101
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Lin YC, Ko YC, Hung SC, Lin YT, Lee JH, Tsai JY, Kung PH, Tsai MC, Chen YF, Wu CC. Selective Inhibition of PAR4 (Protease-Activated Receptor 4)-Mediated Platelet Activation by a Synthetic Nonanticoagulant Heparin Analog. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:694-703. [PMID: 30727756 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- PAR4 (protease-activated receptor 4), one of the thrombin receptors in human platelets, has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of arterial thrombotic disease. Previous studies implied that thrombin exosite II, known as a binding site for heparin, may be involved in thrombin-induced PAR4 activation. In the present study, a heparin octasaccharide analog containing the thrombin exosite II-binding domain of heparin was chemically synthesized and investigated for anti-PAR4 effect. Approach and Results- PAR4-mediated platelet aggregation was examined using either thrombin in the presence of a PAR1 antagonist or γ-thrombin, which selectively activates PAR4. SCH-28 specifically inhibits PAR4-mediated platelet aggregation, as well as the signaling events downstream of PAR4 in response to thrombin. Moreover, SCH-28 prevents thrombin-induced β-arrestin recruitment to PAR4 but not PAR1 in Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 cells using a commercial enzymatic complementation assay. Compared with heparin, SCH-28 is more potent in inhibiting PAR4-mediated platelet aggregation but has no significant anticoagulant activity. In an in vitro thrombosis model, SCH-28 reduces thrombus formation under whole blood arterial flow conditions. Conclusions- SCH-28, a synthetic small-molecular and nonanticoagulant heparin analog, inhibits thrombin-induced PAR4 activation by interfering with thrombin exosite II, a mechanism of action distinct from other PAR4 inhibitors that target the receptor. The characteristics of SCH-28 provide a new strategy for targeting PAR4 with the potential for the treatment of arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Lin
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Ko
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C.K., S.-C.H.)
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C.K., S.-C.H.)
| | - Ying-Ting Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science (Y.-T.L., J.-H.L.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hau Lee
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science (Y.-T.L., J.-H.L.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ying Tsai
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiung Kung
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chun Tsai
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Wu
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan (C.-C.W.).,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (C.-C.W.)
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102
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Lebas H, Yahiaoui K, Martos R, Boulaftali Y. Platelets Are at the Nexus of Vascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:132. [PMID: 31572732 PMCID: PMC6749018 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are important actors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Current antiplatelet drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation have been shown to be effective in CVD treatment. However, the management of bleeding complications is still an issue in vascular diseases. While platelets can act individually, they interact with vascular cells and leukocytes at sites of vascular injury and inflammation. The main goal remains to better understand platelet mechanisms in thrombo-inflammatory diseases and provide new lines of safe treatments. Beyond their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, recent studies have reported the role of several aspects of platelet functions in CVD progression. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of platelet mechanisms involved in several vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Lebas
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Katia Yahiaoui
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Martos
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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103
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Teixeira C, Fernandes CM, Leiguez E, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Inflammation Induced by Platelet-Activating Viperid Snake Venoms: Perspectives on Thromboinflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2082. [PMID: 31572356 PMCID: PMC6737392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by viperid snakes is characterized by systemic thrombotic syndrome and prominent local inflammation. To date, the mechanisms underlying inflammation and blood coagulation induced by Viperidae venoms have been viewed as distinct processes. However, studies on the mechanisms involved in these processes have revealed several factors and signaling molecules that simultaneously act in both the innate immune and hemostatic systems, suggesting an overlap between both systems during viper envenomation. Moreover, distinct classes of venom toxins involved in these effects have also been identified. However, the interplay between inflammation and hemostatic alterations, referred as to thromboinflammation, has never been addressed in the investigation of viper envenomation. Considering that platelets are important targets of viper snake venoms and are critical for the process of thromboinflammation, in this review, we summarize the inflammatory effects and mechanisms induced by viper snake venoms, particularly from the Bothrops genus, which strongly activate platelet functions and highlight selected venom components (metalloproteases and C-type lectins) that both stimulate platelet functions and exhibit pro-inflammatory activities, thus providing insights into the possible role(s) of thromboinflammation in viper envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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104
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Do the Fibrin Scaffold and Growth Factors in Platelet-Rich Fibrin Play the Most Vital Roles in Bone Regeneration? A Critical Comment. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:1923-1926. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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105
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), a major public health problem associated with high mortality and increased risk of progression towards end-stage renal disease, is characterized by the activation of intra-renal haemostatic and inflammatory processes. Platelets, which are present in high numbers in the circulation and can rapidly release a broad spectrum of bioactive mediators, are important acute modulators of inflammation and haemostasis, as they are the first cells to arrive at sites of acute injury, where they interact with endothelial cells and leukocytes. Diminished control of platelet reactivity by endothelial cells and/or an increased release of platelet-activating mediators can lead to uncontrolled platelet activation in AKI. As increased platelet sequestration and increased expression levels of the markers P-selectin, thromboxane A2, CC-chemokine ligand 5 and platelet factor 4 on platelets have been reported in kidneys following AKI, platelet activation likely plays a part in AKI pathology. Results from animal models and some clinical studies highlight the potential of antiplatelet therapies in the preservation of renal function in the context of AKI, but as current strategies also affect other cell types and non-platelet-derived mediators, additional studies are required to further elucidate the extent of platelet contribution to the pathology of AKI and to determine the best therapeutic approach by which to specifically target related pathogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel P B Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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106
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Pretorius E. Platelets as Potent Signaling Entities in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:532-545. [PMID: 31196615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease with a dysregulated circulating inflammatory molecule tendency. T2DM is closely associated with systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular risk, and increased clotting susceptibility. Platelets have fundamental roles in the development and propagation of inflammation and cardiovascular risk. They signal through membrane receptors, resulting in (hyper)activation and release of inflammatory molecules from platelet compartments. This review highlights how circulating inflammatory molecules, acting as platelet receptor ligands, interact with platelets, causing platelets to be potent drivers of systemic inflammation. We conclude by suggesting that focused platelet research in T2DM is an important avenue to pursue to identify novel therapeutic targets, and that platelets could be used as cellular activity sensors themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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107
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Wadowski PP, Pultar J, Weikert C, Eichelberger B, Panzer B, Huber K, Lang IM, Koppensteiner R, Panzer S, Gremmel T. Protease-activated receptor-mediated platelet aggregation in acute coronary syndrome patients on potent P2Y 12 inhibitors. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:383-390. [PMID: 31294325 PMCID: PMC6611376 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the increasing use of potent P2Y12 inhibitors, further atherothrombotic events still impair the prognosis of many acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. This may in part be attributable to intact platelet aggregation via the human thrombin receptors protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-4. OBJECTIVE We studied PAR mediated platelet aggregation in ACS patients following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation in a cross-sectional study. METHODS Platelet aggregation to ADP as well as to the PAR-1 agonist SFLLRN and the PAR-4 agonist AYPGKF was assessed by multiple electrode aggregometry in 194 ACS patients on dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and either prasugrel (n = 114) or ticagrelor (n = 80) 3 days after PCI. RESULTS Based on the consensus cutoff value, high on-treatment residual platelet reactivity to ADP (HRPR ADP) was observed in only 2 prasugrel-treated patients. Both patients with HRPR ADP had also a normal response to SFLLRN and AYPGKF. Among the 112 prasugrel-treated patients with adequate P2Y12 inhibition, 50 patients (45%) still had a normal response to SFLLRN, and 70 patients (63%) still had a normal response to AYPGKF. Among the 80 ticagrelor-treated patients with adequate P2Y12 inhibition, 25 patients (31%) still had a normal response to SFLLRN, and 50 (63%) still had a normal response to AYPGKF. CONCLUSION Normal platelet aggregation via PAR-1 and PAR-4 is preserved in many patients with adequate P2Y12 inhibition by prasugrel and ticagrelor. The present findings may at least in part explain adverse ischemic events despite potent P2Y12 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Pultar
- Department of Internal Medicine IIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Constantin Weikert
- Department of Internal Medicine IIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Beate Eichelberger
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Benjamin Panzer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Intensive Care MedicineChest Pain UnitWilhelminenhospitalViennaAustria
