101
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Yamaguchi T, Fujiwara T, Lin SC, Takahashi Y, Hatori K, Liu M, Huang YZ. Priming With Intermittent Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Promotes Spinal Plasticity Induced by Peripheral Patterned Electrical Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:508. [PMID: 30087593 PMCID: PMC6066516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effect of corticospinal activity on spinal plasticity by examining the interactions between intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS) of the motor cortex and peripheral patterned electrical stimulation (PES) of the common peroneal nerve (CPN). Healthy volunteers (n = 10) received iTBS to the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle zone of the motor cortex and PES of the CPN in three separate sessions: (1) iTBS-before-PES, (2) iTBS-after-PES, and (3) sham iTBS-before-PES. The PES protocol used 10 100-Hz pulses every 2 s for 20 min. Reciprocal inhibition (RI) from the TA to soleus muscle and motor cortical excitability of the TA and soleus muscles were assessed at baseline, before PES, and 0, 15, 30, and 45 min after PES. When compared to the other protocols, iTBS-before-PES significantly increased changes in disynaptic RI for 15 min and altered long-loop presynaptic inhibition immediately after PES. Moreover, the iTBS-induced cortical excitability changes in the TA before PES were correlated with the enhancement of disynaptic RI immediately after PES. These results demonstrate that spinal plasticity can be modified by altering cortical excitability. This study provides insight into the interactions between modulation of corticospinal excitability and spinal RI, which may help in developing new rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Yamagata, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Postdoctoral Fellow for Research Abroad (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toshiyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Su-Chuan Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yoko Takahashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Hatori
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meigen Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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102
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Anodal Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation to Enhance Rehabilitation in Individuals With Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: A Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018; 48:541-551. [PMID: 29747540 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2018.7871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (a-tDCS) has been shown to enhance the effects of sensorimotor training in neurological populations. Sensorimotor training leads to reduced pain and increased function in the treatment of rotator cuff tendinopathy. The addition of a-tDCS during a rehabilitation program centered on sensorimotor training may improve treatment outcomes in individuals with rotator cuff tendinopathy. Objective To compare 2 groups of individuals with rotator cuff tendinopathy, one receiving a rehabilitation program centered on sensorimotor training with a-tDCS and the other receiving the same rehabilitation program with sham a-tDCS. Methods In this triple-blind, parallel-group randomized controlled trial, 40 adults with rotator cuff tendinopathy participated in a 6-week rehabilitation program (8 treatments with home exercises and including sensorimotor training, patient education, and strengthening). They were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups to receive either real a-tDCS (stimulation, 1.5 mA for 30 minutes) or sham a-tDCS during the first 5 treatments. Symptoms and functional limitations (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff index) of all participants were evaluated at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. Acromiohumeral distances (ultrasonographic measurement at 0°, 45°, and 60° of arm elevation) were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. Two-way or 3-way repeated-measures analyses of variance were used for statistical analyses. Results Both groups showed statistically significant improvement in Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff index scores at 3, 6, and 12 weeks, and in acromiohumeral distance at 45° and 60° at 6 weeks (P<.05). No significant group-by-time interaction was observed for all outcomes (P>.43). Conclusion Results do not demonstrate any improved treatment outcomes from the addition of a-tDCS during a rehabilitation program for individuals with rotator cuff tendinopathy. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018;48(7):541-551. Epub 10 May 2018. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.7871.
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103
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Test-Retest Reliability of Homeostatic Plasticity in the Human Primary Motor Cortex. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:6207508. [PMID: 29983706 PMCID: PMC6015686 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6207508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic plasticity regulates synaptic activity by preventing uncontrolled increases (long-term potentiation) or decreases (long-term depression) in synaptic efficacy. Homeostatic plasticity can be induced and assessed in the human primary motor cortex (M1) using noninvasive brain stimulation. However, the reliability of this methodology has not been investigated. Here, we examined the test-retest reliability of homeostatic plasticity induced and assessed in M1 using noninvasive brain stimulation in ten, right-handed, healthy volunteers on days 0, 2, 7, and 14. Homeostatic plasticity was induced in the left M1 using two blocks of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied for 7 min and 5 min, separated by a 3 min interval. To assess homeostatic plasticity, 15 motor-evoked potentials to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation were recorded at baseline, between the two blocks of anodal tDCS, and at 0 min, 10 min, and 20 min follow-up. Test-retest reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Moderate-to-good test-retest reliability was observed for the M1 homeostatic plasticity response at all follow-up time points (0 min, 10 min, and 20 min, ICC range: 0.43-0.67) at intervals up to 2 weeks. The greatest reliability was observed when the homeostatic response was assessed at 10 min follow-up (ICC > 0.61). These data suggest that M1 homeostatic plasticity can be reliably induced and assessed in healthy individuals using two blocks of anodal tDCS at intervals of 48 hours, 7 days, and 2 weeks.
