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Sustained β-AR stimulation induces synthesis and secretion of growth factors in cardiac myocytes that affect on cardiac fibroblast activation. Life Sci 2017; 193:257-269. [PMID: 29107793 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paracrine factors, including growth factors and cytokines, released from cardiac myocytes following β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation regulate cardiac fibroblasts. Activated cardiac fibroblasts have the ability to increase collagen synthesis, cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation, leading to cardiac fibrosis. However, it is unknown which β-AR subtypes and signaling pathways mediate the upregulation of paracrine factors in cardiac myocytes. In this study, we demonstrated that sustained stimulation of β-ARs significantly induced synthesis and secretion of growth factors, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), via the cAMP-dependent and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathways. In addition, isoproterenol (ISO)-mediated synthesis and secretion of CTGF and VEGF through the β1-AR and β2-AR subtypes. Paracrine factors released by cardiac myocytes following sustained β-AR stimulation are necessary for the induction of cell proliferation and synthesis of collagen I, collagen III and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in cardiac fibroblasts, confirming that β-AR overstimulation of cardiac myocytes induces cardiac fibrosis by releasing several paracrine factors. These effects can be antagonized by β-blockers, including atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol. Thus, the use of β-blockers may have beneficial effects on the treatment of myocardial fibrosis in patients with heart failure.
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Abstract
Engineering functional cardiac tissues remains an ongoing significant challenge due to the complexity of the native environment. However, our growing understanding of key parameters of the in vivo cardiac microenvironment and our ability to replicate those parameters in vitro are resulting in the development of increasingly sophisticated models of engineered cardiac tissues (ECT). This review examines some of the most relevant parameters that may be applied in culture leading to higher fidelity cardiac tissue models. These include the biochemical composition of culture media and cardiac lineage specification, co-culture conditions, electrical and mechanical stimulation, and the application of hydrogels, various biomaterials, and scaffolds. The review will also summarize some of the recent functional human tissue models that have been developed for in vivo and in vitro applications. Ultimately, the creation of sophisticated ECT that replicate native structure and function will be instrumental in advancing cell-based therapeutics and in providing advanced models for drug discovery and testing.
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Deng D, Murphy MJ, Hakim JB, Franceschi WH, Zahid S, Pashakhanloo F, Trayanova NA, Boyle PM. Sensitivity of reentrant driver localization to electrophysiological parameter variability in image-based computational models of persistent atrial fibrillation sustained by a fibrotic substrate. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2017; 27:093932. [PMID: 28964164 PMCID: PMC5605332 DOI: 10.1063/1.5003340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, causing morbidity and mortality in millions worldwide. The atria of patients with persistent AF (PsAF) are characterized by the presence of extensive and distributed atrial fibrosis, which facilitates the formation of persistent reentrant drivers (RDs, i.e., spiral waves), which promote fibrillatory activity. Targeted catheter ablation of RD-harboring tissues has shown promise as a clinical treatment for PsAF, but the outcomes remain sub-par. Personalized computational modeling has been proposed as a means of non-invasively predicting optimal ablation targets in individual PsAF patients, but it remains unclear how RD localization dynamics are influenced by inter-patient variability in the spatial distribution of atrial fibrosis, action potential duration (APD), and conduction velocity (CV). Here, we conduct simulations in computational models of fibrotic atria derived from the clinical imaging of PsAF patients to characterize the sensitivity of RD locations to these three factors. We show that RDs consistently anchor to boundaries between fibrotic and non-fibrotic tissues, as delineated by late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, but those changes in APD/CV can enhance or attenuate the likelihood that an RD will anchor to a specific site. These findings show that the level of uncertainty present in patient-specific atrial models reconstructed without any invasive measurements (i.e., incorporating each individual's unique distribution of fibrotic tissue from medical imaging alongside an average representation of AF-remodeled electrophysiology) is sufficiently high that a personalized ablation strategy based on targeting simulation-predicted RD trajectories alone may not produce the desired result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Deng
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Murphy
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Joe B Hakim
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - William H Franceschi
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Sohail Zahid
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Farhad Pashakhanloo
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Patrick M Boyle
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Recombinant human collagen-based microspheres mitigate cardiac conduction slowing induced by adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183481. [PMID: 28837600 PMCID: PMC5570323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell therapy to improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction is hampered by poor cell retention, while it may also increase the risk of arrhythmias by providing an arrhythmogenic substrate. We previously showed that porcine adipose tissue-derived-stromal cells (pASC) induce conduction slowing through paracrine actions, whereas rat ASC (rASC) and human ASC (hASC) induce conduction slowing by direct coupling. We postulate that biomaterial microspheres mitigate the conduction slowing influence of pASC by interacting with paracrine signaling. Aim To investigate the modulation of ASC-loaded recombinant human collagen-based microspheres, on the electrophysiological behavior of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM). Method Unipolar extracellular electrograms, derived from microelectrode arrays (8x8 electrodes) containing NRVM, co-cultured with ASC or ASC loaded microspheres, were used to determine conduction velocity (CV) and conduction heterogeneity. Conditioned medium (Cme) of (co)cultures was used to assess paracrine mechanisms. Results Microspheres did not affect CV in control (NRVM) monolayers. In co-cultures of NRVM and rASC, hASC or pASC, CV was lower than in controls (14.4±1.0, 13.0±0.6 and 9.0± 1.0 vs. 19.5±0.5 cm/s respectively, p<0.001). Microspheres loaded with either rASC or hASC still induced conduction slowing compared to controls (13.5±0.4 and 12.6±0.5 cm/s respectively, p<0.001). However, pASC loaded microspheres increased CV of NRVM compared to pASC and NRMV co-cultures (16.3±1.3 cm/s, p< 0.001) and did not differ from controls (p = NS). Cme of pASC reduced CV in control monolayers of NRVM (10.3±1.1 cm/s, p<0.001), similar to Cme derived from pASC-loaded microspheres (11.1±1.7 cm/s, p = 1.0). The presence of microspheres in monolayers of NRVM abolished the CV slowing influence of Cme pASC (15.9±1.0 cm/s, p = NS vs. control). Conclusion The application of recombinant human collagen-based microspheres mitigates indirect paracrine conduction slowing through interference with a secondary autocrine myocardial factor.
