101
|
Yu T, Forrester JV, Graham GJ, Kuffova L. The atypical chemokine receptor-2 does not alter corneal graft survival but regulates early stage of corneal graft-induced lymphangiogenesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:1875-1882. [PMID: 30054731 PMCID: PMC6153595 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To re-evaluate the role of the atypical chemokine receptor-2 (ACKR2) in corneal graft rejection and investigate the effect of ACKR2 on inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis using murine orthotopic corneal transplantation. Methods Corneal grafts were performed and evaluated in the settings of syngeneic, allogeneic and single antigen (HY-antigen) disparity pairings. Corneal vessels were quantified in whole mounts from WT, ACKR2−/− and F4/80−/−ACKR2−/− mice that received syngeneic or allogeneic grafts using anti-CD31 and anti-Lyve-1 antibodies. Results Syngeneic corneal grafts in WT and ACKR2−/− mice were 100% accepted. Fully histo-incompatible allogeneic grafts were rapidly rejected (100%) with similar tempo in both WT and ACKR2−/− hosts. Around 50% of single-antigen (HY) disparity grafts rejected at a slow but similar tempo (60 days) in WT and ACKR2−/− mice. Prior to grafting, F4/80−/−ACKR2−/− mice had lower baseline levels of limbal blood and lymphatic vessels compared to ACKR2−/− mice. Syngeneic grafts, but not allogeneic grafts, in ACKR2−/− and F4/80−/−ACKR2−/− mice induced higher levels of lymphatic sprouting and infiltration of Lyve-1+ cells during the early (3d) post-graft (pg) stage but lymphatic density was similar to WT grafted mice by 7d pg. Conclusions Our results indicate that the chemokine scavenger receptor, ACKR2, has no role to play in the survival of allogeneic grafts. A minor role in regulation of lymphangiogenesis in the early stage of wound healing in syngeneic grafts is suggested, but this effect is probably masked by the more pronounced lymphangiogenic inflammatory response in allogeneic grafts. No additional effect was observed with the deletion of the resident macrophage gene, F4/80.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - J V Forrester
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
- Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TT, UK
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
- NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Impact of mediastinal lymph node enlargement on the prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201154. [PMID: 30044866 PMCID: PMC6059471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mediastinal lymph node enlargement (LNE) is common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and is known to be associated with the severity of lung fibrosis. However, the relationship between mediastinal LNE and the prognosis of IPF has not been determined to date. Methods This study included patients with IPF from the interstitial lung disease registry at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, from January 2012 to March 2016. Two thoracic radiologists independently reviewed mediastinal LNE and lung parenchymal fibrosis and ground glass opacities in chest computed tomography scans of each patient, which were obtained upon diagnosis. Mortality and admission rates were analyzed. Results In total, 132 patients (104 [78.8%] male; median age, 72 years; range, 51–84 years) were enrolled and 73 (55.3%) patients had mediastinal LNE (short axis ≥ 10 mm in diameter). Mortality was significantly higher among patients with LNE than among those without LNE (hazard ratio 2.26 [95% confidence interval 1.20–4.23], p = 0.011). Of the patients with LNE, 24.7% experienced acute exacerbation and 43.8% experienced hospital admission for respiratory causes, in comparison with 16.9% and 40.0% of patients without LNE respectively. Although patients with LNE had a tendency to have increased rate of acute exacerbation, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion Mediastinal LNE in IPF is associated with increased mortality and its occurrence may be considered a poor prognostic factor in patients with IPF.
Collapse
|
103
|
Vieira JM, Norman S, Villa Del Campo C, Cahill TJ, Barnette DN, Gunadasa-Rohling M, Johnson LA, Greaves DR, Carr CA, Jackson DG, Riley PR. The cardiac lymphatic system stimulates resolution of inflammation following myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3402-3412. [PMID: 29985167 PMCID: PMC6063482 DOI: 10.1172/jci97192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) arising from obstruction of the coronary circulation engenders massive cardiomyocyte loss and replacement by non-contractile scar tissue, leading to pathological remodeling, dysfunction, and ultimately heart failure. This is presently a global health problem for which there is no effective cure. Following MI, the innate immune system directs the phagocytosis of dead cell debris in an effort to stimulate cell repopulation and tissue renewal. In the mammalian adult heart, however, the persistent influx of immune cells, coupled with the lack of an inherent regenerative capacity, results in cardiac fibrosis. Here, we reveal that stimulation of cardiac lymphangiogenesis with VEGF-C improves clearance of the acute inflammatory response after MI by trafficking immune cells to draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) in a process dependent on lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1). Deletion of Lyve1 in mice, preventing docking and transit of leukocytes through the lymphatic endothelium, results in exacerbation of chronic inflammation and long-term deterioration of cardiac function. Our findings support targeting of the lymphatic/immune cell axis as a therapeutic paradigm to promote immune modulation and heart repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Miguel Vieira
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - Sophie Norman
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | | | - Thomas J Cahill
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - Damien N Barnette
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - Mala Gunadasa-Rohling
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - Louise A Johnson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Paul R Riley
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Loo CP, Nelson NA, Lane RS, Booth JL, Loprinzi Hardin SC, Thomas A, Slifka MK, Nolz JC, Lund AW. Lymphatic Vessels Balance Viral Dissemination and Immune Activation following Cutaneous Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3176-3187. [PMID: 28954233 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels lie at the interface between peripheral sites of pathogen entry, adaptive immunity, and the systemic host. Though the paradigm is that their open structure allows for passive flow of infectious particles from peripheral tissues to lymphoid organs, virus applied to skin by scarification does not spread to draining lymph nodes. Using cutaneous infection by scarification, we analyzed the effect of viral infection on lymphatic transport and evaluated its role at the host-pathogen interface. We found that, in the absence of lymphatic vessels, canonical lymph-node-dependent immune induction was impaired, resulting in exacerbated pathology and compensatory, systemic priming. Furthermore, lymphatic vessels decouple fluid and cellular transport in an interferon-dependent manner, leading to viral sequestration while maintaining dendritic cell transport for immune induction. In conclusion, we found that lymphatic vessels balance immune activation and viral dissemination and act as an "innate-like" component of tissue host viral defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Loo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nicholas A Nelson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ryan S Lane
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jamie L Booth
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sofia C Loprinzi Hardin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Archana Thomas
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Balasubbramanian D, Lopez Gelston CA, Rutkowski JM, Mitchell BM. Immune cell trafficking, lymphatics and hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1978-1988. [PMID: 29797446 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated immune cell infiltration into organs contributes to the development and maintenance of hypertension. Studies targeting specific immune cell populations or reducing their inflammatory signalling have demonstrated a reduction in BP. Lymphatic vessels play a key role in immune cell trafficking and in resolving inflammation, but little is known about their role in hypertension. Studies from our laboratory and others suggest that inflammation-associated or induction of lymphangiogenesis is organ protective and anti-hypertensive. This review provides the basis for hypertension as a disease of chronic inflammation in various tissues and highlights how renal lymphangiogenesis is a novel regulator of kidney health and BP. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Permanyer M, Bošnjak B, Förster R. Dendritic cells, T cells and lymphatics: dialogues in migration and beyond. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:173-179. [PMID: 29857205 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells continuously recirculate through lymph vessels en route from peripheral tissues to the blood. Leuyte trafficking into and within lymph vessels is mediated by an interply with lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). However, lymphatic vessels are much more than mere conduits for fluid and immune cell transport. Data accumulating during past several years indicate that LECs support T cell survival, induce tolerance to self-antigens, inhibit exaggerated T cell proliferation during immune response and maintain T cell memory. Reciprocally, leukocytes impact LEC biology: lymphatic vessel permeability depends on DCs while lymphocytes regulate LEC proliferation during inflammation. Altogether, these novel results provide important insights on intimate connections between LECs and leukocytes that contribute to the understanding of immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Varricchi G, Loffredo S, Galdiero MR, Marone G, Cristinziano L, Granata F, Marone G. Innate effector cells in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:152-160. [PMID: 29778674 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are distinct and complex processes requiring a finely tuned balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals. During adulthood, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are activated at sites of tumor growth, tissue injury and remodeling, and chronic inflammation. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), angiopoietin (ANGPTs) and a multitude of additional signaling molecules play distinct roles in the modulation of angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis. VEGFs and ANGPTs activate specific tyrosine kinase receptor (e.g., VEGFR1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3 and TIE2 respectively), expressed on blood endothelial cells (angiogenesis) and lymphatic endothelial cells (lymphangiogenesis). Although tumor cells produce VEGFs and other proangiogenic mediators, tissue resident (e.g., macrophages, mast cells) and circulating immune cells (e.g., basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils) are an important source of angiogenic/lymphangiogenic mediators in inflammation and in tumor microenvironment and at site of chronic inflammation. Certain immune cells can also release anti-angiogenic factors. Mast cells, basophils, neutrophils and presumably other immune cells are not only a source of angiogenic/lymphangiogenic molecules, but also their target. Cells of the immune system need consideration as major players and possible targets for therapeutic manipulation of angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis in chronic inflammatory disorders and tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Traslational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Traslational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Traslational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Traslational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Traslational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Traslational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Park HJ, Yuk CM, Shin K, Lee SH. Interleukin-17A negatively regulates lymphangiogenesis in T helper 17 cell-mediated inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:590-600. [PMID: 28930285 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During inflammation lymphatic vessels (LVs) are enlarged and their density is increased to facilitate the migration of activated immune cells and antigens. However, after antigen clearance, the expanded LVs shrink to maintain homeostasis. Here we show that interleukin (IL)-17A, secreted from T helper type 17 (TH17) cells, is a negative regulator of lymphangiogenesis during the resolution phase of TH17-mediated immune responses. Moreover, IL-17A suppresses the expression of major lymphatic markers in lymphatic endothelial cells and decreases in vitro LV formation. To investigate the role of IL-17A in vivo, we utilized a cholera toxin-mediated inflammation model and identified inflammation and resolution phases based on the numbers of recruited immune cells. IL-17A, markedly produced by TH17 cells even after the peak of inflammation, was found to participate in the negative regulation of LV formation. Moreover, blockade of IL-17A resulted in not only increased density of LVs in tissues but also their enhanced function. Taken together, these findings improve the current understanding of the relationship between LVs and inflammatory cytokines in pathologic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - C M Yuk
