF-β inhibition. METHODS The study assessed 17 sheep, including 6 sham-operated control animals and 11 with apical MI and papillary muscle retraction short of producing MR; 6 of the 11 were treated with daily losartan, and 5 were untreated, with flexible epicardial mesh comparably limiting left ventricular (LV) remodeling. LV volumes, tethering, and MV area were quantified by using three-dimensional echocardiography at baseline and at 60 ± 6 days, and excised leaflets were analyzed by histopathology and flow cytometry. RESULTS Post-MI LV dilation and tethering were comparable in the losartan-treated and untreated LV constraint sheep. Telemetered sensors (n = 6) showed no significant losartan-induced changes in arterial pressure. Losartan strongly reduced leaflet thickness (0.9 ± 0.2 mm vs. 1.6 ± 0.2 mm; p < 0.05; 0.4 ± 0.1 mm sham animals), TGF-β, and downstream phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and EMT (27.2 ± 12.0% vs. 51.6 ± 11.7% α-smooth muscle actin-positive endothelial cells, p < 0.05; 7.2 ± 3.5% sham animals), cellular proliferation, collagen deposition, endothelial cell activation (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression), neovascularization, and cells positive for cluster of differentiation (CD) 45, a hematopoietic marker associated with post-MI valve fibrosis. Leaflet area increased comparably (17%) in constrained and losartan-treated sheep. CONCLUSIONS Profibrotic changes of tethered MV leaflets post-MI can be modulated by losartan without eliminating adaptive growth. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms could provide new opportunities to reduce ischemic MR.
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Endothelial fibrosis induced by suppressed STAT3 expression mediated by signaling involving the TGF-β1/ALK5/Smad pathway. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1033-1046. [PMID: 28737766 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During systemic inflammatory pathologies, mediators of inflammation circulate in the bloodstream and interact with endothelial cells (ECs), resulting in endothelial dysfunction that maintains and enhances the pathological condition. Inflammatory mediators change the protein expression profile of ECs, which become activated fibroblasts via endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This process is characterized by downregulated endothelial proteins and strongly upregulated fibrotic-specific genes and extracellular matrix-forming proteins. The main inductor of endothelial fibrosis is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), which acts through the TGF-β1/activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5)/Smads intracellular signaling pathway. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is also involved in fibrosis in several tissues (e.g. heart and vascular system), where STAT3 signaling decreases TGF-β1-induced responses by directly interacting with Smad proteins, suggesting that decreased STAT3 could induce TGF-β1-mediated fibrosis. However, it is unknown if suppressed STAT3 expression induces EC fibrosis through a mechanism involving the TGF-β signaling pathway. The present study evaluated the fibrotic actions of STAT3 suppression in ECs and investigated TGF-β1/ALK5/Smad4 signaling pathway participation. Suppressed STAT3 expression stimulated fibrotic conversion in ECs, as mediated by protein expression reprograming that decreased endothelial marker expression and increased fibrotic and extracellular matrix protein levels. The potential mechanism underlying these changes was dependent on TGF-β1 secretion, the ALK5 activation pathway, and Smad4 translocation into the nucleus. We conclude that suppressed STAT3 expression converts ECs into activated fibroblasts via TGF-β1/ALK5/Smad4 signaling pathway involvement.
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123
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Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: recent insights of molecular and cellular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2017. [DOI: 10.5301/jsrd.5000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex disease characterized by early microvascular abnormalities, immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Excessive fibrosis, distinguishing hallmark of SSc, is the end result of a complex series of interlinked vascular injury and immune activation, and represents a maladaptive repair process. Activated vascular, epithelial, and immune cells generate pro-fibrotic cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, lipid mediators, autoantibodies, and reactive oxygen species. These paracrine and autocrine cues in turn induce activation, differentiation, and survival of mesenchymal cells, ensuing tissue fibrosis through increased collagen synthesis, matrix deposition, tissue rigidity and remodeling, and vascular rarefaction. This review features recent insights of the pathogenic process of SSc, highlighting three major characteristics of SSc, microvasculopathy, excessive fibrosis, and immune dysregulation, and sheds new light on the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of SSc and providing novel avenues for targeted therapies.
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124
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Endothelial to mesenchymal transition in the cardiovascular system. Life Sci 2017; 184:95-102. [PMID: 28716564 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a special type of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. It is a process that is characterized by the loss of features of endothelial cells and acquisition of specific markers of mesenchymal cells. A variety of stimuli, such as inflammation, growth factors, and hypoxia, regulate EndMT through various signaling pathways and intracellular transcription factors. It has been demonstrated that epigenetic modifications are also involved in this process. Recent studies have identified the essential role of EndMT in the cardiovascular system. EndMT contributes to steps in cardiovascular development, such as cardiac valve formation and septation, as well as the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular disorders, such as congenital heart disease, myocardial fibrosis, myocardial infarction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus, comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of EndMT will provide novel therapeutic strategies to overcome congenital heart disease due to abnormal development and other cardiovascular diseases. This review will focus on summarizing the currently understood signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications involved in the regulation of EndMT and the role of EndMT in pathophysiological conditions of the cardiovascular system.