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105
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Ma D, Liu L, Zhao H, Zhang R, Yun F, Li L, Wang Y, Qu R, Liu P, Liu F. Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia Reversed Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Heart Failure Caused by Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 31:1672-1675. [PMID: 28826849 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify that high thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) could reverse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). DESIGN Hospitalized patients with DCM and heart failure. SETTING Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. PARTICIPANTS Eight patients. INTERVENTIONS 0.5% lidocaine was administered epidurally at the T4-T5 interspace for 4 weeks. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Eight hospitalized patients with DCM and heart failure were enrolled into the present study. All patients received TEA plus optimal medical therapy (OMT) for 4 weeks. Echocardiograms and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) technique were used to evaluate cardiac function and detect myocardial fibrosis before and after treatment. The 6-minute walking distance and the level of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) also were measured. The authors used before-after study to verify whether thoracic epidural anesthesia could reverse myocardial fibrosis. The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was reduced significantly and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was increased significantly after a 4-week treatment. Meanwhile, the 6-minute walking distance was increased dramatically. Furthermore, the level of NT-proBNP was reduced significantly after TEA plus OMT treatment. Consistent with echocardiography parameters, the LVEF measured by CMR also was increased markedly. Both total LGE volume and average LGE volume were reduced significantly after 4 weeks of TEA plus OMT treatment. CONCLUSIONS TEA plus OMT could reverse myocardial fibrosis and improve cardiac function in patients with heart failure caused by DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ma
- Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengxiang Yun
- Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Renhai Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengqi Liu
- Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Plotnikov EY, Silachev DN, Popkov VA, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Zorov SD, Jankauskas SS, Babenko VA, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB. Intercellular Signalling Cross-Talk: To Kill, To Heal and To Rejuvenate. Heart Lung Circ 2017; 26:648-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Flevaris P, Khan SS, Eren M, Schuldt AJT, Shah SJ, Lee DC, Gupta S, Shapiro AD, Burridge PW, Ghosh AK, Vaughan DE. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type I Controls Cardiomyocyte Transforming Growth Factor-β and Cardiac Fibrosis. Circulation 2017; 136:664-679. [PMID: 28588076 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is the pathological consequence of stress-induced tissue remodeling and matrix accumulation. Increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1) have been shown to promote fibrosis in multiple organ systems. Paradoxically, homozygous genetic deficiency of PAI-1 is associated with spontaneous age-dependent, cardiac-selective fibrosis in mice. We have identified a novel PAI-1-dependent mechanism that regulates cardiomyocyte-derived fibrogenic signals and cardiac transcriptional pathways during injury. METHODS Cardiac fibrosis in subjects with homozygous mutation in SERPINE-1 was evaluated with late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A murine cardiac injury model was performed by subcutaneous infusion of either saline or Angiotensin II by osmotic minipumps. We evaluated blood pressure, cardiac function (by echocardiography), fibrosis (with Masson Trichrome staining), and apoptosis (with TUNEL staining), and we performed transcriptome analysis (with RNA sequencing). We further evaluated fibrotic signaling in isolated murine primary ventricular myocytes. RESULTS Cardiac fibrosis was detected in 2 otherwise healthy humans with complete PAI-1 deficiency because of a homozygous frameshift mutation in SERPINE-1. In addition to its suppressive role during spontaneous cardiac fibrosis in multiple species, we hypothesized that PAI-1 also regulates fibrosis during cardiac injury. Treatment of young PAI-1-/- mice with Angiotensin II induced extensive hypertrophy and fibrotic cardiomyopathy, with increased cardiac apoptosis and both reactive and replacement fibrosis. Although Angiotensin II-induced hypertension was blunted in PAI-1-/- mice, cardiac hypertrophy was accelerated. Furthermore, ventricular myocytes were found to be an important source of cardiac transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and PAI-1 regulated TGF-β synthesis by cardiomyocytes in vitro as well as in vivo during cardiac injury. Transcriptome analysis of ventricular RNA after Angiotensin II treatment confirmed that PAI-1 deficiency significantly enhanced multiple TGF-β signaling elements and transcriptional targets, including genes for extracellular matrix components, mediators of extracellular matrix remodeling, matricellular proteins, and cardiac integrins compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1 is an essential repressor of cardiac fibrosis in mammals. We define a novel cardiomyocyte-specific regulatory mechanism for TGF-β production by PAI-1, which explains the paradoxical effect of PAI-1 deficiency in promoting cardiac-selective fibrosis. Thus, PAI-1 is a molecular switch that controls the cardiac TGF-β axis and its early transcriptional effects that lead to myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Flevaris
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Sadiya S Khan
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Mesut Eren
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Adam J T Schuldt
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Daniel C Lee
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Sweta Gupta
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Amy D Shapiro
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Paul W Burridge
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Asish K Ghosh
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.)
| | - Douglas E Vaughan
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (P.F., S.S.K., M.E., A.J.T.S., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.F., S.S.K., S.J.S., D.C.L., A.K.G., D.E.V.), Department of Pharmacology (A.J.T.S., P.W.B.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis (S.G., A.D.S.).
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108
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Fleischer S, Feiner R, Dvir T. Cardiac tissue engineering: from matrix design to the engineering of bionic hearts. Regen Med 2017; 12:275-284. [PMID: 28498093 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of cardiac tissue engineering aims at replacing the scar tissue created after a patient has suffered from a myocardial infarction. Various technologies have been developed toward fabricating a functional engineered tissue that closely resembles that of the native heart. While the field continues to grow and techniques for better tissue fabrication continue to emerge, several hurdles still remain to be overcome. In this review we will focus on several key advances and recent technologies developed in the field, including biomimicking the natural extracellular matrix structure and enhancing the transfer of the electrical signal. We will also discuss recent developments in the engineering of bionic cardiac tissues which integrate the fields of tissue engineering and electronics to monitor and control tissue performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Fleischer
- The Laboratory for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ron Feiner
- The Laboratory for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Dvir
- The Laboratory for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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109
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang C, Li P, Wu Y, Wang C, Bond Lau W, Ma XL, Du J. Cardiac Fibroblast-Specific Activating Transcription Factor 3 Protects Against Heart Failure by Suppressing MAP2K3-p38 Signaling. Circulation 2017; 135:2041-2057. [PMID: 28249877 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.024599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertensive ventricular remodeling is a common cause of heart failure. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating ventricular remodeling remain poorly understood. METHODS We used a discovery-driven/nonbiased approach to identify increased activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) expression in hypertensive heart. We used loss/gain of function approaches to understand the role of ATF3 in heart failure. We also examined the mechanisms through transcriptome, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis, and in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS ATF3 expression increased in murine hypertensive heart and human hypertrophic heart. Cardiac fibroblast cells are the primary cell type expressing high ATF3 levels in response to hypertensive stimuli. ATF3 knockout (ATF3KO) markedly exaggerated hypertensive ventricular remodeling, a state rescued by lentivirus-mediated/miRNA-aided cardiac fibroblast-selective ATF3 overexpression. Conversely, conditional cardiac fibroblast cell-specific ATF3 transgenic overexpression significantly ameliorated ventricular remodeling and heart failure. We identified Map2K3 as a novel ATF3 target. ATF3 binds with the Map2K3 promoter, recruiting HDAC1, resulting in Map2K3 gene-associated histone deacetylation, thereby inhibiting Map2K3 expression. Genetic Map2K3 knockdown rescued the profibrotic/hypertrophic phenotype in ATF3KO cells. Last, we demonstrated that p38 is the downstream molecule of Map2K3 mediating the profibrotic/hypertrophic effects in ATF3KO animals. Inhibition of p38 signaling reduced transforming growth factor-β signaling-related profibrotic and hypertrophic gene expression, and blocked exaggerated cardiac remodeling in ATF3KO cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence that ATF3 upregulation in cardiac fibroblasts in response to hypertensive stimuli protects the heart by suppressing Map2K3 expression and subsequent p38-transforming growth factor-β signaling. These results suggest that positive modulation of cardiac fibroblast ATF3 may represent a novel therapeutic approach against hypertensive cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- From Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y.L., Z.L., C.Z., P.L., Y.W., C.W., J.D.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.)
| | - Zhenya Li
- From Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y.L., Z.L., C.Z., P.L., Y.W., C.W., J.D.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.)
| | - Congcong Zhang
- From Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y.L., Z.L., C.Z., P.L., Y.W., C.W., J.D.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.)
| | - Ping Li
- From Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y.L., Z.L., C.Z., P.L., Y.W., C.W., J.D.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.)
| | - Yina Wu
- From Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y.L., Z.L., C.Z., P.L., Y.W., C.W., J.D.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.)
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- From Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y.L., Z.L., C.Z., P.L., Y.W., C.W., J.D.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.)
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- From Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y.L., Z.L., C.Z., P.L., Y.W., C.W., J.D.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.)
| | - Xin-Liang Ma
- From Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y.L., Z.L., C.Z., P.L., Y.W., C.W., J.D.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.).
| | - Jie Du
- From Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y.L., Z.L., C.Z., P.L., Y.W., C.W., J.D.); and Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.).