| | - Irene M. Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine IIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Simon Panzer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and NephrologyLandesklinikum Wiener NeustadtWiener NeustadtAustria
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108
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Miller MM, Banville J, Friends TJ, Gagnon M, Hangeland JJ, Lavallée JF, Martel A, O’Grady H, Rémillard R, Ruediger E, Tremblay F, Posy SL, Allegretto NJ, Guarino VR, Harden DG, Harper TW, Hartl K, Josephs J, Malmstrom S, Watson C, Yang Y, Zhang G, Wong P, Yang J, Bouvier M, Seiffert DA, Wexler RR, Lawrence RM, Priestley ES, Marinier A. Discovery of Potent Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Antagonists with in Vivo Antithrombotic Efficacy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7400-7416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Miller
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jacques Banville
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Todd J. Friends
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Mark Gagnon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jon J. Hangeland
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jean-François Lavallée
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alain Martel
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Harold O’Grady
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Roger Rémillard
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Edward Ruediger
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Shana L. Posy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Nick J. Allegretto
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Victor R. Guarino
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - David G. Harden
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Timothy W. Harper
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Karen Hartl
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jonathan Josephs
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Sarah Malmstrom
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Carol Watson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Yanou Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ge Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Pancras Wong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dietmar A. Seiffert
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - R. Michael Lawrence
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - E. Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Anne Marinier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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109
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Shimizu M, Natori T, Tsuda K, Yoshida M, Kamada A, Oi K, Ishigaku Y, Oura K, Narumi S, Yamamoto M, Terayama Y. Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation −effect of dabigatran using automated platelet aggregometry−. Platelets 2019; 31:360-364. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1624707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mie Shimizu
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, Yokohama Brain and Spine Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Natori
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tsuda
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Makiko Yoshida
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Asami Kamada
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Oi
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishigaku
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Oura
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Narumi
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Research, Yokohama Brain and Spine Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terayama
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
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Xie X, Wang X, Laskowitz DT, Zhao X, Miao Z, Liu L, Li H, Meng X, Wang Y, Wang Y. Effect of dual versus mono antiplatelet therapy on recurrent stroke modulated by activated partial thromboplastin time. Eur J Neurol 2019; 26:1168-e78. [PMID: 30972875 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The efficacy of dual antiplatelet treatment may be modified by many factors. The aim was to assess whether the effect of clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone on recurrent stroke would be affected by admission activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). METHODS Data were derived from the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. A total of 5074 patients were categorized into three groups based on the aPTT distribution according to the 15th and 85th percentile. The primary outcome was any stroke within 90 days. The interaction of aPTT with antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk was assessed with a Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for covariates. RESULTS In the high aPTT group (defined as ≥35.9 s), stroke occurred in 6.7% of patients in the clopidogrel-aspirin arm and 11.9% in the aspirin arm [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29-0.85]. In the medium aPTT group (24.6-35.8 s), stroke occurred in 7.7% of patients in the clopidogrel-aspirin arm and 11.8% in the aspirin arm (adjusted HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.50-0.75). Furthermore, in the low aPTT group (≤24.5 s), stroke occurred in 11.2% of patients in the clopidogrel-aspirin arm and 9.9% in the aspirin arm (adjusted HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.65-1.62). The interaction P value of antiplatelet therapy with aPTT level at the cut-point of approximately 25 s or below was significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dual antiplatelet therapy was superior to single antiplatelet therapy in the high or medium aPTT group but not in the low aPTT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xie
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - D T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - X Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Z Miao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - H Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - X Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
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Pitchford S, Cleary S, Arkless K, Amison R. Pharmacological strategies for targeting platelet activation in asthma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 46:55-64. [PMID: 31026626 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The activation of platelets during host defence and inflammatory disorders has become increasingly documented. Clinical studies of patients with asthma reveal heightened platelet activation and accumulation into lung tissue. Accompanying studies in animal models of allergic lung inflammation, using protocols of experimentally induced thrombocytopenia proclaim an important role for platelets during the leukocyte recruitment cascade, tissue integrity, and lung function. The functions of platelets during these inflammatory events are clearly distinct to platelet functions during haemostasis and clot formation, and have led to the concept that a dichotomy (or polytomy, depending on what else platelets do) in platelet activation exists. The platelet, therefore, presents us with novel opportunities for modulating these inflammatory responses. This review discusses the rationale and effectiveness of current anti-platelet drugs in their use to supress inflammation with regard to asthma, and the need to consider novel possibilities for pharmacological modulation of platelet function associated with inflammation that are pharmacologically distinct to current anti-platelet therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Simon Cleary
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), Department of Medicine, San Francisco, USA
| | - Kate Arkless
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Amison
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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112
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Adrenoceptor α 2A signalling countervails the taming effects of synchronous cyclic nucleotide-elevation on thrombin-induced human platelet activation and aggregation. Cell Signal 2019; 59:96-109. [PMID: 30926386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The healthy vascular endothelium constantly releases autacoids which cause an increase of intracellular cyclic nucleotides to tame platelets from inappropriate activation. Elevating cGMP and cAMP, in line with previous reports, cooperated in the inhibition of isolated human platelet intracellular calcium-mobilization, dense granules secretion, and aggregation provoked by thrombin. Further, platelet alpha granules secretion and, most relevant, integrin αIIaβ3 activation in response to thrombin are shown to be prominently affected by the combined elevation of cGMP and cAMP. Since stress-related sympathetic nervous activity is associated with an increase in thrombotic events, we investigated the impact of epinephrine in this setting. We found that the assessed signalling events and functional consequences were to various extents restored by epinephrine, resulting in full and sustained aggregation of isolated platelets. The restoring effects of epinephrine were abolished by either interfering with intracellular calcium-elevation or with PI3-K signalling. Finally, we show that in our experimental setting epinephrine likewise reconstitutes platelet aggregation in heparinized whole blood, which may indicate that this mechanism could also apply in vivo.
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114
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A function-blocking PAR4 antibody is markedly antithrombotic in the face of a hyperreactive PAR4 variant. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1283-1293. [PMID: 29884748 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin activates human platelets via 2 protease-activated receptors (PARs), PAR1 and PAR4, both of which are antithrombotic drug targets: a PAR1 inhibitor is approved for clinical use, and a PAR4 inhibitor is in trial. However, a common sequence variant in human PAR4 (rs773902, encoding Thr120 in place of Ala120) renders the receptor more sensitive to agonists and less sensitive to antagonists. Here, we develop the first human monoclonal function-blocking antibody to human PAR4 and show it provides equivalent efficacy against the Ala120 and Thr120 PAR4 variants. This candidate was generated from a panel of anti-PAR4 antibodies, was found to bind PAR4 with affinity (KD ≈ 0.4 nM) and selectivity (no detectable binding to any of PAR1, PAR2, or PAR3), and is capable of near-complete inhibition of thrombin cleavage of either the Ala120 or Thr120 PAR4 variant. Platelets from individuals expressing the Thr120 PAR4 variant exhibit increased thrombin-induced aggregation and phosphatidylserine exposure vs those with the Ala120 PAR4 variant, yet the PAR4 antibody inhibited these responses equivalently (50% inhibitory concentration, 4.3 vs 3.2 µg/mL against Ala120 and Thr120, respectively). Further, the antibody significantly impairs platelet procoagulant activity in an ex vivo thrombosis assay, with equivalent inhibition of fibrin formation and overall thrombus size in blood from individuals expressing the Ala120 or Thr120 PAR4 variant. These findings reveal antibody-mediated inhibition of PAR4 cleavage and activation provides robust antithrombotic activity independent of the rs773902 PAR4 sequence variant and provides rationale for such an approach for antithrombotic therapy targeting this receptor.
