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Thompson HL, Smithey MJ, Surh CD, Nikolich-Žugich J. Functional and Homeostatic Impact of Age-Related Changes in Lymph Node Stroma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:706. [PMID: 28659930 PMCID: PMC5469916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults over 65 years of age are more vulnerable to infectious disease and show poor responses to vaccination relative to those under 50. A complex set of age-related changes in the immune system is believed to be largely responsible for these defects. These changes, collectively termed immune senescence, encompass alterations in both the innate and adaptive immune systems, in the microenvironments where immune cells develop or reside, and in soluble factors that guide immune homeostasis and function. While age-related changes in primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow, and, in particular, the thymus, which involutes in the first third of life) have been long appreciated, changes affecting aging secondary lymphoid organs, and, in particular, aging lymph nodes (LNs) have been less well characterized. Over the last 20 years, LN stromal cells have emerged as key players in maintaining LN morphology and immune homeostasis, as well as in coordinating immune responses to pathogens. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the contributions of LN stromal cells to immune senescence. We discuss approaches to understand the mechanisms behind the decline in LN stromal cells and conclude by considering potential strategies to rejuvenate aging LN stroma to improve immune homeostasis, immune responses, and vaccine efficacy in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Thompson
- Department of Immunobiology, The Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Megan J. Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology, The Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Charles D. Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, The Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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102
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Nguyen TP, Sieg SF. TGF-β inhibits IL-7-induced proliferation in memory but not naive human CD4 + T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:499-506. [PMID: 28588029 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1216-520rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is a potent suppressor of T cell activation and expansion. Although the antiproliferative effects of TGF-β are well characterized in TCR-activated cells, the effects of TGF-β on T cell proliferation driven by homeostatic cytokines, such as IL-7, are poorly defined. In the current study, we found that TGF-β inhibits IL-7-induced proliferation in memory, but not in naive human CD4+ T cells. TGF-β impaired c-myc induction in all CD4+ T cell maturation subsets, although the impairment was less sustained in naive CD4+ T cells. TGF-β had no discernible effect on IL-7R signaling (p-STAT-5, p-Akt, or p-S6) in memory T cells but selectively enhanced p-S6 signaling in naive T cells. The inhibitory effects of TGF-β on memory T cell proliferation were partially overcome by chemical inhibition of GSK-3, which also led to enhanced c-myc expression. These data suggest that TGF-β could play an important role in limiting homeostatic proliferation of memory T cells. Our observations also point toward a novel strategy to subvert TGF-β-mediated inhibition of memory T cells by targeting GSK-3 for inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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103
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Sanjabi S, Oh SA, Li MO. Regulation of the Immune Response by TGF-β: From Conception to Autoimmunity and Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022236. [PMID: 28108486 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to elucidate how TGF-β alters immunity under various conditions. Under steady-state conditions, TGF-β regulates thymic T-cell selection and maintains homeostasis of the naïve T-cell pool. TGF-β inhibits cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), Th1-, and Th2-cell differentiation while promoting peripheral (p)Treg-, Th17-, Th9-, and Tfh-cell generation, and T-cell tissue residence in response to immune challenges. Similarly, TGF-β controls the proliferation, survival, activation, and differentiation of B cells, as well as the development and functions of innate cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Collectively, TGF-β plays a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral tolerance against self- and innocuous antigens, such as food, commensal bacteria, and fetal alloantigens, and in controlling immune responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Soyoung A Oh
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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104
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Freeman ML, Shive CL, Nguyen TP, Younes SA, Panigrahi S, Lederman MM. Cytokines and T-Cell Homeostasis in HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 214 Suppl 2:S51-7. [PMID: 27625431 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by progressive CD4(+) T-cell depletion and CD8(+) T-cell expansion, and CD4(+) T-cell depletion is linked directly to the risk for opportunistic infections and infection-associated mortality. With suppression of HIV replication by antiretroviral therapy, circulating CD4(+) Tcell numbers typically improve while CD8(+) T-cell expansion persists, and both CD4(+) T-cell cytopenia and CD8(+) T-cell expansion are associated with morbidity and mortality. In this brief review, we report on the role that selected homeostatic and inflammatory cytokines may play both in the failure of CD4(+) T-cell restoration and the CD8(+) T-cell expansion that characterize HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Freeman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | - Carey L Shive
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Thao P Nguyen
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | - Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
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105
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Guo FP, Li YJ, Qiu ZF, Lv W, Han Y, Xie J, Li YL, Song XJ, Du SS, Mehraj V, Li TS, Routy JP. Baseline Naive CD4+ T-cell Level Predicting Immune Reconstitution in Treated HIV-infected Late Presenters. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:2683-2690. [PMID: 27824000 PMCID: PMC5126159 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.193460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART), early changes in CD4+ T-cell subsets are well described. However, HIV-infected late presenters initiating treatment present with a suboptimal CD4+ T-cell reconstitution and remain at a higher risk for AIDS and non-AIDS events. Therefore, factors associated with CD4+ T-cell reconstitution need to be determined in this population, which will allow designing effective immunotherapeutic strategies. Methods: Thirty-one adult patients with baseline CD4+ T-cell count <350 cells/mm3 exhibiting viral suppression after ART initiation were followed in the HIV/AIDS research center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital in Beijing, China, from October 2002 to September 2013. Changes in T-cell subsets and associated determinants were measured. Results: Median baseline CD4+ T-cell count was 70 cells/mm3. We found a biphasic reconstitution of T-cell subsets and immune activation: a rapid change during the first 6 months followed by a more gradual change over the subsequent 8 years. Baseline CD4+ T-cell count >200 cells/mm3 in comparison to CD4+ T-cell count ≤200 cells/mm3 was associated with more complete immune Reconstitution (77.8% vs. 27.3% respectively; P = 0.017) and normalized CD4/CD8 ratio. We showed that the baseline percentage of naive CD4+ T-cell was a predictive marker for complete immune reconstitution (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.907), and 12.4% as cutoff value had a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 88.2%. Conclusions: Baseline naive CD4+ T-cell percentage may serve as a predictive marker for optimal immune reconstitution during long-term therapy. Such study findings suggest that increasing thymic output should represent an avenue to improve patients who are diagnosed late in the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ping Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yi-Jia Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan-Ling Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shan-Shan Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Vikram Mehraj
- Division of Hematology, Research Institute and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tai-Sheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology, Research Institute and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Petrovas C, Ferrando-Martinez S, Gerner MY, Casazza JP, Pegu A, Deleage C, Cooper A, Hataye J, Andrews S, Ambrozak D, Del Río Estrada PM, Boritz E, Paris R, Moysi E, Boswell KL, Ruiz-Mateos E, Vagios I, Leal M, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Rivero A, Gonzalez-Hernandez LA, McDermott AB, Moir S, Reyes-Terán G, Docobo F, Pantaleo G, Douek DC, Betts MR, Estes JD, Germain RN, Mascola JR, Koup RA. Follicular CD8 T cells accumulate in HIV infection and can kill infected cells in vitro via bispecific antibodies. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaag2285. [PMID: 28100833 PMCID: PMC5497679 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytolytic CD8 T cells play a crucial role in the control and elimination of virus-infected cells and are a major focus of HIV cure efforts. However, it has been shown that HIV-specific CD8 T cells are infrequently found within germinal centers (GCs), a predominant site of active and latent HIV infection. We demonstrate that HIV infection induces marked changes in the phenotype, frequency, and localization of CD8 T cells within the lymph node (LN). Significantly increased frequencies of CD8 T cells in the B cell follicles and GCs were found in LNs from treated and untreated HIV-infected individuals. This profile was associated with persistent local immune activation but did not appear to be directly related to local viral replication. Follicular CD8 (fCD8) T cells, despite compromised cytokine polyfunctionality, showed good cytolytic potential characterized by high ex vivo expression of granzyme B and perforin. We used an anti-HIV/anti-CD3 bispecific antibody in a redirected killing assay and found that fCD8 T cells had better killing activity than did non-fCD8 T cells. Our results indicate that CD8 T cells with potent cytolytic activity are recruited to GCs during HIV infection and, if appropriately redirected to kill HIV-infected cells, could be an effective component of an HIV cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sara Ferrando-Martinez
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Lymphocyte Biology Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph P Casazza
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, BG 535, Post Office Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Arik Cooper
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason Hataye
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Andrews
- Immunology Core Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Perla M Del Río Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eli Boritz
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Paris
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Eirini Moysi
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristin L Boswell
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Ilias Vagios
- Department of Histopathology, Venizeleio Hospital, Iraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amaranta Rivero
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luz Alicia Gonzalez-Hernandez
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Immunology Core Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Docobo
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Center for AIDS Research, and Institute for Immunology Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, BG 535, Post Office Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Lymphocyte Biology Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resting CD4 T cells have been recognized as the major cell reservoir of latent HIV-1 during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Using an simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model for AIDS and HIV-related neurocognitive disorders we assessed the contribution of the brain to viral latency and reactivation. DESIGN Pigtailed macaques were dual inoculated with SIVDeltaB670 and SIV17E-Fr and treated with an efficacious central nervous system-penetrant ART. After 500 days of viral suppression animals were treated with two cycles of latency reversing agents and increases in viral transcripts were examined. METHODS Longitudinal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral loads were analyzed by quantitative and digital droplet PCR. After necropsy, viral transcripts in organs were analyzed by PCR, in-situ hybridization, and phylogenetic genotyping based on env V1 loop sequences. Markers for neuronal damage and CSF activation were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Increases in activation markers and plasma and CSF viral loads were observed in one animal treated with latency reversing agents, despite ongoing ART. SIV transcripts were identified in occipital cortex macrophages by in-situ hybridization and CD68 staining. The most abundant SIV genotype in CSF was unique and expanded independent from viruses found in the periphery. CONCLUSION The central nervous system harbors latent SIV genomes after long-term viral suppression by ART, indicating that the brain represents a potential viral reservoir and should be seriously considered during AIDS cure strategies.