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Planavila A, Fernández-Solà J, Villarroya F. Cardiokines as Modulators of Stress-Induced Cardiac Disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 108:227-256. [PMID: 28427562 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, the protein, atrial natriuretic peptide, was identified as a heart-secreted hormone that provides a peripheral signal from the myocardium that communicates to the rest of the organism to modify blood pressure and volume under conditions of heart failure. Since then, additional peripheral factors secreted by the heart, termed cardiokines, have been identified and shown to coordinate this interorgan cross talk. In addition to this interorgan communication, cardiokines also act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to play a role in intercellular communication within the myocardium. This review focuses on the roles of newly emerging cardiokines that are mainly increased in stress-induced cardiac diseases. The potential of these cardiokines as clinical biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac disorders is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Planavila
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Fernández-Solà
- Hospital Clínic, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
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111
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Deddens JC, Sadeghi AH, Hjortnaes J, van Laake LW, Buijsrogge M, Doevendans PA, Khademhosseini A, Sluijter JPG. Modeling the Human Scarred Heart In Vitro: Toward New Tissue Engineered Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27906521 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is critical for effective tissue healing, however, excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix components contribute to scarring and failing of the heart. Despite the fact that novel therapies have emerged, there are still no lifelong solutions for this problem. An urgent need exists to improve the understanding of adverse cardiac remodeling in order to develop new therapeutic interventions that will prevent, reverse, or regenerate the fibrotic changes in the failing heart. With recent advances in both disease biology and cardiac tissue engineering, the translation of fundamental laboratory research toward the treatment of chronic heart failure patients becomes a more realistic option. Here, the current understanding of cardiac fibrosis and the great potential of tissue engineering are presented. Approaches using hydrogel-based tissue engineered heart constructs are discussed to contemplate key challenges for modeling tissue engineered cardiac fibrosis and to provide a future outlook for preclinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine C. Deddens
- Department of Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute (ICIN); 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Amir Hossein Sadeghi
- Department of Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Division Heart and Lungs; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jesper Hjortnaes
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Division Heart and Lungs; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CT Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Linda W. van Laake
- Department of Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CT Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marc Buijsrogge
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Division Heart and Lungs; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute (ICIN); 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CT Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of Physics; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21569 Saudi Arabia
| | - Joost P. G. Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute (ICIN); 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center; University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584CT Utrecht The Netherlands
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112
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Bao R, Tan B, Liang S, Zhang N, Wang W, Liu W. A π-π conjugation-containing soft and conductive injectable polymer hydrogel highly efficiently rebuilds cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Biomaterials 2017; 122:63-71. [PMID: 28107665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that a stiffer hydrogel system exhibited a better performance to promote heart function after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the nature of myocardium, a tissue that alternately contracts and relaxes with electrical impulses, leads us to hypothesize that a soft and conductive hydrogel may be in favor of mechanical and electrical signals transmission to enhance heart function after MI. In this work, π-π conjugation interaction was first employed to produce a soft injectable hydrogel with conductive property. Melamine with π-π conjugation ring was used as a core to synthesize a multi-armed crosslinker PEGDA700-Melamine (PEG-MEL), which could crosslink with thiol-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-SH) to form an injectable hydrogel rapidly. By incorporating graphene oxide (GO), the injectable PEG-MEL/HA-SH/GO hydrogel exhibited a soft (G' = 25 Pa) and anti-fatigue mechanical property and conductive property (G = 2.84 × 10-4 S/cm). The hydrogel encapsulating adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) was injected into MI area of rats. The significant increase in α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) and Connexin 43 (Cx43) expression confirmed that the gel efficiently promoted the transmission of mechanical and electrical signals. Meanwhile, a significant improvement of heart functions, such as distinct increase of ejection fraction (EF), smaller infarction size, less fibrosis area, and higher vessel density, was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Baoyu Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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113
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Lombardi C, Spigoni V, Gorga E, Dei Cas A. Novel insight into the dangerous connection between diabetes and heart failure. Herz 2017; 41:201-7. [PMID: 27071966 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-016-4415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) affects approximately 1-2 % of the adult population. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most frequent comorbidities in HF, portending a worse prognosis. DM is associated with an increased risk of artery disease, and consequently of post-ischemic HF, but it may also alter directly the myocardial structure and function. Insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy have been provided by both experimental and clinical investigations. In recent years, it has emerged that the fibrotic process is a result of the convergence of multiple neurohormonal alterations in diabetic cardiomyopathy at the basis of disease progression and phenotype determination: HF with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Therapies for HF and DM should demonstrate an improved prognosis and have a neutral effect on glucose homeostasis and the risk of HF development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lombardi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma and AOU of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - V Spigoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Cardiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Gorga
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Cardiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Dei Cas
- , Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
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114
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Salem ESB, Fan GC. Pathological Effects of Exosomes in Mediating Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 998:113-138. [PMID: 28936736 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4397-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic subjects are at risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which accounts for 60-80% of diabetes-related mortality. Atherosclerosis is still considered as a leading cause of heart failure in diabetic patients, but it could also be an intrinsic and long-term effect of contractile cardiac cells malfunction, known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Pathologically, this cardiac dysfunction is manifested by inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, hypertrophy and altered cardiomyocytes metabolism. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of DCM pathophysiology are not clearly understood. Recent and several studies have suggested that exosomes are contributed to the regulation of cell-to-cell communication. Therefore, their in-depth investigation can interpret the complex pathophysiology of DCM. Structurally, exosomes are membrane-bounded vesicles (10-200 nm in diameter), which are actively released from all types of cells and detected in all biological fluids. They carry a wide array of bioactive molecules, including mRNAs, none-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, etc), proteins and lipids. Importantly, the abundance and nature of loaded molecules inside exosomes fluctuate with cell types and pathological conditions. This chapter summarizes currently available studies on the exosomes' role in the regulation of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Specifically, the advances on the pathological effects of exosomes in diabetic cardiomyopathy as well as the therapeutic potentials and perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam S B Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 5872 Care Mail Loc-0575, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 5872 Care Mail Loc-0575, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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115
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Cardiac Fibrosis: The Beneficial Effects of Exercise in Cardiac Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:257-268. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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116
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Barnie PA, Zhang P, Lv H, Wang D, Su X, Su Z, Xu H. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and myeloid regulatory cells in cancer and autoimmune disorders. Exp Ther Med 2016; 13:378-388. [PMID: 28352304 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were originally described as a heterogeneous population of immature cells derived from myeloid progenitors with immune-suppressive functions in tumor-bearing hosts. In recent years, increasing number of studies have described various populations of myeloid cells with MDSC-like properties in murine models of cancer and autoimmune diseases. These studies have observed that the populations of MDSCs are increased during inflammation and autoimmune conditions. In addition, MDSCs can effectively suppress T cell responses and modulate the activity of natural killer cells and other myeloid cells. MDSCs have also been implicated in the induction of regulatory T cell production. Furthermore, these cells have the potential to suppress the autoimmune response, thereby limiting tissue injury. Myeloid regulatory cells (Mregs) are recently attracting increasing attention, since they function in proinflammatory and immune suppression in autoimmune diseases, as well as in various types of cancer. Currently, research focus is directed from MDSCs to Mregs in cancer and autoimmune diseases. The present study reviewed the suppressive roles of MDSCs in various autoimmune murine models, the immune modulation of MDSCs to T helper 17 lymphocytes, as well as the proinflammatory and immunosuppressive roles of Mregs in various types of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Amoah Barnie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China; Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiang Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolian Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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117
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Civitarese RA, Kapus A, McCulloch CA, Connelly KA. Role of integrins in mediating cardiac fibroblast–cardiomyocyte cross talk: a dynamic relationship in cardiac biology and pathophysiology. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 112:6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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118
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Lee
- From Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University, Boston, MA (K.W.).
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- From Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University, Boston, MA (K.W.).