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115
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Heuberger DM, Franchini AG, Madon J, Schuepbach RA. Thrombin cleaves and activates the protease-activated receptor 2 dependent on thrombomodulin co-receptor availability. Thromb Res 2019; 177:91-101. [PMID: 30861432 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease-activated receptors (PARs) evolved to react to extracellular proteolytic activity. In mammals, three of the four PARs (PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4) that are expressed respond to the prototypical procoagulant enzyme thrombin, whereas PAR2 was assumed to resist activation by thrombin. To date, involvement of cell surface thrombin-recruiting co-receptors such as thrombomodulin (TM), which potentially facilitates PAR2 cleavage, has not been addressed. Thus, we examined whether TM-bound thrombin cleaved PAR2 and tested biological responses such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) DNA binding activity and cytokine release. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined 293T cells overexpressing PAR2 and TM for thrombin recruitment by TM promoting PAR2 cleavage. To test for the TM-thrombin interactions required for PAR2 cleavage and to map cleavage sites on PAR2, mutant constructs of TM or PAR2 were engineered. Biological effects because of PAR2 activation were investigated using an NF-κB reporter system and cytokine release. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified that, at low to moderate concentrations, thrombin cleaved PAR2 in a TM co-receptor-dependent manner with cleavage efficiency comparable to that of trypsin. In TM's presence, thrombin efficiently cleaved both, PAR1 and PAR2, albeit kinetics differed. Whereas the majority of surface expressed PAR1 was immediately cleaved off, prolonged exposure to thrombin resulted in few additional cleavage. In contrast, PAR2 cleavage was sustained upon prolonged exposure to thrombin. However, TM EGF-like domain 5 was required and TM chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan sites serine 490 and serine 492 assisted in PAR2 cleavage, while thrombin preferentially cleaved at arginine 36 on PAR2's N-terminus. Note that thrombin-induced activation of NF-κB via PAR2 resulted in release of interleukin-8. Thus, we provide a novel concept of how thrombin efficiently cleaves PAR2 in a TM-dependent manner, resulting in pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 release. This unexpected pro-inflammatory role of TM, promoting cleavage and activation of PAR2 by thrombin, may lead to novel therapeutic options for treating inflammatory and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro G Franchini
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerzy Madon
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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116
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Grover SP, Bergmeier W, Mackman N. Platelet Signaling Pathways and New Inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e28-e35. [PMID: 29563117 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (S.P.G., N.M.) and McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (S.P.G., N.M.) and McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (S.P.G., N.M.) and McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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117
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Posma JJ, Grover SP, Hisada Y, Owens AP, Antoniak S, Spronk HM, Mackman N. Roles of Coagulation Proteases and PARs (Protease-Activated Receptors) in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:13-24. [PMID: 30580574 PMCID: PMC6310042 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the blood coagulation cascade leads to fibrin deposition and platelet activation that are required for hemostasis. However, aberrant activation of coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Thrombi can cause tissue ischemia, and fibrin degradation products and activated platelets can enhance inflammation. In addition, coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of PARs (protease-activated receptors), including PAR1 and PAR2. Direct oral anticoagulants have recently been developed to specifically inhibit the coagulation proteases FXa (factor Xa) and thrombin. Administration of these inhibitors to wild-type mice can be used to determine the roles of FXa and thrombin in different inflammatory diseases. These results can be compared with the phenotypes of mice with deficiencies of either Par1 (F2r) or Par2 (F2rl1). However, inhibition of coagulation proteases will have effects beyond reducing PAR signaling, and a deficiency of PARs will abolish signaling from all proteases that activate these receptors. We will summarize studies that examine the roles of coagulation proteases, particularly FXa and thrombin, and PARs in different mouse models of inflammatory disease. Targeting FXa and thrombin or PARs may reduce inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven P Grover
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - A. Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henri M Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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118
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Laboratory Monitoring of Antiplatelet Therapy. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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119
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120
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Han X, Nieman MT. PAR4 (Protease-Activated Receptor 4): PARticularly Important 4 Antiplatelet Therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:287-289. [PMID: 29367229 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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121
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Whitley MJ, Henke D, Ghazi A, Nieman M, Stoller M, Simon LM, Chen E, Vesci J, Holinstat M, McKenzie S, Shaw C, Edelstein L, Bray PF. The protease-activated receptor 4 Ala120Thr variant alters platelet responsiveness to low-dose thrombin and protease-activated receptor 4 desensitization, and is blocked by non-competitive P2Y 12 inhibition. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2501-2514. [PMID: 30347494 PMCID: PMC6289679 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Essentials The rs773902 SNP results in differences in platelet protease-activated receptor (PAR4) function. The functional consequences of rs773902 were analyzed in human platelets and stroke patients. rs773902 affects thrombin-induced platelet function, PAR4 desensitization, stroke association. Enhanced PAR4 Thr120 effects on platelet function are blocked by ticagrelor. SUMMARY: Background F2RL3 encodes protease-activated receptor (PAR) 4 and harbors an A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs773902) with racially dimorphic allelic frequencies. This SNP mediates an alanine to threonine substitution at residue 120 that alters platelet PAR4 activation by the artificial PAR4-activation peptide (PAR4-AP) AYPGKF. Objectives To determine the functional effects of rs773902 on stimulation by a physiological agonist, thrombin, and on antiplatelet antagonist activity. Methods Healthy human donors were screened and genotyped for rs773902. Platelet function in response to thrombin was assessed without and with antiplatelet antagonists. The association of rs773902 alleles with stroke was assessed in the Stroke Genetics Network study. Results As compared with rs773902 GG donors, platelets from rs773902 AA donors had increased aggregation in response to subnanomolar concentrations of thrombin, increased granule secretion, and decreased sensitivity to PAR4 desensitization. In the presence of PAR1 blockade, this genotype effect was abolished by higher concentrations of or longer exposure to thrombin. We were unable to detect a genotype effect on thrombin-induced PAR4 cleavage, dimerization, and lipid raft localization; however, rs773902 AA platelets required a three-fold higher level of PAR4-AP for receptor desensitization. Ticagrelor, but not vorapaxar, abolished the PAR4 variant effect on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. A significant association of modest effect was detected between the rs773902 A allele and stroke. Conclusion The F2RL3 rs773902 SNP alters platelet reactivity to thrombin; the allelic effect requires P2Y12 , and is not affected by gender. Ticagrelor blocks the enhanced reactivity of rs773902 A platelets. PAR4 encoded by the rs773902 A allele is relatively resistant to desensitization and may contribute to stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Whitley
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - D.M. Henke
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - A. Ghazi
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - M. Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Michelle Stoller
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - L. M. Simon
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - E. Chen
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - J. Vesci
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M. Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - S.E. McKenzie
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - C.A. Shaw
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - L.C. Edelstein
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul F. Bray
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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122
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Eisinger F, Patzelt J, Langer HF. The Platelet Response to Tissue Injury. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:317. [PMID: 30483508 PMCID: PMC6242949 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, various studies have increasingly explained platelet functions not only in their central role as a regulator in cellular hemostasis and coagulation. In fact, there is growing evidence that under specific conditions, platelets act as a mediator between the vascular system, hemostasis, and the immune system. Therefore, they are essential in many processes involved in tissue remodeling and tissue reorganization after injury or inflammatory responses. These processes include the promotion of inflammatory processes, the contribution to innate and adaptive immune responses during bacterial and viral infections, the modulation of angiogenesis, and the regulation of cell apoptosis in steady-state tissue homeostasis or after tissue breakdown. All in all platelets may contribute to the control of tissue homeostasis much more than generally assumed. This review summarizes the current knowledge of platelets as part of the tissue remodeling network and seeks to provide possible translational implications for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Eisinger
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Patzelt
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald F. Langer
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Ramirez GA, Efthymiou M, Isenberg DA, Cohen H. Under crossfire: thromboembolic risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 58:940-952. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Efthymiou
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hannah Cohen
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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124
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Mechanisms coupling thrombin to metastasis and tumorigenesis. Thromb Res 2018; 164 Suppl 1:S29-S33. [PMID: 29703481 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The association of malignancy and thrombophilia is bidirectional, as evidenced by four decades of studies in animal models showing that hemostatic system components support cancer progression. Consistent with this view, clinical studies have suggested that anticoagulants not only limit thromboembolic complications associated with cancer, but also improve survival by impeding cancer progression, and may even prevent the development of cancer. In order to fully capitalize on this association, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms coupling hemostatic factors to cancer pathogenesis is required. Multiple studies have shown that thrombin-mediated procoagulant functions strongly promote metastatic potential. In particular, the platelet/fibrin(ogen) axis has been shown to protect newly formed micrometastases from innate immune surveillance, contribute to creation of a metastatic niche by recruitment of prometastatic inflammatory cells, and promote the epithelial to mesenchymal transition of metastatic cells. Thrombin-mediated functions have also been shown to support tumor growth in some contexts, and have even been linked to tumorigenesis in the setting of inflammation-driven colon cancer. Here, local thrombin-mediated extravascular fibrin deposition, and specifically fibrin-αMβ2 integrin interaction, push intestinal inflammatory cells toward a pro-tumorigenic phenotype, resulting in the elaboration of key cytokines and growth factors that support the proliferation and survival of transformed intestinal epithelial cells. These studies reveal that hemostatic factors can serve as a bridge between pathological inflammation and the development of cancer. As a large proportion of cancers are caused by pathological inflammation, these studies suggest that therapies targeting the nexus between hemostasis and inflammation could be used to prevent cancer development.