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108
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Moysi E, Estes JD, Petrovas C. Novel Imaging Methods for Analysis of Tissue Resident Cells in HIV/SIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 13:38-43. [PMID: 26830285 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-016-0300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of advanced tissue-imaging methodologies has greatly facilitated the study of molecular mechanisms and cellular interactions in humans and animal models of disease. Particularly, in HIV research, there is an ever-increasing demand for a comprehensive analysis of immune cell dynamics at tissue level stemming from the need to advance our understanding of those interactions that regulate the generation of adaptive antigen-specific immune responses. The latter is critical for the development of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies as well as for the discovery of novel targets for immuno-therapies to strengthen the cytolytic arm of the immune system at local level. In this review, we focus on current and emerging imaging technologies, discuss their strengths and limitations, and examine how such technologies can inform the development of new treatments and vaccination strategies. We also present some perspective on the future of the technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136-1013, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3005, USA.
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109
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Serious Non-AIDS Events: Therapeutic Targets of Immune Activation and Chronic Inflammation in HIV Infection. Drugs 2016; 76:533-49. [PMID: 26915027 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs) have become the major causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Early ART initiation has the strongest evidence for reducing SNAEs and mortality. Biomarkers of immune activation, inflammation and coagulopathy do not fully normalize despite virologic suppression and persistent immune activation is an important contributor to SNAEs. A number of strategies aimed to reduce persistent immune activation including ART intensification to reduce residual viremia; treatment of co-infections to reduce chronic antigen stimulation; the use of anti-inflammatory agents, reducing microbial translocation as well as interventions to improve immune recovery through cytokine administration and reducing lymphoid tissue fibrosis, have been investigated. To date, there is little conclusive evidence on which strategies beyond treatment of hepatitis B and C co-infections and reducing cardiovascular risk factors will result in clinical benefits in patients already on ART with viral suppression. The use of statins seems to show early promise and larger clinical trials are underway to confirm their efficacy. At this stage, clinical care of HIV-infected patients should therefore focus on early diagnosis and prompt ART initiation, treatment of active co-infections and the aggressive management of co-morbidities until further data are available.
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110
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Hong JJ, Chang KT, Villinger F. The Dynamics of T and B Cells in Lymph Node during Chronic HIV Infection: TFH and HIV, Unhappy Dance Partners? Front Immunol 2016; 7:522. [PMID: 27920778 PMCID: PMC5118424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the dynamics of germinal center (GC) formation, follicular helper T (TFH) cell recruitment to B cell follicles within lymphoid organs, and changes of lymphoid tissue architecture in HIV/SIV infection have been documented, the underlying immunopathology remains unclear. Here, we summarize what is known regarding the kinetics of TFH cells and GC B cells during the course of infection as well as the potential immunopathological features associated with structural changes in the lymphoid compartment. This review also explores the implications of cell dynamics in the formation and maintenance of viral reservoirs in hyperplastic follicles of secondary lymphoid organs before and after viral suppressive antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju , South Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju , South Korea
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette , Lafayette, LA , USA
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111
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Koroleva EP, Fu YX, Tumanov AV. Lymphotoxin in physiology of lymphoid tissues - Implication for antiviral defense. Cytokine 2016; 101:39-47. [PMID: 27623349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines which serves multiple functions, including the control of lymphoid organ development and maintenance, as well as regulation of inflammation and autoimmunity. Although the role of LT in organogenesis and maintenance of lymphoid organs is well established, the contribution of LT pathway to homeostasis of lymphoid organs during the immune response to pathogens is less understood. In this review, we highlight recent advances on the role of LT pathway in antiviral immune responses. We discuss the role of LT signaling in lymphoid organ integrity, type I IFN production and regulation of protection and immunopathology during viral infections. We further discuss the potential of therapeutic targeting LT pathway for controlling immunopathology and antiviral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina P Koroleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexei V Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY.
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112
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Responsiveness to IL-7 but not to IFN-α is diminished in CD4+ T cells from treated HIV infected patients who experience poor CD4+ T-cell recovery. AIDS 2016; 30:2033-42. [PMID: 27191978 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess CD4 T-cell responsiveness to IL-7 and IFN-α in HIV-infected patients who experience poor recovery of CD4 T-cell counts during therapy (immune failure patients). DESIGN Responses to IL-7 and IFN-α were compared between HIV-infected immune failure (CD4 cell counts <379 cells/μl) patients and immune success (CD4 cell counts >500 cells/μl) as well as healthy control patients. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to assess peripheral blood mononuclear cells for IL-7-induced proliferation, CD25 expression, and signaling (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 phosphorylation and Akt phosphorylation) in CD4 T cells. Freshly isolated cells were characterized by expression of IL-7Rα (CD127) among CD4 T-cell maturation subsets by flow cytometry and sorted CD3 T cells were assessed for expression of IFN-α and interferon stimulated genes (2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-1 and myxovirus resistance A protein) by quantitative real-time PCR. Responses to IFN-α were assessed by induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 phosphorylation and inhibition of IL-7-induced CD4 T-cell proliferation. RESULTS IL-7-induced proliferation and CD25 expression were decreased in CD4 T cells from immune failure patients. CD127 expressing CD4 T cells were decreased, whereas expression of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-1, myxovirus resistance A protein, and IFN-α mRNA were increased in total CD3 T cells from immune failure patients. CD127 expression correlated with CD25 induction but not proliferation, whereas T-cell IFN-α mRNA was associated with reduced proliferation in CD4 T cells from immune failure patients. IFN-α-mediated induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 phosphorylation and inhibition of proliferation were not diminished in CD4 T cells from immune failure patients. CONCLUSION IL-7 responsiveness is impaired in immune failure patients and may be related to expression of CD127 and IFN-α.