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - K Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - S-H Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Ge Y, Li Y, Gong J, Zhu W. Mesenteric organ lymphatics and inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Anat 2018; 218:199-204. [PMID: 29723582 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex gastrointestinal disorder and its etiology is unclear yet. Current theory in IBD is focused on genetics, immunity and intestinal microbes. Emerging clinical evidence and experimental results suggest that morphologic abnormalities and dysfunction of mesenteric lymphatics may have potential roles in the pathogenesis and disease course of IBD. In this review, we summarize the findings of specific investigations of the lymphatics and explore its role in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 PR China.
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 PR China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Sáinz-Jaspeado M, Claesson-Welsh L. Cytokines regulating lymphangiogenesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:58-63. [PMID: 29680577 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are established by differentiation of lymphendothelial progenitors during embryogenesis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing ones is rare in the healthy adult but takes place during pathological conditions such as inflammation, tissue repair and tumor growth. Conditions of dysfunctional lymphatics exist after surgical interventions or in certain genetic diseases. A key lymphangiogenic stimulator is vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGFC) acting on VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR3) expressed on lymphendothelial cells. Other cytokines may act directly to regulate lymphangiogenesis positively or negatively, or indirectly by inducing expression of VEGFC. This review describes different known lymphangiogenic cytokines, their mechanism of action and role in lymphangiogenesis in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sáinz-Jaspeado
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsv. 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsv. 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Lee AS, Sung MJ, Kim W, Jung YJ. COMP-angiopoietin-1 ameliorates inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:459-467. [PMID: 29610929 PMCID: PMC5897474 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the intestinal lymphatic network are pathological processes as related to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we demonstrated that reduction in inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis ameliorates experimental acute colitis. A soluble and stable angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) variant, COMP-Ang1, possesses anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects. We investigated the effects of COMP-Ang1 on an experimental colonic inflammation model. Experimental colitis was induced in mice by administering 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) via drinking water. We determined body weight, disease activity indices, histopathological scores, lymphatic density, anti-ER-HR3 staining, and the expression of members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and various inflammatory cytokines in the mice. The density of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1) and VEGFR-3-positive lymphatic vessels increased in mice with DSS-induced colitis. We observed that COMP-Ang1-treated mice showed less weight loss, fewer clinical signs of colitis, and longer colons than Ade-DSS-treated mice. COMP-Ang1 also significantly reduced the density of LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessels and the disruption of colonic architecture that is normally associated with colitis and repressed the immunoregulatory response. Further, COMP-Ang1 treatment reduced both M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration into the inflamed colon, which involved inhibition of VEGF-C and D expression. Thus, COMP-Ang1, which acts by reducing inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis, may be used as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of IBD and other inflammatory diseases. KEY MESSAGES COMP-Ang1 decreases inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis in experimental acute colitis. COMP-Ang1 improves the symptom of DSS-induced inflammatory response. COMP-Ang1 reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflamed colon. COMP-Ang1 reduces the expression of VEGFs in inflamed colon. COMP-Ang1 prevents infiltration of macrophages in a DSS-induced colitis model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ae Sin Lee
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju_Gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi Jeong Sung
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju_Gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Yamakawa M, Doh SJ, Santosa SM, Montana M, Qin EC, Kong H, Han KY, Yu C, Rosenblatt MI, Kazlauskas A, Chang JH, Azar DT. Potential lymphangiogenesis therapies: Learning from current antiangiogenesis therapies-A review. Med Res Rev 2018. [PMID: 29528507 DOI: 10.1002/med.21496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, lymphangiogenesis, the process of lymphatic vessel formation from existing lymph vessels, has been demonstrated to have a significant role in diverse pathologies, including cancer metastasis, organ graft rejection, and lymphedema. Our understanding of the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis has advanced on the heels of studies demonstrating vascular endothelial growth factor C as a central pro-lymphangiogenic regulator and others identifying multiple lymphatic endothelial biomarkers. Despite these breakthroughs and a growing appreciation of the signaling events that govern the lymphangiogenic process, there are no FDA-approved drugs that target lymphangiogenesis. In this review, we reflect on the lessons available from the development of antiangiogenic therapies (26 FDA-approved drugs to date), review current lymphangiogenesis research including nanotechnology in therapeutic drug delivery and imaging, and discuss molecules in the lymphangiogenic pathway that are promising therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Susan J Doh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mario Montana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ellen C Qin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Andrius Kazlauskas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Jackson DG. Hyaluronan in the lymphatics: The key role of the hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 in leucocyte trafficking. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:219-235. [PMID: 29425695 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
LYVE-1, a close relative of the leucocyte receptor, CD44, is the main receptor for hyaluronan (HA) in lymphatic vessel endothelium and a widely used marker for distinguishing between blood and lymphatic vessels. Enigmatic for many years because of its anomalous HA-binding characteristics, the function of LYVE-1 has just recently been identified as that of a lymphatic docking receptor for dendritic cells, selectively engaging with their surface HA glycocalyx to regulate entry to peripheral lymphatics and migration to downstream lymph nodes for immune activation. Furthermore, LYVE-1 mediates the trafficking of macrophages, and is also exploited by HA-encapsulated Group A streptococci for lymphatic invasion and host dissemination. Consistent with a role in lymphatic trafficking, the interaction of LYVE-1 with HA and its degradation products can also activate intracellular signalling pathways for endothelial junctional retraction and lymphatic endothelial proliferation. Here we outline the latest findings on the receptor in the context of its peculiar biochemical properties and speculate on how the interaction of LYVE-1 with different HA sizes and conformations might variably influence cell function as a consequence of avidity and receptor crosslinking. Finally, we evaluate evidence that LYVE-1 can also bind growth factors and associate with kinase-linked growth factor receptors and conclude on how the LYVE-1·HA axis may be exploited as a target to either block inflammation or tissue allograft rejection, or potentiate vaccine and drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Jackson
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Christiansen AJ, Dieterich LC, Ohs I, Bachmann SB, Bianchi R, Proulx ST, Hollmén M, Aebischer D, Detmar M. Lymphatic endothelial cells attenuate inflammation via suppression of dendritic cell maturation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39421-39435. [PMID: 27270646 PMCID: PMC5129942 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)-induced lymphangiogenesis and increased tissue drainage have been reported to inhibit acute and chronic inflammation, and an activated lymphatic endothelium might mediate peripheral tolerance. Using transgenic mice overexpressing VEGF-C in the skin, we found that under inflammatory conditions, VEGF-C-mediated expansion of the cutaneous lymphatic network establishes an immune-inhibitory microenvironment characterised by increased regulatory T (Treg) cells, immature CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) and CD8+ cells exhibiting decreased effector function. Strikingly, lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC)-conditioned media (CM) potently suppress DC maturation with reduced expression of MHCII, CD40, and IL-6, and increased IL-10 and CCL2 expression. We identify an imbalance in prostaglandin synthase expression after LEC activation, favoring anti-inflammatory prostacyclin synthesis. Importantly, blockade of LEC prostaglandin synthesis partially restores DC maturity. LECs also produce TGF-ß1, contributing to the immune-inhibitory microenvironment. This study identifies novel mechanisms by which the lymphatic endothelium modulates cellular immune responses to limit inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa J Christiansen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Ohs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samia B Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Aebischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Targeting lymphatic function as a novel therapeutic intervention for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:94-106. [PMID: 29323343 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although clinical outcomes for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have greatly improved with the use of biologic and conventional DMARDs, approximately 40% of patients do not achieve primary clinical outcomes in randomized trials, and only a small proportion achieve lasting remission. Over the past decade, studies in murine models point to the critical role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis and therapy of inflammatory-erosive arthritis, presumably by the removal of catabolic factors, cytokines and inflammatory cells from the inflamed synovium. Murine studies demonstrate that lymphatic drainage increases at the onset of inflammatory-erosive arthritis but, as inflammation progresses to a more chronic phase, lymphatic clearance declines and both structural and cellular changes are observed in the draining lymph node. Specifically, chronic damage to the lymphatic vessel from persistent inflammation results in loss of lymphatic vessel contraction followed by lymph node collapse, reduced lymphatic drainage, and ultimately severe synovitis and joint erosion. Notably, clinical pilot studies in patients with RA report lymph node changes following treatment, and thus draining lymphatic vessels and nodes could represent a potential biomarker of arthritis activity and response to therapy. Most importantly, targeting lymphatics represents an innovative strategy for therapeutic intervention for RA.
