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Azimzadeh O, Tapio S. Proteomics landscape of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease: somewhere over the paradigm. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:987-996. [PMID: 28976223 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1388743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological studies clearly show that thoracic or whole body exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been intensively studied during the last ten years but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Areas covered: Heart proteomics is a powerful tool holding promise for the future research. The central focus of this review is to compare proteomics data on radiation-induced CVD with data arising from proteomics of healthy and diseased cardiac tissue in general. In this context we highlight common and unique features of radiation-related and other heart pathologies. Future prospects and challenges of the field are discussed. Expert commentary: Data from comprehensive cardiac proteomics have deepened the knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in radiation-induced cardiac dysfunction. State-of-the-art proteomics has the potential to identify novel diagnostic and therapeutic markers of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Azimzadeh
- a Institute of Radiation Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Soile Tapio
- a Institute of Radiation Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH , Neuherberg , Germany
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102
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Sinha R, Verdonschot N, Koopman B, Rouwkema J. Tuning Cell and Tissue Development by Combining Multiple Mechanical Signals. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:494-504. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Sinha
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Verdonschot
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Koopman
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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103
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Hamczyk MR, del Campo L, Andrés V. Aging in the Cardiovascular System: Lessons from Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 80:27-48. [PMID: 28934587 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aging, the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), is becoming progressively more prevalent in our societies. A better understanding of how aging promotes CVD is therefore urgently needed to develop new strategies to reduce disease burden. Atherosclerosis and heart failure contribute significantly to age-associated CVD-related morbimortality. CVD and aging are both accelerated in patients suffering from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), a rare genetic disorder caused by the prelamin A mutant progerin. Progerin causes extensive atherosclerosis and cardiac electrophysiological alterations that invariably lead to premature aging and death. This review summarizes the main structural and functional alterations to the cardiovascular system during physiological and premature aging and discusses the mechanisms underlying exaggerated CVD and aging induced by prelamin A and progerin. Because both proteins are expressed in normally aging non-HGPS individuals, and most hallmarks of normal aging occur in progeria, research on HGPS can identify mechanisms underlying physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda R Hamczyk
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; .,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara del Campo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; .,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; .,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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104
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MicroRNA Profiling Reveals Distinct Profiles for Tissue-Derived and Cultured Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10943. [PMID: 28887500 PMCID: PMC5591252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial plasticity enables the cells to switch their phenotype according to the surrounding vascular microenvironment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that control endothelial plasticity. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in miRNA profiles of tissue-derived cells and cultured endothelial cells. To this end, miRNA expression was profiled from freshly isolated tissue-derived human vascular endothelial cells and endothelial cells cultured until cellular senescence using miRNA sequencing. In addition, the data was searched for putative novel endothelial miRNAs and miRNA isoforms. The data analysis revealed a striking change in endothelial miRNA profile as the cells adapted from tissue to cell culture environment and the overall miRNA expression decreased significantly in cultured compared to tissue-derived endothelial cells. In addition to changes in mechanosensitive miRNA expression, alterations in senescence-associated and endothelial-to-mesenchymal-transition-associated miRNAs were observed in aging cells. Collectively, the data illustrates the adaptability of endothelial cell miRNA expression that mirrors prevailing cellular environment.
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105
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Lai AY, McLaurin J. Rho-associated protein kinases as therapeutic targets for both vascular and parenchymal pathologies in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2017; 144:659-668. [PMID: 28722749 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The causes of late-onset Alzheimer's disease are unclear and likely multifactorial. Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCKs) are ubiquitously expressed signaling messengers that mediate a wide array of cellular processes. Interestingly, they play an important role in several vascular and brain pathologies implicated in Alzheimer's etiology, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, deposition of vascular and parenchymal amyloid-beta peptides, tau hyperphosphorylation, and cognitive decline. The current review summarizes the functions of ROCKs with respect to the various risk factors and pathologies on both sides of the blood-brain barrier and present support for targeting ROCK signaling as a multifactorial and multi-effect approach for the prevention and amelioration of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This article is part of the Special Issue "Vascular Dementia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Y Lai
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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106
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Kim CW, Pokutta-Paskaleva A, Kumar S, Timmins LH, Morris AD, Kang DW, Dalal S, Chadid T, Kuo KM, Raykin J, Li H, Yanagisawa H, Gleason RL, Jo H, Brewster LP. Disturbed Flow Promotes Arterial Stiffening Through Thrombospondin-1. Circulation 2017; 136:1217-1232. [PMID: 28778947 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.026361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial stiffness and wall shear stress are powerful determinants of cardiovascular health, and arterial stiffness is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Low and oscillatory wall shear stress, termed disturbed flow (d-flow), promotes atherosclerotic arterial remodeling, but the relationship between d-flow and arterial stiffness is not well understood. The objective of this study was to define the role of d-flow on arterial stiffening and discover the relevant signaling pathways by which d-flow stiffens arteries. METHODS D-flow was induced in the carotid arteries of young and old mice of both sexes. Arterial stiffness was quantified ex vivo with cylindrical biaxial mechanical testing and in vivo from duplex ultrasound and compared with unmanipulated carotid arteries from 80-week-old mice. Gene expression and pathway analysis was performed on endothelial cell-enriched RNA and validated by immunohistochemistry. In vitro testing of signaling pathways was performed under oscillatory and laminar wall shear stress conditions. Human arteries from regions of d-flow and stable flow were tested ex vivo to validate critical results from the animal model. RESULTS D-flow induced arterial stiffening through collagen deposition after partial carotid ligation, and the degree of stiffening was similar to that of unmanipulated carotid arteries from 80-week-old mice. Intimal gene pathway analyses identified transforming growth factor-β pathways as having a prominent role in this stiffened arterial response, but this was attributable to thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) stimulation of profibrotic genes and not changes to transforming growth factor-β. In vitro and in vivo testing under d-flow conditions identified a possible role for TSP-1 activation of transforming growth factor-β in the upregulation of these genes. TSP-1 knockout animals had significantly less arterial stiffening in response to d-flow than wild-type carotid arteries. Human arteries exposed to d-flow had similar increases TSP-1 and collagen gene expression as seen in our model. CONCLUSIONS TSP-1 has a critical role in shear-mediated arterial stiffening that is mediated in part through TSP-1's activation of the profibrotic signaling pathways of transforming growth factor-β. Molecular targets in this pathway may lead to novel therapies to limit arterial stiffening and the progression of disease in arteries exposed to d-flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Woo Kim
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Anastassia Pokutta-Paskaleva
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Lucas H Timmins
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Andrew D Morris
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Dong-Won Kang
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Sidd Dalal
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Tatiana Chadid
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Katie M Kuo
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Julia Raykin
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Haiyan Li
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.)