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113
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DeGottardi MQ, Okoye AA, Vaidya M, Talla A, Konfe AL, Reyes MD, Clock JA, Duell DM, Legasse AW, Sabnis A, Park BS, Axthelm MK, Estes JD, Reiman KA, Sekaly RP, Picker LJ. Effect of Anti-IL-15 Administration on T Cell and NK Cell Homeostasis in Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1183-98. [PMID: 27430715 PMCID: PMC4976006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 has been implicated as a key regulator of T and NK cell homeostasis in multiple systems; however, its specific role in maintaining peripheral T and NK cell populations relative to other γ-chain (γc) cytokines has not been fully defined in primates. In this article, we address this question by determining the effect of IL-15 inhibition with a rhesusized anti-IL-15 mAb on T and NK cell dynamics in rhesus macaques. Strikingly, anti-IL-15 treatment resulted in rapid depletion of NK cells and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector memory T cells (TEM) in blood and tissues, with little to no effect on naive or central memory T cells. Importantly, whereas depletion of NK cells was nearly complete and maintained as long as anti-IL-15 treatment was given, TEM depletion was countered by the onset of massive TEM proliferation, which almost completely restored circulating TEM numbers. Tissue TEM, however, remained significantly reduced, and most TEM maintained very high turnover throughout anti-IL-15 treatment. In the presence of IL-15 inhibition, TEM became increasingly more sensitive to IL-7 stimulation in vivo, and transcriptional analysis of TEM in IL-15-inhibited monkeys revealed engagement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, suggesting alternative γc cytokine signaling may support TEM homeostasis in the absence of IL-15. Thus, IL-15 plays a major role in peripheral maintenance of NK cells and TEM However, whereas most NK cell populations collapse in the absence of IL-15, TEM can be maintained in the face of IL-15 inhibition by the activity of other homeostatic regulators, most likely IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Q DeGottardi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mukta Vaidya
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Audrie L Konfe
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew D Reyes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Joseph A Clock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Derick M Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Amit Sabnis
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Byung S Park
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Keith A Reiman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | | | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
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114
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Macrophages in Progressive Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections. J Virol 2016; 90:7596-606. [PMID: 27307568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00672-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cells that are targeted by primate lentiviruses (HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV]) are of intense interest given the renewed effort to identify potential cures for HIV. These viruses have been reported to infect multiple cell lineages of hematopoietic origin, including all phenotypic and functional CD4 T cell subsets. The two most commonly reported cell types that become infected in vivo are memory CD4 T cells and tissue-resident macrophages. Though viral infection of CD4 T cells is routinely detected in both HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected Asian macaques, significant viral infection of macrophages is only routinely observed in animal models wherein CD4 T cells are almost entirely depleted. Here we review the roles of macrophages in lentiviral disease progression, the evidence that macrophages support viral replication in vivo, the animal models where macrophage-mediated replication of SIV is thought to occur, how the virus can interact with macrophages in vivo, pathologies thought to be attributed to viral replication within macrophages, how viral replication in macrophages might contribute to the asymptomatic phase of HIV/SIV infection, and whether macrophages represent a long-lived reservoir for the virus.
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115
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Royer DJ, Conrady CD, Carr DJJ. Herpesvirus-Associated Lymphadenitis Distorts Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Microarchitecture and Attenuates CD8 T Cell Responses to Neurotropic Infection in Mice Lacking the STING-IFNα/β Defense Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2338-52. [PMID: 27511736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-α/β)-driven immune responses to acute viral infection are critical to counter replication and prevent dissemination. However, the mechanisms underlying host resistance to HSV type 1 (HSV-1) are incompletely understood. In this study, we show that mice with deficiencies in IFN-α/β signaling or stimulator of IFN genes (STING) exhibit exacerbated neurovirulence and atypical lymphotropic dissemination of HSV-1 following ocular infection. Synergy between IFN-α/β signaling and efficacy of early adaptive immune responses to HSV-1 were dissected using bone marrow chimeras and adoptive cell transfer approaches to profile clonal expansion, effector function, and recruitment of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Lymphotropic viral dissemination was commensurate with abrogated CD8(+) T cell responses and pathological alterations of fibroblastic reticular cell networks in the draining lymph nodes. Our results show that resistance to HSV-1 in the trigeminal ganglia during acute infection is conferred in part by STING and IFN-α/β signaling in both bone marrow-derived and -resident cells, which coalesce to support a robust HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Royer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Christopher D Conrady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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116
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Deleage C, Turkbey B, Estes JD. Imaging lymphoid tissues in nonhuman primates to understand SIV pathogenesis and persistence. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:77-84. [PMID: 27490446 PMCID: PMC5021606 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are the primary HIV-1 target cell, with the vast majority of these cells residing within lymphoid tissue compartments throughout the body. Predictably, HIV-1 infection, replication, localization, reservoir establishment and persistence, as well as associated host immune and inflammatory responses and disease pathology principally take place within the tissues of the immune system. By virture of the fact that the virus-host struggle is played out within lymphoid and additional tissues compartments in HIV-1 infected individuals it is critical to understand HIV-1 infection and disease within these relevant tissue sites; however, there are obvious limitations to studying these dynamic processes in humans. Nonhuman primate (NHP) research has provided a vital bridge between basic and preclinical research and clinical studies, with experimental SIV infection of NHP models offering unique opportunities to understand key processes of HIV-1 infection and disease that are either not practically feasible or ethical in HIV-1 infected humans. In this review we will discuss current approaches to studying the tissue based immunopathogenesis of AIDS virus infection in NHPs, including both analyses of tissues obtained at biopsy or necropsy and complementary non-invasive imaging approaches that may have practical utility in monitoring HIV-1 disease in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, BG 535, Post Office Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Room B3B69F, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, BG 535, Post Office Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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117
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Nakanjako D, Kiragga AN, Musick BS, Yiannoutsos CT, Wools-Kaloustian K, Diero L, Oyaro P, Lugina E, Ssali JC, Kambugu A, Easterbrook P. Frequency and impact of suboptimal immune recovery on first-line antiretroviral therapy within the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS in East Africa. AIDS 2016; 30:1913-22. [PMID: 26959510 PMCID: PMC5438045 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe patterns of suboptimal immune recovery (SO-IR) and associated HIV-related-illnesses during the first 5 years following first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation across seven ART sites in East Africa. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of data from seven ART clinical sites (three Uganda, two Kenya and two Tanzania). METHODS SO-IR was described by proportions of ART-treated adults with CD4 cell counts less than 200, less than 350 and less than 500 cells/μl. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis techniques were used to assess predictors of SO-IR, and incident rates of HIV-related illnesses at CD4 cell counts less than 200, 200-350, 351-499, and >500 cells/μl, respectively. RESULTS Overall 80 843 adults initiated non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based first-line ART; 65% were women and median CD4 cell count was 126 [interquartile range (IQR), 52-202] cells/μl. Cumulative probability of SO-IR <200 cells/μl, <350 cells/μl and <500 cells/μl, after 5 years, was 11, 38 and 63%, respectively. Incidence of HIV-related illnesses was higher among those with CD4 cell counts less than 200 and 200-350 cells/μl, than those who achieved CD4 counts above these thresholds. The most common events, at CD4 < 200 cells/μl, were pulmonary tuberculosis [incident rate 15.98 (15.47-16.51)/100 person-years at risk (PYAR), oral candidiasis [incident rate 12.5 (12.03-12.94)] and herpes zoster [incident rate 6.30 (5.99-6.64)] events/100 PYAR. With attainment of a CD4 cell count level 200-350 cells/μl, there was a substantial reduction in events/100 PYAR - by 91% to 1.45 (1.29-1.63) for TB, by 94% to 0.75 (0.64-0.89) for oral candidiasis, by 84% to 0.99 (0.86-1.14) for Herpes Zoster, and by 78% to 1.22 (1.07-1.39) for chronic diarrhea. The incidence of all events decreased further with CD4 counts above these thresholds. CONCLUSION Around 40% of adults initiated on ART have suboptimal immune recovery with CD4 counts <350 cells/μl after five years. Such patients will require closer monitoring for both HIV-related and non-HIV-related clinical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damalie Nakanjako
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agnes N. Kiragga
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Beverly S. Musick
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Constantin T. Yiannoutsos
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, RM Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kara Wools-Kaloustian
- Department of Medicine at Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lameck Diero
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, kenya
| | - Patrick Oyaro
- Family AIDS, Care and Education Services, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Emanuel Lugina
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es salaam, Tanzania, Kisumu
| | - John C. Ssali
- HIV Treatment Program, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda
| | - Andrew Kambugu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Philippa Easterbrook
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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118
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Inflammation Perturbs the IL-7 Axis, Promoting Senescence and Exhaustion that Broadly Characterize Immune Failure in Treated HIV Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 71:483-92. [PMID: 26627102 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected patients who fail to normalize CD4 T cells despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy have impaired immune homeostasis: diminished naive T-cell numbers, elevated T-cell turnover, senescence, and inflammation. METHODS Blood samples from immune failures (n = 60), immune successes (n = 20), and healthy controls (n = 20) were examined for plasma interleukin (IL)-7 levels, for cellular expression of the IL-7Rα chain (CD127), for the exhaustion and senescence markers programed death 1 (PD-1) and CD57, and for the survival factor Bcl2. Because both inflammatory and homeostatic cytokines can induce T-cell cycling, we also examined the effects of these mediators on exhaustion and senescence markers. RESULTS Plasma levels of IL-7 were elevated and both CD4 and CD8 T-cell CD127 expression was decreased in immune failure. Plasma levels of IL-7 correlated directly with naive CD4 T-cell counts in immune success and inversely with T-cell cycling (Ki67) in healthy controls and immune success, but not in immune failure. CD4 T-cell density of PD-1 was increased and Bcl2+ CD4 T cells were decreased in immune failure but not in immune success, whereas the proportion of T cells expressing CD57 was increased in immune failure. PD-1 and CD57 were induced on CD4 but not CD8 T cells by stimulation in vitro with inflammatory IL-1β or homeostatic (IL-7) cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Perturbation of the IL-7/IL-7 receptor axis, increased T-cell turnover, and increased senescence may reflect dysregulated responses to both homeostatic and inflammatory cytokines in immune failure patients.