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125
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Hamilos M, Petousis S, Parthenakis F. Interaction between platelets and endothelium: from pathophysiology to new therapeutic options. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:568-580. [PMID: 30498682 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Platelets were traditionally considered to purely have a role in the maintenance of haemostasis. Recently their role in vasomotor function, inflammation and atherosclerosis has been very well-recognized. Endothelium which was originally considered as a simple passive barrier, it is now viewed as an organ whose normal functioning is crucial for maintaining vascular health. When endothelial balance is disturbed, vascular disease initiates. Platelet interactions with endothelium have an important contribution in this process. Low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet hyper-reactivity are all independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Older antiplatelet agents like aspirin and clopidogrel and newer more potent agents like prasugrel and ticagrelor have been proven effective in all the clinical spectrum of coronary artery disease patients. Current antiplatelet medications and especially newer generation P2Y12 inhibitor ticagrelor, offer clinical benefits not only due to their well-recognized antithrombotic effect, but also via the attenuation of platelet inflammatory action, impediment of P2Y12 activation effects in other cells and through other complex and sometimes undefined pathways. Future research is expected to better define platelet-endothelium interactions and the multiple impact of current antiplatelet therapy on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Hamilos
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stylianos Petousis
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fragiskos Parthenakis
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Lee S, Ay C, Kopp CW, Panzer S, Gremmel T. Impaired glucose metabolism is associated with increased thrombin generation potential in patients undergoing angioplasty and stenting. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:131. [PMID: 30268122 PMCID: PMC6162876 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a strong platelet agonist on the one hand and key molecule in plasmatic coagulation on the other hand, thrombin connects primary and secondary hemostasis. Thrombin generation potential reflects the individual capacity to generate thrombin, and has been associated with the occurrence of thromboembolic events. In the current study, we sought to identify predictors of thrombin generation potential in patients undergoing angioplasty and stenting for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Methods Peak thrombin generation potential and area under the curve (AUC) of thrombin generation potential were determined with a commercially available assay in 315 patients on dual antiplatelet therapy 1 day after percutaneous intervention, and in 100 healthy individuals without cardiovascular disease. Results Median (interquartile range) peak thrombin generation potential and AUC of thrombin generation potential in the study cohort (n = 315) were significantly higher than in healthy individuals (n = 100) without cardiovascular disease (peak thrombin generation potential: 445.4 nM [354.5–551.8 nM] vs. 174.5 nM [141.2–261.2 nM]; AUC of thrombin generation potential: 5262.7 nM thrombin [4806.6–5756.9 nM thrombin] vs. 3405.2 nM thrombin [3043.6–3747.3 nM thrombin]; both p < 0.001). In patients undergoing angioplasty and stenting, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was the only variable that was independently associated with both, peak thrombin generation potential and AUC of thrombin generation potential (both p ≤ 0.007). In contrast, platelet count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were only associated with peak thrombin generation potential, and body mass index and serum creatinine were only associated with AUC of thrombin generation potential after adjustment for covariates by multivariate linear regression analyses (all p < 0.05). Patients with HbA1c ≥ 6% had significantly higher peak thrombin generation potential and AUC of thrombin generation potential than patients with HbA1c < 6% (peak thrombin generation potential: 476.9 nM [385.8–577.9 nM] vs. 423.9 nM [335.8–529.5 nM], p = 0.002; AUC of thrombin generation potential: 5371.8 nM thrombin [4903 – 5899 nM thrombin] vs. 5172.5 nM thrombin [4731.8–5664.7 nM thrombin], p = 0.01). HbA1c ≥ 6% remained independently associated with both parameters of thrombin generation potential after multivariate linear regression analyses (both p ≤ 0.02). Conclusions Impaired glucose metabolism is associated with increased thrombin generation potential in patients undergoing angioplasty and stenting for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cihan Ay
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph W Kopp
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Panzer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Nephrology, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
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Estevão-Costa MI, Sanz-Soler R, Johanningmeier B, Eble JA. Snake venom components in medicine: From the symbolic rod of Asclepius to tangible medical research and application. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:94-113. [PMID: 30261311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both mythologically and logically, snakes have always fascinated man. Snakes have attracted both awe and fear not only because of the elegant movement of their limbless bodies, but also because of the potency of their deadly venoms. Practically, in 2017, the world health organization (WHO) listed snake envenomation as a high priority neglected disease, as snakes inflict up to 2.7 million poisonous bites, around 100.000 casualties, and about three times as many invalidities on man. The venoms of poisonous snakes are a cocktail of potent compounds which specifically and avidly target numerous essential molecules with high efficacy. The individual effects of all venom toxins integrate into lethal dysfunctions of almost any organ system. It is this efficacy and specificity of each venom component, which after analysis of its structure and activity may serve as a potential lead structure for chemical imitation. Such toxin mimetics may help in influencing a specific body function pharmaceutically for the sake of man's health. In this review article, we will give some examples of snake venom components which have spurred the development of novel pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, we will provide examples where such snake toxin-derived mimetics are in clinical use, trials, or consideration for further pharmaceutical exploitation, especially in the fields of hemostasis, thrombosis, coagulation, and metastasis. Thus, it becomes clear why a snake captured its symbolic place at the Asclepius rod with good reason still nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Inacia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanz-Soler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Johanningmeier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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128
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Pant A, Kopec AK, Luyendyk JP. Role of the blood coagulation cascade in hepatic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G171-G176. [PMID: 29723040 PMCID: PMC6139645 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00402.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver is the primary source of numerous proteins that are critical for normal function of the blood coagulation cascade. Because of this, diseases of the liver, particularly when affiliated with severe complications like cirrhosis, are associated with abnormalities of blood clotting. Although conventional interpretation has inferred cirrhosis as a disorder of uniform bleeding risk, it is now increasingly appreciated as a disease wherein the coagulation cascade is precariously rebalanced. Moreover, prothrombotic risk factors are also associated with a more rapid progression of fibrosis in humans, suggesting that coagulation proteases participate in disease pathogenesis. Indeed, strong evidence drawn from experimental animal studies indicates that components of the coagulation cascade, particularly coagulation factor Xa and thrombin, drive profibrogenic events, leading to hepatic fibrosis. Here, we concisely review the evidence supporting a pathologic role for coagulation in the development of liver fibrosis and the potential mechanisms involved. Further, we highlight how studies in experimental animals may shed light on emerging clinical evidence, suggesting that beneficial effects of anticoagulation could extend beyond preventing thrombotic complications to include reducing pathologies like fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Pant
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Anna K Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
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129
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Link KG, Stobb MT, Di Paola J, Neeves KB, Fogelson AL, Sindi SS, Leiderman K. A local and global sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model of coagulation and platelet deposition under flow. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200917. [PMID: 30048479 PMCID: PMC6062055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemostatic response involves blood coagulation and platelet aggregation to stop blood loss from an injured blood vessel. The complexity of these processes make it difficult to intuit the overall hemostatic response without quantitative methods. Mathematical models aim to address this challenge but are often accompanied by numerous parameters choices and thus need to be analyzed for sensitivity to such choices. Here we use local and global sensitivity analyses to study a model of coagulation and platelet deposition under flow. To relate with clinical assays, we measured the sensitivity of three specific thrombin metrics: lag time, maximum relative rate of generation, and final concentration after 20 minutes. In addition, we varied parameters of three different classes: plasma protein levels, kinetic rate constants, and platelet characteristics. In terms of an overall ranking of the model’s sensitivities, we found that the local and global methods provided similar information. Our local analysis, in agreement with previous findings, shows that varying parameters within 50-150% of baseline values, in a one-at-a-time (OAT) fashion, always leads to significant thrombin generation in 20 minutes. Our global analysis gave a different and novel result highlighting groups of parameters, still varying within the normal 50-150%, that produced little or no thrombin in 20 minutes. Variations in either plasma levels or platelet characteristics, using either OAT or simultaneous variations, always led to strong thrombin production and overall, relatively low output variance. Simultaneous variation in kinetics rate constants or in a subset of all three parameter classes led to the highest overall output variance, incorporating instances with little to no thrombin production. The global analysis revealed multiple parameter interactions in the lag time and final concentration leading to relatively high variance; high variance was also observed in the thrombin generation rate, but parameters attributed to that variance acted independently and additively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G. Link