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.).
| | - Luke P Brewster
- From Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (C.W.K., A.P.-P., S.K., D.-W.K., J.R., R.L.G., H.J., L.P.B.); Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea (C.W.K.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.P.-P., A.D.M., T.C., K.M.K., H.L., L.P.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (L.H.T.); Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L.H.T.); Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA (S.D.); Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y.); George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (R.L.G.); Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.P.B.); and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (L.P.B.).
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107
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Okamoto T, Kawamoto E, Takagi Y, Akita N, Hayashi T, Park EJ, Suzuki K, Shimaoka M. Gap junction-mediated regulation of endothelial cellular stiffness. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6134. [PMID: 28733642 PMCID: PMC5522438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial monolayers have shown the ability to signal each other through gap junctions. Gap junction-mediated cell-cell interactions have been implicated in the modulation of endothelial cell functions during vascular inflammation. Inflammatory mediators alter the mechanical properties of endothelial cells, although the exact role of gap junctions in this process remains unclear. Here, we sought to study the role of gap junctions in the regulation of endothelial stiffness, an important physical feature that is associated with many vascular pathologies. The endothelial cellular stiffness of living endothelial cells was determined by using atomic force microscopy. We found that tumor necrosis factor-α transiently increased endothelial cellular stiffness, which is regulated by cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell-cell interactions. We explored the role of gap junctions in endothelial cellular stiffening by utilizing gap junction blockers, carbenoxolone, inhibitory anti-connexin 32 antibody or anti-connexin 43 antibody. Blockade of gap junctions induced the cellular stiffening associated with focal adhesion formation and cytoskeletal rearrangement, and prolonged tumor necrosis factor-α-induced endothelial cellular stiffening. These results suggest that gap junction-mediated cell-cell interactions play an important role in the regulation of endothelial cellular stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Center, Mie University Hospital, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takagi
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Akita
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1, Kishioka-cho, Suzuka-city, Mie, 510-0293, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Mie Prefectural College of Nursing, 1-1-1 Yumegaoka, Tsu-city, Mie, 514-0116, Japan
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka-city, Mie, 513-8679, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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108
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Klein RS, Hunter CA. Protective and Pathological Immunity during Central Nervous System Infections. Immunity 2017; 46:891-909. [PMID: 28636958 PMCID: PMC5662000 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has dominated the study of inflammatory processes in the brain. However, clinically relevant models have highlighted that innate pathways limit pathogen invasion of the CNS and adaptive immunity mediates control of many neural infections. As protective responses can result in bystander damage, there are regulatory mechanisms that balance protective and pathological inflammation, but these mechanisms might also allow microbial persistence. The focus of this review is to consider the host-pathogen interactions that influence neurotropic infections and to highlight advances in our understanding of innate and adaptive mechanisms of resistance as key determinants of the outcome of CNS infection. Advances in these areas have broadened our comprehension of how the immune system functions in the brain and can readily overcome immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Klein
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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109
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Liu Y, Gill E, Shery Huang YY. Microfluidic on-chip biomimicry for 3D cell culture: a fit-for-purpose investigation from the end user standpoint. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO173. [PMID: 28670465 PMCID: PMC5481809 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of 3D and microfluidics-based culture models have been demonstrated in the recent years with the ultimate aim to facilitate predictive in vitro models for pharmaceutical development. This article summarizes to date the progress in the microfluidics-based tissue culture models, including organ-on-a-chip and vasculature-on-a-chip. Specific focus is placed on addressing the question of what kinds of 3D culture and system complexities are deemed desirable by the biological and biomedical community. This question is addressed through analysis of a research survey to evaluate the potential use of microfluidic cell culture models among the end users. Our results showed a willingness to adopt 3D culture technology among biomedical researchers, although a significant gap still exists between the desired systems and existing 3D culture options. With these results, key challenges and future directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1PZ
| | - Elisabeth Gill
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1PZ
| | - Yan Yan Shery Huang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1PZ
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110
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Salt-induced Na+/K+-ATPase-α/β expression involves soluble adenylyl cyclase in endothelial cells. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1401-1412. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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111
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Li L, Huang B, Song S, Sohun H, Rao Z, Tao L, Jin Q, Zeng J, Wu R, Ji K, Lin J, Wu L, Chu M. A20 functions as mediator in TNFα-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through TAK1-dependent MAPK/eNOS pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65230-65239. [PMID: 29029426 PMCID: PMC5630326 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A20, a negative regulator of nuclear factor κB signaling, has been shown to attenuate atherosclerotic events. Transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) plays a critical role in TNFα-induced atherosclerosis via endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and NO reduction. In the study, we investigated the hypothesis that A20 protected endothelial cell injury induced by TNFα through modulating eNOS activity and TAK1 signalling. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated by TNFα. The impact of A20 on cell apoptosis, eNOS expression and NO production and related TAK1 pathway were detected. Both eNOS and NO production were remarkably reduced. TAK1, p38 MAPK phosphorylation and HUVECs apoptosis were enhanced after TNFα stimulation for 2 hrs. Inhibition of A20 significantly activated TAK1, p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and cell apoptosis, but blocked eNOS expression and NO production. Furthermore, p38 MAPK expression was suppressed by A20 over-expression, but re-enhanced by inhibiting A20 or activation of TAK1. Furtherly, TNFα-induced suppression of eNOS and NO production were largely prevented by silencing p38 MAPK. Collectively, our results suggested that A20-mediated TAK1 inactivation suppresses p38 MAPK and regulated MAPK/eNOS pathway, which contributes to endothelial cell survival and function preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | | | - Shiyang Song
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hareshwaree Sohun
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhiheng Rao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Luyuan Tao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qike Jin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jingjing Zeng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Rongzhou Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kangting Ji