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119
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Morquin D, Tuaillon E, Makinson A, Bendriss S, Le Moing V, Reynes J. Impact of T cell activation, HIV replication and hepatitis C virus infection on neutrophil CD64 expression. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 92:492-497. [PMID: 27221825 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of the Fc receptor CD64 on neutrophils is associated with innate immune response and bacterial infections. During HIV infection a large set of immune disorders including T-lymphocyte over-activation, microbial translocation, impairment of neutrophil functions, and immunodeficiency may interplay with neutrophil CD64 expression. METHODS Associations of neutrophil CD64 expression with CD8+ T cell activation, CD4+ T cells number, HIV, and HCV replications were investigated in HIV infected patients using a standardized method. RESULTS Higher neutrophil CD64 expression was observed in HIV infected subjects compared to healthy controls (0.91 vs. 0.75, P < 0.001). Among 115 HIV infected patients, nine (8.8%) had a CD64 expression over the clinical threshold as calculated against bead standard (i.e., 1.5). HIV viremic patients were more likely to have an index above 1.5 (OR: 6.68, P values: 0.01). A trend for correlation between CD64 expression and CD8 T cell activation was observed (P values: 0.08). Blood CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion and HCV replication did not affect neutrophil CD64 expression. CONCLUSIONS HIV infection and HIV replication are associated with up-regulation of neutrophil CD64. CD64 overexpression above the clinical threshold was observed in a minor proportion of HIV infected individuals treated by antiretroviral therapy and may be a marker of neutrophil activation related to non-AIDS-linked comorbidities. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Morquin
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, UMI 233, Gui De Chauliac, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Tuaillon
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, UMI 233, Gui De Chauliac, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Microbiology, Université Montpellier 1/Inserm UMR 1058, Lapeyronie, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A Makinson
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, UMI 233, Gui De Chauliac, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S Bendriss
- Department of Microbiology, Université Montpellier 1/Inserm UMR 1058, Lapeyronie, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - V Le Moing
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, UMI 233, Gui De Chauliac, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - J Reynes
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, UMI 233, Gui De Chauliac, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Younes SA, Freeman ML, Mudd JC, Shive CL, Reynaldi A, Panigrahi S, Estes JD, Deleage C, Lucero C, Anderson J, Schacker TW, Davenport MP, McCune JM, Hunt PW, Lee SA, Serrano-Villar S, Debernardo RL, Jacobson JM, Canaday DH, Sekaly RP, Rodriguez B, Sieg SF, Lederman MM. IL-15 promotes activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 infection. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2745-56. [PMID: 27322062 PMCID: PMC4922693 DOI: 10.1172/jci85996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV-1-infected patients, increased numbers of circulating CD8+ T cells are linked to increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Here, we identified a bystander mechanism that promotes CD8 T cell activation and expansion in untreated HIV-1-infected patients. Compared with healthy controls, untreated HIV-1-infected patients have an increased population of proliferating, granzyme B+, CD8+ T cells in circulation. Vβ expression and deep sequencing of CDR3 revealed that in untreated HIV-1 infection, cycling memory CD8 T cells possess a broad T cell repertoire that reflects the repertoire of the resting population. This suggests that cycling is driven by bystander activation, rather than specific antigen exposure. Treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with IL-15 induced a cycling, granzyme B+ phenotype in CD8+ T cells. Moreover, elevated IL-15 expression in the lymph nodes of untreated HIV-1-infected patients correlated with circulating CD8+ T cell counts and was normalized in these patients following antiretroviral therapy. Together, these results suggest that IL-15 drives bystander activation of CD8+ T cells, which predicts disease progression in untreated HIV-1-infected patients and suggests that elevated IL-15 may also drive CD8+ T cell expansion that is linked to increased morbidity and mortality in treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph C. Mudd
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carey L. Shive
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carissa Lucero
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jodi Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy W. Schacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Peter W. Hunt
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey M. Jacobson
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Benigno Rodriguez
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott F. Sieg
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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121
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Lymph nodes from HIV-infected individuals harbor mature dendritic cells and increased numbers of PD-L1+ conventional dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:584-93. [PMID: 27221659 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The immune response induced by dendritic cells (DC) during the HIV infection has been of remarkable interest because of the therapeutic potential of DC for vaccine development. However, their beneficial or detrimental contribution in HIV infection remains unclear. The activation state of DC in lymph nodes (LN) is essential to induce T cell responses against HIV. In the present study, we characterized the immunophenotype and function of conventional (cDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) dendritic cells from peripheral blood (PB) and LN of HIV(+) individuals. We observed that the frequency of PB pDC was decreased and exhibited an immature phenotype; whereas in the LN, activated pDC accumulated (CD40(+) and CD83(+)). In addition, the frequency of PB cDC from HIV(+) individuals was decreased and exhibited an immature phenotype, whereas LN harbored activated and mature cDC (CD40(+), CD83(+), CD80(+) and CD86(+)). However, an increased number of PD-L1(+) cDC was also observed in the LN. Moreover, pDC and cDC were able to produce inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-12) after TLR stimulation. These findings suggests that LN cDC expressing PD-L1 from HIV(+) individuals may negatively impact the generation of HIV-specific T cells and that DC might be contributing to tissue chronic immune activation.
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122
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Dubey LK, Lebon L, Mosconi I, Yang CY, Scandella E, Ludewig B, Luther SA, Harris NL. Lymphotoxin-Dependent B Cell-FRC Crosstalk Promotes De Novo Follicle Formation and Antibody Production following Intestinal Helminth Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1527-1541. [PMID: 27160906 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissues provide specialized niches for the initiation of adaptive immune responses and undergo a remarkable expansion in response to inflammatory stimuli. Although the formation of B cell follicles was previously thought to be restricted to the postnatal period, we observed that the draining mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) of helminth-infected mice form an extensive number of new, centrally located, B cell follicles in response to IL-4Rα-dependent inflammation. IL-4Rα signaling promoted LTα1β2 (lymphotoxin) expression by B cells, which then interacted with CCL19 positive stromal cells to promote lymphoid enlargement and the formation of germinal center containing B cell follicles. Importantly, de novo follicle formation functioned to promote both total and parasite-specific antibody production. These data reveal a role for type 2 inflammation in promoting stromal cell remodeling and de novo follicle formation by promoting B cell-stromal cell crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar Dubey
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Lebon
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Mosconi
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chen-Ying Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Elke Scandella
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
A critical hallmark of adaptive immune responses is the rapid and extensive expansion of lymph nodes. During this process, the complex internal structure of the organs is maintained revealing the existence of mechanisms able to balance lymph node integrity with structural flexibility. This article reviews the extensive architectural remodeling that occurs within lymph nodes during adaptive immune responses and how it is regulated by dendritic cells (DCs). In particular we focus on previously unappreciated functions of DCs in coordinating remodeling of lymph node vasculature, expansion of the fibroblastic reticular network and maintenance of lymphoid stromal phenotypes. Our increased understanding of these processes indicates that DCs need to be viewed not only as key antigen-presenting cells for lymphocytes but also as broad-acting immune sentinels that convey signals to lymphoid organ stroma and thereby facilitate immune response initiation at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Acton
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London, UK
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Lymphoid Tissue Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Development and Tissue Remodeling. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8419104. [PMID: 27190524 PMCID: PMC4846763 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8419104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are sites that facilitate cell-cell interactions required for generating adaptive immune responses. Nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stromal cells have been shown to play a critical role in SLO function, organization, and tissue homeostasis. The stromal microenvironment undergoes profound remodeling to support immune responses. However, chronic inflammatory conditions can promote uncontrolled stromal cell activation and aberrant tissue remodeling including fibrosis, thus leading to tissue damage. Despite recent advancements, the origin and role of mesenchymal stromal cells involved in SLO development and remodeling remain unclear.