Collapse
|
116
|
Adipokine apelin ameliorates chronic colitis in Il-10 -/- mice by promoting intestinal lymphatic functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 148:202-212. [PMID: 29309764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Both mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) and lymphatic vessels (LVs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD), and adipokines have been implicated in the crosstalk between MAT and LVs. Apelin, a newly identified adipokine, has been demonstrated to be crucial in the development and stabilization of LVs. We aimed to identify the expression of apelin in MAT of CD patients and explore whether apelin influences the disease course in murine colitis and determine its contributions to LVs. Expression of apelin in MAT specimens from patients with CD (n = 24) and without CD (control, n = 12) was detected. Il-10 deficient (Il-10-/-) mice with established colitis were administered apelin, and untreated and wild-type mice served as controls (n = 8 for each group). Disease activity and colonic inflammation was evaluated. The LV density, lymphatic drainage function and related signaling pathways were also analyzed. We found that MAT from CD patients expressed a higher level of apelin compared with that from controls. Systemic delivery of apelin significantly ameliorated chronic colitis in Il-10-/- mice, demonstrated by decreased disease activity index and inflammatory scores, and lower levels of Tnf-α, Il-1β and Il-6. Increased LV density and podoplanin levels indicated that apelin promoted lymphangiogenesis. Evans blue dye and fluorescent lymphangiography revealed an enhanced lymphatic drainage function in apelin-treated mice. The role of apelin was found to be related to the activation of the Akt and Erk signaling pathways. These results indicate that the adipokine apelin was highly expressed in MAT of CD patients and has a promising role in ameliorating experimental colitis by promoting intestinal lymphatic functions, suggesting the potential crosstalk between adipokines and LVs in MAT in CD status. Therapies with adipokines, such as apelin, may be a novel approach for the treatment of CD.
Collapse
|
117
|
Kilarski WW, Güç E, Swartz MA. Dorsal Ear Skin Window for Intravital Imaging and Functional Analysis of Lymphangiogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1846:261-277. [PMID: 30242765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8712-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Postdevelopmental lymphangiogenesis occurs in chronic inflammation and wound healing, and here we describe a window preparation in the mouse ear in which lymphangiogenesis can be observed and manipulated. This model has many advantages, including access for intravital immunostaining and imaging to assess morphological features and regeneration kinetics, as well as functional assays such as lymphatic clearance. We describe five procedures: (1) the creation of a collagen-fibrin-filled window in the mouse ear as a model for regenerative lymphangiogenesis, (2) intravital immunostaining for live analysis of morphology and structure, (3) lymphatic clearance assay for functional quantification, (4) whole-mount imaging with tissue clearing for confocal imaging, and (5) postmortem lymphangiography. These procedures allow for identification of morphological and functional abnormalities in both preexisting and newly formed lymphatic vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Witold W Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Esra Güç
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Scotland, IL, USA
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Scotland, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Petrova TV, Koh GY. Organ-specific lymphatic vasculature: From development to pathophysiology. J Exp Med 2017; 215:35-49. [PMID: 29242199 PMCID: PMC5748863 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of novel functions and diverse origins of lymphatic vessels have drastically changed our view of lymphatic vasculature. Traditionally regarded as passive conduits for fluid and immune cells, lymphatic vessels now emerge as active, tissue-specific players in major physiological and pathophysiological processes. Lymphatic vessels show remarkable plasticity and heterogeneity, reflecting their functional specialization to control the tissue microenvironment. Moreover, alternative developmental origins of lymphatic endothelial cells in some organs may contribute to the diversity of their functions in adult tissues. This review aims to summarize the most recent findings of organotypic differentiation of lymphatic endothelial cells in terms of their distinct (patho)physiological functions in skin, lymph nodes, small intestine, brain, and eye. We discuss recent advances in our understanding of the heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels with respect to the organ-specific functional and molecular specialization of lymphatic endothelium, such as the hybrid blood-lymphatic identity of Schlemm's canal, functions of intestinal lymphatics in dietary fat uptake, and discovery of meningeal lymphatic vasculature and perivascular brain lymphatic endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland .,Division of Experimental Pathology, Vaud University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea .,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Karlsen TV, Reikvam T, Tofteberg A, Nikpey E, Skogstrand T, Wagner M, Tenstad O, Wiig H. Lymphangiogenesis Facilitates Initial Lymph Formation and Enhances the Dendritic Cell Mobilizing Chemokine CCL21 Without Affecting Migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2128-2135. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Lymphatic vessels play an important role in body fluid, as well as immune system homeostasis. Although the role of malfunctioning or missing lymphatics has been studied extensively, less is known on the functional consequences of a chronically expanded lymphatic network or lymphangiogenesis.
Approach and Results—
To this end, we used K14-VEGF-C (keratin-14 vascular endothelial growth factor-C) transgenic mice overexpressing the vascular endothelial growth factor C in skin and investigated the responses to inflammatory and fluid volume challenges. We also recorded interstitial fluid pressure, a major determinant of lymph flow. Transgenic mice had a strongly enhanced lymph vessel area in skin. Acute inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide and chronic inflammation by delayed-type hypersensitivity both resulted in increased interstitial fluid pressure and reduced lymph flow, both to the same extent in wild-type and transgenic mice. Hyperplastic lymphatic vessels, however, demonstrated enhanced transport capacity after local fluid overload not induced by inflammation. In this situation, interstitial fluid pressure was increased to a similar extent in the 2 strains, thus, suggesting that the enhanced lymph vessel area facilitated initial lymph formation. The increased lymph vessel area resulted in an enhanced production of the chemoattractant CCL21 that, however, did not result in augmented dendritic cell migration after induction of local skin inflammation by fluorescein isothiocyanate.