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125
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Dahal S, Huang P, Murray BT, Mahler GJ. Endothelial to mesenchymal transformation is induced by altered extracellular matrix in aortic valve endothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2729-2741. [PMID: 28589644 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in shear stress, mechanical deformation, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and exposure to inflammatory conditions are known to cause endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT). This change in endothelial phenotype has only recently been linked to adult pathologies such as cancer progression, organ fibrosis, and calcific aortic valve disease; and its function in adult physiology, especially in response to tissue mechanics, has not been rigorously investigated. EndMT is a response to mechanical and biochemical signals that results in the remodeling of underlying tissues. In diseased aortic valves, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in the collagen-rich valve fibrosa, and are deposited near calcified nodules. In this study, in vitro models of early and late-stage valve disease were developed by incorporating the GAGs chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid, and dermatan sulfate into 3D collagen hydrogels with or without exposure to TGF-β1 to simulate EndMT in response to microenvironmental changes. High levels of CS induced the highest rate of EndMT and led to the most collagen I and GAG production by mesenchymally transformed cells, which indicates a cell phenotype most likely to promote fibrotic disease. Mesenchymal transformation due to altered ECM was found to depend on cell-ECM bond strength and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 signaling. Determining the environmental conditions that induce and promote EndMT, and the subsequent behavior of mesenchymally transformed cells, will advance understanding on the role of endothelial cells in tissue regeneration or disease progression. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2729-2741, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Dahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Bruce T Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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127
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Myxomatous Degeneration of the Canine Mitral Valve: From Gross Changes to Molecular Events. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:371-383. [PMID: 28408040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the single most common acquired heart disease of the dog, but is also of emerging importance in human medicine, with some features of the disease shared between both species. There has been increased understanding of this disease in recent years, with most research aiming to elucidate the cellular and molecular events of disease pathogenesis. For gross and histological changes, much of our understanding is based on historical studies and there has been no comprehensive reappraisal of the pathology of MMVD. This paper reviews the gross, histological, ultrastructural, cellular and molecular changes in canine MMVD.
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128
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Wu S, Duan B, Qin X, Butcher JT. Living nano-micro fibrous woven fabric/hydrogel composite scaffolds for heart valve engineering. Acta Biomater 2017; 51:89-100. [PMID: 28110071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration and repair of injured or diseased heart valves remains a clinical challenge. Tissue engineering provides a promising treatment approach to facilitate living heart valve repair and regeneration. Three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffolds that possess heterogeneous and anisotropic features that approximate those of native heart valve tissue are beneficial to the successful in vitro development of tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV). Here we report the development and characterization of a novel composite scaffold consisting of nano- and micro-scale fibrous woven fabrics and 3D hydrogels by using textile techniques combined with bioactive hydrogel formation. Embedded nano-micro fibrous scaffolds within hydrogel enhanced mechanical strength and physical structural anisotropy of the composite scaffold (similar to native aortic valve leaflets) and also reduced its compaction. We determined that the composite scaffolds supported the growth of human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVIC), balanced the remodeling of heart valve ECM against shrinkage, and maintained better physiological fibroblastic phenotype in both normal and diseased HAVIC over single materials. These fabricated composite scaffolds enable the engineering of a living heart valve graft with improved anisotropic structure and tissue biomechanics important for maintaining valve cell phenotypes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Heart valve-related disease is an important clinical problem, with over 300,000 surgical repairs performed annually. Tissue engineering offers a promising strategy for heart valve repair and regeneration. In this study, we developed and tissue engineered living nano-micro fibrous woven fabric/hydrogel composite scaffolds by using textile technique combined with bioactive hydrogel formation. The novelty of our technique is that the composite scaffolds can mimic physical structure anisotropy and the mechanical strength of natural aortic valve leaflet. Moreover, the composite scaffolds prevented the matrix shrinkage, which is major problem that causes the failure of TEHV, and better maintained physiological fibroblastic phenotype in both normal and diseased HAVIC. This work marks the first report of a combination composite scaffold using 3D hydrogel enhanced by nano-micro fibrous woven fabric, and represents a promising tissue engineering strategy to treat heart valve injury.
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He M, Chen Z, Martin M, Zhang J, Sangwung P, Woo B, Tremoulet AH, Shimizu C, Jain MK, Burns JC, Shyy JYJ. miR-483 Targeting of CTGF Suppresses Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Therapeutic Implications in Kawasaki Disease. Circ Res 2017; 120:354-365. [PMID: 27923814 PMCID: PMC5391835 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is implicated in myofibroblast-like cell-mediated damage to the coronary arterial wall in acute Kawasaki disease (KD) patients, as evidenced by positive staining for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and EndoMT markers in KD autopsy tissues. However, little is known about the molecular basis of EndoMT involved in KD. OBJECTIVE We investigated the microRNA (miRNA) regulation of CTGF and the consequent EndoMT in KD pathogenesis. As well, the modulation of this process by statin therapy was studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Sera from healthy children and KD subjects were incubated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cardiovascular disease-related miRNAs, CTGF, and EndoMT markers were quantified using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, and Western blotting. Compared with healthy controls, human umbilical vein endothelial cell incubated with sera from acute KD patients had decreased miR-483, increased CTGF, and increased EndoMT markers. Bioinformatics analysis followed by functional validation demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) transactivates miR-483, which in turn targets the 3' untranslated region of CTGF mRNA. Overexpression of KLF4 or pre-miR-483 suppressed, whereas knockdown of KLF4 or anti-miR-483 enhanced, CTGF expression in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, atorvastatin, currently being tested in a phase I/IIa clinical trial in KD children, induced KLF4-miR-483, which suppressed CTGF and EndoMT in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS KD sera suppress the KLF4-miR-483 axis in endothelial cells, leading to increased expression of CTGF and induction of EndoMT. This detrimental process in the endothelium may contribute to coronary artery abnormalities in KD patients. Statin therapy may benefit acute KD patients, in part, through the restoration of KLF4-miR-483 expression. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01431105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.)
| | - Zhen Chen
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.)
| | - Marcy Martin
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.)
| | - Panjamaporn Sangwung
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.)
| | - Brian Woo
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.)
| | - Adriana H Tremoulet
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.)