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125
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Zhao L, Gao J, Li Y, Liu L, Yang Y, Guo B, Zhu B. Disrupted Homeostatic Cytokines Expression in Secondary Lymph Organs during HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:413. [PMID: 27011165 PMCID: PMC4813265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has firmly established that infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to structural disruption in secondary lymph organs (SLOs) and that IL-7 expression by SLOs is downregulated in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques. However, the foregoing has not been demonstrated in HIV-infected patients. As well, SLO-produced chemokines and cytokines, other than IL-7, have not been tested. In this study, SLOs in HIV-infected patients exhibit decreased levels of lymphoid cytokines, such as IL-7 and C–C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21), due to lower expression of lymphotoxin (LT)-β. Previous research has shown that LT-β is produced mainly by CD4+T cells in rhesus macaques, while our study found the same level of LT-β expressed by CD4+T and CD8+T cells in humans. CD8+T cells substitute for depleted CD4+T cells LT-β production. Only the total number of CD3+T cells can account for the majority of LT-β in human SLOs. This study indicates a possible mechanism and a potential target for improvement of SLO function in HIV-infected patients, a novel adjuvant therapy for AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Jianbao Gao
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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Zeng M, Smith AJ, Shang L, Wietgrefe SW, Voss JE, Carlis JV, Li Q, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Johnson RP, Haase AT. Mucosal Humoral Immune Response to SIVmac239∆nef Vaccination and Vaginal Challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:2809-18. [PMID: 26864031 PMCID: PMC4779663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines such as SIV with a deleted nef gene have provided the most robust protection against subsequent vaginal challenge with wild-type (WT) SIV in the SIV-rhesus macaque model of HIV-1 transmission to women. Hence, identifying correlates of this protection could enable design of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. One such prechallenge correlate of protection from vaginal challenge has recently been identified as a system with three components: 1) IgG Abs reacting with the viral envelope glycoprotein trimeric gp41; 2) produced by plasma cells in the submucosa and ectopic tertiary lymphoid follicles in the ectocervix and vagina; and 3) concentrated on the path of virus entry by the neonatal FcR in the overlying epithelium. We now examine the mucosal production of the Ab component of this system after vaginal challenge. We show that vaginal challenge immediately elicits striking increases in plasma cells not only in the female reproductive tract but also at other mucosal sites, and that these increases correlate with low but persistent replication at mucosal sites. We describe vaginal ectopic follicles that are structurally and functionally organized similar to follicles in secondary lymphoid organs, and we provide inferential evidence for a key role of the female reproductive tract epithelium in facilitating Ab production, affinity maturation, and class switch recombination. Vaccination thus accesses an epithelial-immune system axis in the female reproductive tract to respond to exposure to mucosal pathogens. Designing strategies to mimic this system could advance development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Anthony J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Liang Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephen W Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - James E Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Design, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - John V Carlis
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - R Paul Johnson
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, 01772; and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ashley T Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES AIDS is caused by CD4 T-cell depletion. Although combination antiretroviral therapy can restore blood T-cell numbers, the clonal diversity of the reconstituting cells, critical for immunocompetence, is not well defined. METHODS We performed an extensive analysis of parameters of thymic function in perinatally HIV-1-infected (n = 39) and control (n = 28) participants ranging from 13 to 23 years of age. CD4 T cells including naive (CD27 CD45RA) and recent thymic emigrant (RTE) (CD31/CD45RA) cells, were quantified by flow cytometry. Deep sequencing was used to examine T-cell receptor (TCR) sequence diversity in sorted RTE CD4 T cells. RESULTS Infected participants had reduced CD4 T-cell levels with predominant depletion of the memory subset and preservation of naive cells. RTE CD4 T-cell levels were normal in most infected individuals, and enhanced thymopoiesis was indicated by higher proportions of CD4 T cells containing TCR recombination excision circles. Memory CD4 T-cell depletion was highly associated with CD8 T-cell activation in HIV-1-infected persons and plasma interlekin-7 levels were correlated with naive CD4 T cells, suggesting activation-driven loss and compensatory enhancement of thymopoiesis. Deep sequencing of CD4 T-cell receptor sequences in well compensated infected persons demonstrated supranormal diversity, providing additional evidence of enhanced thymic output. CONCLUSION Despite up to two decades of infection, many individuals have remarkable thymic reserve to compensate for ongoing CD4 T-cell loss, although there is ongoing viral replication and immune activation despite combination antiretroviral therapy. The longer term sustainability of this physiology remains to be determined.
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128
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Massanella M, Fromentin R, Chomont N. Residual inflammation and viral reservoirs: alliance against an HIV cure. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:234-41. [PMID: 26575148 PMCID: PMC4743501 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Viral persistence is ensured by a variety of mechanisms including ongoing viral replication and proliferation of latently infected cells. In this review, we summarize recent findings establishing a link between the unresolved levels of inflammation observed in virally suppressed individuals on ART and the mechanisms responsible for HIV persistence. RECENT FINDINGS Residual levels of viral replication during ART are associated with persistent low levels of immune activation, suggesting that unresolved inflammation can promote the replenishment of the HIV reservoir in tissues. In addition, the recent findings that the latent HIV reservoir is maintained by continuous proliferation of latently infected cells provide another mechanism by which residual inflammation could contribute to HIV persistence. SUMMARY Residual inflammation during ART is likely to be a critical parameter contributing to HIV persistence. Therefore, reducing inflammation may be an efficient way to interfere with the maintenance of the HIV reservoir in virally suppressed individuals on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massanella
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
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129
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Coughlan R, Cameron S. Key data from the 17th International Workshop on Co-morbidities and Adverse Drug Reactions in HIV. Antivir Ther 2016; 21:75-89. [PMID: 26857256 DOI: 10.3851/imp3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly reduced HIV-related morbidity and mortality; however, residual inflammation often persists in the absence of detectable viral load. In addition, chronic use of cART and an ageing HIV-positive population present new challenges to treating physicians who must balance the need for good virological control with risk of treatment-related toxicities. Discussions at the 17th International Workshop on Co-morbidities and Adverse Drug Reactions in HIV once again sought a better understanding of the complex relationship between HIV-, treatment- and age-related factors in the development of comorbidities in those infected with HIV. Key data from the meeting pertaining to inflammatory pathways in HIV, adipose tissue metabolism, cardiovascular disease, bone health, ageing and frailty, neurocognitive dysfunction, pulmonary disease and HCV coinfection are the focus of this report.