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104
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Tse NY, Goldsworthy MR, Ridding MC, Coxon JP, Fitzgerald PB, Fornito A, Rogasch NC. The effect of stimulation interval on plasticity following repeated blocks of intermittent theta burst stimulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8526. [PMID: 29867191 PMCID: PMC5986739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of interval duration on the direction and magnitude of changes in cortical excitability and inhibition when applying repeated blocks of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) over motor cortex. 15 participants received three different iTBS conditions on separate days: single iTBS; repeated iTBS with a 5 minute interval (iTBS-5-iTBS); and with a 15 minute interval (iTBS-15-iTBS). Changes in cortical excitability and short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) were assessed via motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) before and up to 60 mins following stimulation. iTBS-15-iTBS increased MEP amplitude for up to 60 mins post stimulation, whereas iTBS-5-iTBS decreased MEP amplitude. In contrast, MEP amplitude was not altered by single iTBS. Despite the group level findings, only 53% of individuals showed facilitated MEPs following iTBS-15-iTBS, and only 40% inhibited MEPs following iTBS-5-iTBS. Modulation of SICI did not differ between conditions. These results suggest interval duration between spaced iTBS plays an important role in determining the direction of plasticity on excitatory, but not inhibitory circuits in human motor cortex. While repeated iTBS can increase the magnitude of MEP facilitation/inhibition in some individuals compared to single iTBS, the response to repeated iTBS appears variable between individuals in this small sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Yan Tse
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mitchell R Goldsworthy
- Neuromotor Plasticity and Development, Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael C Ridding
- Neuromotor Plasticity and Development, Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Epworth Healthcare, The Epworth Clinic and Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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105
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Cocchi L, Zalesky A, Nott Z, Whybird G, Fitzgerald PB, Breakspear M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A focus on network mechanisms and state dependence. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 19:661-674. [PMID: 30023172 PMCID: PMC6047114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown promise as an adjunct treatment for the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Establishing a clear clinical role for TMS in the treatment of OCD is contingent upon evidence of significant efficacy and reliability in reducing symptoms. Objectives We present the basic principles supporting the effects of TMS on brain activity with a focus on network-based theories of brain function. We discuss the promises and pitfalls of this technique as a means of modulating brain activity and reducing OCD symptoms. Methods Synthesis of trends and critical perspective on the potential benefits and limitations of TMS interventions in OCD. Findings Our critical synthesis suggests the need to better quantify the role of TMS in a clinical setting. The context in which the stimulation is performed, the neural principles supporting the effects of local stimulation on brain networks, and the heterogeneity of neuroanatomy are often overlooked in the clinical application of TMS. The lack of consideration of these factors may partly explain the variable efficacy of TMS interventions for OCD symptoms. Conclusions Results from existing clinical studies and emerging knowledge about the effects of TMS on brain networks are encouraging but also highlight the need for further research into the use of TMS as a means of selectively normalising OCD brain network dynamics and reducing related symptoms. The combination of neuroimaging, computational modelling, and behavioural protocols known to engage brain networks affected by OCD has the potential to improve the precision and therapeutic efficacy of TMS interventions. The efficacy of this multimodal approach remains, however, to be established and its effective translation in clinical contexts presents technical and implementation challenges. Addressing these practical, scientific and technical issues is required to assess whether OCD can take its place alongside major depressive disorder as an indication for the use of TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cocchi
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zoie Nott
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Epworh Clinic Epworth Healthcare, Camberwell, Victoria Australia and the MAPrc, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia
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106
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How different priming stimulations affect the corticospinal excitability induced by noninvasive brain stimulation techniques: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:883-899. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques could induce changes in corticospinal excitability (CSE) and neuroplasticity. These changes could be affected by different factors, including having a session of stimulation called the ‘priming’ protocol before the main stimulation session called the ‘test’ protocol. Literature indicates that a priming protocol could affect the activity of postsynaptic neurons, form a neuronal history, and then modify the expected effects of the test protocol on CSE indicated by the amplitude of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced motor-evoked potentials. This prior history affects a threshold to activate the necessary mechanism stabilizing the neuronal activity within a useful dynamic range. For studying the effects of this history and related metaplasticity mechanisms in the human primary motor cortex (M1), priming-test protocols are successfully employed. Thirty-two studies were included in this review to investigate how different priming protocols could affect the induced effects of a test protocol on CSE in healthy individuals. The results showed that if the history of synaptic activity were high or low enough to displace the threshold, the expected effects of the test protocol would be the reverse. This effect reversal is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms. On the contrary, the effects of the test protocol would not be the reverse, and at most we experience a prolongation of the lasting effects if the aforementioned history is not enough to displace the threshold. This effect prolongation is mediated by nonhomeostatic mechanisms. Therefore, based on the characteristics of priming-test protocols and the interval between them, the expected results of priming-test protocols would be different. Moreover, these findings could shed light on the different mechanisms of metaplasticity involved in NIBS. It helps us understand how we can improve the expected outcomes of these techniques in clinical approaches.
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107
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Albuquerque PL, Campêlo M, Mendonça T, Fontes LAM, Brito RDM, Monte-Silva K. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and trans-spinal direct current stimulation associated with treadmill exercise in spinal cord and cortical excitability of healthy subjects: A triple-blind, randomized and sham-controlled study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195276. [PMID: 29596524 PMCID: PMC5875883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over motor cortex and trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) modulate corticospinal circuits in healthy and injured subjects. However, their associated effects with physical exercise is still not defined. This study aimed to investigate the effect of three different settings of rTMS and tsDCS combined with treadmill exercise on spinal cord and cortical excitability of healthy subjects. We performed a triple blind, randomized, sham-controlled crossover study with 12 healthy volunteers who underwent single sessions of rTMS (1Hz, 20Hz and Sham) and tsDCS (anodal, cathodal and Sham) associated with 20 minutes of treadmill walking. Cortical excitability was assessed by motor evoked potential (MEP) and spinal cord excitability by the Hoffmann reflex (Hr), nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) and homosynaptic depression (HD). All measures were assessed before, immediately, 30 and 60 minutes after the experimental procedures. Our results demonstrated that anodal tsDCS/treadmill exercise reduced MEP's amplitude and NFR's area compared to sham condition, conversely, cathodal tsDCS/treadmill exercise increased NFR's area. High-frequency rTMS increased MEP's amplitude and NFR's area compared to sham condition. Anodal tsDCS/treadmill exercise and 20Hz rTMS/treadmill exercise reduced Hr amplitude up to 30 minutes after stimulation offset and no changes were observed in HD measures. We demonstrated that tsDCS and rTMS combined with treadmill exercise modulated cortical and spinal cord excitability through different mechanisms. tsDCS modulated spinal reflexes in a polarity-dependent way acting at local spinal circuits while rTMS probably promoted changes in the presynaptic inhibition of spinal motoneurons. In addition, the association of two neuromodulatory techniques induced long-lasting changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plínio Luna Albuquerque
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Physical Therapy, Centro Universitário Tabosa de Almeida, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mayara Campêlo
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thyciane Mendonça
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Mendes Fontes
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Mattos Brito
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Katia Monte-Silva
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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108
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Do M, Kirkovski M, Davies CB, Bekkali S, Byrne LK, Enticott PG. Intra- and Inter-Regional Priming of Ipsilateral Human Primary Motor Cortex With Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Does Not Induce Consistent Neuroplastic Effects. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:123. [PMID: 29651241 PMCID: PMC5884878 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human responses to non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques can be highly variable. Recently, priming protocols involving a conditioning round of NIBS applied to a target brain region prior to the application of a test protocol have shown promise in inducing more reliable effects. We investigated whether intra- or inter-regional priming of the left primary motor cortex (M1) using continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) can induce consistent, and reliable modulation of corticospinal excitability. Twenty healthy adults (six males) underwent four cTBS protocols. For intra-regional priming, cTBS was applied twice to the left M1 (M1-M1). For inter-regional M1 priming, cTBS was applied to the ipsilateral (left) dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC-M1), and ipsilateral (left) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC-M1). In the control condition, sham stimulation was applied to left M1, followed by active cTBS also applied to the left M1 (sham-M1). Each round of cTBS was separated by 10 min. Neuroplastic responses were indexed using motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited from the left M1 hand region, and measured from the contralateral first dorsal interosseous (right hand). MEP measurements were taken before the first round of cTBS priming, then immediately, 10, 20 and 30 min after the second test round of cTBS. The primary two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences in MEP responses across each condition (no main effects or interaction). Intra- and inter-regional priming of the left M1 using cTBS does not induce consistent neuroplastic effects. Further work is required to identify factors which contribute to such variability in human responses to NIBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Do