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.)
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.)
| | - Jane C Burns
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.).
| | - John Y-J Shyy
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (M.H., J.Z., J.Y.-J.S.), Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital (M.H.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.H., Z.C., M.M., B.W., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (A.H.T., C.S., J.C.B.), University of California, San Diego; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA (A.H.T., J.C.B.); Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside (M.M.); and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cleveland, OH (P.S., M.K.J.).
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wu M, Tang RN, Liu H, Pan MM, Liu BC. Cinacalcet ameliorates aortic calcification in uremic rats via suppression of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1423-1431. [PMID: 27593220 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Experimental studies found that cinacalcet (CINA) markedly attenuated vascular calcification in uremic rats, but its underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. Recent evidence have demonstrated that endothelial cells (ECs) participate in ectopic calcification in part by mediating endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). In this study, we investigated whether CINA ameliorated aortic calcification in uremic rats via suppression of EndMT. METHODS Uremia was induced in rats by feeding rats a 0.75% adenine diet for 4 weeks. After adenine withdrawal, the rats were maintained on a 1.03% phosphorus diet for next 8 weeks. At initiation of the adenine diet, rats were orally administered CINA (10mg/kg one day) for 12 weeks. The aortic expression of EndMT- and chondrocyte- markers was examined. The effect of elevated PTH on EndMT was also studied in aortic ECs. RESULTS In uremic rats, CINA treatment significantly decreased the serum PTH concentrations, but did not affect the elevated levels of serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and Ca×P product. Besides, CINA significantly attenuated aortic calcification, and inhibited the expression of chondrocyte markers (SOX9 and COL2A1) and chondrocyte proteoglycan in uremic aortas. Moreover, CINA treatment largely abolished the up-regulation of mesenchymal markers (FSP1 and α-SMA) and down-regulation of the endothelial marker (CD31), which accompanied aortic calcification in uremic aorta samples. In vitro, PTH increased the expression of EndMT-markers in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that strategies aiming at reducing serum PTH might prevent uremic aortic calcification by abrogating EndMT.
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Pérez L, Muñoz-Durango N, Riedel CA, Echeverría C, Kalergis AM, Cabello-Verrugio C, Simon F. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: Cytokine-mediated pathways that determine endothelial fibrosis under inflammatory conditions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 33:41-54. [PMID: 27692608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) process has attracted considerable attention due to associations with the onset of certain diseases, such as organ fibrosis and cancer. Several studies have assessed the mechanisms and signaling pathways that regulate endothelial fibrosis in the context of human pathologies. A number of inflammatory mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, oxidative stress, and toxins, induce the conversion of endothelial cells into mesenchymal fibroblast-like cells that promote disease progression. This review is separated into five chapters that critically present current knowledge on EndMT in the context of pathology. First, the main characteristics of EndMT are summarized, with a focus on the endothelial protein pattern changes that modulate the expressions of endothelial/fibrotic markers and extracellular matrix proteins. These expressions could serve as mechanisms for explaining potential EndMT contributions to human pathologies in adults. Second, the main findings supporting a connection between EndMT-mediated endothelial fibrosis and inflammatory conditions are presented. These connections could be linked to the onset and progression of pathological conditions. Third, EndMT inducers are described in detail. This includes considerations on the actions of the first and most well-known EndMT inducer, TGF-β; of the most prominent pro-inflammatory cytokines released during inflammation, such as IL 1-β and TNF-α; and of the NF-κB transcription factor, a common player during inflammation-induced EndMT. Furthermore, thorough attention is given to EndMT induction by endotoxins in the context of bacterial infectious diseases. Additionally, the participation of the inflammatory oxidative stress environment in the EndMT induction was also reviewed. Fourth, the pathophysiological findings of inflammation-induced EndMT are presented, and, fifth, special focus is placed on associations with cancer onset and development. Altogether, this review highlights the important role of EndMT-mediated endothelial fibrosis during inflammation in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Ave. Republica 239, 8370134, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Ave. Republica 239, 8370134, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Bionanotecnologia, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, General Gana 1780, 8370854, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Ave. Republica 239, 8370134, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Ave. Republica 239, 8370134, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