Conclusions—
An expanded lymphatic network is capable of enhanced chemoattractant production, and lymphangiogenesis will facilitate initial lymph formation favoring increased clearance of fluid in situations of augmented fluid filtration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tine V. Karlsen
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (T.V.K., T.R., A.T., E.N., T.S., M.W., O.T., H.W.); and Departments of Medicine (E.N.) and Pathology (M.W.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tore Reikvam
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (T.V.K., T.R., A.T., E.N., T.S., M.W., O.T., H.W.); and Departments of Medicine (E.N.) and Pathology (M.W.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Tofteberg
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (T.V.K., T.R., A.T., E.N., T.S., M.W., O.T., H.W.); and Departments of Medicine (E.N.) and Pathology (M.W.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elham Nikpey
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (T.V.K., T.R., A.T., E.N., T.S., M.W., O.T., H.W.); and Departments of Medicine (E.N.) and Pathology (M.W.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trude Skogstrand
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (T.V.K., T.R., A.T., E.N., T.S., M.W., O.T., H.W.); and Departments of Medicine (E.N.) and Pathology (M.W.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marek Wagner
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (T.V.K., T.R., A.T., E.N., T.S., M.W., O.T., H.W.); and Departments of Medicine (E.N.) and Pathology (M.W.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Tenstad
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (T.V.K., T.R., A.T., E.N., T.S., M.W., O.T., H.W.); and Departments of Medicine (E.N.) and Pathology (M.W.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Wiig
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (T.V.K., T.R., A.T., E.N., T.S., M.W., O.T., H.W.); and Departments of Medicine (E.N.) and Pathology (M.W.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Vaahtomeri K, Karaman S, Mäkinen T, Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenesis guidance by paracrine and pericellular factors. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1615-1634. [PMID: 28947496 PMCID: PMC5647933 DOI: 10.1101/gad.303776.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review by Vaahtomeri et al. discusses the mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges. It describes how the lymphatic vasculature network is controlled by an intricate balance of growth factors and biomechanical cues. Lymphatic vessels are important for tissue fluid homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune cell trafficking and are involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. The mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges are controlled by an intricate balance of growth factor and biomechanical cues. These transduce signals for the readjustment of gene expression and lymphatic endothelial migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we describe several of these cues and how they are integrated for the generation of functional lymphatic vessel networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Vaahtomeri
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential for the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis, gastrointestinal lipid absorption, and immune trafficking. Whereas lymphatic regeneration occurs physiologically in wound healing and tissue repair, pathological lymphangiogenesis has been implicated in a number of chronic diseases such as lymphedema, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Insight into the regulatory mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis and the manner in which uncontrolled inflammation promotes lymphatic dysfunction is urgently needed to guide the development of novel therapeutics: These would be designed to reverse lymphatic dysfunction, either primary or acquired. Recent investigation has demonstrated the mechanistic role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in the molecular pathogenesis of lymphedema. LTB4, a product of the innate immune response, is a constituent of the eicosanoid inflammatory mediator family of molecules that promote both physiological and pathological inflammation. Here we provide an overview of lymphatic development, the pathophysiology of lymphedema, and the role of leukotrienes in lymphedema pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Wen Tian
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Stanley G Rockson
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Song HB, Park SY, Ko JH, Park JW, Yoon CH, Kim DH, Kim JH, Kim MK, Lee RH, Prockop DJ, Oh JY. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Inhibit Inflammatory Lymphangiogenesis in the Cornea by Suppressing Macrophage in a TSG-6-Dependent Manner. Mol Ther 2017; 26:162-172. [PMID: 29301108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a transparent tissue devoid of blood and lymphatic vessels. However, various inflammatory conditions can cause hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the cornea, compromising transparency and visual acuity. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potentials in a variety of diseases because of anti-inflammatory properties. Herein, we investigated the effects of MSCs on corneal angiogenesis using a model of suture-induced inflammatory corneal neovascularization. Data demonstrated that an intravenous administration of MSCs suppressed corneal inflammation and neovascularization, inhibiting both hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. MSCs reduced the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, Tek, MRC1, and MRC2 in the cornea, which are expressed by pro-angiogenic macrophages. Moreover, the number of CD11b+ monocytes/macrophages in the cornea, spleen, peripheral blood, and draining lymph nodes was decreased by MSCs. Depletion of circulating CD11b+ monocytes by blocking antibodies replicated the effects of MSCs. Importantly, knockdown of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) in MSCs abrogated the effects of MSCs in inhibiting corneal hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and monocyte/macrophage infiltration. Together, the results suggest that MSCs inhibit inflammatory neovascularization in the cornea by suppressing pro-angiogenic monocyte/macrophage recruitment in a TSG-6-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Beom Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Park
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Yoon
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Ryang Hwa Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Darwin J Prockop
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Huang LH, Lavine KJ, Randolph GJ. Cardiac Lymphatic Vessels, Transport, and Healing of the Infarcted Heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:477-483. [PMID: 28989985 PMCID: PMC5628514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature plays a key role in regulating tissue fluid homeostasis, lipid transport, and immune surveillance throughout the body. Although it has been appreciated that the heart relies on lymphatic vessels to maintain fluid balance and that such balance must be tightly maintained to allow for normal cardiac output, it has only recently come to light that the lymphatic vasculature may serve as a therapeutic target with which to promote optimal healing following myocardial ischemia and infarction. This article reviews the subject of cardiac lymphatic vessels and highlights studies that imply targeting of lymphatic vessel development or transport using vascular endothelial growth factor-C therapy may serve as a promising avenue for future clinical application in the context of ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Li-Hao Huang, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, BJCIH 8307, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
| | - Kory J. Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Dr. Gwendalyn J. Randolph, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, BJCIH 8307, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Edwards LA, Nowocin AK, Jafari NV, Meader LL, Brown K, Sarde A, Lam C, Murray A, Wong W. Chronic Rejection of Cardiac Allografts Is Associated With Increased Lymphatic Flow and Cellular Trafficking. Circulation 2017; 137:488-503. [PMID: 28775077 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac transplantation is an excellent treatment for end-stage heart disease. However, rejection of the donor graft, in particular, by chronic rejection leading to cardiac allograft vasculopathy, remains a major cause of graft loss. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the alloimmune response, facilitating trafficking of antigen-presenting cells to draining lymph nodes. The encounter of antigen-presenting cells with T lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs is essential for the initiation of alloimmunity. Donor lymphatic vessels are not anastomosed to that of the recipient during transplantation. The pathophysiology of lymphatic disruption is unknown, and whether this disruption enhances or hinders the alloimmune responses is unclear. Although histological analysis of lymphatic vessels in donor grafts can yield information on the structure of the lymphatics, the function following cardiac transplantation is poorly understood. METHODS Using single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography lymphoscintigraphy, we quantified the lymphatic flow index following heterotrophic cardiac transplantation in a murine model of chronic rejection. RESULTS Ten weeks following transplantation of a minor antigen (HY) sex-mismatched heart graft, the lymphatic flow index was significantly increased in comparison with sex-matched controls. Furthermore, the enhanced lymphatic flow index correlated with an increase in donor cells in the mediastinal draining lymph nodes; increased lymphatic vessel area; and graft infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and CD68+ macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Chronic rejection results in increased lymphatic flow from the donor graft to draining lymph nodes, which may be a factor in promoting cellular trafficking, alloimmunity, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Edwards
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (L.A.E., A.K.N., N.V.J., L.L.M., K.B., A.S., C.L., A.M., W.W.)
| | - Anna K Nowocin
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (L.A.E., A.K.N., N.V.J., L.L.M., K.B., A.S., C.L., A.M., W.W.)
| | - Nazila V Jafari
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (L.A.E., A.K.N., N.V.J., L.L.M., K.B., A.S., C.L., A.M., W.W.)
| | - Lucy L Meader
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (L.A.E., A.K.N., N.V.J., L.L.M., K.B., A.S., C.L., A.M., W.W.)
| | - Kathryn Brown
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (L.A.E., A.K.N., N.V.J., L.L.M., K.B., A.S., C.L., A.M., W.W.)
| | - Aurélien Sarde
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (L.A.E., A.K.N., N.V.J., L.L.M., K.B., A.S., C.L., A.M., W.W.)
| | - Carolyn Lam
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (L.A.E., A.K.N., N.V.J., L.L.M., K.B., A.S., C.L., A.M., W.W.)
| | - Alex Murray
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (L.A.E., A.K.N., N.V.J., L.L.M., K.B., A.S., C.L., A.M., W.W.)
| | - Wilson Wong
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (L.A.E., A.K.N., N.V.J., L.L.M., K.B., A.S., C.L., A.M., W.W.)