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119
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Abstract
Cardiac stress can induce morphological, structural and functional changes of the heart, referred to as cardiac remodeling. Myocardial infarction or sustained overload as a result of pathological causes such as hypertension or valve insufficiency may result in progressive remodeling and finally lead to heart failure (HF). Whereas pathological and physiological (exercise, pregnancy) overload both stimulate cardiomyocyte growth (hypertrophy), only pathological remodeling is characterized by increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, termed fibrosis, and loss of cardiomyocytes by necrosis, apoptosis and/or phagocytosis. HF is strongly associated with age, and cardiomyocyte loss and fibrosis are typical signs of the aging heart. Fibrosis results in stiffening of the heart, conductivity problems and reduced oxygen diffusion, and is associated with diminished ventricular function and arrhythmias. As a consequence, the workload of cardiomyocytes in the fibrotic heart is further augmented, whereas the physiological environment is becoming less favorable. This causes additional cardiomyocyte death and replacement of lost cardiomyocytes by fibrotic material, generating a vicious cycle of further decline of cardiac function. Breaking this fibrosis-cell death axis could halt further pathological and age-related cardiac regression and potentially reverse remodeling. In this review, we will describe the interaction between cardiac fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cell death, and discuss potential strategies for tackling progressive cardiac remodeling and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piek
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H H W Silljé
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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120
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Jonsson MKB, Hartman RJG, Ackers-Johnson M, Tan WLW, Lim B, van Veen TAB, Foo RS. A Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Comparison of Fetal and Adult Human Cardiac Fibroblasts Reveals Novel Key Transcription Factors in Adult Cardiac Fibroblasts. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2016; 1:590-602. [PMID: 30167544 PMCID: PMC6113540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts is increasingly being recognized as important in cardiac disease. Fetal and adult cardiac fibroblasts influence their neighboring cardiomyocytes in different ways. A genome-wide comparison of the 2 reveals that they share >80% of gene transcripts. Motif analysis of empirical regulatory elements located next to differentially expressed genes led to identification of key differential regulators of fibroblast identity. STAT1 and PLAGL1 were identified and validated as key transcription factors to maintain the adult cardiac fibroblast phenotype. Loss of either factor led to a significant change in phenotype, including smaller cell size, apoptosis, reduced turnover, and down-regulated collagen gene expression.
Cardiovascular disease remains the number one global cause of death and presents as multiple phenotypes in which the interplay between cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) has become increasingly highlighted. Fetal and adult CFs influence neighboring cardiomyocytes in different ways. Thus far, a detailed comparison between the two is lacking. Using a genome-wide approach, we identified and validated 2 crucial players for maintaining the adult primary human CF phenotype. Knockdown of these factors induced significant phenotypical changes, including senescence and reduced collagen gene expression. These may now represent novel therapeutic targets against deleterious functions of CFs in adult cardiovascular disease.
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Key Words
- ATAC, assay for transposase accessible chromatin
- ATAC-seq, assay for transposase accessible chromatin–sequencing
- CF, cardiac fibroblast
- CM, cardiomyocyte
- ChIP-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation–sequencing
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HCF, human cardiac fibroblast
- IL, interleukin
- IPA, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
- RNA-seq, ribonucleic acid–sequencing
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- TF, transcription factor
- aHCF, adult human cardiac fibroblast
- cardiac fibroblasts
- collagen
- fHCF, fetal human cardiac fibroblast
- histone methylation
- transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin J G Hartman
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew Ackers-Johnson
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson L W Tan
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bing Lim
- Merck Research Laboratories, Translational Medicine Research Centre, Singapore.,Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toon A B van Veen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roger S Foo
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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121
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Thomsen MB, Calloe K. Human atrial fibroblasts and their contribution to supraventricular arrhythmia. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/3/e12711. [PMID: 26869687 PMCID: PMC4758929 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morten B Thomsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Calloe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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122
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Viral Vector-Based Targeting of miR-21 in Cardiac Nonmyocyte Cells Reduces Pathologic Remodeling of the Heart. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1939-1948. [PMID: 27545313 PMCID: PMC5154480 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inhibition of miR-21 has proven effective against myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction, while studies in cardiac myocytes suggested a protective role in this cell type. Considering potential implications for therapy, we aimed to determine the cell fraction where miR-21 exerts its pathological activity. We developed a viral vector-based strategy for gene targeting of nonmyocyte cardiac cells in vivo and compared global to cardiac myocyte-specific and nonmyocyte-specific deletion of miR-21 in chronic left ventricular pressure overload. Murine moloney virus and serotype 9 of adeno-associated virus were engineered to encode improved Cre recombinase for genetic deletion in miR-21fl/fl mice. Pericardial injection of murine moloney virus-improved Cre recombinase to neonates achieved highly selective genetic ablation of miR-21 in nonmyocyte cardiac cells, identified as cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Upon left ventricular pressure overload, cardiac function was only preserved in mice with miR-21 deficiency in nonmyocyte cardiac cells, but not in mice with global or cardiac myocyte-specific ablation. Our data demonstrate that miR-21 exerts its pathologic activity directly in cardiac nonmyocytes and encourage further development of antimiR-21 therapy toward cellular tropism.
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123
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Furtado MB, Nim HT, Boyd SE, Rosenthal NA. View from the heart: cardiac fibroblasts in development, scarring and regeneration. Development 2016; 143:387-97. [PMID: 26839342 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the adult, tissue repair after injury is generally compromised by fibrosis, which maintains tissue integrity with scar formation but does not restore normal architecture and function. The process of regeneration is necessary to replace the scar and rebuild normal functioning tissue. Here, we address this problem in the context of heart disease, and discuss the origins and characteristics of cardiac fibroblasts, as well as the crucial role that they play in cardiac development and disease. We discuss the dual nature of cardiac fibroblasts, which can lead to scarring, pathological remodelling and functional deficit, but can also promote heart function in some contexts. Finally, we review current and proposed approaches whereby regeneration could be fostered by interventions that limit scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Hieu T Nim
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sarah E Boyd
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Civitarese RA, Talior-Volodarsky I, Desjardins JF, Kabir G, Switzer J, Mitchell M, Kapus A, McCulloch CA, Gullberg D, Connelly KA. The α11 integrin mediates fibroblast–extracellular matrix–cardiomyocyte interactions in health and disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H96-H106. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00918.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive cardiac interstitial fibrosis impairs normal cardiac function. We have shown that the α11β1 (α11) integrin mediates fibrotic responses to glycated collagen in rat myocardium by a pathway involving transforming growth factor-β. Little is known of the role of the α11 integrin in the developing mammalian heart. Therefore, we examined the impact of deletion of the α11 integrin in wild-type mice and in mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to elucidate the role of the α11 integrin in normal cardiac homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related fibrosis. As anticipated, cardiac fibrosis was reduced in α11 integrin knockout mice (α11−/−; C57BL/6 background) treated with STZ compared with STZ-treated wild-type mice ( P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, diastolic function was impaired in both vehicle and STZ-treated α11−/− mice, as shown by the decreased minimum rate of pressure change and prolonged time constant of relaxation in association with increased end-diastolic pressure (all P < 0.05 compared with wild-type mice). Accordingly, we examined the phenotype of untreated α11−/− mice, which demonstrated a reduced cardiomyocyte cross-sectional cell area and myofibril thickness (all P < 0.05 compared with wild-type mice) and impaired myofibril arrangement. Immunostaining for desmin and connexin 43 showed abnormal intermediate filament organization at intercalated disks and impaired gap-junction development. Overall, deletion of the α11 integrin attenuates cardiac fibrosis in the mammalian mouse heart and reduces ECM formation as a result of diabetes. Furthermore, α11 integrin deletion impairs cardiac function and alters cardiomyocyte morphology. These findings shed further light on the poorly understood interaction between the fibroblast–cardiomyocyte and the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Civitarese
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Francois Desjardins
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Golam Kabir
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Switzer
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Mitchell
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Donald Gullberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kim A. Connelly