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Kirkovski
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlotte B Davies
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Soukayna Bekkali
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda K Byrne
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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109
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Guerra A, Suppa A, Bologna M, D'Onofrio V, Bianchini E, Brown P, Di Lazzaro V, Berardelli A. Boosting the LTP-like plasticity effect of intermittent theta-burst stimulation using gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:734-742. [PMID: 29615367 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) consists in delivering electric current to the brain using an oscillatory pattern that may entrain the rhythmic activity of cortical neurons. When delivered at gamma frequency, tACS modulates motor performance and GABA-A-ergic interneuron activity. OBJECTIVE Since interneuronal discharges play a crucial role in brain plasticity phenomena, here we co-stimulated the primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy subjects by means of tACS during intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), a transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm known to induce long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity. METHODS We measured and compared motor evoked potentials before and after gamma, beta and sham tACS-iTBS. While we delivered gamma-tACS, we also measured short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) to detect any changes in GABA-A-ergic neurotransmission. RESULTS Gamma, but not beta and sham tACS, significantly boosted and prolonged the iTBS-induced after-effects. Interestingly, the extent of the gamma tACS-iTBS after-effects correlated directly with SICI changes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings point to a link between gamma oscillations, interneuronal GABA-A-ergic activity and LTP-like plasticity in the human M1. Gamma tACS-iTBS co-stimulation might represent a new strategy to enhance and prolong responses to plasticity-inducing protocols, thereby lending itself to future applications in the neurorehabilitation setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guerra
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Suppa
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Onofrio
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bianchini
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Brown
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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110
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High-intensity Aerobic Exercise Blocks the Facilitation of iTBS-induced Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 373:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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111
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Santo
- Neurology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - F Asci
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - A Suppa
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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112
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Peineau S, Rabiant K, Pierrefiche O, Potier B. Synaptic plasticity modulation by circulating peptides and metaplasticity: Involvement in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:385-401. [PMID: 29425728 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is a cellular process involved in learning and memory whose alteration in its two main forms (Long Term Depression (LTD) and Long Term Potentiation (LTP)), is observed in most brain pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In humans, AD is associated at the cellular level with neuropathological lesions composed of extracellular deposits of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein aggregates and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, cellular loss, neuroinflammation and a general brain homeostasis dysregulation. Thus, a dramatic synaptic environment perturbation is observed in AD patients, involving changes in brain neuropeptides, cytokines, growth factors or chemokines concentration and diffusion. Studies performed in animal models demonstrate that these circulating peptides strongly affect synaptic functions and in particular synaptic plasticity. Besides this neuromodulatory action of circulating peptides, other synaptic plasticity regulation mechanisms such as metaplasticity are altered in AD animal models. Here, we will review new insights into the study of synaptic plasticity regulatory/modulatory mechanisms which could influence the process of synaptic plasticity in the context of AD with a particular attention to the role of metaplasticity and peptide dependent neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Peineau
- GRAP UMR1247, INSERM, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Kevin Rabiant
- GRAP UMR1247, INSERM, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Pierrefiche
- GRAP UMR1247, INSERM, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
| | - Brigitte Potier
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS-ENS UMR9188, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
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113