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Agarwal S, Loder S, Cholok D, Peterson J, Li J, Fireman D, Breuler C, Hsieh HS, Ranganathan K, Hwang C, Drake J, Li S, Chan CK, Longaker MT, Levi B. Local and Circulating Endothelial Cells Undergo Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT) in Response to Musculoskeletal Injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32514. [PMID: 27616463 PMCID: PMC5018841 DOI: 10.1038/srep32514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been implicated in a variety of aberrant wound healing conditions. However, unambiguous evidence of EndMT has been elusive due to limitations of in vitro experimental designs and animal models. In vitro experiments cannot account for the myriad ligands and cells which regulate differentiation, and in vivo tissue injury models may induce lineage-independent endothelial marker expression in mesenchymal cells. By using an inducible Cre model to mark mesenchymal cells (Scx-creERT/tdTomato + ) prior to injury, we demonstrate that musculoskeletal injury induces expression of CD31, VeCadherin, or Tie2 in mesenchymal cells. VeCadherin and Tie2 were expressed in non-endothelial cells (CD31-) present in marrow from uninjured adult mice, thereby limiting the specificity of these markers in inducible models (e.g. VeCadherin- or Tie2-creERT). However, cell transplantation assays confirmed that endothelial cells (ΔVeCadherin/CD31+/CD45-) isolated from uninjured hindlimb muscle tissue undergo in vivo EndMT when transplanted directly into the wound without intervening cell culture using PDGFRα, Osterix (OSX), SOX9, and Aggrecan (ACAN) as mesenchymal markers. These in vivo findings support EndMT in the presence of myriad ligands and cell types, using cell transplantation assays which can be applied for other pathologies implicated in EndMT including tissue fibrosis and atherosclerosis. Additionally, endothelial cell recruitment and trafficking are potential therapeutic targets to prevent EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Agarwal
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shawn Loder
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Cholok
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joshua Peterson
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John Li
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Fireman
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher Breuler
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hsiao Sung Hsieh
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kavitha Ranganathan
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charles Hwang
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James Drake
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuli Li
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charles K. Chan
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Levi
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Currently, calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is only treatable through surgical intervention because the specific mechanisms leading to the disease remain unclear. In this review, we explore the forces and structure of the valve, as well as the mechanosensors and downstream signaling in the valve endothelium known to contribute to inflammation and valve dysfunction. RECENT ADVANCES While the valvular structure enables adaptation to dynamic hemodynamic forces, these are impaired during CAVD, resulting in pathological systemic changes. Mechanosensing mechanisms-proteins, sugars, and membrane structures-at the surface of the valve endothelial cell relay mechanical signals to the nucleus. As a result, a large number of mechanosensitive genes are transcribed to alter cellular phenotype and, ultimately, induce inflammation and CAVD. Transforming growth factor-β signaling and Wnt/β-catenin have been widely studied in this context. Importantly, NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species signaling has increasingly been recognized to play a key role in the cellular response to mechanical stimuli. In addition, a number of valvular microRNAs are mechanosensitive and may regulate the progression of CAVD. CRITICAL ISSUES While numerous pathways have been described in the pathology of CAVD, no treatment options are available to avoid surgery for advanced stenosis and calcification of the aortic valve. More work must be focused on this issue to lead to successful therapies for the disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ultimately, a more complete understanding of the mechanisms within the aortic valve endothelium will lead us to future therapies important for treatment of CAVD without the risks involved with valve replacement or repair. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 401-414.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Fernández Esmerats
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jack Heath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
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Sung DC, Bowen CJ, Vaidya KA, Zhou J, Chapurin N, Recknagel A, Zhou B, Chen J, Kotlikoff M, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 Overexpression Induces Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Calcification in Mature Aortic Valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1627-37. [PMID: 27312222 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcific aortic valve (AoV) disease is a significant clinical problem for which the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Enhanced cell-cell adhesion is a common mechanism of cellular aggregation, but its role in calcific lesion formation is not known. Cadherin-11 (Cad-11) has been associated with lesion formation in vitro, but its function during adult valve homeostasis and pathogenesis is not known. This study aims to elucidate the specific functions of Cad-11 and its downstream targets, RhoA and Sox9, in extracellular matrix remodeling and AoV calcification. APPROACH AND RESULTS We conditionally overexpressed Cad-11 in murine heart valves using a novel double-transgenic Nfatc1(Cre);R26-Cad11(TglTg) mouse model. These mice developed hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis with prominent calcific lesions in the AoV leaflets. Cad-11 overexpression upregulated downstream targets, RhoA and Sox9, in the valve interstitial cells, causing calcification and extensive pathogenic extracellular matrix remodeling. AoV interstitial cells overexpressing Cad-11 in an osteogenic environment in vitro rapidly form calcific nodules analogous to in vivo lesions. Molecular analyses revealed upregulation of osteoblastic and myofibroblastic markers. Treatment with a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor attenuated nodule formation, further supporting that Cad-11-driven calcification acts through the small GTPase RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies one of the underlying molecular mechanisms of heart valve calcification and demonstrates that overexpression of Cad-11 upregulates RhoA and Sox9 to induce calcification and extracellular matrix remodeling in adult AoV pathogenesis. The findings provide a potential molecular target for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Sung
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Caitlin J Bowen
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Kiran A Vaidya
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Nikita Chapurin
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Andrew Recknagel
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jonathan Chen
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Michael Kotlikoff
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.).