- King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Cadamuro M, Stecca T, Brivio S, Mariotti V, Fiorotto R, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. The deleterious interplay between tumor epithelia and stroma in cholangiocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1435-1443. [PMID: 28757170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma, a devastating liver epithelial malignancy characterized by early invasiveness, remains very dismal, though its incidence has been steadily increasing. Evidence is mounting that in cholangiocarcinoma, tumor epithelial cells establish an intricate web of mutual interactions with multiple stromal components, largely determining the pervasive behavior of the tumor. The main cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (i.e. myofibroblasts, macrophages, lymphatic endothelial cells), which has been recently termed as 'tumor reactive stroma', are recruited and activated by neoplastic cells, and in turn, deleteriously mold tumor behavior by releasing a huge variety of paracrine signals, including cyto/chemokines, growth factors, morphogens and proteinases. An abnormally remodeled and stiff extracellular matrix favors and supports these cell interactions. Although the mechanisms responsible for the generation of tumor reactive stroma are largely uncertain, hypoxia presumably plays a central role. In this review, we will dissect the intimate relationship among the different cell elements cooperating within this complex 'ecosystem', with the ultimate goal to pave the way for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying cholangiocarcinoma aggressiveness, and possibly, to foster the development of innovative, combinatorial therapies aimed at halting tumor progression. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Stecca
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Brivio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carlo Spirli
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Luca Fabris
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, 35121 Padua, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Langan SA, Navarro-Núñez L, Watson SP, Nash GB. Modulation of VEGF-induced migration and network formation by lymphatic endothelial cells: Roles of platelets and podoplanin. Platelets 2017; 29:486-495. [PMID: 28727496 PMCID: PMC6589745 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1336210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) express the transmembrane receptor podoplanin whose only known endogenous ligand CLEC-2 is found on platelets. Both podoplanin and CLEC-2 are required for normal lymphangiogenesis as mice lacking either protein develop a blood-lymphatic mixing phenotype. We investigated the roles of podoplanin and its interaction with platelets in migration and tube formation by LEC. Addition of platelets or antibody-mediated crosslinking of podoplanin inhibited LEC migration induced by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-A or VEGF-C), but did not modify basal migration or the response to basic fibroblast growth factor or epidermal growth factor. In addition, platelets and podoplanin crosslinking disrupted networks of LEC formed in co-culture with fibroblasts. Depletion of podoplanin in LEC using siRNA negated the pro-migratory effect of VEGF-A and VEGF-C. Inhibition of RhoA or Rho-kinase reduced LEC migration induced by VEGF-C, but had no further effect after crosslinking of podoplanin, suggesting that podoplanin is required for signaling downstream of VEGF-receptors but upstream of RhoA. Together, these data reveal for the first time that podoplanin is an intrinsic specific regulator of VEGF-mediated migration and network formation in LEC and identify crosslinking of podoplanin by platelets or antibodies as mechanisms to modulate this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Langan
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Leyre Navarro-Núñez
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Mishima T, Ito Y, Nishizawa N, Amano H, Tsujikawa K, Miyaji K, Watanabe M, Majima M. RAMP1 signaling improves lymphedema and promotes lymphangiogenesis in mice. J Surg Res 2017; 219:50-60. [PMID: 29078910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary lymphedema commonly arises as a complication of cancer surgery and radiation treatment; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) forms a complex with calcitonin receptor-like receptor to generate the receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide. The present study examined whether RAMP1 plays a role in increased lymphangiogenesis during secondary lymphedema. METHODS A model of lymphedema was generated by surgical removal of pre-existing lymphatic vessels from the subcutaneous tissue on the tails of RAMP1-deficient (RAMP1-/-) mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts. The maximum diameter of the tail, lymphangiogenesis, and macrophage recruitment were then examined. RESULTS Compared with that in WT mice, lymphedema in the tails in RAMP1-/- mice was sustained, with suppressed lymphangiogenesis and reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 at the distal edge of the lesions. The newly formed lymphatic vessels in RAMP1-/- mice were dilated, with impaired lymphatic flow. RAMP1 was expressed by macrophages recruited into edematous tail tissues distal to the wound. The number of macrophages in RAMP1-/- mice was higher than that in WT mice. Expression of messenger RNA encoding M1 macrophage-related genes, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1, was higher in RAMP1-/- mice than in WT mice, whereas expression of messenger RNA encoding M2 macrophage genes, including interleukin-10, was lower. CONCLUSIONS RAMP1 signaling improves lymphedema and accelerates lymphangiogenesis associated with reduced recruitment of pro-inflammatory macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Mishima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nishizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Amano
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kagami Miyaji
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masataka Majima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Connective tissue growth factor regulates fibrosis-associated renal lymphangiogenesis. Kidney Int 2017; 92:850-863. [PMID: 28545716 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is correlated with the degree of renal interstitial fibrosis. Pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor β induces VEGF-C production, the main driver of lymphangiogenesis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is an important determinant of fibrotic tissue remodeling, but its possible involvement in lymphangiogenesis has not been explored. We found prominent lymphangiogenesis during tubulointerstitial fibrosis to be associated with increased expression of CTGF and VEGF-C in human obstructed nephropathy as well as in diabetic kidney disease. Using CTGF knockout mice, we investigated the involvement of CTGF in development of fibrosis and associated lymphangiogenesis in obstructive nephropathy. The increase of lymphatic vessels and VEGF-C in obstructed kidneys was significantly reduced in CTGF knockout compared to wild-type mice. Also in mouse kidneys subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, CTGF knockdown was associated with reduced lymphangiogenesis. In vitro, CTGF induced VEGF-C production in HK-2 cells, while CTGF siRNA suppressed transforming growth factor β1-induced VEGF-C upregulation. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that CTGF and VEGF-C directly interact. Interestingly, VEGF-C-induced capillary-like tube formation by human lymphatic endothelial cells was suppressed by full-length CTGF but not by naturally occurring proteolytic CTGF fragments. Thus, CTGF is significantly involved in fibrosis-associated renal lymphangiogenesis through regulation of, and direct interaction with, VEGF-C.