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jiafeng Lin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Lianpin Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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112
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The arterial microenvironment: the where and why of atherosclerosis. Biochem J 2017; 473:1281-95. [PMID: 27208212 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the large and medium sized arteries is classically driven by systemic factors, such as elevated cholesterol and blood pressure. However, work over the past several decades has established that atherosclerotic plaque development involves a complex coordination of both systemic and local cues that ultimately determine where plaques form and how plaques progress. Although current therapeutics for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease primarily target the systemic risk factors, a large array of studies suggest that the local microenvironment, including arterial mechanics, matrix remodelling and lipid deposition, plays a vital role in regulating the local susceptibility to plaque development through the regulation of vascular cell function. Additionally, these microenvironmental stimuli are capable of tuning other aspects of the microenvironment through collective adaptation. In this review, we will discuss the components of the arterial microenvironment, how these components cross-talk to shape the local microenvironment, and the effect of microenvironmental stimuli on vascular cell function during atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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113
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Abstract
Hypertension, the most common preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death, is a growing health burden. Serious cardiovascular complications result from target organ damage including cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, ischaemic heart disease and renal failure. While many systems contribute to blood pressure (BP) elevation, the vascular system is particularly important because vascular dysfunction is a cause and consequence of hypertension. Hypertension is characterised by a vascular phenotype of endothelial dysfunction, arterial remodelling, vascular inflammation and increased stiffness. Antihypertensive drugs that influence vascular changes associated with high BP have greater efficacy for reducing cardiovascular risk than drugs that reduce BP, but have little or no effect on the adverse vascular phenotype. Angiotensin converting enzyme ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) improve endothelial function and prevent vascular remodelling. Calcium channel blockers also improve endothelial function, although to a lesser extent than ACEIs and ARBs. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockers improve endothelial function and reduce arterial stiffness, and have recently become more established as antihypertensive drugs. Lifestyle factors are essential in preventing the adverse vascular changes associated with high BP and reducing associated cardiovascular risk. Clinicians and scientists should incorporate these factors into treatment decisions for patients with high BP, as well as in the development of new antihypertensive drugs that promote vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Cameron
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ninian N Lang
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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114
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De Keulenaer GW, Segers VFM, Zannad F, Brutsaert DL. The future of pleiotropic therapy in heart failure. Lessons from the benefits of exercise training on endothelial function. Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 19:603-614. [PMID: 28105791 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel generation of drugs is introduced in the treatment of heart failure (HF). These drugs, including phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, guanylate cyclase stimulators and activators, share the feature that their action is either endothelial-mediated or substitutes for endothelial pathways, in particular the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, thereby influencing homeostatic balances in virtually each organ system in a pleiotropic fashion. Unfortunately, recent clinical trials with some of these drugs have shown disappointing results, at least in the setting of HF with a preserved ejection fraction. This suggests that their clinical use may require approaches that diverge from traditional pharmacological approaches, the latter often titrated on the effects of drugs on haemodynamic parameters or single biomarkers. In this paper we preconize that HF drugs with an endothelial profile should be applied conform to principles of endothelial physiology and systems pharmacology. This type of drug therapy should be viewed as a systems physio-pharmacological intervention and its clinical use accustomed to systems pharmacological principles, comparable to the systemic endothelial-mediated benefits induced by exercise training in HF. We will review the actions of these drugs and define criteria to which trials with these drugs should comply in order to increase chances of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Faiez Zannad
- CHU Nancy, Pôle de Cardiologie, Institut Lorrain du Cœur et des Vaisseaux, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Dirk L Brutsaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
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115
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Lacolley P, Li Z, Challande P, Regnault V. SRF/myocardin: a novel molecular axis regulating vascular smooth muscle cell stiffening in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 113:120-122. [PMID: 28003269 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; .,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06.,IBPS CNRS, UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Challande
- Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Regnault
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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116
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Zhou N, Lee JJ, Stoll S, Ma B, Wiener R, Wang C, Costa KD, Qiu H. Inhibition of SRF/myocardin reduces aortic stiffness by targeting vascular smooth muscle cell stiffening in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 113:171-182. [PMID: 28003268 PMCID: PMC5340142 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Increased aortic stiffness is a fundamental manifestation of hypertension. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that abnormal intrinsic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) mechanical properties in large arteries, but not in distal arteries, contribute to the pathogenesis of aortic stiffening in hypertension, mediated by the serum response factor (SRF)/myocardin signalling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Four month old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were studied. Using atomic force microscopy, significant VSMC stiffening was observed in the large conducting aorta compared with the distal arteries in SHR (P < 0.001), however, this regional variation was not observed in WKY rats (P > 0.4). The increase of VSMC stiffness was accompanied by a parallel increase in the expression of SRF by 9.8-fold and of myocardin by 10.5-fold in thoracic aortic VSMCs from SHR vs. WKY rats, resulting in a significant increase of downstream stiffness-associated genes (all, P < 0.01 vs. WKY). Inhibition of SRF/myocardin expression selectively attenuated aortic VSMC stiffening, and normalized downstream targets in VSMCs isolated from SHR but not from WKY rats. In vivo, 2 weeks of treatment with SRF/myocardin inhibitor delivered by subcutaneous osmotic minipump significantly reduced aortic stiffness and then blood pressure in SHR but not in WKY rats, although concomitant changes in aortic wall remodelling were not detected during this time frame. CONCLUSIONS SRF/myocardin pathway acts as a pivotal mediator of aortic VSMC mechanical properties and plays a central role in the pathological aortic stiffening in hypertension. Attenuation of aortic VSMC stiffening by pharmacological inhibition of SRF/myocardin signalling presents a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hypertension by targeting the cellular contributors to aortic stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China.,Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, 92350 CA, USA