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135
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Suzuki T, Tada Y, Nishimura R, Kawasaki T, Sekine A, Urushibara T, Kato F, Kinoshita T, Ikari J, West J, Tatsumi K. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury drives a progenitor cell-like phenotype. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1185-98. [PMID: 27106288 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00074.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular endothelial function may be impaired by oxidative stress in endotoxemia-derived acute lung injury. Growing evidence suggests that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) could play a pivotal role in various respiratory diseases; however, it remains unclear whether EndMT participates in the injury/repair process of septic acute lung injury. Here, we analyzed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice whose total number of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PVECs) transiently decreased after production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the population of EndMT-PVECs significantly increased. NAD(P)H oxidase inhibition suppressed EndMT of PVECs. Most EndMT-PVECs derived from tissue-resident cells, not from bone marrow, as assessed by mice with chimeric bone marrow. Bromodeoxyuridine-incorporation assays revealed higher proliferation of capillary EndMT-PVECs. In addition, EndMT-PVECs strongly expressed c-kit and CD133. LPS loading to human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-Ls) induced reversible EndMT, as evidenced by phenotypic recovery observed after removal of LPS. LPS-induced EndMT-HMVEC-Ls had increased vasculogenic ability, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and expression of drug resistance genes, which are also fundamental properties of progenitor cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that LPS induces EndMT of tissue-resident PVECs during the early phase of acute lung injury, partly mediated by ROS, contributing to increased proliferation of PVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Suzuki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Yuji Tada
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Rintaro Nishimura
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Takeshi Kawasaki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Ayumi Sekine
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Takashi Urushibara
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Fumiaki Kato
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Taku Kinoshita
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Jun Ikari
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - James West
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
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136
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Blancas AA, Balaoing LR, Acosta FM, Grande-Allen KJ. Identifying Behavioral Phenotypes and Heterogeneity in Heart Valve Surface Endothelium. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 201:268-76. [PMID: 27144771 DOI: 10.1159/000444446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart valvular endothelial cells (VECs) are distinct from vascular endothelial cells (ECs), but have an uncertain context within the spectrum of known endothelial phenotypes, including lymphatic ECs (LECs). Profiling the phenotypes of the heart valve surface VECs would facilitate identification of a proper seeding population for tissue-engineered valves, as well as elucidate mechanisms of valvular disease. Porcine VECs and porcine aortic ECs (AECs) were isolated from pig hearts and characterized to assess known EC and LEC markers. A transwell migration assay determined their propensity to migrate toward vascular endothelial growth factor, an angiogenic stimulus, over 24 h. Compared to AECs, Flt-1 was expressed on almost double the percentage of VECs, measured as 74 versus 38%. The expression of angiogenic EC markers CXCR4 and DLL4 was >90% on AECs, whereas VECs showed only 35% CXCR4+ and 47% DLL4+. AECs demonstrated greater migration (71.5 ± 11.0 cells per image field) than the VECs with 30.0 ± 15.3 cells per image field (p = 0.032). In total, 30% of VECs were positive for LYVE1+/Prox1+, while these markers were absent in AECs. In conclusion, the population of cells on the surface of heart valves is heterogeneous, consisting largely of nonangiogenic VECs and a subset of LECs. Previous studies have indicated the presence of LECs within the interior of the valves; however, this is the first study to demonstrate their presence on the surface. Identification of this unique endothelial mixture is a step forward in the development of engineered valve replacements as a uniform EC seeding population may not be the best option to maximize transplant success.
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137
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Pinto MT, Covas DT, Kashima S, Rodrigues CO. Endothelial Mesenchymal Transition: Comparative Analysis of Different Induction Methods. Biol Proced Online 2016; 18:10. [PMID: 27127420 PMCID: PMC4848831 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-016-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial-Mesenchymal-Transition (EndMT) plays an essential role in cardiovascular development, and recently became an attractive therapeutic target based on evidence supporting its involvement in fibrosis and cancer. Important questions that remain to be answered are related to the molecular mechanisms that control EndMT in different organs and distinct pathological conditions. The lack of a detailed protocol for induction of EndMT and the assumption that TGF-β isoforms play similar roles on different types of endothelial cells, limit progress in the field. The aim of this study was to compare the induction of EndMT by TGF-β isoforms in endothelial cells of different sources, and define a detailed protocol for EndMT assessment in vitro. RESULTS We compared the dose-dependent effect of TGF-β isoforms, under normoxia and hypoxia, on the induction of EndMT in human coronary and pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Our results suggest that endothelial cells undergo spontaneous EndMT with time in culture under the conditions tested. The extent of EndMT induction by TGF-β was dependent on the dose and endothelial cell type. Furthermore, the potential of TGF-β to induce EndMT was reduced under hypoxia relative to normoxia. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that the response of endothelial cells to TGF-β is intrinsic to the dose, cell type and environment. Optimization of induction conditions may be essential, as pathways triggering EndMT may vary during development and pathological conditions. Therefore, caution is needed regarding indiscriminate use of TGF-β to induce EndMT for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 826, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular e Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil ; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Dimas T Covas
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular e Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil ; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular e Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil ; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Claudia O Rodrigues
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 826, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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138