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kanda M, Nagai T, Takahashi T, Liu ML, Kondou N, Naito AT, Akazawa H, Sashida G, Iwama A, Komuro I, Kobayashi Y. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Enhances Endogenous Cardiomyocyte Regeneration after Myocardial Infarction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156562. [PMID: 27227407 PMCID: PMC4881916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac stem cells or precursor cells regenerate cardiomyocytes; however, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. We generated CreLacZ mice in which more than 99.9% of the cardiomyocytes in the left ventricular field were positive for 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactoside (X-gal) staining immediately after tamoxifen injection. Three months after myocardial infarction (MI), the MI mice had more X-gal-negative (newly generated) cells than the control mice (3.04 ± 0.38/mm2, MI; 0.47 ± 0.16/mm2, sham; p < 0.05). The cardiac side population (CSP) cell fraction contained label-retaining cells, which differentiated into X-gal-negative cardiomyocytes after MI. We injected a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-expression construct at the time of MI and identified a significant functional improvement in the LIF-treated group. At 1 month after MI, in the MI border and scar area, the LIF-injected mice had 31.41 ± 5.83 X-gal-negative cardiomyocytes/mm2, whereas the control mice had 12.34 ± 2.56 X-gal-negative cardiomyocytes/mm2 (p < 0.05). Using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyurinide (EdU) administration after MI, the percentages of EdU-positive CSP cells in the LIF-treated and control mice were 29.4 ± 2.7% and 10.6 ± 3.7%, respectively, which suggests that LIF influenced CSP proliferation. Moreover, LIF activated the Janus kinase (JAK)signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated (MEK)extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT pathways in CSPs in vivo and in vitro. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-bone marrow-chimeric CreLacZ mouse results indicated that LIF did not stimulate cardiogenesis via circulating bone marrow-derived cells during the 4 weeks following MI. Thus, LIF stimulates, in part, stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte regeneration by activating cardiac stem or precursor cells. This approach may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kanda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshio Nagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshinao Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mei Lan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naomichi Kondou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko T. Naito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Sashida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Kaur H, Takefuji M, Ngai CY, Carvalho J, Bayer J, Wietelmann A, Poetsch A, Hoelper S, Conway SJ, Möllmann H, Looso M, Troidl C, Offermanns S, Wettschureck N. Targeted Ablation of Periostin-Expressing Activated Fibroblasts Prevents Adverse Cardiac Remodeling in Mice. Circ Res 2016; 118:1906-17. [PMID: 27140435 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Activated cardiac fibroblasts (CF) are crucial players in the cardiac damage response; excess fibrosis, however, may result in myocardial stiffening and heart failure development. Inhibition of activated CF has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy in cardiac disease, but whether this truly improves cardiac function is unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of CF ablation on cardiac remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS We characterized subgroups of murine CF by single-cell expression analysis and identified periostin as the marker showing the highest correlation to an activated CF phenotype. We generated bacterial artificial chromosome-transgenic mice allowing tamoxifen-inducible Cre expression in periostin-positive cells as well as their diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation. In the healthy heart, periostin expression was restricted to valvular fibroblasts; ablation of this population did not affect cardiac function. After chronic angiotensin II exposure, ablation of activated CF resulted in significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function. After myocardial infarction, ablation of periostin-expressing CF resulted in reduced fibrosis without compromising scar stability, and cardiac function was significantly improved. Single-cell transcriptional analysis revealed reduced CF activation but increased expression of prohypertrophic factors in cardiac macrophages and cardiomyocytes, resulting in localized cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of the activated CF population is a promising approach to prevent adverse cardiac remodeling in response to angiotensin II and after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Mikito Takefuji
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - C Y Ngai
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Jorge Carvalho
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Julia Bayer
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Ansgar Poetsch
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Soraya Hoelper
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Simon J Conway
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Helge Möllmann
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Mario Looso
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Christian Troidl
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.).
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Zahid S, Cochet H, Boyle PM, Schwarz EL, Whyte KN, Vigmond EJ, Dubois R, Hocini M, Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Trayanova NA. Patient-derived models link re-entrant driver localization in atrial fibrillation to fibrosis spatial pattern. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:443-54. [PMID: 27056895 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The mechanisms underlying persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with atrial fibrosis are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to use patient-derived atrial models to test the hypothesis that AF re-entrant drivers (RDs) persist only in regions with specific fibrosis patterns. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty patients with persistent AF (PsAF) underwent late gadolinium-enhanced MRI to detect the presence of atrial fibrosis. Segmented images were used to construct personalized 3D models of the fibrotic atria with biophysically realistic atrial electrophysiology. In each model, rapid pacing was applied to induce AF. AF dynamics were analysed and RDs were identified using phase mapping. Fibrosis patterns in RD regions were characterized by computing maps of fibrosis density (FD) and entropy (FE). AF was inducible in 13/20 models and perpetuated by few RDs (2.7 ± 1.5) that were spatially confined (trajectory of phase singularities: 7.6 ± 2.3 mm). Compared with the remaining atrial tissue, regions where RDs persisted had higher FE (IQR: 0.42-0.60 vs. 0.00-0.40, P < 0.05) and FD (IQR: 0.59-0.77 vs. 0.00-0.33, P < 0.05). Machine learning classified RD and non-RD regions based on FD and FE and identified a subset of fibrotic boundary zones present in 13.8 ± 4.9% of atrial tissue where 83.5 ± 2.4% of all RD phase singularities were located. CONCLUSION Patient-derived models demonstrate that AF in fibrotic substrates is perpetuated by RDs persisting in fibrosis boundary zones characterized by specific regional fibrosis metrics (high FE and FD). These results provide new insights into the mechanisms that sustain PsAF and could pave the way for personalized, MRI-based management of PsAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Zahid
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hubert Cochet
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, INSERM U1045, Bordeaux, France Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, CHU Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick M Boyle
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erica L Schwarz
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kaitlyn N Whyte
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward J Vigmond
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, INSERM U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rémi Dubois
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, INSERM U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mélèze Hocini
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, INSERM U1045, Bordeaux, France Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, CHU Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Haïssaguerre
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, INSERM U1045, Bordeaux, France Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, CHU Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Jaïs
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, INSERM U1045, Bordeaux, France Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, CHU Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mohamed TMA, Abou-Leisa R, Stafford N, Maqsood A, Zi M, Prehar S, Baudoin-Stanley F, Wang X, Neyses L, Cartwright EJ, Oceandy D. The plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 signalling in cardiac fibroblasts mediates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11074. [PMID: 27020607 PMCID: PMC4820544 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart responds to pathological overload through myocyte hypertrophy. Here we show that this response is regulated by cardiac fibroblasts via a paracrine mechanism involving plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 (PMCA4). Pmca4 deletion in mice, both systemically and specifically in fibroblasts, reduces the hypertrophic response to pressure overload; however, knocking out Pmca4 specifically in cardiomyocytes does not produce this effect. Mechanistically, cardiac fibroblasts lacking PMCA4 produce higher levels of secreted frizzled related protein 2 (sFRP2), which inhibits the hypertrophic response in neighbouring cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we show that treatment with the PMCA4 inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) inhibits and reverses cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload in mice. Our results reveal that PMCA4 regulates the development of cardiac hypertrophy and provide proof of principle for a therapeutic approach to treat this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer M A Mohamed
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.,J David Gladstone Research Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Riham Abou-Leisa
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nicholas Stafford
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Arfa Maqsood
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Min Zi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sukhpal Prehar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Florence Baudoin-Stanley
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Xin Wang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ludwig Neyses
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Pellman J, Zhang J, Sheikh F. Myocyte-fibroblast communication in cardiac fibrosis and arrhythmias: Mechanisms and model systems. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 94:22-31. [PMID: 26996756 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of cardiac fibrosis and arrhythmias is controlled by the activity of and communication between cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in the heart. Myocyte-fibroblast interactions occur via both direct and indirect means including paracrine mediators, extracellular matrix interactions, electrical modulators, mechanical junctions, and membrane nanotubes. In the diseased heart, cardiomyocyte and fibroblast ratios and activity, and thus myocyte-fibroblast interactions, change and are thought to contribute to the course of disease including development of fibrosis and arrhythmogenic activity. Fibroblasts have a developing role in modulating cardiomyocyte electrical and hypertrophic activity, however gaps in knowledge regarding these interactions still exist. Research in this field has necessitated the development of unique approaches to isolate and control myocyte-fibroblast interactions. Numerous methods for 2D and 3D co-culture systems have been developed, while a growing part of this field is in the use of better tools for in vivo systems including cardiomyocyte and fibroblast specific Cre mouse lines for cell type specific genetic ablation. This review will focus on (i) mechanisms of myocyte-fibroblast communication and their effects on disease features such as cardiac fibrosis and arrhythmias as well as (ii) methods being used and currently developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pellman