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Stobb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America
| | - Aaron L. Fogelson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Suzanne S. Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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130
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Kremers BMM, Ten Cate H, Spronk HMH. Pleiotropic effects of the hemostatic system. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02208-5. [PMID: 29851288 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is characterized by the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis combined with a hypercoagulable state leading to superimposed thrombus formation. In atherosclerotic plaques, cell signaling can occur via protease-activated receptors (PARs), four of which have been identified so far (PAR1-PAR4). Proteases that are able to activate PARs can be produced systemically, but also at the sites of lesions, and they include thrombin and activated factor X. After PAR activation, downstream signaling can lead to both proinflammatory effects and a hypercoagulable state. Which specific effect occurs depends on the type of protease and activated PAR, and the site of activation. Hypercoagulable effects are mainly exerted through PAR1 and PAR4, whereas proinflammatory responses are mostly seen after PAR1 and PAR2 activation. PAR signaling pathways contribute to atherothrombosis, suggesting that inhibition of these pathways possibly prevents cardiovascular events based on this pathophysiological mechanism. In this review, we highlight the pathways by which PAR activation leads to proinflammatory responses and a hypercoagulable state. Furthermore, we give an overview of potential pharmacological treatment targets that promote vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M M Kremers
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H Ten Cate
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H M H Spronk
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Sokol J, Nehaj F, Ivankova J, Mokan M, Mokan M, Stasko J. Dabigatran affects thrombin-dependent platelet aggregation after a week-long therapy. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2018; 52:227-231. [PMID: 29842807 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2018.1480798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor. As the main adverse event is bleeding, it is relevant whether dabigatran has additional effects on platelet function. If so, it could affect the bleeding risk. We aimed to assess in vitro aggregation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving dabigatran. DESIGN We evaluated 32 AF patients treated with dabigatran (study group) and 18 non-anticoagulated non-AF blood donors (control group). We assessed light transmittance platelet aggregation (LTA) with 100 nmol/L γ-thrombin in both groups. The LTA was performed at two time-points in our dabigatran group of patients. RESULTS The thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was significantly lower two hours after dabigatran was taken compared to baseline measurement (9% ± 6% vs. 29% ± 21%) in our study group. Moreover, we observed that the baseline value of platelet aggregation in patients on dabigatran treatment was significantly lower compared to healthy volunteers (29% ± 21% vs. 89 ± 8). However, one subanalysis showed that this significant reduction in platelet aggregation at baseline was only observed in patients who received dabigatran for over a week. CONCLUSION The thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is reduced in non-valvular AF patients receiving dabigatran after a week-long therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Sokol
- a Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, National Centre of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin , Slovakia
| | - Frantisek Nehaj
- b First Department of Internal Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin , Slovakia
| | - Jela Ivankova
- a Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, National Centre of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin , Slovakia
| | - Michal Mokan
- b First Department of Internal Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin , Slovakia
| | - Marian Mokan
- b First Department of Internal Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin , Slovakia
| | - Jan Stasko
- a Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, National Centre of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin , Slovakia
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Altieri P, Bertolotto M, Fabbi P, Sportelli E, Balbi M, Santini F, Brunelli C, Canepa M, Montecucco F, Ameri P. Thrombin induces protease-activated receptor 1 signaling and activation of human atrial fibroblasts and dabigatran prevents these effects. Int J Cardiol 2018; 271:219-227. [PMID: 29801760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data with animal cells and models suggest that thrombin activates cardiac fibroblasts (Fib) to myofibroblasts (myoFib) via protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) cleavage, and in this way promotes adverse atrial remodeling and, thereby, atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVE Here, we explored the effects of thrombin on human atrial Fib and whether they are antagonized by the clinically available direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran. METHODS Fib isolated from atrial appendages of patients without AF undergoing elective cardiac surgery were evaluated for PAR expression and treated with thrombin with or without dabigatran. PAR1 cleavage, downstream signaling and myoFib markers were investigated by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Collagen synthesis, activity of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2 and proliferation were assessed by Picro-Sirius red staining, gelatinolytic zymography and BrdU incorporation, respectively. Fib function was studied as capability to contract a collagen gel and stimulate the chemotaxis of peripheral blood monocytes from healthy volunteers. RESULTS Primary human atrial Fib expressed PAR1, while levels of the other PARs were very low. Thrombin triggered PAR1 cleavage and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and Akt, elicited a switch to myoFib enriched for αSMA, fibronectin and type I collagen, and induced paracrine/autocrine transforming growth factor beta-1, cyclooxygenase-2, endothelin-1 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2); conversely, MMP-2 activity decreased. Thrombin-primed cells displayed enhanced proliferation, formed discrete collagen-containing cellular nodules, and stimulated the contraction of a collagen gel. Furthermore, their conditioned medium caused monocytes to migrate. All these effects were prevented by dabigatran. CONCLUSION These results with human cells complete the knowledge about thrombin actions on cardiac Fib and strengthen the translational potential of the emerging paradigm that pharmacological blockade of thrombin may counteract molecular and cellular events underlying AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Altieri
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Bertolotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; First Clinic of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fabbi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Sportelli
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Cardiovascular Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Manrico Balbi
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Santini
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Cardiovascular Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Brunelli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Canepa
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; First Clinic of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Pietro Ameri
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
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Han X, Nieman MT. Protease activated receptor 4: a backup receptor or a dark horse as a target in antiplatelet therapy? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:56. [PMID: 29610748 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.11.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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134
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Zhang D, Liu J, Qi T, Ge B, Wang Z, Jiang S, Liu Q, Zhang H, Ding G, Tang B. Transcriptome Analysis of Hepatopancreas from the Cr (VI)-Stimulated Mantis Shrimp ( Oratosquilla oratoria) by Illumina Paired-End Sequencing: Assembly, Annotation, and Expression Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2598-2606. [PMID: 29425446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cr (VI), the pathogenicity factor, is widely known to cause toxic effects in living organisms. Given the economic importance of the mantis shrimp ( Oratosquilla oratoria), the understanding of impacts by Cr (VI) is considered important. In this study, transcriptome of mantis shrimp was characterized by a comparison between control and Cr (VI)-treated samples using RNA-seq approach. Totally, 88 234 826 bp and 13.24G clean reads were obtained. The total length and number of unigenes were 68 411 206 bp and 100 918, respectively. The maximal and average length of unigenes was 24 906 bp and 678 bp, respectively (N50, 798 bp). 7115 of these unigenes accounted for 7.05% of the total that were annotated in all databases. After annotation of assembled unigenes, 35 619 of them were assigned into 3 functional categories and 56 subcategories using Gene Ontology; 18 580 of them were assigned into 26 functional categories using Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins; 16 864 of them were assigned into 5 major categories and 32 subclasses using KEGG. Finally, 1730 genes were differentially expressed (DGEs), 9 up-regulated pathways (protein digestion and absorption, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, pancreatic secretion, tyrosine metabolism, amoebiasis, ECM-receptor interaction, riboflavin metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications) were significantly enriched ( q < 0.05), and one down-regulated pathway ( Staphylococcus aureus infection) was significantly enriched ( q < 0.05). Up-regulation of genes in pathways of protein digestion/absorption ( PepT1/SLC15A and ATP1B) and environment information processing ( COL1AS, COL4A; LAMA3_5, LAMB3; FN1 and TN) may imply the potentially positive toxicity resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizhen Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng 224051 , China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Lianyungang Normal College , Lianyungang 222006 , China