| | - Jia-Jye Lee
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029 NY, USA; and
| | - Shaunrick Stoll
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, 92350 CA, USA
| | - Ben Ma
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, 92350 CA, USA
| | - Robert Wiener
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029 NY, USA; and
| | - Charles Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences/School of Medicine, Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St., Loma Linda, 92350 CA, USA
| | - Kevin D Costa
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029 NY, USA; and
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, 92350 CA, USA;
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117
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Role of the Rho GTPase/Rho kinase signaling pathway in pathogenesis and treatment of glaucoma: Bench to bedside research. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:23-32. [PMID: 27593914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered to be a predominant risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma, the most prevalent form of glaucoma. Although the etiological mechanisms responsible for increased IOP are not completely clear, impairment in aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the conventional or trabecular pathway is recognized to be a primary cause in glaucoma patients. Importantly, lowering of IOP has been demonstrated to reduce progression of vision loss and is a mainstay of treatment for all types of glaucoma. Currently however, there are limited therapeutic options available for lowering IOP especially as it relates to enhancement of AH outflow through the trabecular pathway. Towards addressing this challenge, bench and bedside research conducted over the course of the last decade and a half has identified the significance of inhibiting Rho kinase for lowering IOP. Rho kinase is a downstream effector of Rho GTPase signaling that regulates actomyosin dynamics in numerous cell types. Studies from several laboratories have demonstrated that inhibition of Rho kinase lowers IOP via relaxation of the trabecular meshwork which enhances AH outflow. By contrast, activation of Rho GTPase/Rho kinase signaling in the trabecular outflow pathway increases IOP by altering the contractile, cell adhesive and permeability barrier characteristics of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal tissues, and by influencing extracellular matrix production and fibrotic activity. This article, written in honor of the late David Epstein, MD, summarizes findings from both basic and clinical studies that have been instrumental for recognition of the importance of the Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathway in regulation of AH outflow, and in the development of Rho kinase inhibitors as promising IOP- lowering agents for glaucoma treatment.
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118
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Padilla J, Ramirez-Perez FI, Habibi J, Bostick B, Aroor AR, Hayden MR, Jia G, Garro M, DeMarco VG, Manrique C, Booth FW, Martinez-Lemus LA, Sowers JR. Regular Exercise Reduces Endothelial Cortical Stiffness in Western Diet-Fed Female Mice. Hypertension 2016; 68:1236-1244. [PMID: 27572153 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that Western diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance promotes endothelial cortical stiffness in young female mice. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that regular aerobic exercise would attenuate the development of endothelial and whole artery stiffness in female Western diet-fed mice. Four-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized into sedentary (ie, caged confined, n=6) or regular exercise (ie, access to running wheels, n=7) conditions for 16 weeks. Exercise training improved glucose tolerance in the absence of changes in body weight and body composition. Compared with sedentary mice, exercise-trained mice exhibited reduced endothelial cortical stiffness in aortic explants (sedentary 11.9±1.7 kPa versus exercise 5.5±1.0 kPa; P<0.05), as assessed by atomic force microscopy. This effect of exercise was not accompanied by changes in aortic pulse wave velocity (P>0.05), an in vivo measure of aortic stiffness. In comparison, exercise reduced femoral artery stiffness in isolated pressurized arteries and led to an increase in femoral internal artery diameter and wall cross-sectional area (P<0.05), indicative of outward hypertrophic remodeling. These effects of exercise were associated with an increase in femoral artery elastin content and increased number of fenestrae in the internal elastic lamina (P<0.05). Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that the aortic endothelium is highly plastic and, thus, amenable to reductions in stiffness with regular aerobic exercise in the absence of changes in in vivo whole aortic stiffness. Comparatively, the same level of exercise caused destiffening effects in peripheral muscular arteries, such as the femoral artery, that perfuse the working limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Javad Habibi
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Brian Bostick
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Guanghong Jia
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Mona Garro
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Camila Manrique
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Frank W Booth
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - James R Sowers
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.).
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Abstract
Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens. It serves as a protective response that involves leukocytes, blood vessels and molecular mediators with the purpose to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and to initiate tissue repair. Inflammation is tightly regulated by the body and is associated with transient crossing of leukocytes through the blood vessel wall, a process called transendothelial migration (TEM) or diapedesis. TEM is a close collaboration between leukocytes on one hand and the endothelium on the other. Limiting vascular leakage during TEM but also when the leukocyte has crossed the endothelium is essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis. Although many details have been uncovered during the recent years, the molecular mechanisms from the vascular part that drive TEM still shows significant gaps in our understanding. This review will focus on the local signals that are induced in the endothelium that regulate leukocyte TEM and simultaneous preservation of endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Schimmel
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Niels Heemskerk
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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120
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Cell-cell junctional mechanotransduction in endothelial remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:279-292. [PMID: 27506620 PMCID: PMC5219012 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is one of the most dynamic tissues that encounter numerous mechanical cues derived from pulsatile blood flow, blood pressure, activity of smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall, and transmigration of immune cells. The inner layer of blood and lymphatic vessels is covered by the endothelium, a monolayer of cells which separates blood from tissue, an important function that it fulfills even under the dynamic circumstances of the vascular microenvironment. In addition, remodeling of the endothelial barrier during angiogenesis and trafficking of immune cells is achieved by specific modulation of cell-cell adhesion structures between the endothelial cells. In recent years, there have been many new discoveries in the field of cellular mechanotransduction which controls the formation and destabilization of the vascular barrier. Force-induced adaptation at endothelial cell-cell adhesion structures is a crucial node in these processes that challenge the vascular barrier. One of the key examples of a force-induced molecular event is the recruitment of vinculin to the VE-cadherin complex upon pulling forces at cell-cell junctions. Here, we highlight recent advances in the current understanding of mechanotransduction responses at, and derived from, endothelial cell-cell junctions. We further discuss their importance for vascular barrier function and remodeling in development, inflammation, and vascular disease.