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Local fluid transfer regulation in heart extracellular matrix. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:255-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cogliati B, Mennecier G, Willebrords J, Da Silva TC, Maes M, Pereira IVA, Crespo-Yanguas S, Hernandez-Blazquez FJ, Dagli MLZ, Vinken M. Connexins, Pannexins, and Their Channels in Fibroproliferative Diseases. J Membr Biol 2016; 249:199-213. [PMID: 26914707 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of wound healing, tissue repair, and fibrogenesis are established in different organs and are essential for the maintenance of function and tissue integrity after cell injury. These mechanisms are also involved in a plethora of fibroproliferative diseases or organ-specific fibrotic disorders, all of which are associated with the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. Fibroblasts, which are key cells in tissue repair and fibrogenesis, rely on communicative cellular networks to ensure efficient control of these processes and to prevent abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix into the tissue. Despite the significant impact on human health, and thus the epidemiologic relevance, there is still no effective treatment for most fibrosis-related diseases. This paper provides an overview of current concepts and mechanisms involved in the participation of cellular communication via connexin-based pores as well as pannexin-based channels in the processes of tissue repair and fibrogenesis in chronic diseases. Understanding these mechanisms may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies to clinically manage fibroproliferative diseases and organ-specific fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gregory Mennecier
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tereza Cristina Da Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sara Crespo-Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Maria Lúcia Zaidan Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Crippa S, Nemir M, Ounzain S, Ibberson M, Berthonneche C, Sarre A, Boisset G, Maison D, Harshman K, Xenarios I, Diviani D, Schorderet D, Pedrazzini T. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the injured zebrafish and mouse hearts identifies miRNA-dependent repair pathways. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:73-84. [PMID: 26857418 PMCID: PMC4798047 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The adult mammalian heart has poor regenerative capacity. In contrast, the zebrafish heart retains a robust capacity for regeneration into adulthood. These distinct responses are consequences of a differential utilization of evolutionary-conserved gene regulatory networks in the damaged heart. To systematically identify miRNA-dependent networks controlling cardiac repair following injury, we performed comparative gene and miRNA profiling of the cardiac transcriptome in adult mice and zebrafish. Methods and results Using an integrated approach, we show that 45 miRNA-dependent networks, involved in critical biological pathways, are differentially modulated in the injured zebrafish vs. mouse hearts. We study, more particularly, the miR-26a-dependent response. Therefore, miR-26a is down-regulated in the fish heart after injury, whereas its expression remains constant in the mouse heart. Targets of miR-26a involve activators of the cell cycle and Ezh2, a component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Importantly, PRC2 exerts repressive functions on negative regulators of the cell cycle. In cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes, inhibition of miR-26a stimulates, therefore, cardiomyocyte proliferation. Accordingly, miR-26a knockdown prolongs the proliferative window of cardiomyocytes in the post-natal mouse heart. Conclusions This novel strategy identifies a series of miRNAs and associated pathways, in particular miR-26a, which represent attractive therapeutic targets for inducing repair in the injured heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Crippa
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Nemir
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Samir Ounzain
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Berthonneche
- Cardiovascular Assessment Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Sarre
- Cardiovascular Assessment Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Boisset
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Damien Maison
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Keith Harshman
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Dario Diviani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Thierry Pedrazzini
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
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134
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Ongstad E, Kohl P. Fibroblast-myocyte coupling in the heart: Potential relevance for therapeutic interventions. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 91:238-46. [PMID: 26774702 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac myocyte-fibroblast electrotonic coupling is a well-established fact in vitro. Indirect evidence of its presence in vivo exists, but few functional studies have been published. This review describes the current knowledge of fibroblast-myocyte electrical signaling in the heart. Further research is needed to understand the frequency and extent of heterocellular interactions in vivo in order to gain a better understanding of their relevance in healthy and diseased myocardium. It is hoped that associated insight into myocyte-fibroblast coupling in the heart may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and the development of agents for improving outcomes of myocardial scarring and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ongstad
- Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany; Cardiac Biophysics and Systems Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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135
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Xu L, Brink M. mTOR, cardiomyocytes and inflammation in cardiac hypertrophy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1894-903. [PMID: 26775585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionary conserved kinase that senses the nutrient and energy status of cells, the availability of growth factors, stress stimuli and other cellular and environmental cues. It responds by regulating a range of cellular processes related to metabolism and growth in accordance with the available resources and intracellular needs. mTOR has distinct functions depending on its assembly in the structurally distinct multiprotein complexes mTORC1 or mTORC2. Active mTORC1 enhances processes including glycolysis, protein, lipid and nucleotide biosynthesis, and it inhibits autophagy. Reported functions for mTORC2 after growth factor stimulation are very diverse, are tissue and cell-type specific, and include insulin-stimulated glucose transport and enhanced glycogen synthesis. In accordance with its cellular functions, mTOR has been demonstrated to regulate cardiac growth in response to pressure overload and is also known to regulate cells of the immune system. The present manuscript presents recently obtained insights into mechanisms whereby mTOR may change anabolic, catabolic and stress response pathways in cardiomocytes and discusses how mTOR may affect inflammatory cells in the heart during hemodynamic stress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Xu
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marijke Brink
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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136
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van Putten S, Shafieyan Y, Hinz B. Mechanical control of cardiac myofibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:133-42. [PMID: 26620422 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts produce and turn over collagenous extracellular matrix as part of the normal adaptive response to increased mechanical load in the heart, e.g. during prolonged exercise. However, chronic overload as a consequence of hypertension or myocardial injury trigger a repair program that culminates in the formation of myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are opportunistically activated from various precursor cells that all acquire a phenotype promoting excessive collagen secretion and contraction of the neo-matrix into stiff scar tissue. Stiff fibrotic tissue reduces heart distensibility, impedes pumping and valve function, contributes to diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and affects myocardial electrical transmission, potentially leading to arrhythmia and heart failure. Here, we discuss how mechanical factors, such as matrix stiffness and strain, are feeding back and cooperate with cytokine signals to drive myofibroblast activation. We elaborate on the importance of considering the mechanical boundary conditions in the heart to generate better cell culture models for mechanistic studies of cardiac fibroblast function. Elements of the force transmission and mechanoperception apparatus acting in myofibroblasts are presented as potential therapeutic targets to treat fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander van Putten
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Yousef Shafieyan
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
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137
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Ruiz-Castañeda G, Dominguez-Avila N, González-Ramírez J, Fernandez-Jaramillo N, Escoto-Herrera J, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Marquez-Velasco R, Bojalil R, Espinosa-Cervantes R, Sánchez F. Myocardial expression of transforming growth factor beta family and endothelin-1 in the progression from heart failure to ascites in broilers with cold-induced pulmonary hypertension. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:389-394. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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138
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Dzeshka MS, Lip GYH, Snezhitskiy V, Shantsila E. Cardiac Fibrosis in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:943-59. [PMID: 26293766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with structural, electrical, and contractile remodeling of the atria. Development and progression of atrial fibrosis is the hallmark of structural remodeling in AF and is considered the substrate for AF perpetuation. In contrast, experimental and clinical data on the effect of ventricular fibrotic processes in the pathogenesis of AF and its complications are controversial. Ventricular fibrosis seems to contribute to abnormalities in cardiac relaxation and contractility and to the development of heart failure, a common finding in AF. Given that AF and heart failure frequently coexist and that both conditions affect patient prognosis, a better understanding of the mutual effect of fibrosis in AF and heart failure is of particular interest. In this review paper, we provide an overview of the general mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis in AF, differences between fibrotic processes in atria and ventricles, and the clinical and prognostic significance of cardiac fibrosis in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Dzeshka
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Belarus
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Eduard Shantsila
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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139