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130
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Thiébaut R, Jarne A, Routy JP, Sereti I, Fischl M, Ive P, Speck RF, D'Offizi G, Casari S, Commenges D, Foulkes S, Natarajan V, Croughs T, Delfraissy JF, Tambussi G, Levy Y, Lederman MM. Repeated Cycles of Recombinant Human Interleukin 7 in HIV-Infected Patients With Low CD4 T-Cell Reconstitution on Antiretroviral Therapy: Results of 2 Phase II Multicenter Studies. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1178-1185. [PMID: 26908786 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase I/II studies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy have shown that a single cycle of 3 weekly subcutaneous (s/c) injections of recombinant human interleukin 7 (r-hIL-7) is safe and improves immune CD4 T-cell restoration. Herein, we report data from 2 phase II trials evaluating the effect of repeated cycles of r-hIL-7 (20 µg/kg) with the objective of restoring a sustained CD4 T-cell count >500 cells/µL. METHODS INSPIRE 2 was a single-arm trial conducted in the United States and Canada. INSPIRE 3 was a 2 arm trial with 3:1 randomization to r-hIL-7 versus control conducted in Europe and South Africa. Participants with plasma HIV RNA levels <50 copies/mL during antiretroviral therapy and with CD4 T-cell counts between 101 and 400 cells/µL were eligible. A repeat cycle was administered when CD4 T-cell counts fell to <550 cells/µL. RESULTS A total of 107 patients were treated and received 1 (n = 107), 2 (n = 74), 3 (n = 14), or 4 (n = 1) r-hIL-7 cycles during a median follow-up of 23 months. r-hIL-7 was well tolerated. Four grade 4 events were observed, including 1 case of asymptomatic alanine aminotransferase elevation. After the second cycle, anti-r-hIL-7 binding antibodies developed in 82% and 77% of patients in INSPIRE 2 and 3, respectively (neutralizing antibodies in 38% and 37%), without impact on the CD4 T-cell response. Half of the patients spent >63% of their follow-up time with a CD4 T-cell count >500 cells/µL. CONCLUSIONS Repeated cycles of r-hIL-7 were well tolerated and achieved sustained CD4 T-cell restoration to >500 cells/µL in the majority of study participants. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION INSPIRE II: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01190111) and INSPIRE III: EudraCT (No. 2010-019773-15) and clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01241643).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Jarne
- INSERM U1219, INRIA SISTM, Bordeaux University
| | | | - Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | | | | | - Roberto F Speck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Ven Natarajan
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Yves Levy
- INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, Vaccine Research Institute Créteil, AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d'Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, France
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131
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Ng CT, Sullivan BM, Teijaro JR, Lee AM, Welch M, Rice S, Sheehan KCF, Schreiber RD, Oldstone MBA. Blockade of interferon Beta, but not interferon alpha, signaling controls persistent viral infection. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 17:653-61. [PMID: 25974304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although type I interferon (IFN-I) is thought to be beneficial against microbial infections, persistent viral infections are characterized by high interferon signatures suggesting that IFN-I signaling may promote disease pathogenesis. During persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, IFNα and IFNβ are highly induced early after infection, and blocking IFN-I receptor (IFNAR) signaling promotes virus clearance. We assessed the specific roles of IFNβ versus IFNα in controlling LCMV infection. While blockade of IFNβ alone does not alter early viral dissemination, it is important in determining lymphoid structure, lymphocyte migration, and anti-viral T cell responses that lead to accelerated virus clearance, approximating what occurs during attenuation of IFNAR signaling. Comparatively, blockade of IFNα was not associated with improved viral control, but with early dissemination of virus. Thus, despite their use of the same receptor, IFNβ and IFNα have unique and distinguishable biologic functions, with IFNβ being mainly responsible for promoting viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie T Ng
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian M Sullivan
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew M Lee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan Welch
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephanie Rice
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathleen C F Sheehan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael B A Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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132
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Pandrea I, Landay A, Wilson C, Stock J, Tracy R, Apetrei C. Using the pathogenic and nonpathogenic nonhuman primate model for studying non-AIDS comorbidities. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 12:54-67. [PMID: 25604236 PMCID: PMC4369284 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of antiretroviral therapy that can control virus replication below the detection levels of conventional assays, a new clinical landscape of AIDS emerged, in which non-AIDS complications prevail over AIDS-defining conditions. These comorbidities are diverse and affect multiple organs, thus resulting in cardiovascular, kidney, neurocognitive and liver disease, osteopenia/osteoporosis, and cancers. A common feature of these conditions is that they are generally associated with accelerated aging. The mechanism behind these comorbidities is chronic excessive inflammation induced by HIV infection, which persists under antiretroviral therapy. Progressive simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) closely reproduces these comorbidities and offers a simplified system in which most of the traditional human risk factors for comorbidities (i.e., smoking, hyperlipidemia) are absent. Additionally, experimental conditions can be properly controlled during a shorter course of disease for SIV infection. As such, NHPs can be employed to characterize new paradigms of AIDS pathogenesis and to test the efficacy of interventions aimed at alleviating non-AIDS-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 9014 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261-9045, USA,
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133
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Moukambi F, Rabezanahary H, Rodrigues V, Racine G, Robitaille L, Krust B, Andreani G, Soundaramourty C, Silvestre R, Laforge M, Estaquier J. Early Loss of Splenic Tfh Cells in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005287. [PMID: 26640894 PMCID: PMC4671657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper cells (Tfh), a subset of CD4 T lymphocytes, provide crucial help to B cells in the production of antigen-specific antibodies. Although several studies have analyzed the dynamics of Tfh cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes (LNs) during Aids, none has yet addressed the impact of SIV infection on the dynamics of Tfh cells in the spleen, the primary organ of B cell activation. We show here a significant decrease in splenic Tfh cells in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) during the acute phase of infection, which persists thereafter. This profound loss is associated with lack of sustained expression of the Tfh-defining transcription factors, Bcl-6 and c-Maf but with higher expression of the repressors KLF2 and Foxo1. In this context of Tfh abortive differentiation and loss, we found decreased percentages of memory B cell subsets and lower titers of SIV-specific IgG. We further demonstrate a drastic remodeling of the lymphoid architecture of the spleen and LNs, which disrupts the crucial cell-cell interactions necessary to maintain memory B cells and Tfh cells. Finally, our data demonstrated the early infection of Tfh cells. Paradoxically, the frequencies of SIV DNA were higher in splenic Tfh cells of RMs progressing more slowly suggesting sanctuaries for SIV in the spleen. Our findings provide important information regarding the impact of HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells, and provide new clues for future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Moukambi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Henintsoa Rabezanahary
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Gina Racine
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Lynda Robitaille
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Krust
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Guadalupe Andreani
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mireille Laforge
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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134
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Heesters BA, Lindqvist M, Vagefi PA, Scully EP, Schildberg FA, Altfeld M, Walker BD, Kaufmann DE, Carroll MC. Follicular Dendritic Cells Retain Infectious HIV in Cycling Endosomes. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005285. [PMID: 26623655 PMCID: PMC4666623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), it does not cure Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and discontinuation results in viral rebound. Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are in direct contact with CD4+ T cells and they retain intact antigen for prolonged periods. We found that human FDC isolated from patients on ART retain infectious HIV within a non-degradative cycling compartment and transmit infectious virus to uninfected CD4 T cells in vitro. Importantly, treatment of the HIV+ FDC with a soluble complement receptor 2 purges the FDC of HIV virions and prevents viral transmission in vitro. Our results provide an explanation for how FDC can retain infectious HIV for extended periods and suggest a therapeutic strategy to achieve cure in HIV-infected humans. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Before the introduction of anti retroviral therapy (ART) in the mid-1990s, people with HIV could progress to AIDS in just a few years. Today patients with HIV have a close to normal life expectancy. Worldwide, there are about 2 million new cases of HIV per year. Currently about 35 million people are living with HIV of which around 13 million receive ART. Still an estimated 1.5 million people die from the consequences of HIV each year. Despite the success of ART, it does not cure HIV and discontinuation results in viral rebound. Follicular dendritic cells (FDC), located central to the B cell follicle, are also in direct contact with T cells. FDCs retain intact antigen for prolonged periods. We found that human FDCs isolated from patients on ART retain infectious HIV and can transmit virus to uninfected T cells in vitro. Treatment of the HIV+ FDC with a soluble complement receptor 2 purges the FDC of HIV virions and prevents viral transmission to T cells in vitro. Our results can explain how FDCs retain infectious HIV and suggest a therapeutic strategy to come closer to a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balthasar A. Heesters
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Madelene Lindqvist
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Parsia A. Vagefi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eileen P. Scully
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Viral Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Centre de Recherché du CHUM; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael C. Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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135
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Murine Fibroblastic Reticular Cells From Lymph Node Interact With CD4+ T Cells Through CD40-CD40L. Transplantation 2015; 99:1561-7. [PMID: 25856408 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Costimulatory blockade with anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus donor-specific splenocyte transfusion (DST) induces alloantigen-specific tolerance. We previously showed that lymphotoxin signaling in the fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) stromal subset was required for proper lymph node structure and function during tolerization in murine cardiac transplantation. Here we focused on FRC functions and hypothesized that DST and anti-CD40L mAb-modulated FRC interactions with CD4(+) T cells in mice. METHODS Mice were immunized or tolerized by DST or DST plus anti-CD40L mAb. Fibroblastic reticular cells were flow-sorted at different timepoints for characterization and in vitro proliferation and activation assays. RESULTS Fibroblastic reticular cells responded rapidly to DST by transcribing inflammatory cytokine and chemokine messenger RNAs, such as CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL21. Conversely, anti-CD40L mAb inhibited FRC inflammatory responses. CD40 was expressed on FRC and agonistic anti-CD40 mAb activated FRC, which supported CD4(+) T-cell proliferation, whereas unstimulated FRC did not. Anti-CD3 mAb-activated CD4(+) T cells induced inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expressions by FRC, which were inhibited by anti-CD40L mAb. Thus, FRC phenotype was altered by interaction with CD4(+) T cells through CD40-CD40L, and activated FRC interacted directly with CD4(+) T cells to support T cell activation and proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrated that CD40 on FRC facilitated bidirectional communication between FRC and CD4(+) T cells via CD40-CD40L, thereby altering FRC gene expression of immune regulatory molecules. Because blockade of CD40-CD40L interactions results in tolerance in mice, identification of FRC-T cell interactions provides a new research target for tolerance induction.