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Lopes TDS, Silva WDS, Ribeiro SB, Figueiredo CA, Campbell FQ, Daltro GDC, Valenzuela A, Montoya P, Lucena RDCS, Baptista AF. Does Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Peripheral Electrical Stimulation Have an Additive Effect in the Control of Hip Joint Osteonecrosis Pain Associated with Sickle Cell Disease? A Protocol for a One-Session Double Blind, Block-Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:633. [PMID: 29326577 PMCID: PMC5742338 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is probably related to maladaptive plasticity of brain areas involved in nociceptive processing. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Peripheral Electrical Stimulation (PES) can modulate cortical excitability and help to control chronic pain. Studies have shown that combined use of tDCS and PES has additive effects. However, to date, no study investigated additive effects of these neuromodulatory techniques on chronic pain in patients with SCD. This protocol describes a study aiming to assess whether combined use of tDCS and PES more effectively alleviate pain in patients with SCD compared to single use of each technique. The study consists of a one-session double blind, block-randomized clinical trial (NCT02813629) in which 128 participants with SCD and femoral osteonecrosis will be enrolled. Stepwise procedures will occur on two independent days. On day 1, participants will be screened for eligibility criteria. On day 2, data collection will occur in four stages: sample characterization, baseline assessment, intervention, and post-intervention assessment. These procedures will last ~5 h. Participants will be divided into two groups according to homozygous for S allele (HbSS) (n = 64) and heterozygous for S and C alleles (HbSC) (n = 64) genotypes. Participants in each group will be randomly assigned, equally, to one of the following interventions: (1) active tDCS + active PES; (2) active tDCS + sham PES; (3) sham tDCS + active PES; and (4) sham tDCS + sham PES. Active tDCS intervention will consist of 20 min 2 mA anodic stimulation over the primary motor cortex contralateral to the most painful hip. Active PES intervention will consist of 30 min sensory electrical stimulation at 100 Hz over the most painful hip. The main study outcome will be pain intensity, measured by a Visual Analogue Scale. In addition, electroencephalographic power density, cortical maps of the gluteus maximus muscle elicited by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), serum levels of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) will be assessed as secondary outcomes. Data will be analyzed using ANOVA of repeated measures, controlling for confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago da Silva Lopes
- Health and Functionality Study Group, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Wellington Dos Santos Silva
- Health and Functionality Study Group, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Health Section, Adventist Faculty of Bahia, Cachoeira, Brazil
| | - Sânzia B Ribeiro
- Health and Functionality Study Group, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Health Section, Adventist Faculty of Bahia, Cachoeira, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Q Campbell
- Health and Functionality Study Group, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Montoya
- Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Rita de C S Lucena
- Health and Functionality Study Group, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Abrahão F Baptista
- Health and Functionality Study Group, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
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114
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Baxter BS, Edelman BJ, Sohrabpour A, He B. Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Increases Bilateral Directed Brain Connectivity during Motor-Imagery Based Brain-Computer Interface Control. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:691. [PMID: 29270110 PMCID: PMC5725434 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to affect motor and cognitive task performance and learning when applied to brain areas involved in the task. Targeted stimulation has also been found to alter connectivity within the stimulated hemisphere during rest. However, the connectivity effect of the interaction of endogenous task specific activity and targeted stimulation is unclear. This study examined the aftereffects of concurrent anodal high-definition tDCS over the left sensorimotor cortex with motor network connectivity during a one-dimensional EEG based sensorimotor rhythm brain-computer interface (SMR-BCI) task. Directed connectivity following anodal tDCS illustrates altered connections bilaterally between frontal and parietal regions, and these alterations occur in a task specific manner; connections between similar cortical regions are altered differentially during left and right imagination trials. During right-hand imagination following anodal tDCS, there was an increase in outflow from the left premotor cortex (PMC) to multiple regions bilaterally in the motor network and increased inflow to the stimulated sensorimotor cortex from the ipsilateral PMC and contralateral sensorimotor cortex. During left-hand imagination following anodal tDCS, there was increased outflow from the stimulated sensorimotor cortex to regions across the motor network. Significant correlations between connectivity and the behavioral measures of total correct trials and time-to-hit (TTH) correct trials were also found, specifically that the input to the left PMC correlated with decreased right hand imagination performance and that flow from the ipsilateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC) to midline sensorimotor cortex correlated with improved performance for both right and left hand imagination. These results indicate that tDCS interacts with task-specific endogenous activity to alter directed connectivity during SMR-BCI. In order to predict and maximize the targeted effect of tDCS, the interaction of stimulation with the dynamics of endogenous activity needs to be examined comprehensively and understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Baxter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bradley J. Edelman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Abbas Sohrabpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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115