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Angelini A, Li Z, Mericskay M, Decaux JF. Regulation of Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Cardiac Fibrosis by an SRF/MicroRNA-133a Axis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139858. [PMID: 26440278 PMCID: PMC4595333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis contributes to the remodeling of heart and the loss of cardiac function leading to heart failure. SRF is a transcription factor implicated in the regulation of a large variety of genes involved in cardiac structure and function. To investigate the impact of an SRF overexpression in heart, we developed a new cardiac-specific and tamoxifen-inducible SRF overexpression mouse model by the Cre/loxP strategy. Here, we report that a high level overexpression of SRF leads to severe modifications of cardiac cytoarchitecture affecting the balance between cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts and also a profound alteration of cardiac gene expression program. The drastic development of fibrosis was characterized by intense sirius red staining and associated with an increased expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, procollagen type 1α1 and type 3α1 and especially connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Furthermore miR-133a, one of the most predominant cardiac miRNAs, is strongly downregulated when SRF is overexpressed. By comparison a low level overexpression of SRF has minor impact on these different processes. Investigation with miR-133a, antimiR-133a and AdSRF-VP16 experiments in H9c2 cardiac cells demonstrated that: 1)–miR-133a acts as a repressor of SRF and CTGF expression; 2)–a simultaneous overexpression of SRF by AdSRF-VP16 and inhibition of miR-133a by a specific antimiR increase CTGF expression; 3)–miR-133a overexpression can block the upregulation of CTGF induced by AdSRF-VP16. Taken together, these findings reveal a key role of the SRF/CTGF/miR-133a axis in the regulation of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Angelini
- Biology of Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), DHU FAST Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8256, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1164, Paris, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Biology of Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), DHU FAST Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8256, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1164, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Mericskay
- Biology of Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), DHU FAST Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8256, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1164, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JD); (MM)
| | - Jean-François Decaux
- Biology of Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), DHU FAST Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8256, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1164, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JD); (MM)
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140
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Cardiomyocyte–fibroblast interaction contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice: Role of HMGB1/TLR4/IL-33 axis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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141
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Saini H, Navaei A, Van Putten A, Nikkhah M. 3D cardiac microtissues encapsulated with the co-culture of cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1961-71. [PMID: 26129820 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering has major applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling and biological studies. Despite the significance, numerous questions still need to be explored to enhance the functionalities of engineered tissue substitutes. In this study, 3D cardiac microtissues are developed through encapsulation of cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts, as the main cellular constituents of native myocardium. The geometries of the constructs are precisely controlled and assessed for their role on synchronous contraction of the cells. Cardiomyocytes exhibit a native-like phenotype when co-cultured with cardiac fibroblasts as compared to the monoculture condition. Particularly, elongated F-actin fibers with abundance of sarcomeric α-actinin and troponin-I are observed within all layers of the constructs. Higher expressions of connexin-43 and integrin-β1 indicate improved cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Amongst co-culture conditions, 2:1 (cardiomyocytes: cardiac fibroblasts) ratio exhibits enhanced functionalities, whereas decreasing the construct size adversely affects the synchronous contraction of the cells. Overall, the study here indicates that the cell-cell ratio and the construct geometry are crucial parameters, which need to be optimized to enhance the functionalities of the engineered tissue substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpinder Saini
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE); Arizona State University; Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Ali Navaei
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE); Arizona State University; Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Alison Van Putten
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE); Arizona State University; Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE); Arizona State University; Tempe AZ 85287 USA
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142
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Ovchinnikov DA, Hidalgo A, Yang SK, Zhang X, Hudson J, Mazzone SB, Chen C, Cooper-White JJ, Wolvetang EJ. Isolation of contractile cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyogenic cultures using a human NCX1-EGFP reporter. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:11-20. [PMID: 25075536 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prospective isolation of defined contractile human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes is advantageous for regenerative medicine and drug screening applications. Currently, enrichment of cardiomyocyte populations from such cultures can be achieved by combinations of cell surface markers or the labor-intensive genetic modification of cardiac developmental genes, such as NKX2.5 or MYH6, with fluorescent reporters. To create a facile, portable method for the isolation of contractile cardiomyocytes from cardiomyogenic hPSC cultures, we employed a highly conserved cardiac enhancer sequence in the SLC8A1 (NCX1) gene to generate a lentivirally deliverable, antibiotic-selectable NCX1cp-EGFP reporter. We show that human embryonic stem cells (and induced pluripotent stem cells) transduced with the NCX1cp-EGFP reporter cassette exhibit enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression in cardiac progenitors from 5 days into the directed cardiac hPSC differentiation protocol, with all reporter-positive cells transitioning to spontaneously contracting foci 3 days later. In subsequent stages of cardiomyocyte maturation, NCX1cp-EGFP expression was exclusively limited to contractile cells expressing high levels of cardiac troponin T (CTNT), MLC2a/v, and α-actinin proteins, and was not present in CD90/THY1(+) cardiac stromal cells or CD31/PECAM(+) endothelial cells. Flow-assisted cytometrically sorted EGFP(+) fractions of differentiated cultures were highly enriched in both early (NKX2.5 and TBX5) and late (CTNT/TNNI2, MYH6, MYH7, NPPA, and MYL2) cardiomyocyte markers, with a significant proportion of cells displaying a ventricular-like action potential pattern in patch-clamp recordings. We conclude that the use of the cardiac-specific promoter of the human SLC8A1(NCX1) gene is an effective strategy to isolate contractile cardiac cells and their progenitors from hPSC-derived cardiomyogenic cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Ovchinnikov
- 1 Stem Cell Engineering Group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Australia
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Abstract
Myocardial remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) is emerging as key causes of chronic infarct mortality. Interleukin-6 is a classic pro-inflammatory cytokine needed to mount an effective immune response. It seems that interleukin-6 acts as an important role in the dynamic and superbly orchestrated process of innate immunity after MI. Interleukin-6 timely suppresses of innate immune signals to prevent the catastrophic consequences of uncontrolled inflammation on cardiac geometry and function, and thus tunes myocardial remodeling. A comprehensive understanding of biological processes of interleukin-6 in innate immunity leading to inflammatory response and disease-related ventricular remodeling is helpful to find the solution of chronic heart failure. To accomplish this, we reviewed the articles of interleukin-6 regard to inflammation, innate immunity, and cardiac remodeling. This review focuses on the role of interleukin-6 that dominates cell-mediated immunity, especially on neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. In addition, we will also briefly discuss other inflammatory cytokines involved in this process within the paper.
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144
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Straubinger J, Schöttle V, Bork N, Subramanian H, Dünnes S, Russwurm M, Gawaz M, Friebe A, Nemer M, Nikolaev VO, Lukowski R. Sildenafil Does Not Prevent Heart Hypertrophy and Fibrosis Induced by Cardiomyocyte Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:406-16. [PMID: 26157043 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of several mouse models imply that the phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor sildenafil (SIL), via increasing cGMP, affords protection against angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated cardiac remodeling. However, it is unclear which cell types are involved in these beneficial effects, because Ang II may exert its adverse effects by modulating multiple renovascular and cardiac functions via Ang II type 1 receptors (AT1Rs). To test the hypothesis that SIL/cGMP inhibit cardiac stress provoked by amplified Ang II/AT1R directly in cardiomyocytes (CMs), we studied transgenic mice with CM-specific overexpression of the AT1R under the control of the α-myosin heavy chain promoter (αMHC-AT1R(tg/+)). The extent of cardiac growth was assessed in the absence or presence of SIL and defined by referring changes in heart weight to body weight or tibia length. Hypertrophic marker genes, extracellular matrix-regulating factors, and expression patterns of fibrosis markers were examined in αMHC-AT1R(tg/+) ventricles (with or without SIL) and corroborated by investigating different components of the natriuretic peptide/PDE5/cGMP pathway as well as cardiac functions. cGMP levels in heart lysates and intact CMs were measured by competitive immunoassays and Förster resonance energy transfer. We found higher cardiac and CM cGMP levels and upregulation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I with AT1R overexpression. However, even a prolonged SIL treatment regimen did not limit the progressive CM growth, fibrosis, or decline in cardiac functions in the αMHC-AT1R(tg/+) model, suggesting that SIL does not interfere with the pathogenic actions of amplified AT1R signaling in CMs. Hence, the cardiac/noncardiac cells involved in the cross-talk between SIL-sensitive PDE activity and Ang II/AT1R still need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Straubinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Verena Schöttle
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Nadja Bork
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Sarah Dünnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Michael Russwurm
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Andreas Friebe
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Mona Nemer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
| | - Robert Lukowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.S., V.S., N.B., R.L.); Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.); Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (S.D., A.F.); Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R.); Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.G.); Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.N.); and Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.N.)