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121
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Scott HA, Quach B, Yang X, Ardekani S, Cabrera AP, Wilson R, Messaoudi-Powers I, Ghosh K. Matrix stiffness exerts biphasic control over monocyte-endothelial adhesion via Rho-mediated ICAM-1 clustering. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:869-78. [PMID: 27444067 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion is a critical early step in chronic vascular inflammation associated with diabetes, emphysema, and aging. Importantly, these conditions are also marked by abnormal subendothelial matrix crosslinking (stiffness). Yet, whether and how abnormal matrix stiffness contributes to leukocyte-endothelial adhesion remains poorly understood. Using a co-culture of human monocytic cells and human microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) grown on matrices of tunable stiffness, we demonstrate that matrix stiffness exerts biphasic control over monocyte-EC adhesion, with both matrix softening and stiffening eliciting a two-fold increase in this adhesive interaction. This preferential endothelial adhesivity on softer and stiffer matrices was consistent with a significant increase in α-actinin-4-associated endothelial ICAM-1 clustering, a key determinant of monocyte-EC adhesion. Further, the enhanced ICAM-1 clustering on soft and stiff matrices correlated strongly with an increase in Rho activity and ROCK2 expression. Importantly, inhibition of Rho/ROCK activity blocked the effects of abnormal matrix stiffness on ICAM-1 clustering and monocyte-EC adhesion. Thus, these findings implicate matrix stiffness-dependent ICAM-1 clustering as an important regulator of vascular inflammation and provide the rationale for closely examining mechanotransduction pathways as new molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Scott
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, MSE 207, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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122
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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition with linagliptin prevents western diet-induced vascular abnormalities in female mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:94. [PMID: 27391040 PMCID: PMC4938903 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular stiffening, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is accelerated, particularly in women with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Preclinical evidence suggests that dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors may have cardiovascular benefits independent of glycemic lowering effects. Recent studies show that consumption of a western diet (WD) high in fat and simple sugars induces aortic stiffening in female C57BL/6J mice in advance of increasing blood pressure. The aims of this study were to determine whether administration of the DPP-4 inhibitor, linagliptin (LGT), prevents the development of aortic and endothelial stiffness induced by a WD in female mice. METHODS C56Bl6/J female mice were fed a WD for 4 months. Aortic stiffness and ex vivo endothelial stiffness were evaluated by Doppler pulse wave velocity (PWV) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. In addition, we examined aortic vasomotor responses and remodeling markers via immunohistochemistry. Results were analyzed via 2-way ANOVA, p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Compared to mice fed a control diet (CD), WD-fed mice exhibited a 24 % increase in aortic PWV, a five-fold increase in aortic endothelial stiffness, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In aorta, these findings were accompanied by medial wall thickening, adventitial fibrosis, increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), decreased Klotho, enhanced oxidative stress, and endothelial cell ultrastructural changes, all of which were prevented with administration of LGT. CONCLUSIONS The present findings support the notion that DPP-4 plays a role in development of WD-induced aortic stiffening, vascular oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodeling. Whether, DPP-4 inhibition could be a therapeutic tool used to prevent the development of aortic stiffening and the associated cardiovascular complications in obese and diabetic females remains to be elucidated.
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123
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Abstract
Twenty years ago, Rho-kinase was identified as an important downstream effector of the small GTP-binding protein, RhoA. Thereafter, a series of studies demonstrated the important roles of Rho-kinase in the cardiovascular system. The RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway is now widely known to play important roles in many cellular functions, including contraction, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis, and its excessive activity induces oxidative stress and promotes the development of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the important role of Rho-kinase has been demonstrated in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. Cyclophilin A is secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammatory cells and activated platelets in a Rho-kinase-dependent manner, playing important roles in a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway plays crucial roles under both physiological and pathological conditions and is an important therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. Recently, functional differences between ROCK1 and ROCK2 have been reported in vitro. ROCK1 is specifically cleaved by caspase-3, whereas granzyme B cleaves ROCK2. However, limited information is available on the functional differences and interactions between ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the cardiovascular system in vivo. Herein, we will review the recent advances about the importance of RhoA/Rho-kinase in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Sunamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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124
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Aman J, Weijers EM, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Malik AB, van Hinsbergh VWM. Using cultured endothelial cells to study endothelial barrier dysfunction: Challenges and opportunities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L453-66. [PMID: 27343194 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00393.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the understanding of endothelial barrier regulation and the identification of approaches that have the potential to improve endothelial barrier function, no drug- or stem cell-based therapy is presently available to reverse the widespread vascular leak that is observed in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. The translational gap suggests a need to develop experimental approaches and tools that better mimic the complex environment of the microcirculation in which the vascular leak develops. Recent studies have identified several elements of this microenvironment. Among these are composition and stiffness of the extracellular matrix, fluid shear stress, interaction of endothelial cells (ECs) with pericytes, oxygen tension, and the combination of toxic and mechanic injurious stimuli. Development of novel cell culture techniques that integrate these elements would allow in-depth analysis of EC biology that closely approaches the (patho)physiological conditions in situ. In parallel, techniques to isolate organ-specific ECs, to define EC heterogeneity in its full complexity, and to culture patient-derived ECs from inducible pluripotent stem cells or endothelial progenitor cells are likely to advance the understanding of ARDS and lead to development of therapeutics. This review 1) summarizes the advantages and pitfalls of EC cultures to study vascular leak in ARDS, 2) provides an overview of elements of the microvascular environment that can directly affect endothelial barrier function, and 3) discusses alternative methods to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application with the intent of improving the translational value of present EC culture approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjan Aman
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ester M Weijers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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125