| | - Tingting Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng 224051 , China
| | - Baoming Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng 224051 , China
| | - Zhengfei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng 224051 , China
| | - Senhao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng 224051 , China
| | - Qiuning Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng 224051 , China
| | - Huabin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng 224051 , China
| | - Ge Ding
- Chemical and Biological Engineering College , Yancheng Institute of Technology , Yancheng 224003 , China
| | - Boping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng 224051 , China
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135
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De Silva E, Kim H. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: Focus on platelet apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:1-11. [PMID: 29410286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a serious and potentially fatal complication of drug therapy that results either from a decrease in bone marrow platelet production or the excessive destruction of circulating platelets. Although multiple mechanisms are responsible for deregulated platelet clearance, the role of programmed platelet death (apoptosis) in drug-induced thrombocytopenia has been relatively under-investigated until recently. Here we review apoptotic signaling pathways in platelets, with a focus on current data that provide mechanistic insights into drug-induced apoptosis and thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoli De Silva
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hugh Kim
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Wong PC, Seiffert D, Bird JE, Watson CA, Bostwick JS, Giancarli M, Allegretto N, Hua J, Harden D, Guay J, Callejo M, Miller MM, Lawrence RM, Banville J, Guy J, Maxwell BD, Priestley ES, Marinier A, Wexler RR, Bouvier M, Gordon DA, Schumacher WA, Yang J. Blockade of protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) provides robust antithrombotic activity with low bleeding. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/371/eaaf5294. [PMID: 28053157 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf5294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antiplatelet agents are proven efficacious treatments for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the existing drugs are compromised by unwanted and sometimes life-threatening bleeding that limits drug usage or dosage. There is a substantial unmet medical need for an antiplatelet drug with strong efficacy and low bleeding risk. Thrombin is a potent platelet agonist that directly induces platelet activation via the G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled protease-activated receptors PAR1 and PAR4. A PAR1 antagonist is approved for clinical use, but its use is limited by a substantial bleeding risk. Conversely, the potential of PAR4 as an antiplatelet target has not been well characterized. Using anti-PAR4 antibodies, we demonstrated a low bleeding risk and an effective antithrombotic profile with PAR4 inhibition in guinea pigs. Subsequently, high-throughput screening and an extensive medicinal chemistry effort resulted in the discovery of BMS-986120, an orally active, selective, and reversible PAR4 antagonist. In a cynomolgus monkey arterial thrombosis model, BMS-986120 demonstrated potent and highly efficacious antithrombotic activity. BMS-986120 also exhibited a low bleeding liability and a markedly wider therapeutic window compared to the standard antiplatelet agent clopidogrel tested in the same nonhuman primate model. These preclinical findings define the biological role of PAR4 in mediating platelet aggregation. In addition, they indicate that targeting PAR4 is an attractive antiplatelet strategy with the potential to treat patients at a high risk of atherothrombosis with superior safety compared with the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pancras C Wong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
| | - Dietmar Seiffert
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - J Eileen Bird
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Carol A Watson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Mary Giancarli
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Nick Allegretto
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Ji Hua
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - David Harden
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jocelyne Guay
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mario Callejo
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michael M Miller
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Jacques Banville
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julia Guy
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Brad D Maxwell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Anne Marinier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - William A Schumacher
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
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Morikawa Y, Kato H, Kashiwagi H, Nishiura N, Akuta K, Honda S, Kanakura Y, Tomiyama Y. Protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) variant influences on platelet reactivity induced by PAR4-activating peptide through altered Ca 2+ mobilization and ERK phosphorylation in healthy Japanese subjects. Thromb Res 2018; 162:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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138
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Williams B, Wehman B, Mazzeffi MA, Odonkor P, Harris RL, Kon Z, Tanaka KA. Acute Intracardiac Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism After Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Anesth Analg 2018; 126:425-434. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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139
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Siasos G, Tsigkou V, Oikonomou E, Zaromitidou M, Tousoulis D. Novel Antiplatelet Agents. Coron Artery Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811908-2.00020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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140
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Liu H, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Li L, Ding S, Wang Y, Zhang T, Li L, Shao Z, Fu R. Proteinase 3 expression on the neutrophils of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2525-2532. [PMID: 29467851 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is released from neutrophils and regulates platelet activity, which is associated with cluster of differentiation (CD)177 antigen (NB1), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein. In the present study, the effect of PR3 on thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and PNH-aplastic anemia (AA) syndrome was explored. The expression of PR3 and NB1 on CD59- neutrophils was detected by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence (IF), reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blotting. Serum levels of PR3, proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and D-Dimer were measured using ELISAs. The expression of PR3 and NB1 on the plasma membrane of CD59- neutrophils in patients with PNH/PNH-AA was significantly lower compared with their expression on CD59+ neutrophils in patients and controls (P=0.001). However, no correlation between PR3 and NB1 expression was identified. IF staining further demonstrated partially positive PR3 expression on CD59- neutrophils. The serum level of PR3 in patients was identified to be significantly decreased compared with healthy controls (P<0.0001), and significantly negatively correlated with PAR1 (r=-0.456; P=0.043) and D-Dimer (r=-0.503; P=0.028) levels. The mRNA and protein levels of PR3 on PNH clones did not change significantly compared with the control group. In conclusion, PR3 expression on the plasma membrane of neutrophils and in the serum of patients with PNH/PNH-AA decreased, which may result in increased PAR1 expression and increased clotting. The present study provides the basis for further study on platelets in PNH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxue Ding
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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141
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Wilson SJ, Ismat FA, Wang Z, Cerra M, Narayan H, Raftis J, Gray TJ, Connell S, Garonzik S, Ma X, Yang J, Newby DE. PAR4 (Protease-Activated Receptor 4) Antagonism With BMS-986120 Inhibits Human Ex Vivo Thrombus Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:448-456. [PMID: 29269513 PMCID: PMC5779320 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— BMS-986120 is a novel first-in-class oral PAR4 (protease-activated receptor 4) antagonist with potent and selective antiplatelet effects. We sought to determine for the first time, the effect of BMS-986120 on human ex vivo thrombus formation. Approach and Results— Forty healthy volunteers completed a phase 1 parallel-group PROBE trial (Prospective Randomized Open-Label Blinded End Point). Ex vivo platelet activation, platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation were measured at 0, 2, and 24 hours after (1) oral BMS-986120 (60 mg) or (2) oral aspirin (600 mg) followed at 18 hours with oral aspirin (600 mg) and oral clopidogrel (600 mg). BMS-986120 demonstrated highly selective and reversible inhibition of PAR4 agonist peptide (100 μM)-stimulated P-selectin expression, platelet-monocyte aggregates, and platelet aggregation (P<0.001 for all). Compared with pretreatment, total thrombus area (μm2/mm) at high shear was reduced by 29.2% (95% confidence interval, 18.3%–38.7%; P<0.001) at 2 hours and by 21.4% (9.3%–32.0%; P=0.002) at 24 hours. Reductions in thrombus formation were driven by a decrease in platelet-rich thrombus deposition: 34.8% (19.3%–47.3%; P<0.001) at 2 hours and 23.3% (5.1%–38.0%; P=0.016) at 24 hours. In contrast to aspirin alone, or in combination with clopidogrel, BMS-986120 had no effect on thrombus formation at low shear (P=nonsignificant). BMS-986120 administration was not associated with an increase in coagulation times or serious adverse events. Conclusions— BMS-986120 is a highly selective and reversible oral PAR4 antagonist that substantially reduces platelet-rich thrombus formation under conditions of high shear stress. Our results suggest PAR4 antagonism has major potential as a therapeutic antiplatelet strategy. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02439190.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Wilson
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.).