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145
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Engels MC, Askar SFA, Jangsangthong W, Bingen BO, Feola I, Liu J, Majumder R, Versteegh MIM, Braun J, Klautz RJM, Ypey DL, De Vries AAF, Pijnappels DA. Forced fusion of human ventricular scar cells with cardiomyocytes suppresses arrhythmogenicity in a co-culture model. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:601-12. [PMID: 26142215 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Fibrosis increases arrhythmogenicity in myocardial tissue by causing structural and functional disruptions in the cardiac syncytium. Forced fusion of fibroblastic cells with adjacent cardiomyocytes may theoretically resolve these disruptions. Therefore, the electrophysiological effects of such electrical and structural integration of fibroblastic cells into a cardiac syncytium were studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Human ventricular scar cells (hVSCs) were transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein alone (eGFP↑-hVSCs) or together with the fusogenic vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G/eGFP↑-hVSCs) and subsequently co-cultured (1:4 ratio) with neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) in confluent monolayers yielding eGFP↑- and VSV-G/eGFP↑-co-cultures, respectively. Cellular fusion was induced by brief exposure to pH = 6.0 medium. Optical mapping experiments showed eGFP↑-co-cultures to be highly arrhythmogenic [43.3% early afterdepolarization (EAD) incidence vs. 7.7% in control NRVM cultures, P < 0.0001], with heterogeneous prolongation of action potential (AP) duration (APD). Fused VSV-G/eGFP↑-co-cultures displayed markedly lower EAD incidence (4.6%, P < 0.001) than unfused co-cultures, associated with decreases in APD, APD dispersion, and decay time of cytosolic Ca(2+) waves. Heterokaryons strongly expressed connexin43 (Cx43). Also, maximum diastolic potential in co-cultures was more negative after fusion, while heterokaryons exhibited diverse mixed NRVM/hVSC whole-cell current profiles, but consistently showed increased outward Kv currents compared with NRVMs or hVSCs. Inhibition of Kv channels by tetraethylammonium chloride abrogated the anti-arrhythmic effects of fusion in VSV-G/eGFP↑-co-cultures raising EAD incidence from 7.9 to 34.2% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Forced fusion of cultured hVSCs with NRVMs yields electrically functional heterokaryons and reduces arrhythmogenicity by preventing EADs, which is, at least partly, attributable to increased repolarization force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Engels
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Saïd F A Askar
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Wanchana Jangsangthong
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Brian O Bingen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Iolanda Feola
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Rupamanjari Majumder
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Michel I M Versteegh
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry Braun
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J M Klautz
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk L Ypey
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine A F De Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Pijnappels
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands
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146
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Amoah BP, Yang H, Zhang P, Su Z, Xu H. Immunopathogenesis of Myocarditis: The Interplay Between Cardiac Fibroblast Cells, Dendritic Cells, Macrophages and CD4+T Cells. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Prince Amoah
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Coast; Cape Coast Ghana
| | - H. Yang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - P. Zhang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Z. Su
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - H. Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
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147
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Boucek RJ, Steele J, Jacobs JP, Steele P, Asante-Korang A, Quintessenza J, Steele A. Ex vivo paracrine properties of cardiac tissue: Effects of chronic heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34:839-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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148
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Exosomes for Intramyocardial Intercellular Communication. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:482171. [PMID: 26089917 PMCID: PMC4454760 DOI: 10.1155/2015/482171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between different cell types plays central roles both in cardiac homeostasis and in adaptive responses of the heart to stress. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) send biological messages to the other cell types present in the heart including endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts. In turn, CMs receive messages from these cells. Recent evidence has now established that exosomes, nanosized secreted extracellular vesicles, are crucial mediators of such messages. CMs, ECs, cardiac fibroblasts, and cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) release exosomes carrying nonrandom subsets of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present in their cells of origin. Exosomes secreted from CMs are internalized by fibroblasts and regulate gene expression in these cells as well as in ECs. CPC-derived exosomes protect CMs against apoptosis while also stimulating angiogenesis. They are rich in cardioprotective and proangiogenic microRNAs such as miR-146, miR-210, and miR-132. When injected into infracted hearts in vivo, CPC-derived exosomes reduce infarct size and improve cardiac function. Thus, exosomes are emerging both as key mediators of intercellular communication in the heart and as therapeutic candidates for heart disease.
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149
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Sawaki D, Hou L, Tomida S, Sun J, Zhan H, Aizawa K, Son BK, Kariya T, Takimoto E, Otsu K, Conway SJ, Manabe I, Komuro I, Friedman SL, Nagai R, Suzuki T. Modulation of cardiac fibrosis by Krüppel-like factor 6 through transcriptional control of thrombospondin 4 in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:420-30. [PMID: 25987545 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of transcription factors which play important roles in the heart under pathological and developmental conditions. We previously identified and cloned Klf6 whose homozygous mutation in mice results in embryonic lethality suggesting a role in cardiovascular development. Effects of KLF6 on pathological regulation of the heart were investigated in the present study. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice heterozygous for Klf6 resulted in significantly diminished levels of cardiac fibrosis in response to angiotensin II infusion. Intriguingly, a similar phenotype was seen in cardiomyocyte-specific Klf6 knockout mice, but not in cardiac fibroblast-specific knockout mice. Microarray analysis revealed increased levels of the extracellular matrix factor, thrombospondin 4 (TSP4), in the Klf6-ablated heart. Mechanistically, KLF6 directly suppressed Tsp4 expression levels, and cardiac TSP4 regulated the activation of cardiac fibroblasts to regulate cardiac fibrosis. CONCLUSION Our present studies on the cardiac function of KLF6 show a new mechanism whereby cardiomyocytes regulate cardiac fibrosis through transcriptional control of the extracellular matrix factor, TSP4, which, in turn, modulates activation of cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Sawaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lianguo Hou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shota Tomida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junqing Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Zhan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Aizawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Bo-Kyung Son
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Kariya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiki Takimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinya Otsu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J Conway
- Program in Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Toru Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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150
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Lei H, Wu D, Wang JY, Li L, Zhang CL, Feng H, Fu FY, Wu LL. C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-6 attenuates post-infarct cardiac fibrosis by targeting RhoA/MRTF-A pathway and inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:35. [PMID: 25962701 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-6 (CTRP6) is a newly identified adiponectin paralog with modulation effects on metabolism and inflammation. However, the cardiovascular function of CTRP6 remains unknown. This study aimed to determine its role in cardiac fibrosis and explore the possible mechanism. Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in rats. CTRP6 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of adult rat cardiomyocytes and significantly decreased in the border and infarct zones post-MI. Adenovirus-mediated CTRP6 delivery improved cardiac function, attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, alleviated cardiac fibrosis, and inhibited myofibroblast differentiation as well as the expression of collagen I, collagen III, and connective tissue growth factor post-MI. In cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), exogenous or cardiomyocyte-secreted CTRP6 inhibited, whereas knockdown of CTRP6 facilitated transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle 22α, and profibrotic molecules. CTRP6 had no effect on CFs proliferation but attenuated CFs migration induced by TGF-β1. CTRP6 increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt in CFs and post-MI hearts. Pretreatment with adenine 9-β-D-arabinofuranoside (AraA), an AMPK inhibitor, or LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3 K) inhibitor, abolished the protective effect of CTRP6 on TGF-β1-induced profibrotic response. Furthermore, CTRP6 had no effect on TGF-β1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, whereas significantly decreased TGF-β1-induced RhoA activation and myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) nuclear translocation, and these effects were blocked by AMPK or Akt inhibition. In conclusion, CTRP6 attenuates cardiac fibrosis via inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation. AMPK and Akt activation are responsible for the CTRP6-mediated anti-fibrotic effect by targeting RhoA/MRTF-A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
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