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The Impact of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Arterial Stiffness and Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Angina Pectoris. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5070060. [PMID: 27348009 PMCID: PMC4961991 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5070060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is the set of ischemia episodes that protects against subsequent periods of prolonged ischemia through the cascade of adaptive responses; however, the mechanisms of RIPC are not entirely clear. Here, we aimed to study the impact of RIPC in patients with stable angina pectoris and compare it with healthy individuals with respect to arterial stiffness and heart rate variability. In the randomized, sham-controlled, crossover blind design study, a group of 30 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients (63.9 ± 1.6 years) with stable angina pectoris NYHA II-III and a control group of 20 healthy individuals (58.2 ± 2.49) were both randomly allocated for remote RIPC or sham RIPC. Arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity (Spygmacor, Australia), and heart rate variability (HRV) were recorded before and after the procedure followed by the crossover examination. In the group of healthy individuals, RIPC showed virtually no impact on the cardiovascular parameters, while, in the CHD group, the systolic and central systolic blood pressure, central pulse pressure, and augmentation decreased, and total power of HRV improved. We conclude that ischemic preconditioning reduces not only systolic blood pressure, but also reduces central systolic blood pressure and improves arterial compliance and heart rate modulation reserve, which may be associated with the antianginal effect of preconditioning.
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126
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Reinhard NR, van Helden SF, Anthony EC, Yin T, Wu YI, Goedhart J, Gadella TWJ, Hordijk PL. Spatiotemporal analysis of RhoA/B/C activation in primary human endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25502. [PMID: 27147504 PMCID: PMC4857094 DOI: 10.1038/srep25502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells line the vasculature and are important for the regulation of blood pressure, vascular permeability, clotting and transendothelial migration of leukocytes and tumor cells. A group of proteins that that control the endothelial barrier function are the RhoGTPases. This study focuses on three homologous (>88%) RhoGTPases: RhoA, RhoB, RhoC of which RhoB and RhoC have been poorly characterized. Using a RhoGTPase mRNA expression analysis we identified RhoC as the highest expressed in primary human endothelial cells. Based on an existing RhoA FRET sensor we developed new RhoB/C FRET sensors to characterize their spatiotemporal activation properties. We found all these RhoGTPase sensors to respond to physiologically relevant agonists (e.g. Thrombin), reaching transient, localized FRET ratio changes up to 200%. These RhoA/B/C FRET sensors show localized GEF and GAP activity and reveal spatial activation differences between RhoA/C and RhoB. Finally, we used these sensors to monitor GEF-specific differential activation of RhoA/B/C. In summary, this study adds high-contrast RhoB/C FRET sensors to the currently available FRET sensor toolkit and uncover new insights in endothelial and RhoGTPase cell biology. This allows us to study activation and signaling by these closely related RhoGTPases with high spatiotemporal resolution in primary human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie R Reinhard
- University of Amsterdam, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sanquin Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne F van Helden
- Sanquin Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eloise C Anthony
- Sanquin Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taofei Yin
- Center for cell analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Yi I Wu
- Center for cell analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- University of Amsterdam, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- University of Amsterdam, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- University of Amsterdam, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sanquin Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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127
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Zhang HH, Lechuga TJ, Chen Y, Yang Y, Huang L, Chen DB. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of VEGF-Responsive Endothelial Protein S-Nitrosylation Using Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) and LC-MS/MS. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:114. [PMID: 27075618 PMCID: PMC4939742 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.139337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adduction of a nitric oxide moiety (NO•) to cysteine(s), termed S-nitrosylation (SNO), is a novel mechanism for NO to regulate protein function directly. However, the endothelial SNO-protein network that is affected by endogenous and exogenous NO is obscure. This study was designed to develop a quantitative proteomics approach using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture for comparing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA)- and NO donor-responsive endothelial nitroso-proteomes. Primary placental endothelial cells were labeled with "light" (L-(12)C6 (14)N4-Arg and L-(12)C6 (14)N2-Lys) or "heavy" (L-(13)C6 (15)N4-Arg and L-(13)C6 (15)N2-Lys) amino acids. The light cells were treated with an NO donor nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, 1 mM) or VEGFA (10 ng/ml) for 30 min, while the heavy cells received vehicle as control. Equal amounts of cellular proteins from the light (GSNO or VEGFA treated) and heavy cells were mixed for labeling SNO-proteins by the biotin switch technique and then trypsin digested. Biotinylated SNO-peptides were purified for identifying SNO-proteins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ratios of light to heavy SNO-peptides were calculated for determining the changes of the VEGFA- and GSNO-responsive endothelial nitroso-proteomes. A total of 387 light/heavy pairs of SNO-peptides were identified, corresponding to 213 SNO-proteins that include 125 common and 27 VEGFA- and 61 GSNO-responsive SNO-proteins. The specific SNO-cysteine(s) in each SNO-protein were simultaneously identified. Pathway analysis revealed that SNO-proteins are involved in various endothelial functions, including proliferation, motility, metabolism, and protein synthesis. We collectively conclude that endogenous NO on VEGFA stimulation and exogenous NO from GSNO affect common and different SNO-protein networks, implicating SNO as a critical mechanism for VEGFA stimulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hai Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Thomas J Lechuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Dong-Bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California
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128
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Hordijk PL. Recent insights into endothelial control of leukocyte extravasation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1591-608. [PMID: 26794844 PMCID: PMC11108429 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the process of leukocyte migration from the circulation across the vascular wall, the crosstalk with endothelial cells that line the blood vessels is essential. It is now firmly established that in endothelial cells important signaling events are initiated upon leukocyte adhesion that impinge on the regulation of cell-cell contact and control the efficiency of transendothelial migration. In addition, several external factors such as shear force and vascular stiffness were recently identified as important regulators of endothelial signaling and, consequently, leukocyte transmigration. Here, I review recent insights into endothelial signaling events that are linked to leukocyte migration across the vessel wall. In this field, protein phosphorylation and Rho-mediated cytoskeletal dynamics are still widely studied using increasingly sophisticated mouse models. In addition, activation of tyrosine phosphatases, changes in endothelial cell stiffness as well as different vascular beds have all been established as important factors in endothelial signaling and leukocyte transmigration. Finally, I address less-well-studied but interesting components in the endothelium that also control transendothelial migration, such as the ephrins and their Eph receptors, that provide novel insights in the complexity associated with this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Hordijk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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129