| | - Fraz A Ismat
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Michael Cerra
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Hafid Narayan
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Jennifer Raftis
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Timothy J Gray
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Shea Connell
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Samira Garonzik
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Xuewen Ma
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Jing Yang
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - David E Newby
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
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142
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Mussbacher M, Schrottmaier WC, Salzmann M, Brostjan C, Schmid JA, Starlinger P, Assinger A. Optimized plasma preparation is essential to monitor platelet-stored molecules in humans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188921. [PMID: 29220362 PMCID: PMC5722331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets store a plethora of different molecules within their granules, modulating numerous pathways, not only in coagulation, but also in angiogenesis, wound healing, and inflammatory diseases. These molecules get rapidly released upon activation and therefore represent an easily accessible indirect marker for platelet activation. Accurate analysis of platelet-derived molecules in the plasma requires appropriate anticoagulation to avoid in vitro activation and subsequent degranulation of platelets, potentially causing artificially high levels and masking biologically relevant differences within translational research studies. However, there is still enormous heterogeneity among anticoagulants used to prevent unwanted platelet activation, so that plasma levels reported for platelet granule contents range over several orders of magnitude. To address this problem and to define the most robust method of plasma preparation to avoid in vitro platelet activation during processing, we compared plasma concentrations of the three platelet-stored factors thrombospondin (TSP-1), platelet factor 4 (PF4), and soluble P-selectin (sCD62P) between human blood samples anticoagulated with either citrate-theophylline-adenosine-dipyridamole (CTAD), acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or heparin. Additionally, we assessed the effect of storage temperature and time between blood drawing and sample processing within the differentially anticoagulated samples. Our data strongly support the use of CTAD as anticoagulant for determining plasma concentrations of platelet-stored molecules, as anticoagulation with heparin or EDTA led to a 12.4- or 8.3-fold increase in plasma levels of PF4, respectively. Whereas ACD was similar effective as CTAD, citrate only showed comparable PF4 plasma levels when plasma was kept at 4°C. Moreover, blood sampling with CTAD as anticoagulant resulted in the most reproducible values, even when samples were processed at ambient temperature or after storage over 6 hours. In the latter case, anticoagulation with heparin or EDTA led to artificially high plasma levels indicative of in vitro platelet activation. Therefore, we want to raise scientific awareness for choosing CTAD as optimal anticoagulant for the detection of platelet-stored molecules in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mussbacher
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud C. Schrottmaier
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Salzmann
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A. Schmid
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Starlinger
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Alice Assinger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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143
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Lee H, Sturgeon S, Jackson S, Hamilton J. The contribution of thrombin-induced platelet activation to thrombus growth is diminished under pathological blood shear conditions. Thromb Haemost 2017; 107:328-37. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-06-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryDeveloping novel anti-platelet therapies is an important clinical strategy for the prevention of arterial thromboses which cause heart attacks and most strokes. Thrombin activates platelets via protease-activated receptors (PARs), and PAR antagonists are currently under investigation as antithrombotics. Yet despite these clinical advances, the importance of PARs to platelet activation during thromboses formed under pathological conditions has not been investigated. To this end, we examined the role of PAR-dependent platelet activation in thrombus formation in the presence of elevated blood shear rates. We used two in vivo thrombosis models and an ex vivo whole blood flow approach in PAR4-/-mice, whose platelets are unresponsive to thrombin, to show that the contribution of PAR-mediated platelet activation to thrombosis is diminished at pathological blood shear rates as a direct result of decreased incorporation of thrombin-activated platelets into growing thrombi. Our ex vivo observations were replicated in human whole blood treated with a PAR1 antagonist. These results define a novel, shear-regulated role for thrombin/PAR-dependent platelet activation during thrombosis and provide important insights into the conditions under which PAR antagonists may best be used for the prevention of acute coronary syndromes.
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144
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Tatour M, Shapira M, Axelman E, Ghanem S, Keren-Politansky A, Bonstein L, Brenner B, Nadir Y. Thrombin is a selective inducer of heparanase release from platelets and granulocytes via protease-activated receptor-1. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1391-1401. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-10-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryHeparanase, known to be involved in angiogenesis and metastasis, was shown to form a complex with tissue factor (TF) and to enhance the generation of factor Xa. Platelets and granulocytes contain abundant amounts of heparanase that may enhance the coagulation system upon discharge. It was the aim of this study to identify the inducer and pathway of heparanase release from these cells. Platelets and granulocytes were purified from pooled normal plasma and were incubated with ATP, ADP, epinephrine, collagen, ristocetin, arachidonic acid, serotonin, LPS and thrombin. Heparanase levels were assessed by ELISA, heparanase procoagulant activity assay and western blot analysis. The effects of selective protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and 2 inhibitors and PAR-1 and 4 activators were studied. An in-house synthesised inhibitory peptide to heparanase was used to evaluate platelet heparanase involvement in activation of the coagulation system. Heparanase was released from platelets only by thrombin induction while other inducers exerted no such effect. The heparanase level in a platelet was found to be 40 % higher than in a granulocyte. Heparanase released from platelets or granulocytes increased factor Xa generation by three-fold. PAR-1 activation via ERK intracellular pathway was found to induce heparanase release. In conclusion, heparanase is selectively released from platelets and granulocytes by thrombin interacting with PAR-1. Heparanase derived from platelets and granulocytes is involved in activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway. The present study implies on a potential anticoagulant effect, in addition to anti-platelet effect, of the new clinically studied PAR-1 inhibitors.
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145
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TR47, a PAR1-based peptide, inhibits melanoma cell migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1300-1304. [PMID: 29196264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Activated Protein C (APC) is a serine-protease that displays antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, cleavage of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) by APC exerts endothelial cytoprotective actions. The effects of APC on endothelial cells may be reproduced by TR47, a PAR1-based peptide that mimics the novel N-terminus of PAR1 generated upon cleavage at Arg-46 by APC. In this study we demonstrate that wild-type APC and its signaling-proficient mutant, APC-2Cys (which has dramatically reduced anticoagulant activity), display similar inhibitory effects towards the transendothelial migration of A375 human melanoma cells. Consistent with this observation, APC and APC-2Cys significantly reduced the in vivo metastatic potential of the B16F10 murine melanoma cells. TR47 recapitulated the in vitro and in vivo protective profiles of APC and APC-2Cys. Treatment of EA.hy926 endothelial cells with TR47 (20 μM) significantly decreased the A375 cell migration. In addition, treatment of C57/BL6 mice with a single TR47 dose (125 μg/animal) strongly reduced the metastatic burden of B16F10 cells. Together, our results suggest that protection of the endothelial barrier by APC/TR47-mediated signaling pathways might be a valuable therapeutic approach to prevent metastasis.