Collapse
|
129
|
Ran S, Wilber A. Novel role of immature myeloid cells in formation of new lymphatic vessels associated with inflammation and tumors. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:253-263. [PMID: 28408396 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1mr1016-434rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation triggers an immune cell-driven program committed to restoring homeostasis to injured tissue. Central to this process is vasculature restoration, which includes both blood and lymphatic networks. Generation of new vessels or remodeling of existing vessels are also important steps in metastasis-the major cause of death for cancer patients. Although roles of the lymphatic system in regulation of inflammation and cancer metastasis are firmly established, the mechanisms underlying the formation of new lymphatic vessels remain a subject of debate. Until recently, generation of new lymphatics in adults was thought to occur exclusively through sprouting of existing vessels without help from recruited progenitors. However, emerging findings from clinical and experimental studies show that lymphoendothelial progenitors, particularly those derived from immature myeloid cells, play an important role in this process. This review summarizes current evidence for the existence and significant roles of myeloid-derived lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors (M-LECPs) in generation of new lymphatics. We describe specific markers of M-LECPs and discuss their biologic behavior in culture and in vivo, as well as currently known molecular mechanisms of myeloid-lymphatic transition (MLT). We also discuss the implications of M-LECPs for promoting adaptive immunity, as well as cancer metastasis. We conclude that improved mechanistic understanding of M-LECP differentiation and its role in adult lymphangiogenesis may lead to new therapeutic approaches for correcting lymphatic insufficiency or excessive formation of lymphatic vessels in human disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, and Simmons Cancer Institute, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Wilber
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, and Simmons Cancer Institute, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Cimini M, Cannatá A, Pasquinelli G, Rota M, Goichberg P. Phenotypically heterogeneous podoplanin-expressing cell populations are associated with the lymphatic vessel growth and fibrogenic responses in the acutely and chronically infarcted myocardium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173927. [PMID: 28333941 PMCID: PMC5363820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac lymphatic vasculature undergoes substantial expansion in response to myocardial infarction (MI). However, there is limited information on the cellular mechanisms mediating post-MI lymphangiogenesis and accompanying fibrosis in the infarcted adult heart. Using a mouse model of permanent coronary artery ligation, we examined spatiotemporal changes in the expression of lymphendothelial and mesenchymal markers in the acutely and chronically infarcted myocardium. We found that at the time of wound granulation, a three-fold increase in the frequency of podoplanin-labeled cells occurred in the infarcted hearts compared to non-operated and sham-operated counterparts. Podoplanin immunoreactivity detected LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessels, as well as masses of LYVE-1-negative cells dispersed between myocytes, predominantly in the vicinity of the infarcted region. Podoplanin-carrying populations displayed a mesenchymal progenitor marker PDGFRα, and intermittently expressed Prox-1, a master regulator of the lymphatic endothelial fate. At the stages of scar formation and maturation, concomitantly with the enlargement of lymphatic network in the injured myocardium, the podoplanin-rich LYVE-1-negative multicellular assemblies were apparent in the fibrotic area, aligned with extracellular matrix deposits, or located in immediate proximity to activated blood vessels with high VEGFR-2 content. Of note, these podoplanin-containing cells acquired the expression of PDGFRβ or a hematoendothelial epitope CD34. Although Prox-1 labeling was abundant in the area affected by MI, the podoplanin-presenting cells were not consistently Prox-1-positive. The concordance of podoplanin with VEGFR-3 similarly varied. Thus, our data reveal previously unknown phenotypic and structural heterogeneity within the podoplanin-positive cell compartment in the infarcted heart, and suggest an alternate ability of podoplanin-presenting cardiac cells to generate lymphatic endothelium and pro-fibrotic cells, contributing to scar development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cimini
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonio Cannatá
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gianandrea Pasquinelli
- Unit of Surgical Pathology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Rota
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Polina Goichberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Niemiec JA, Adamczyk A, Ambicka A, Mucha-Małecka A, Wysocki WM, Biesaga B, Ziobro M, Cedrych I, Grela-Wojewoda A, Domagała-Haduch M, Wysocka J, Ryś J, Sas-Korczyńska B. Prognostic role of lymphatic vessel density and lymphovascular invasion in chemotherapy-naive and chemotherapy-treated patients with invasive breast cancer. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1435-1447. [PMID: 28386369 PMCID: PMC5376034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is assumed that the spread of breast cancer cells via the lymphatic system might be influenced by inflammatory reactions and/or the application of chemotherapy or molecularly targeted therapy. Therefore, we analysed survival according to lymphatic vessel density (LVD), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (both assessed using podoplanin as immunohistochemical marker of lymphatic endothelium) and well-established clinico-pathological features in a group of 358 patients with invasive ductal breast cancer: 139 chemotherapy-naïve (pT1-2/pN0/M0) and 219 treated with chemotherapy (pT1-4/pN1-3/M0). Univariate analysis revealed that high LVD was related to unfavourable disease-free survival (DFS) in pN0/chemotherapy/trastuzumab-naïve patients (P = 0.028). Conversely, in pN+/chemotherapy-treated individuals high LVD was related to favourable DFS (P = 0.019). LVI was a significant indicator of survival (P = 0.005) only in pN0/chemotherapy/trastuzumab-naïve patients. The following parameters were significant independent adverse prognostic factors for DFS: (i) in pN0/chemotherapy/trastuzumab-naïve patients: high LVD (LVD > 7 vessels/mm2; RR = 2.7, P = 0.039), LVI (RR = 3.3, P = 0.046) and high tumor grade (G3 vs. G1 + G2; RR = 2.6, P = 0.030); (ii) in pN+/chemotherapy/trastuzumab-treated patients: low LVD (RR = 1.8, P = 0.042), the number of involved lymph nodes (pN3 vs. pN1-2; RR = 2.3, P = 0.012) and the breast cancer subtype (expression of steroid receptors together with HER2 immunonegativity and high proliferation index vs. other breast cancer immunophenotypes; RR = 3.0, P < 0.001). High LVD may identify high progression risk in pN0/chemotherapy/trastuzumab-naïve patients, and low progression risk in pN+/chemotherapy-treated patients. This phenomenon might be explained by potential involvement of lymphangiogenesis in two processes related to cancer eradication: a chemotherapy-stimulated activity of the immune system against cancer cells, or increased tumour drainage influencing the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Niemiec
- Department of Applied Radiobiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamczyk
- Department of Applied Radiobiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ambicka
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Mucha-Małecka
- Department of The Oncology Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech M Wysocki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Biesaga
- Department of Applied Radiobiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Ziobro
- Department of Systemic and Generalized Malignancies, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ida Cedrych
- Department of Systemic and Generalized Malignancies, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grela-Wojewoda
- Department of Systemic and Generalized Malignancies, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Domagała-Haduch
- Department of Systemic and Generalized Malignancies, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Sas-Korczyńska
- Department of The Oncology Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of OncologyKrakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Abouelkheir GR, Upchurch BD, Rutkowski JM. Lymphangiogenesis: fuel, smoke, or extinguisher of inflammation's fire? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:884-895. [PMID: 28346012 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217697385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is a recognized hallmark of inflammatory processes in tissues and organs as diverse as the skin, heart, bowel, and airways. In clinical and animal models wherein the signaling processes of lymphangiogenesis are manipulated, most studies demonstrate that an expanded lymphatic vasculature is necessary for the resolution of inflammation. The fundamental roles that lymphatics play in fluid clearance and immune cell trafficking from the periphery make these results seemingly obvious as a mechanism of alleviating locally inflamed environments: the lymphatics are simply providing a drain. Depending on the tissue site, lymphangiogenic mechanism, or induction timeframe, however, evidence shows that inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis (IAL) may worsen the pathology. Recent studies have identified lymphatic endothelial cells themselves to be local regulators of immune cell activity and its consequential phenotypes - a more active role in inflammation regulation than previously thought. Indeed, results focusing on the immunocentric roles of peripheral lymphatic function have revealed that the basic drainage task of lymphatic vessels is a complex balance of locally processed and transported antigens as well as interstitial cytokine and immune cell signaling: an interplay that likely defines the function of IAL. This review will summarize the latest findings on how IAL impacts a series of disease states in various tissues in both preclinical models and clinical studies. This discussion will serve to highlight some emerging areas of lymphatic research in an attempt to answer the question relevant to an array of scientists and clinicians of whether IAL helps to fuel or extinguish inflammation. Impact statement Inflammatory progression is present in acute and chronic tissue pathologies throughout the body. Lymphatic vessels play physiological roles relevant to all medical fields as important regulators of fluid balance, immune cell trafficking, and immune identity. Lymphangiogenesis is often concurrent with inflammation and can potentially aide or worsen disease progression. How new lymphatic vessels impact inflammation and by which mechanism is an important consideration in current and future clinical therapies targeting inflammation and/or vasculogenesis. This review identifies, across a range of tissue-specific pathologies, the current understanding of inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis in the progression or resolution of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella R Abouelkheir
- 1 Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bradley D Upchurch
- 1 Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- 1 Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Yee D, Coles MC, Lagos D. microRNAs in the Lymphatic Endothelium: Master Regulators of Lineage Plasticity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:104. [PMID: 28232833 PMCID: PMC5298995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. They have crucial roles in organismal development, homeostasis, and cellular responses to pathological stress. The lymphatic system is a large vascular network that actively regulates the immune response through antigen trafficking, cytokine secretion, and inducing peripheral tolerance. Here, we review the role of miRNAs in the lymphatic endothelium with a particular focus on their role in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) plasticity, inflammation, and regulatory function. We highlight the lineage plasticity of LECs during inflammation and the importance of understanding the regulatory role of miRNAs in these processes. We propose that targeting miRNA expression in lymphatic endothelium can be a novel strategy in treating human pathologies associated with lymphatic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Yee