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Harvey A, Montezano AC, Lopes RA, Rios F, Touyz RM. Vascular Fibrosis in Aging and Hypertension: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:659-68. [PMID: 27118293 PMCID: PMC4906153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the primary risk factor underlying hypertension and incident cardiovascular disease. With aging, the vasculature undergoes structural and functional changes characterized by endothelial dysfunction, wall thickening, reduced distensibility, and arterial stiffening. Vascular stiffness results from fibrosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, processes that are associated with aging and are amplified by hypertension. Some recently characterized molecular mechanisms underlying these processes include increased expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases, activation of transforming growth factor-β1/SMAD signalling, upregulation of galectin-3, and activation of proinflammatory and profibrotic signalling pathways. These events can be induced by vasoactive agents, such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and aldosterone, which are increased in the vasculature during aging and hypertension. Complex interplay between the “aging process” and prohypertensive factors results in accelerated vascular remodelling and fibrosis and increased arterial stiffness, which is typically observed in hypertension. Because the vascular phenotype in a young hypertensive individual resembles that of an elderly otherwise healthy individual, the notion of “early” or “premature” vascular aging is now often used to describe hypertension-associated vascular disease. We review the vascular phenotype in aging and hypertension, focusing on arterial stiffness and vascular remodelling. We also highlight the clinical implications of these processes and discuss some novel molecular mechanisms of fibrosis and ECM reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rheure Alves Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
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130
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Rowan SC, Keane MP, Gaine S, McLoughlin P. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases: novel vasoconstrictor pathways. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016; 4:225-36. [PMID: 26895650 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a well recognised complication of chronic hypoxic lung diseases, which are among the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. Development of pulmonary hypertension independently predicts reduced life expectancy. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, long-term oxygen therapy ameliorates pulmonary hypertension and greatly improves survival, although the correction of alveolar hypoxia and pulmonary hypertension is only partial. Advances in understanding of the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone show that chronic vasoconstriction plays a more important part in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension than previously thought, and that structural vascular changes contribute less. Trials of existing vasodilators show that pulmonary hypertension can be ameliorated and systemic oxygen delivery improved in carefully selected patients, although systemic hypotensive effects limit the doses used. Vasoconstrictor pathways that are selective for the pulmonary circulation can be blocked to reduce hypoxic pulmonary hypertension without causing systemic hypotension, and thus provide potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Rowan
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Keane
- UCD School of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seán Gaine
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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131
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Lampi MC, Faber CJ, Huynh J, Bordeleau F, Zanotelli MR, Reinhart-King CA. Simvastatin Ameliorates Matrix Stiffness-Mediated Endothelial Monolayer Disruption. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147033. [PMID: 26761203 PMCID: PMC4712048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffening accompanies both aging and atherosclerosis, and age-related stiffening of the arterial intima increases RhoA activity and cell contractility contributing to increased endothelium permeability. Notably, statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors whose pleiotropic effects include disrupting small GTPase activity; therefore, we hypothesized the statin simvastatin could be used to attenuate RhoA activity and inhibit the deleterious effects of increased age-related matrix stiffness on endothelial barrier function. Using polyacrylamide gels with stiffnesses of 2.5, 5, and 10 kPa to mimic the physiological stiffness of young and aged arteries, endothelial cells were grown to confluence and treated with simvastatin. Our data indicate that RhoA and phosphorylated myosin light chain activity increase with matrix stiffness but are attenuated when treated with the statin. Increases in cell contractility, cell-cell junction size, and indirect measurements of intercellular tension that increase with matrix stiffness, and are correlated with matrix stiffness-dependent increases in monolayer permeability, also decrease with statin treatment. Furthermore, we report that simvastatin increases activated Rac1 levels that contribute to endothelial barrier enhancing cytoskeletal reorganization. Simvastatin, which is prescribed clinically due to its ability to lower cholesterol, alters the endothelial cell response to increased matrix stiffness to restore endothelial monolayer barrier function, and therefore, presents a possible therapeutic intervention to prevent atherogenesis initiated by age-related arterial stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha C. Lampi
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Courtney J. Faber
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - John Huynh
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Zanotelli
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Reinhart-King
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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132
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Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Endothelial Barrier and Its Abnormalities in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Physiol 2015; 6:365. [PMID: 26696899 PMCID: PMC4673665 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form a unique barrier between the vascular lumen and the vascular wall. In addition, the endothelium is highly metabolically active. In cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis and hypertension, normal endothelial function could be severely disturbed leading to endothelial dysfunction that then could progress to complete and irreversible loss of EC functionality and contribute to entire vascular dysfunction. Proatherogenic stimuli such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress could initiate endothelial dysfunction and in turn vascular dysfunction and lead to the development of atherosclerotic arterial disease, a background for multiple cardiovascular disorders including coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and thrombosis. Intercellular junctions between ECs mediate the barrier function. Proinflammatory stimuli destabilize the junctions causing the disruption of the endothelial barrier and increased junctional permeability. This facilitates transendothelial migration of immune cells to the arterial intima and induction of vascular inflammation. Proatherogenic stimuli attack endothelial microtubule function that is regulated by acetylation of tubulin, an essential microtubular constituent. Chemical modification of tubulin caused by cardiometabolic risk factors and oxidative stress leads to reorganization of endothelial microtubules. These changes destabilize vascular integrity and increase permeability, which finally results in increasing cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Research Center for Children's Health, Institute of Pediatrics Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia ; Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University Moscow, Russia ; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovation Center Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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133