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Lee YU, de Dios Ruiz-Rosado J, Mahler N, Best CA, Tara S, Yi T, Shoji T, Sugiura T, Lee AY, Robledo-Avila F, Hibino N, Pober JS, Shinoka T, Partida-Sanchez S, Breuer CK. TGF-β receptor 1 inhibition prevents stenosis of tissue-engineered vascular grafts by reducing host mononuclear phagocyte activation. FASEB J 2016; 30:2627-36. [PMID: 27059717 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500179r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stenosis is a critical problem in the long-term efficacy of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs). We previously showed that host monocyte infiltration and activation within the graft drives stenosis and that TGF-β receptor 1 (TGF-βR1) inhibition can prevent it, but the latter effect was attributed primarily to inhibition of mesenchymal cell expansion. In this study, we assessed the effects of TGF-βR1 inhibition on the host monocytes. Biodegradable TEVGs were implanted as inferior vena cava interposition conduits in 2 groups of C57BL/6 mice (n = 25/group): unseeded grafts and unseeded grafts with TGF-βR1 inhibitor systemic treatment for the first 2 wk. The TGF-βR1 inhibitor treatment effectively improved TEVG patency at 6 mo compared to the untreated control group (91.7 vs. 48%, P < 0.001), which is associated with a reduction in classic activation of mononuclear phagocytes. Consistent with these findings, the addition of rTGF-β to LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated monocytes enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-6; this effect was blocked by TGF-βR1 inhibition (P < 0.0001). These findings suggest that the TGF-β signaling pathway contributes to TEVG stenosis by inducing classic activation of host monocytes. Furthermore, blocking monocyte activation by TGF-βR1 inhibition provides a viable strategy for preventing TEVG stenosis while maintaining neotissue formation.-Lee, Y.-U., de Dios Ruiz-Rosado, J., Mahler, N., Best, C. A., Tara, S., Yi, T., Shoji, T., Sugiura, T., Lee, A. Y., Robledo-Avila, F., Hibino, N., Pober, J. S., Shinoka, T., Partida-Sanchez, S., Breuer, C. K. TGF-β receptor 1 inhibition prevents stenosis of tissue-engineered vascular grafts by reducing host mononuclear phagocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ung Lee
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Nathan Mahler
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cameron A Best
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuhei Tara
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tai Yi
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Toshihiro Shoji
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tadahisa Sugiura
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Avione Y Lee
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank Robledo-Avila
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery-The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Toshiharu Shinoka
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery-The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and
| | | | - Christopher K Breuer
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA;
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139
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Medici D. Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6962801. [PMID: 27143978 PMCID: PMC4838799 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6962801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a fundamental cellular mechanism that regulates embryonic development and diseases such as cancer and fibrosis. Recent developments in biomedical research have shown remarkable potential to harness the EndMT process for tissue engineering and regeneration. As an alternative to traditional or artificial stem cell therapies, EndMT may represent a safe method for engineering new tissues to treat degenerative diseases by mimicking a process that occurs in nature. This review discusses the signaling mechanisms and therapeutic inhibitors of EndMT, as well as the role of EndMT in development, disease, acquiring stem cell properties and generating connective tissues, and its potential as a novel mechanism for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Medici
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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140
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Echeverría C, Montorfano I, Cabello-Verrugio C, Armisén R, Varela D, Simon F. Suppression of transient receptor potential melastatin 4 expression promotes conversion of endothelial cells into fibroblasts via transforming growth factor/activin receptor-like kinase 5 pathway. J Hypertens 2016; 33:981-92. [PMID: 25909699 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study whether transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) participates in endothelial fibrosis and to investigate the underlying mechanism. METHODS Primary human endothelial cells were used and pharmacological and short interfering RNA-based approaches were used to test the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) pathway participation and contribution of TRPM7 ion channel. RESULTS Suppression of TRPM4 expression leads to decreased endothelial protein expression and increased expression of fibrotic and extracellular matrix markers. Furthermore, TRPM4 downregulation increases intracellular Ca levels as a potential condition for fibrosis. The underlying mechanism of endothelial fibrosis shows that inhibition of TRPM4 expression induces TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 expression, which act through their receptor, ALK5, and the nuclear translocation of the profibrotic transcription factor smad4. CONCLUSION TRPM4 acts to maintain endothelial features and its loss promotes fibrotic conversion via TGF-β production. The regulation of TRPM4 levels could be a target for preserving endothelial function during inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Echeverría
- aLaboratorio de Fisiopatología Integrativa, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello bInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile cLaboratorio de Bionanotecnologia, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins dLaboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello eCentro de Investigacion y Tratamiento del Cancer fCentro de Estudios Moleculares de la Celula gMillennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Republic of Chile
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141
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Lee SH, Choi JH. Involvement of Immune Cell Network in Aortic Valve Stenosis: Communication between Valvular Interstitial Cells and Immune Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:26-32. [PMID: 26937229 PMCID: PMC4770097 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis is a heart disease prevalent in the elderly characterized by valvular calcification, fibrosis, and inflammation, but its exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Previously, aortic valve stenosis was thought to be caused by chronic passive and degenerative changes associated with aging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that atherosclerotic processes and inflammation can induce valvular calcification and bone deposition, leading to valvular stenosis. In particular, the most abundant cell type in cardiac valves, valvular interstitial cells, can differentiate into myofibroblasts and osteoblast-like cells, leading to valvular calcification and stenosis. Differentiation of valvular interstitial cells can be trigged by inflammatory stimuli from several immune cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and mast cells. This review indicates that crosstalk between immune cells and valvular interstitial cells plays an important role in the development of aortic valve stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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142
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Endothelial Plasticity: Shifting Phenotypes through Force Feedback. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9762959. [PMID: 26904133 PMCID: PMC4745942 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9762959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial lining of the vasculature is exposed to a large variety of biochemical and hemodynamic stimuli with different gradients throughout the vascular network. Adequate adaptation requires endothelial cells to be highly plastic, which is reflected by the remarkable heterogeneity of endothelial cells in tissues and organs. Hemodynamic forces such as fluid shear stress and cyclic strain are strong modulators of the endothelial phenotype and function. Although endothelial plasticity is essential during development and adult physiology, proatherogenic stimuli can induce adverse plasticity which contributes to disease. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), the hallmark of endothelial plasticity, was long thought to be restricted to embryonic development but has emerged as a pathologic process in a plethora of diseases. In this perspective we argue how shear stress and cyclic strain can modulate EndMT and discuss how this is reflected in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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143