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Abstract
In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell function: a state called 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells lose robust effector functions, express multiple inhibitory receptors and are defined by an altered transcriptional programme. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and tumours, but revitalization of exhausted T cells can reinvigorate immunity. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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137
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Abstract
More than 75 million people worldwide have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and there are now approximately 37 million individuals living with the infection. Untreated HIV replication causes progressive CD4(+) T cell loss and a wide range of immunological abnormalities, leading to an increased risk of infectious and oncological complications. HIV infection also contributes to cardiovascular disease, bone disease, renal and hepatic dysfunction and several other common morbidities. Antiretroviral drugs are highly effective at inhibiting HIV replication, and for individuals who can access and adhere to these drugs, combination antiretroviral therapy leads to durable (and probably lifelong) suppression of viral replication. Viral suppression enables immune recovery and the near elimination of the risk for developing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite effective treatment, HIV-infected individuals have a higher than expected risk of heart, bone, liver, kidney and neurological disease. When used optimally by an infected (or by an uninfected) person, antiretroviral drugs can virtually eliminate the risk of HIV transmission. Despite major advances in prevention sciences, HIV transmission remains common in many vulnerable populations, including men who have sex with men, injection drug users and sex workers. Owing to a lack of widespread HIV testing and the costs and toxicities associated with antiretroviral drugs, the majority of the infected population is not on effective antiretroviral therapy. To reverse the pandemic, improved prevention, treatment and implementation approaches are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, 995 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, California 94110, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Phillips
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, 995 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, California 94110, USA.,San Francisco Department of Health, San Francisco, California, USA
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138
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Lymph Node Stromal Fiber ER-TR7 Modulates CD4+ T Cell Lymph Node Trafficking and Transplant Tolerance. Transplantation 2015; 99:1119-25. [PMID: 25769074 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trafficking and differentiation of naive CD4+ and regulatory T cells (Treg) within the lymph node (LN) are integral for tolerance induction. The LN is comprised of stromal fibers that dictate lymphocyte migration and LN structure, organization, and microanatomic domains. Distribution of the stromal fiber ER-TR7 changes within the LN after antigenic challenge, but the contributions of ER-TR7 to the resulting immune response remain undefined. We hypothesized that these stromal fiber structural changes affect T cell fate and subsequently allograft survival. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were left naive (untreated) or made immune or tolerant (donor-specific BALB/c splenocyte transfusion -/+ anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody), or made tolerant and received anti-ER-TR7 monoclonal antibody. Donor-specific T-cell migration was visualized by adoptive transfer of carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester-labeled TEa T cell receptor transgenic CD4+ cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed on LNs to detect stromal fiber distribution, structure, CCL21 presence, and Treg and donor-specific cell location relative to high endothelial venules (HEV). Naive, tolerant, and tolerant + anti-ER-TR7 mice received BALB/c heterotopic cardiac allografts and graft survival was monitored. RESULTS The ER-TR7 distribution changed after the induction of tolerance vs. immunity. Treating tolerant mice with anti-ER-TR7 altered HEV basement membrane structure and the distribution of CCL21 within the LN. These differences were mirrored by changes in the migration of naive and Treg cells within and surrounding the HEV. Anti-ER-TR7 prevented tolerance induction and resulted in allograft inflammation and rejection. CONCLUSIONS These results identify ER-TR7 as an important component of LN structure in tolerance and a direct target for immune modulation.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, a series of discoveries relating to fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) — immunologically specialized myofibroblasts found in lymphoid tissue — has promoted these cells from benign bystanders to major players in the immune response. In this Review, we focus on recent advances regarding the immunobiology of lymph node-derived FRCs, presenting an updated view of crucial checkpoints during their development and their dynamic control of lymph node expansion and contraction during infection. We highlight the robust effects of FRCs on systemic B cell and T cell responses, and we present an emerging view of FRCs as drivers of pathology following acute and chronic viral infections. Lastly, we review emerging therapeutic advances that harness the immunoregulatory properties of FRCs.
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140
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Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion. NATURE REVIEWS. IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26205583 DOI: 10.1038/nri3862.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell function: a state called 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells lose robust effector functions, express multiple inhibitory receptors and are defined by an altered transcriptional programme. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and tumours, but revitalization of exhausted T cells can reinvigorate immunity. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
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141
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Zhao L, Liu L, Guo B, Zhu B. Regulation of adaptive immune responses by guiding cell movements in the spleen. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:645. [PMID: 26161081 PMCID: PMC4479725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen combines the innate and adaptive immune systems in a uniquely organized way. The excision of spleen will induce many complications, especially the increased susceptibility to infections. Recent research shows that besides playing roles during the immune responses, the spleen is also an important organ during immunoregulation, which is different from other secondary lymphoid organs. This unique function is mainly realized by modulating cell migration and proliferation in the spleen. This review provides a better understanding of the functions of this complex organ gained from recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Zhao
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China ; Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
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142
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Role of intestinal myofibroblasts in HIV-associated intestinal collagen deposition and immune reconstitution following combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2015; 29:877-88. [PMID: 25784439 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential role of mucosal intestinal myofibroblasts (IMFs) in HIV and associated fibrosis in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. DESIGN Profibrotic changes within the secondary lymphoid organs and mucosa have been implicated in failed immune reconstitution following effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Microbial translocation is believed to be sustaining these systemic inflammatory pathways. IMFs are nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells with both immunoregulatory and mesenchymal functions that are ideally positioned to respond to translocating microbial antigen. METHODS Duodenal biopsies, obtained from patients naive to cART, underwent trichrome staining and were examined for tissue growth factor-beta (TGF-β) expression. Combined immunostaining and second harmonic generation analysis were used to determine IMF activation and collagen deposition. Confocal microscopy was performed to examine IMF activation and Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 expression. Finally, primary IMF cultures were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide to demonstrate the expression of the inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS The expression of the fibrosis-promoting molecule, TGF-β1, is significantly increased in duodenal biopsies from HIV patients naïve to cART, and negatively correlated with subsequent peripheral CD4(+) recovery. The increase in TGF-β1 coincided with an increase in collagen deposition in the duodenal mucosa in the tissue area adjacent to the IMFs. We also observed that IMFs expressed TLR4 and had an activated phenotype since they were positive for fibroblast activation protein. Finally, stimulation of IMFs from HIV patients with TLR4 resulted in significantly increased expression of profibrotic molecules, TGF-β1, and interleukin-6. CONCLUSION Our data support the hypothesis that activated IMFs may be among the major cells contributing to the profibrotic changes, and thus, the establishment and maintenance of systemic inflammation interfering with immune reconstitution in HIV patients.