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| | - Mark C Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Yeo KP, Angeli V. Bidirectional Crosstalk between Lymphatic Endothelial Cell and T Cell and Its Implications in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:83. [PMID: 28220121 PMCID: PMC5292621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have been traditionally considered as passive transporters of fluid and lipids. However, it is apparent from recent literature that the function of lymphatic vessels is not only restricted to fluid balance homeostasis but also extends to regulation of immune cell trafficking, antigen presentation, tolerance, and immunity, all which may impact the progression of inflammatory responses and diseases such as cancer. The lymphatic system and the immune system are intimately connected, and there is emergent evidence for a crosstalk between T cell and lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC). This review describes how LECs in lymph nodes can affect multiple functional properties of T cells and the impact of these LEC-driven effects on adaptive immunity and, conversely, how T cells can modulate LEC growth. The significance of such crosstalk between T cells and LECs in cancer will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pin Yeo
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Ly CL, Kataru RP, Mehrara BJ. Inflammatory Manifestations of Lymphedema. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010171. [PMID: 28106728 PMCID: PMC5297803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema results from lymphatic insufficiency leading to a progressive inflammatory process that ultimately manifests as discomfort, recurrent infections, and, at times, secondary malignancy. Collectively, these morbidities contribute to an overall poor quality of life. Although there have been recent advances in microsurgical interventions, a conservative palliative approach remains the mainstay of treatment for this disabling disease. The absence of a cure is due to an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiological changes that result in lymphedema. A histological hallmark of lymphedema is inflammatory cell infiltration and recent studies with animal models and clinical biopsy specimens have suggested that this response plays a key role in the pathology of the disease. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the ongoing research in and the current understanding of the inflammatory manifestations of lymphedema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Ly
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Raghu P Kataru
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Betterman KL, Harvey NL. The lymphatic vasculature: development and role in shaping immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:276-92. [PMID: 27088921 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is an integral component of the immune system. Lymphatic vessels are a key highway via which immune cells are trafficked, serving not simply as a passive route of transport, but to actively shape and coordinate immune responses. Reciprocally, immune cells provide signals that impact the growth, development, and activity of the lymphatic vasculature. In addition to immune cell trafficking, lymphatic vessels are crucial for fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption. The field of lymphatic vascular research is rapidly expanding, fuelled by rapidly advancing technology that has enabled the manipulation and imaging of lymphatic vessels, together with an increasing recognition of the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a myriad of human pathologies. In this review we provide an overview of the genetic pathways and cellular processes important for development and maturation of the lymphatic vasculature, discuss recent work revealing important roles for the lymphatic vasculature in directing immune cell traffic and coordinating immune responses and highlight the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a range of pathological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Betterman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Gousopoulos E, Proulx ST, Bachmann SB, Scholl J, Dionyssiou D, Demiri E, Halin C, Dieterich LC, Detmar M. Regulatory T cell transfer ameliorates lymphedema and promotes lymphatic vessel function. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e89081. [PMID: 27734032 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphedema is a common postcancer treatment complication, but the underlying pathological processes are poorly understood and no curative treatment exists. To investigate lymphedema pathomechanisms, a top-down approach was applied, using genomic data and validating the role of a single target. RNA sequencing of lymphedematous mouse skin indicated upregulation of many T cell-related networks, and indeed depletion of CD4+ cells attenuated lymphedema. The significant upregulation of Foxp3, a transcription factor specifically expressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs), along with other Treg-related genes, implied a potential role of Tregs in lymphedema. Indeed, increased infiltration of Tregs was identified in mouse lymphedematous skin and in human lymphedema specimens. To investigate the role of Tregs during disease progression, loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies were performed. Depletion of Tregs in transgenic mice with Tregs expressing the primate diphtheria toxin receptor and green fluorescent protein (Foxp3-DTR-GFP) mice led to exacerbated edema, concomitant with increased infiltration of immune cells and a mixed TH1/TH2 cytokine profile. Conversely, expansion of Tregs using IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb complexes significantly reduced lymphedema development. Therapeutic application of adoptively transferred Tregs upon lymphedema establishment reversed all of the major hallmarks of lymphedema, including edema, inflammation, and fibrosis, and also promoted lymphatic drainage function. Collectively, our results reveal that Treg application constitutes a potential new curative treatment modality for lymphedema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dimitris Dionyssiou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efterpi Demiri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Tuberculosis-diabetes co-morbidity is characterized by heightened systemic levels of circulating angiogenic factors. J Infect 2016; 74:10-21. [PMID: 27717783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis-diabetes co-morbidity (TB-DM) is characterized by increased inflammation with elevated circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and other factors. Circulating angiogenic factors are intricately involved in the angiogenesis-inflammation nexus. METHODS To study the association of angiogenic factors with TB-DM, we examined the systemic levels of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, VEGF-R3 in individuals with either TB-DM (n = 44) or TB alone (n = 44). RESULTS Circulating levels of VEGF-A, C, D, R1, R2 and R3 were significantly higher in TB-DM compared to TB individuals. Moreover, the levels of VEGF-A, C, R2 and/or R3 were significantly higher in TB-DM with bilateral or cavitary disease or with hemoptysis, suggesting an association with both disease severity and adverse clinical presentation. The levels of these factors also exhibited a significant positive relationship with bacterial burdens and HbA1c levels. In addition, VEGF-A, C and R2 levels were significantly higher (at 2 months of treatment) in culture positive compared to culture negative TB-DM individuals. Finally, the circulating levels of VEGF-A, C, D, R1, R2 and R3 were significantly reduced following successful chemotherapy at 6 months. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that TB-DM is associated with heightened levels of circulating angiogenic factors, possibly reflecting both dysregulated angiogenesis and exaggerated inflammation.
Collapse
|
139
|
Agra RM, Al-Daghri NM, Badimon L, Bodi V, Carbone F, Chen M, Cubedo J, Dullaart RPF, Eiras S, García-Monzón C, Gary T, Gnoni A, González-Rodríguez Á, Gremmel T, Hafner F, Hakala T, Huang B, Ickmans K, Irace C, Kholová I, Kimer N, Kytö V, März W, Miazgowski T, Møller S, Montecucco F, Niccoli G, Nijs J, Ozben S, Ozben T, Papassotiriou I, Papastamataki M, Reina-Couto M, Rios-Navarro C, Ritsch A, Sabico S, Seetho IW, Severino A, Sipilä J, Sousa T, Taszarek A, Taurino F, Tietge UJF, Tripolino C, Verloop W, Voskuil M, Wilding JPH. Research update for articles published in EJCI in 2014. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:880-94. [PMID: 27571922 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Agra
- Department of Cardiology and Coronary Unit, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Bodi
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinical of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Judit Cubedo
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sonia Eiras
- Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmelo García-Monzón
- Liver Research Unit, Santa Cristina University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Gary
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Antonio Gnoni
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Águeda González-Rodríguez
- Liver Research Unit, Santa Cristina University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Hafner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tommi Hakala
- Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Baotao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kelly Ickmans
- Pain in Motion International Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Concetta Irace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ivana Kholová
- Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Kimer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ville Kytö
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Winfried März
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinical of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Jo Nijs
- Pain in Motion International Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serkan Ozben
- Department of Neurology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tomris Ozben
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papastamataki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marta Reina-Couto
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP - Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cesar Rios-Navarro
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andreas Ritsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ian W Seetho
- Obesity and Endocrinology Research Group, University Hospital Aintree, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jussi Sipilä
- North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland.,Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP - Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Aleksandra Taszarek
- Department of Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Federica Taurino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cesare Tripolino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Willemien Verloop
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Voskuil
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John P H Wilding
- Obesity and Endocrinology Research Group, University Hospital Aintree, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Armer JM, Feldman JL, Ostby PL, Thrift KM, Lasinski BB, Beck MS, Rodrick JR, Norton S, Sun Y, Udmuangpia T, Armer NC, Stewart BR. Simplifying evidence-based management of breast cancer-related lymphedema. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23809000.2016.1230019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
141
|
Tanaka M, Iwakiri Y. The Hepatic Lymphatic Vascular System: Structure, Function, Markers, and Lymphangiogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:733-749. [PMID: 28105461 PMCID: PMC5240041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system has been minimally explored in the liver despite its essential functions including maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis. The discovery of specific markers for lymphatic endothelial cells has advanced the study of lymphatics by methods including imaging, cell isolation, and transgenic animal models and has resulted in rapid progress in lymphatic vascular research during the last decade. These studies have yielded concrete evidence that lymphatic vessel dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge of the structure, function, and markers of the hepatic lymphatic vascular system as well as factors associated with hepatic lymphangiogenesis and compares liver lymphatics with those in other tissues.