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Mina SG, Wang W, Cao Q, Huang P, Murray BT, Mahler GJ. Shear stress magnitude and transforming growth factor-βeta 1 regulate endothelial to mesenchymal transformation in a three-dimensional culture microfluidic device. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16607e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel microfluidic device with a three-dimensional cell culture chamber was developed to study the role of shear stress magnitude and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) on endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G. Mina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Binghamton University
- Binghamton
- USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Binghamton University
- Binghamton
- USA
| | - Qingfeng Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Binghamton University
- Binghamton
- USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Binghamton University
- Binghamton
- USA
| | - Bruce T. Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Binghamton University
- Binghamton
- USA
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144
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Gould RA, Yalcin HC, MacKay JL, Sauls K, Norris R, Kumar S, Butcher JT. Cyclic Mechanical Loading Is Essential for Rac1-Mediated Elongation and Remodeling of the Embryonic Mitral Valve. Curr Biol 2015; 26:27-37. [PMID: 26725196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During valvulogenesis, globular endocardial cushions elongate and remodel into highly organized thin fibrous leaflets. Proper regulation of this dynamic process is essential to maintain unidirectional blood flow as the embryonic heart matures. In this study, we tested how mechanosensitive small GTPases, RhoA and Rac1, coordinate atrioventricular valve (AV) differentiation and morphogenesis. RhoA activity and its regulated GTPase-activating protein FilGAP are elevated during early cushion formation but decreased considerably during valve remodeling. In contrast, Rac1 activity was nearly absent in the early cushions but increased substantially as the valve matured. Using gain- and loss-of-function assays, we determined that the RhoA pathway was essential for the contractile myofibroblastic phenotype present in early cushion formation but was surprisingly insufficient to drive matrix compaction during valve maturation. The Rac1 pathway was necessary to induce matrix compaction in vitro through increased cell adhesion, elongation, and stress fiber alignment. Facilitating this process, we found that acute cyclic stretch was a potent activator of RhoA and subsequently downregulated Rac1 activity via FilGAP. On the other hand, chronic cyclic stretch reduced active RhoA and downstream FilGAP, which enabled Rac1 activation. Finally, we used partial atrial ligation experiments to confirm in vivo that altered cyclic mechanical loading augmented or restricted cushion elongation and thinning, directly through potentiation of active Rac1 and active RhoA, respectively. Together, these results demonstrate that cyclic mechanical signaling coordinates the RhoA to Rac1 signaling transition essential for proper embryonic mitral valve remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A Gould
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Huseyin C Yalcin
- Qatar Cardiovascular Research Center (QCRC), Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dogus University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Joanna L MacKay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kimberly Sauls
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Russell Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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145
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Levine RA, Hagége AA, Judge DP, Padala M, Dal-Bianco JP, Aikawa E, Beaudoin J, Bischoff J, Bouatia-Naji N, Bruneval P, Butcher JT, Carpentier A, Chaput M, Chester AH, Clusel C, Delling FN, Dietz HC, Dina C, Durst R, Fernandez-Friera L, Handschumacher MD, Jensen MO, Jeunemaitre XP, Le Marec H, Le Tourneau T, Markwald RR, Mérot J, Messas E, Milan DP, Neri T, Norris RA, Peal D, Perrocheau M, Probst V, Pucéat M, Rosenthal N, Solis J, Schott JJ, Schwammenthal E, Slaugenhaupt SA, Song JK, Yacoub MH. Mitral valve disease--morphology and mechanisms. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12:689-710. [PMID: 26483167 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitral valve disease is a frequent cause of heart failure and death. Emerging evidence indicates that the mitral valve is not a passive structure, but--even in adult life--remains dynamic and accessible for treatment. This concept motivates efforts to reduce the clinical progression of mitral valve disease through early detection and modification of underlying mechanisms. Discoveries of genetic mutations causing mitral valve elongation and prolapse have revealed that growth factor signalling and cell migration pathways are regulated by structural molecules in ways that can be modified to limit progression from developmental defects to valve degeneration with clinical complications. Mitral valve enlargement can determine left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and might be stimulated by potentially modifiable biological valvular-ventricular interactions. Mitral valve plasticity also allows adaptive growth in response to ventricular remodelling. However, adverse cellular and mechanobiological processes create relative leaflet deficiency in the ischaemic setting, leading to mitral regurgitation with increased heart failure and mortality. Our approach, which bridges clinicians and basic scientists, enables the correlation of observed disease with cellular and molecular mechanisms, leading to the discovery of new opportunities for improving the natural history of mitral valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 5E, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Albert A Hagége
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jacob P Dal-Bianco
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Carpentier
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Francesca N Delling
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Christian Dina
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Ronen Durst
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leticia Fernandez-Friera
- Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe and the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark D Handschumacher
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Xavier P Jeunemaitre
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Marec
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Thierry Le Tourneau
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | | | - Jean Mérot
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel Messas
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - David P Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tui Neri
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR 910, Marseille, France
| | | | - David Peal
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maelle Perrocheau
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Probst
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Michael Pucéat
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR 910, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jorge Solis
- Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe and the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Jacques Schott
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | | | - Susan A Slaugenhaupt
- Center for Human Genetic Research, MGH Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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146