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143
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Brown FD, Turley SJ. Fibroblastic reticular cells: organization and regulation of the T lymphocyte life cycle. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1389-94. [PMID: 25663676 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The connective tissue of any organ in the body is generally referred to as stroma. This complex network is commonly composed of leukocytes, extracellular matrix components, mesenchymal cells, and a collection of nerves, blood, and lymphoid vessels. Once viewed primarily as a structural entity, stromal cells of mesenchymal origin are now being intensely examined for their ability to directly regulate various components of immune cell function. There is particular interest in the ability of stromal cells to influence the homeostasis, activation, and proliferation of T lymphocytes. One example of this regulation occurs in the lymph node, where fibroblastic reticular cells support the maintenance of naive T cells, induce Ag-specific tolerance, and restrict the expansion of newly activated T cells. In an effort to highlight the varied immunoregulatory properties of fibroblastic reticular cells, we reviewed the most recent advances in this field and provide some insights into potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavian D Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Shannon J Turley
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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144
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Fletcher AL, Elman JS, Astarita J, Murray R, Saeidi N, D'Rozario J, Knoblich K, Brown FD, Schildberg FA, Nieves JM, Heng TSP, Boyd RL, Turley SJ, Parekkadan B. Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cell transplants show robust therapeutic efficacy in high-mortality murine sepsis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:249ra109. [PMID: 25122637 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is an aggressive inflammatory syndrome and a global health burden estimated to kill 7.3 million people annually. Single-target molecular therapies have not addressed the multiple disease pathways triggered by septic injury. Cell therapies might offer a broader set of mechanisms of action that benefit complex, multifocal disease processes. We describe a population of immune-specialized myofibroblasts derived from lymph node tissue, termed fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). Because FRCs have an immunoregulatory function in lymph nodes, we hypothesized that ex vivo-expanded FRCs would control inflammation when administered therapeutically. Indeed, a single injection of ex vivo-expanded allogeneic FRCs reduced mortality in mouse models of sepsis when administered at early or late time points after septic onset. Mice treated with FRCs exhibited lower local and systemic concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced bacteremia. When administered 4 hours after induction of lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia, or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis in mice, FRCs reduced deaths by at least 70%. When administered late in disease (16 hours after CLP), FRCs still conveyed a robust survival advantage (44% survival compared to 0% for controls). FRC therapy was dependent on the metabolic activity of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) as the primary molecular mechanism of drug action in the mice. Together, these data describe a new anti-inflammatory cell type and provide preclinical evidence for therapeutic efficacy in severe sepsis that warrants further translational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Fletcher
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jessica S Elman
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jillian Astarita
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan Murray
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nima Saeidi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joshua D'Rozario
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Konstantin Knoblich
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flavian D Brown
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Janice M Nieves
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tracy S P Heng
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard L Boyd
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Shannon J Turley
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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145
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Estes JD, Reilly C, Trubey CM, Fletcher CV, Cory TJ, Piatak M, Russ S, Anderson J, Reimann TG, Star R, Smith A, Tracy RP, Berglund A, Schmidt T, Coalter V, Chertova E, Smedley J, Haase AT, Lifson JD, Schacker TW. Antifibrotic therapy in simian immunodeficiency virus infection preserves CD4+ T-cell populations and improves immune reconstitution with antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2015; 211:744-54. [PMID: 25246534 PMCID: PMC4334805 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with prolonged antiretroviral therapy (ART), many human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals have <500 CD4(+) T cells/µL, and CD4(+) T cells in lymphoid tissues remain severely depleted, due in part to fibrosis of the paracortical T-cell zone (TZ) that impairs homeostatic mechanisms required for T-cell survival. We therefore used antifibrotic therapy in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques to determine whether decreased TZ fibrosis would improve reconstitution of peripheral and lymphoid CD4(+) T cells. Treatment with the antifibrotic drug pirfenidone preserved TZ architecture and was associated with significantly larger populations of CD4(+) T cells in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Combining pirfenidone with an ART regimen was associated with greater preservation of CD4(+) T cells than ART alone and was also associated with higher pirfenidone concentrations. These data support a potential role for antifibrotic drug treatment as adjunctive therapy with ART to improve immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Estes
- Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research
| | - Cavan Reilly
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | | | | | - Theodore J. Cory
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Michael Piatak
- Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research
| | | | | | | | - Robert Star
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | | | | | - Vicky Coalter
- Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research
| | - Elena Chertova
- Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research
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146
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Dalton JE, Glover AC, Hoodless L, Lim EK, Beattie L, Kirby A, Kaye PM. The neurotrophic receptor Ntrk2 directs lymphoid tissue neovascularization during Leishmania donovani infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004681. [PMID: 25710496 PMCID: PMC4339582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (Ntrk2, also known as TrkB) and its ligands brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4/5), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are known primarily for their multiple effects on neuronal differentiation and survival. Here, we provide evidence that Ntrk2 plays a role in the pathologic remodeling of the spleen that accompanies chronic infection. We show that in Leishmania donovani-infected mice, Ntrk2 is aberrantly expressed on splenic endothelial cells and that new maturing blood vessels within the white pulp are intimately associated with F4/80(hi)CD11b(lo)CD11c(+) macrophages that express Bdnf and NT-4/5 and have pro-angiogenic potential in vitro. Furthermore, administration of the small molecule Ntrk2 antagonist ANA-12 to infected mice significantly inhibited white pulp neovascularization but had no effect on red pulp vascular remodeling. We believe this to be the first evidence of the Ntrk2/neurotrophin pathway driving pathogen-induced vascular remodeling in lymphoid tissue. These studies highlight the therapeutic potential of modulating this pathway to inhibit pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Dalton
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Amy C. Glover
- Jack Birch Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hoodless
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Eng-Kiat Lim
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alun Kirby
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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147
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Jenabian MA, El-Far M, Vyboh K, Kema I, Costiniuk CT, Thomas R, Baril JG, LeBlanc R, Kanagaratham C, Radzioch D, Allam O, Ahmad A, Lebouché B, Tremblay C, Ancuta P, Routy JP. Immunosuppressive Tryptophan Catabolism and Gut Mucosal Dysfunction Following Early HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:355-66. [PMID: 25616404 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism into kynurenine (Kyn) contributes to immune dysfunction in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To better define the relationship between Trp catabolism, inflammation, gut mucosal dysfunction, and the role of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), we prospectively assessed patients early after they acquired HIV. METHODS Forty patients in the early phase of infection were longitudinally followed for 12 months after receiving a diagnosis of HIV infection; 24 were untreated, and 16 were receiving ART. Kyn/Trp ratio, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) frequency, T-cell activation, dendritic cell counts, and plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, and lipopolysaccharide were assessed. RESULTS Compared with healthy subjects, patients in the early phase of infection presented with elevated Kyn/Trp ratios, which further increased in untreated patients but normalized in ART recipients. Accordingly, in untreated subjects, the elevated Treg frequency observed at baseline continued to increase over time. The highest CD8(+) T-cell activation was observed during the early phase of infection and decreased in untreated patients, whereas activation normalized in ART recipients. The Kyn/Trp ratio was positively associated with CD8(+) T-cell activation and levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6, interferon γ-inducible protein 10, interleukin 18, and tumor necrosis factor α) and negatively associated with dendritic cell frequencies at baseline and in untreated patients. However, ART did not normalize plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers. CONCLUSIONS Early initiation of ART normalized enhanced Trp catabolism and immune activation but did not improve plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ido Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Roger LeBlanc
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service Clinique Médicale OPUS
| | | | | | - Ossama Allam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Cécile Tremblay
- CHUM Research Centre Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service Research Institute Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre
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148
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Chang JE, Turley SJ. Stromal infrastructure of the lymph node and coordination of immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 36:30-9. [PMID: 25499856 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of adaptive immune responses depends upon the careful maneuvering of lymphocytes and antigen into and within strategically placed lymph nodes (LNs). Non-hematopoietic stromal cells form the cellular infrastructure that directs this process. Once regarded as merely structural features of lymphoid tissues, these cells are now appreciated as essential regulators of immune cell trafficking, fluid flow, and LN homeostasis. Recent advances in the identification and in vivo targeting of specific stromal populations have resulted in striking new insights to the function of stromal cells and reveal a level of complexity previously unrealized. We discuss here recent discoveries that highlight the pivotal role that stromal cells play in orchestrating immune cell homeostasis and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Chang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shannon J Turley
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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149
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we describe recent data on the characterization of follicular helper CD4 T cells (Tfh) and the dynamics of Tfh-B-cell interactions in HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and discuss important aspects of these interactions that need to be addressed in order to design more effective vaccines that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. RECENT FINDINGS Mouse, nonhuman primate (NHP) and human Tfh cells share phenotypic, functional and molecular programs, which are regulated by local signals and spatiotemporal parameters. Chronic HIV/SIV infection results in accumulation of Tfh, germinal center B cells and circulating virus-specific immunoglobulins in some individuals. However, most HIV/SIV-infected individuals do not mount broadly neutralizing antibodies, pointing to functional defects in Tfh cells in chronic HIV/SIV infection. The susceptibility of particular CD4 T-cell populations to HIV/SIV infection within lymph nodes notably impacts upon the dynamics of Tfh-germinal center B-cell interactions. Some circulating CD4 T cells share certain characteristics with Tfh cells, however, their direct origin from germinal center Tfh cells is not clear. SUMMARY There are many ways in which HIV and SIV influence the complex signals and mechanisms regulating the development of Tfh cells and their interactions with germinal center B cells. Understanding the biology of Tfh cells will be necessary to appropriately recruit these cells during vaccination with the goal of stimulating a more broad and potent neutralizing antibody response.
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150
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Acchioni C, Marsili G, Perrotti E, Remoli AL, Sgarbanti M, Battistini A. Type I IFN--a blunt spear in fighting HIV-1 infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:143-58. [PMID: 25466629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, Type I Interferon (IFN) has been recognized as critical in controlling viral infections. IFN is produced downstream germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon engagement by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). As a result, hundreds of different interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are rapidly induced, acting in both autocrine and paracrine manner to build a barrier against viral replication and spread. ISGs encode proteins with direct antiviral and immunomodulatory activities affecting both innate and adaptive immune responses. During infection with viruses, as HIV-1, that can establish a persistent infection, IFN although produced, is not able to block the initial infection and a chronic IFN-mediated immune activation/inflammation becomes a pathogenic mechanism of disease progression. This review will briefly summarize when and how IFN is produced during HIV-1 infection and the way this innate immune response is manipulated by the virus to its own advantage to drive chronic immune activation and progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Edvige Perrotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
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