Collapse
Key Words
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Cirrhosis
- EHE, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HBx Ag, hepatitis B x antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- LYVE-1, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1
- LyEC, lymphatic endothelial cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- Portal Hypertension
- Prox1, prospero homeobox protein 1
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Yasuko Iwakiri, PhD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S223B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. fax: (203) 785-7273.Section of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineTAC S223B, 333 Cedar StreetNew HavenConnecticut 06520
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Goichberg P. Therapeutic lymphangiogenesis after myocardial infarction: vascular endothelial growth factor-C paves the way. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:1904-7. [PMID: 27618778 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.07.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polina Goichberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Louveau A, Da Mesquita S, Kipnis J. Lymphatics in Neurological Disorders: A Neuro-Lympho-Vascular Component of Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease? Neuron 2016; 91:957-973. [PMID: 27608759 PMCID: PMC5019121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature drains interstitial fluids, which contain the tissue's waste products, and ensures immune surveillance of the tissues, allowing immune cell recirculation. Until recently, the CNS was considered to be devoid of a conventional lymphatic vasculature. The recent discovery in the meninges of a lymphatic network that drains the CNS calls into question classic models for the drainage of macromolecules and immune cells from the CNS. In the context of neurological disorders, the presence of a lymphatic system draining the CNS potentially offers a new player and a new avenue for therapy. In this review, we will attempt to integrate the known primary functions of the tissue lymphatic vasculature that exists in peripheral organs with the proposed function of meningeal lymphatic vessels in neurological disorders, specifically multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. We propose that these (and potentially other) neurological afflictions can be viewed as diseases with a neuro-lympho-vascular component and should be therapeutically targeted as such.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Louveau
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Lymphangiogenesis is increased in heart valve endocarditis. Int J Cardiol 2016; 219:317-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
145
|
Nayar S, Campos J, Chung MM, Navarro-Núñez L, Chachlani M, Steinthal N, Gardner DH, Rankin P, Cloake T, Caamaño JH, McGettrick HM, Watson SP, Luther S, Buckley CD, Barone F. Bimodal Expansion of the Lymphatic Vessels Is Regulated by the Sequential Expression of IL-7 and Lymphotoxin α1β2 in Newly Formed Tertiary Lymphoid Structures. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1957-67. [PMID: 27474071 PMCID: PMC4991245 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis associated with tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) has been reported in numerous studies. However, the kinetics and dynamic changes occurring to the lymphatic vascular network during TLS development have not been studied. Using a viral-induced, resolving model of TLS formation in the salivary glands of adult mice we demonstrate that the expansion of the lymphatic vascular network is tightly regulated. Lymphatic vessel expansion occurs in two distinct phases. The first wave of expansion is dependent on IL-7. The second phase, responsible for leukocyte exit from the glands, is regulated by lymphotoxin (LT)βR signaling. These findings, while highlighting the tight regulation of the lymphatic response to inflammation, suggest that targeting the LTα1β2/LTβR pathway in TLS-associated pathologies might impair a natural proresolving mechanism for lymphocyte exit from the tissues and account for the failure of therapeutic strategies that target these molecules in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Campos
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Ming May Chung
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Leyre Navarro-Núñez
- Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Menka Chachlani
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Steinthal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - David H Gardner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Rankin
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cloake
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge H Caamaño
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiv Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
The mammalian circulatory system comprises both the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. In contrast to the blood vascular circulation, the lymphatic system forms a unidirectional transit pathway from the extracellular space to the venous system. It actively regulates tissue fluid homeostasis, absorption of gastrointestinal lipids, and trafficking of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes to lymphoid organs and on to the systemic circulation. The cardinal manifestation of lymphatic malfunction is lymphedema. Recent research has implicated the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases including obesity and metabolic disease, dyslipidemia, inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Here, we review the most recent advances in the field of lymphatic vascular biology, with a focus on cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksanteri Aspelund
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.)
| | - Marius R Robciuc
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.)
| | - Sinem Karaman
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.)
| | - Taija Makinen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.).
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis (IAL) is frequently observed in inflammatory bowel diseases. IAL is believed to limit inflammation by enhancing fluid and immune cell clearance. Although monocytes/macrophages (MΦ) are known to contribute to intestinal pathology in inflammatory bowel disease, their role in intestinal IAL has never been studied mechanistically. We investigated contributions of monocytes/MΦ to the development of intestinal inflammation and IAL. METHODS Because inflammatory monocytes express CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), we used CCR2 diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic (CCR2.DTR) mice, in which monocytes can be depleted by diphtheria toxin injection, and CCR2 mice, which have reduced circulating monocytes. Acute or chronic colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulfate or adoptive transfer of CD4CD45RB T cells, respectively. Intestinal inflammation was assessed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, disease activity, and histopathology, whereas IAL was assessed by lymphatic vessel morphology and density. RESULTS We demonstrated that intestinal MΦ expressed vascular endothelial growth factor-C/D. In acute colitis, monocyte-depleted mice were protected from intestinal injury and showed reduced IAL, which was reversed after transfer of wild-type monocytes into CCR2 mice. In chronic colitis, CCR2 deficiency did not attenuate inflammation but reduced IAL. CONCLUSIONS We propose a dual role of MΦ in (1) promoting acute inflammation and (2) contributing to IAL. Our data suggest that intestinal inflammation and IAL could occur independently, because IAL was reduced in the absence of monocytes/MΦ, even when inflammation was present. Future inflammatory bowel disease therapies might exploit promotion of IAL and suppression of MΦ independently, to restore lymphatic clearance and reduce inflammation.
Collapse
|
148
|
Granger DN, Holm L, Kvietys P. The Gastrointestinal Circulation: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:1541-83. [PMID: 26140727 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) circulation receives a large fraction of cardiac output and this increases following ingestion of a meal. While blood flow regulation is not the intense phenomenon noted in other vascular beds, the combined responses of blood flow, and capillary oxygen exchange help ensure a level of tissue oxygenation that is commensurate with organ metabolism and function. This is evidenced in the vascular responses of the stomach to increased acid production and in intestine during periods of enhanced nutrient absorption. Complimenting the metabolic vasoregulation is a strong myogenic response that contributes to basal vascular tone and to the responses elicited by changes in intravascular pressure. The GI circulation also contributes to a mucosal defense mechanism that protects against excessive damage to the epithelial lining following ingestion of toxins and/or noxious agents. Profound reductions in GI blood flow are evidenced in certain physiological (strenuous exercise) and pathological (hemorrhage) conditions, while some disease states (e.g., chronic portal hypertension) are associated with a hyperdynamic circulation. The sacrificial nature of GI blood flow is essential for ensuring adequate perfusion of vital organs during periods of whole body stress. The restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) to GI organs following ischemia elicits an exaggerated tissue injury response that reflects the potential of this organ system to generate reactive oxygen species and to mount an inflammatory response. Human and animal studies of inflammatory bowel disease have also revealed a contribution of the vasculature to the initiation and perpetuation of the tissue inflammation and associated injury response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Gagliostro V, Seeger P, Garrafa E, Salvi V, Bresciani R, Bosisio D, Sozzani S. Pro-lymphangiogenic properties of IFN-γ-activated human dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2016; 173:26-35. [PMID: 26987844 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. In addition, through the release of pro- and anti-angiogenic mediators, DCs are key regulators of blood vessel remodeling, a process that characterizes inflammation. Less information is available on the role of DCs in lymphangiogenesis. This study reports that human DCs produce VEGF-C, a cytokine with potent pro-lymphangiogenic activity when stimulated with IFN-γ. DC-derived VEGF-C was biologically active, being able to promote tube-like structure formation in cultures of human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). DCs co-cultured with IL-15-activated NK cells produced high levels of VEGF-C, suggesting a role for NK-DC cross-talk in peripheral lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues in inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis. Induction of VEGF-C by IFN-γ was detected also in other myeloid cells, such as blood-purified CD1c(+) DCs, CD14(+) monocytes and in monocyte-derived macrophages. In all these cell types, VEGF-C was found associated with the cell membrane by low affinity, heparan sulphate-mediated, interactions. Therefore, human DCs should be considered as new players in inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Gagliostro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pascal Seeger
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emirena Garrafa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bresciani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Humanitas Clinical Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Allicin inhibits lymphangiogenesis through suppressing activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 29:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|