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146
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Miao D, Li DY, Chen M, Zhao MH. Platelets are activated in ANCA-associated vasculitis via thrombin-PARs pathway and can activate the alternative complement pathway. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:252. [PMID: 29141676 PMCID: PMC5688714 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the mechanism of platelet activation in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), as well as the activation of the alternative complement pathway by platelets in AAV. METHODS CD62P and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in AAV patients were tested by flow cytometry. Platelets were stimulated by plasma from active AAV patients. The effect of the thrombin-protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway was evaluated by blocking thrombin or PAR1 antagonists. After platelets were activated by plasma from AAV patients, Ca/Mg-Tyrode's buffer and Mg-EGTA buffer were used to measure complement activation in liquid phase and on the surface of platelets. RESULTS The levels of CD62P-expressing platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates were significantly higher in active AAV patients than those in remission and normal controls. Platelets were activated by plasma from active AAV patients (percentage of CD62P-expressing platelets, 97.7 ± 3% vs. 1 ± 0.2%, p < 0.0001, compared with those incubated with healthy donor plasma), and this was inhibited by thrombin or PAR1 antagonists (percentage of CD62P-expressing platelets, 97.7 ± 3% vs. 2.7 ± 1%, p < 0.0001, 97.7 ± 3% vs. 5 ± 1.4%, p < 0.0001, respectively). Platelets activated by plasma from AAV patients could trigger complement activation via the alternative pathway, as demonstrated by significant elevation of C3a, C5a, and sC5b-9 and significantly more C3c and C5b-9 deposition on the surface of platelets. CONCLUSIONS Platelets were activated in AAV patients, and such activation was at least partially attributed to the thrombin-PARs pathway. Activated platelets triggered the alternative complement pathway in AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Miao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, 100034, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dan-Yang Li
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, 100034, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Min Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China. .,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China. .,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, 100034, China. .,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, 100034, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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147
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Towstyka NY, Shiromizu CM, Keitelman I, Sabbione F, Salamone GV, Geffner JR, Trevani AS, Jancic CC. Modulation of γδ T-cell activation by neutrophil elastase. Immunology 2017; 153:225-237. [PMID: 28888033 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are non-conventional, innate-like T cells, characterized by a restricted T-cell receptor repertoire. They participate in protective immunity responses against extracellular and intracellular pathogens, tumour surveillance, modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, tissue healing, epithelial cell maintenance and regulation of physiological organ function. In this study, we investigated the role of neutrophils during the activation of human blood γδ T cells through CD3 molecules. We found that the up-regulation of CD69 expression, and the production of interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α induced by anti-CD3 antibodies was potentiated by neutrophils. We found that inhibition of caspase-1 and neutralization of interleukin-18 did not affect neutrophil-mediated modulation. By contrast, the treatment with serine protease inhibitors prevented the potentiation of γδ T-cell activation induced by neutrophils. Moreover, the addition of elastase to γδ T-cell culture increased their stimulation, and the treatment of neutrophils with elastase inhibitor prevented the effect of neutrophils on γδ T-cell activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the effect of elastase on γδ T cells was mediated through the protease-activated receptor, PAR1, because the inhibition of this receptor with a specific antagonist, RWJ56110, abrogated the effect of neutrophils on γδ T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Yasmín Towstyka
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Maiumi Shiromizu
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Keitelman
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Sabbione
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Verónica Salamone
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Raúl Geffner
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Silvina Trevani
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Cristina Jancic
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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van den Eshof BL, Hoogendijk AJ, Simpson PJ, van Alphen FPJ, Zanivan S, Mertens K, Meijer AB, van den Biggelaar M. Paradigm of Biased PAR1 (Protease-Activated Receptor-1) Activation and Inhibition in Endothelial Cells Dissected by Phosphoproteomics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1891-1902. [PMID: 28818855 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thrombin is the key serine protease of the coagulation cascade and mediates cellular responses by activation of PARs (protease-activated receptors). The predominant thrombin receptor is PAR1, and in endothelial cells (ECs), thrombin dynamically regulates a plethora of phosphorylation events. However, it has remained unclear whether thrombin signaling is exclusively mediated through PAR1. Furthermore, mechanistic insight into activation and inhibition of PAR1-mediated EC signaling is lacking. In addition, signaling networks of biased PAR1 activation after differential cleavage of the PAR1 N terminus have remained an unresolved issue. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we used a quantitative phosphoproteomics approach to show that classical and peptide activation of PAR1 induce highly similar signaling, that low thrombin concentrations initiate only limited phosphoregulation, and that the PAR1 inhibitors vorapaxar and parmodulin-2 demonstrate distinct antagonistic properties. Subsequent analysis of the thrombin-regulated phosphosites in the presence of PAR1 inhibitors revealed that biased activation of PAR1 is not solely linked to a specific G-protein downstream of PAR1. In addition, we showed that only the canonical thrombin PAR1 tethered ligand induces extensive early phosphoregulation in ECs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides detailed insight in the signaling mechanisms downstream of PAR1. Our data demonstrate that thrombin-induced EC phosphoregulation is mediated exclusively through PAR1, that thrombin and thrombin-tethered ligand peptide induce similar phosphoregulation, and that only canonical PAR1 cleavage by thrombin generates a tethered ligand that potently induces early signaling. Furthermore, platelet PAR1 inhibitors directly affect EC signaling, indicating that it will be a challenge to design a PAR1 antagonist that will target only those pathways responsible for tissue pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L van den Eshof
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Arie J Hoogendijk
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Pelle J Simpson
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Floris P J van Alphen
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Sara Zanivan
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Koen Mertens
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Alexander B Meijer
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Maartje van den Biggelaar
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.).
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149
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Zhang Q, Liu H, Zhu Q, Zhan P, Zhu S, Zhang J, Lv T, Song Y. Patterns and functional implications of platelets upon tumor "education". Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 90:68-80. [PMID: 28754316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While platelets are traditionally recognized to play a predominant role in hemostasis and thrombosis, increasing evidence verifies its involvement in malignancies. As a component of the tumor microenvironment, platelets influence carcinogenesis, tumor metastasis and chemotherapy efficiency. Platelets status is thus predictable as a hematological biomarker of cancer prognosis and a hot target for therapeutic intervention. On the other hand, the role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as an inducer of platelet activation and aggregation has been well acknowledged. The cross-talk between platelets and CTCs is reciprocal on that the CTCs activate platelets while platelets contribute to CTCs' survival and dissemination. This review covers some of the current issues related to the loop between platelets and tumor aggression, including the manners of tumor cells in "educating" platelets and biofunctional alterations of platelets upon tumor "education". We also highlight the potential clinical applications on the interplay between tumors and platelets. Further studies with well-designed prospective multicenter trials may contribute to clinical "liquid biopsy" diagnosis by evaluating the global changes of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Hongda Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Suhua Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jianya Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Tangfeng Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China.
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Smith TH, Li JG, Dores MR, Trejo J. Protease-activated receptor-4 and purinergic receptor P2Y12 dimerize, co-internalize, and activate Akt signaling via endosomal recruitment of β-arrestin. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13867-13878. [PMID: 28652403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.782359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular inflammation and thrombosis require the concerted actions of several different agonists, many of which act on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCR dimerization is a well-established phenomenon that can alter protomer function. In platelets and other cell types, protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) has been shown to dimerize with the purinergic receptor P2Y12 to coordinate β-arrestin-mediated Akt signaling, an important mediator of integrin activation. However, the mechanism by which the PAR4-P2Y12 dimer controls β-arrestin-dependent Akt signaling is not known. We now report that PAR4 and P2Y12 heterodimer internalization is required for β-arrestin recruitment to endosomes and Akt signaling. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, immunofluorescence microscopy, and co-immunoprecipitation in cells expressing receptors exogenously and endogenously, we demonstrate that PAR4 and P2Y12 specifically interact and form dimers expressed at the cell surface. We also found that activation of PAR4 but not of P2Y12 drives internalization of the PAR4-P2Y12 heterodimer. Remarkably, activated PAR4 internalization was required for recruitment of β-arrestin to endocytic vesicles, which was dependent on co-expression of P2Y12. Interestingly, stimulation of the PAR4-P2Y12 heterodimer promotes β-arrestin and Akt co-localization to intracellular vesicles. Moreover, activated PAR4-P2Y12 internalization is required for sustained Akt activation. Thus, internalization of the PAR4-P2Y12 heterodimer is necessary for β-arrestin recruitment to endosomes and Akt signaling and lays the foundation for examining whether blockade of PAR4 internalization reduces integrin and platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Smith
- From the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093 and
| | - Julia G Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093 and
| | - Michael R Dores
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093 and.,the Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093 and
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