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Derada Troletti C, de Goede P, Kamermans A, de Vries HE. Molecular alterations of the blood-brain barrier under inflammatory conditions: The role of endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:452-60. [PMID: 26493443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the protective properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key event during numerous neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Under these pathological conditions, the specialized brain endothelial cells (BECs) lose their protective function leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. To date, underlying mechanisms for this loss of function remain unclear. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a dynamic process by which endothelial cells (ECs) dedifferentiate into mesenchymal cells and as a result lose their specific phenotype and function. As yet, little is known about the involvement of this process in the impaired function of the BECs under pathological conditions such as MS. Interestingly, several signaling pathways that can induce EndoMT are also involved in different central nervous system (CNS) pathologies associated with BBB dysfunction. In this review, we first discuss the structure and function of the BBB highlighting the changes that occur during MS. Next, we will summarize recent findings on the pathways underlying EndoMT, and finally, we will discuss the potential role of EndoMT during BBB dysfunction in neurological disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Derada Troletti
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul de Goede
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin Kamermans
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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147
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Muylaert DEP, de Jong OG, Slaats GGG, Nieuweboer FE, Fledderus JO, Goumans MJ, Hierck BP, Verhaar MC. Environmental Influences on Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Developing Implanted Cardiovascular Tissue-Engineered Grafts. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 22:58-67. [PMID: 26414174 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered grafts for cardiovascular structures experience biochemical stimuli and mechanical forces that influence tissue development after implantation such as the immunological response, oxidative stress, hemodynamic shear stress, and mechanical strain. Endothelial cells are a cell source of major interest in vascular tissue engineering because of their ability to form a luminal antithrombotic monolayer. In addition, through their ability to undergo endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), endothelial cells may yield a cell type capable of increased production and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is of major importance to the mechanical function of all cardiovascular structures. Tissue engineering approaches may employ EndMT to recapitulate, in part, the embryonic development of cardiovascular structures. Improved understanding of how the environment of an implanted graft could influence EndMT in endothelial cells may lead to novel tissue engineering strategies. This review presents an overview of biochemical and mechanical stimuli capable of influencing EndMT, discusses the influence of these stimuli as found in the direct environment of cardiovascular grafts, and discusses approaches to employ EndMT in tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri E P Muylaert
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier G de Jong
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela G G Slaats
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke E Nieuweboer
- 2 Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost O Fledderus
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Goumans
- 3 Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beerend P Hierck
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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148
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Lu CC, Liu MM, Clinton M, Culshaw G, Argyle DJ, Corcoran BM. Developmental pathways and endothelial to mesenchymal transition in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. Vet J 2015; 206:377-84. [PMID: 26586213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the cardiovascular equivalent, endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), contribute to a range of chronic degenerative diseases and cancer metastasis. Chronic valvulopathies exhibit some features of EndoMT and activation of developmental signalling pathways, such as osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, expression of cell differentiation markers, basement membrane damage and endothelial transformation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of developmental mechanisms in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) using a combination of transcriptomic array technology, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. There was significant differential expression for genes typically associated with valvulogenesis and EndoMT, including markers of inflammation (IL6, IL18 and TLR4), basement membrane disarray (NID1, LAMA2 and CTSS), mesenchymal and endothelial cell differentiation (MYH11 and TAGLN) and EndoMT (ACTA2, SNAI1, CTNNB1, HAS2, CDH5, and NOTCH1), with fold changes from +15.35 (ACTA2) to -5.52 (LAMA2). These changes in gene expression were confirmed using RT-PCR, except for HAS2. In silico analysis identified important gene networks and canonical pathways in MMVD that have associations with development and organogenesis, including inflammation, valve morphogenesis and EMT, as well as components of the basement membrane and extra-cellular matrix. Immunohistochemistry identified changes in the expression of hyaluronic acid synthase (Has2), Snai1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and VE-cadherin (CDH5), and co-expression of Has2 with α-SMA. These research findings strongly suggest involvement of developmental signalling pathways and mechanisms, including EndoMT, in the pathogenesis of canine MMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chien Lu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Meng-Meng Liu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael Clinton
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Geoff Culshaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Brendan M Corcoran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
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149
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Valvular endothelial cells: guardians or destroyers of aortic valve integrity? Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:396-8. [PMID: 26277631 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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150
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Bowen CJ, Zhou J, Sung DC, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 coordinates cellular migration and extracellular matrix remodeling during aortic valve maturation. Dev Biol 2015; 407:145-57. [PMID: 26188246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper remodeling of the endocardial cushions into thin fibrous valves is essential for gestational progression and long-term function. This process involves dynamic interactions between resident cells and their local environment, much of which is not understood. In this study, we show that deficiency of the cell-cell adhesion protein cadherin-11 (Cad-11) results in significant embryonic and perinatal lethality primarily due to valve related cardiac dysfunction. While endocardial to mesenchymal transformation is not abrogated, mesenchymal cells do not homogeneously cellularize the cushions. These cushions remain thickened with disorganized ECM, resulting in pronounced aortic valve insufficiency. Mice that survive to adulthood maintain thickened and stenotic semilunar valves, but interestingly do not develop calcification. Cad-11 (-/-) aortic valve leaflets contained reduced Sox9 activity, β1 integrin expression, and RhoA-GTP activity, suggesting that remodeling defects are due to improper migration and/or cellular contraction. Cad-11 deletion or siRNA knockdown reduced migration, eliminated collective migration, and impaired 3D matrix compaction by aortic valve interstitial cells (VIC). Cad-11 depleted cells in culture contained few filopodia, stress fibers, or contact inhibited locomotion. Transfection of Cad-11 depleted cells with constitutively active RhoA restored cell phenotypes. Together, these results identify cadherin-11 mediated adhesive signaling for proper remodeling of the embryonic semilunar valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Derek C Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States.
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