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Cecelja M, Jiang B, Mangino M, Spector TD, Chowienczyk PJ. Association of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Change in Arterial Stiffness With Gene Expression in the Twins UK Cohort. Hypertension 2015; 67:70-6. [PMID: 26573706 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether expression of genes previously implicated in arterial stiffening associates with cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of arterial stiffness. Women from the Twins UK cohort (n=470, aged 39-81 years) had gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines measured using an Illumina microarray. Arterial stiffness was measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid distensibility. A subsample (n=121) of women had repeat vascular measures after a mean±SD follow-up of 4.3±1.4 years. Associations of arterial phenotypes with gene expression levels were examined for 52 genes identified from previous association studies. The gene transcript most closely associated with pulse wave velocity in cross-sectional analysis was ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (P=0.012). Pleiotropic genetic effects accounted for 14% of the phenotypic correlation between ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase expression and pulse wave velocity. Progression of pulse wave velocity during the follow-up period best related to expression of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (β=0.19, P=0.008) and collagen type IV α 1 (β=0.32, P<0.0001). Gene transcripts most closely related to change in carotid distensibility during the follow-up period were endothelial nitric oxide synthase (β=-0.20, P=0.005), angiotensin-converting enzyme (β=-0.15, P=0.035), and B-cell CLL/lymphoma11B (β=0.18, P=0.010). Expression levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme also related to progression in carotid diameter (β=0.21, P=0.012). Expression levels of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase, involved in arterial calcification, and collagen type IV α 1, involved in collagen formation, correlate with aortic stiffening. These genes may be functional mediators of arterial stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cecelja
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre (M.C., B.Y., P.J.C.) and Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London (M.M., T.D.S.), St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Benyu Jiang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre (M.C., B.Y., P.J.C.) and Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London (M.M., T.D.S.), St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Mangino
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre (M.C., B.Y., P.J.C.) and Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London (M.M., T.D.S.), St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Tim D Spector
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre (M.C., B.Y., P.J.C.) and Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London (M.M., T.D.S.), St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Phil J Chowienczyk
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre (M.C., B.Y., P.J.C.) and Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London (M.M., T.D.S.), St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.).
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134
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Zamir M, Vercnocke AJ, Edwards PK, Anderson JL, Jorgensen SM, Ritman EL. Myocardial Perfusion: Characteristics of Distal Intramyocardial Arteriolar Trees. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2771-9. [PMID: 25952363 PMCID: PMC4618034 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A combination of experimental, theoretical, and imaging methodologies is used to examine the hierarchical structure and function of intramyocardial arteriolar trees in porcine hearts to provide a window onto a region of myocardial microvasculature which has been difficult to fully explore so far. A total of 66 microvascular trees from 6 isolated myocardial specimens were analyzed, with a cumulative number of 2438 arteriolar branches greater than or equal to 40 μm lumen diameter. The distribution of flow rates within each tree was derived from an assumed power law relationship for that tree between the diameter of vessel segments and flow rates that are consistent with that power law and subject to conservation of mass along hierarchical structure of the tree. The results indicate that the power law index increases at levels of arteriolar vasculature closer to the capillary level, consistent with a concomitant decrease in shear stress acting on endothelial tissue. These results resolve a long standing predicament which could not be resolved previously because of lack of data about the 3D, interconnected, arterioles. In the context of myocardial perfusion, the results indicate that the coefficient of variation of flow rate in pre-capillary distal arterioles is high, suggesting that heterogeneity of flow rate in these arterioles is not entirely random but may be due at least in part to active control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mair Zamir
- Departments of Applied Mathematics and of Medical Biophysics, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Andrew J Vercnocke
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Phillip K Edwards
- Biomedical Imaging Resource, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jill L Anderson
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Steven M Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Erik L Ritman
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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135
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Alario AF, Strong TD, Pizzirani S. Medical Treatment of Primary Canine Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015; 45:1235-59, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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136
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Luft FC. Coming of age with maintained cardiovascular health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:16-21. [PMID: 26471291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany.
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137
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Shimokawa H, Satoh K. 2015 ATVB Plenary Lecture: translational research on rho-kinase in cardiovascular medicine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1756-69. [PMID: 26069233 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rho-kinase (ROCKs) is an important downstream effector of the small GTP-binding protein Ras homolog gene family member A. There are 2 isoforms of ROCK, ROCK1 and ROCK2, and they have different functions in several vascular components. The Ras homolog gene family member A/ROCK pathway plays an important role in various fundamental cellular functions, including contraction, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis, whereas its excessive activity is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. For the past 20 years, a series of translational research studies have demonstrated the important roles of ROCK in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. At the molecular and cellular levels, ROCK upregulates several molecules related to inflammation, thrombosis, and fibrosis. In animal experiments, ROCK plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. Finally, at the human level, ROCK is substantially involved in the pathogenesis of coronary vasospasm, angina pectoris, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. Furthermore, ROCK activity in circulating leukocytes is a useful biomarker for the assessment of disease severity and therapeutic responses in vasospastic angina, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension. In addition to fasudil, many other ROCK inhibitors are currently under development for various indications. Thus, the ROCK pathway is an important novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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