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Huang YZ, Lu MK, Antal A, Classen J, Nitsche M, Ziemann U, Ridding M, Hamada M, Ugawa Y, Jaberzadeh S, Suppa A, Paulus W, Rothwell J. Plasticity induced by non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation: A position paper. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2318-2329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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116
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Polarity-independent effects of tDCS on paired associative stimulation-induced plasticity. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:1061-1069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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117
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Sidhu SK, Pourmajidian M, Opie GM, Semmler JG. Increasing motor cortex plasticity with spaced paired associative stimulation at different intervals in older adults. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2674-2683. [PMID: 28965371 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The ability of priming non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to modulate neuroplasticity induction (i.e. metaplasticity) within primary motor cortex (M1) may be altered in older adults. Previous studies in young subjects suggest that consecutive NIBS protocols interact in a time-dependent manner and involve homoeostatic metaplasticity mechanisms. This was investigated in older adults by assessing the response to consecutive blocks of paired-associative stimulation (PAS) separated by different inter-PAS intervals (IPIs). Fifteen older (62-82 years) subjects participated in four sessions, with each session involving two PAS blocks separated by IPIs of 10 (IPI10 ) or 30 (IPI30 ) mins. For each IPI, the first (priming) PAS block was either PASLTP (N20 latency + 2 ms) or PASLTD (N20 latency - 10 ms), while the second (test) PAS block was always PASLTP . Changes in M1 excitability were assessed by recording motor evoked potentials from a muscle of the right hand. For both IPIs, the response produced by PASLTD -primed PASLTP was significantly greater than the response produced by PASLTP -primed PASLTP . Furthermore, the effects of PASLTD priming on PASLTP were significantly greater for IPI30 . These findings suggest that priming PAS can increase plasticity induction in older adults, and this occurs through mechanisms involving homoeostatic metaplasticity. They also demonstrate that the timing between priming and test NIBS is a crucial determinant of this effect, with a 30-min interval being most effective. Providing a 30-min delay between priming NIBS and motor training may improve the efficacy of NIBS in augmenting motor performance and learning in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjit K Sidhu
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Maryam Pourmajidian
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - George M Opie
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - John G Semmler
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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118
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Schmidt-Wilcke T, Fuchs E, Funke K, Vlachos A, Müller-Dahlhaus F, Puts NAJ, Harris RE, Edden RAE. GABA-from Inhibition to Cognition: Emerging Concepts. Neuroscientist 2017; 24:501-515. [PMID: 29283020 DOI: 10.1177/1073858417734530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural functioning and plasticity can be studied on different levels of organization and complexity ranging from the molecular and synaptic level to neural circuitry of whole brain networks. Across neuroscience different methods are being applied to better understand the role of various neurotransmitter systems in the evolution of perception and cognition. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain and, depending on the brain region, up to 25% of the total number of cortical neurons are GABAergic interneurons. At the one end of the spectrum, GABAergic neurons have been accurately described with regard to cell morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological properties; at the other end researchers try to link GABA concentrations in specific brain regions to human behavior using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. One of the main challenges of modern neuroscience currently is to integrate knowledge from highly specialized subfields at distinct biological scales into a coherent picture that bridges the gap between molecules and behavior. In the current review, recent findings from different fields of GABA research are summarized delineating a potential strategy to develop a more holistic picture of the function and role of GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schmidt-Wilcke
- 1 Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,2 Mauritius Therapieklinik Meerbusch, Meerbusch, Germany
| | - E Fuchs
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Funke
- 4 Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty of Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Vlachos
- 5 Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Müller-Dahlhaus
- 6 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,7 Department of Neurology and Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - N A J Puts
- 8 Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,9 F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R E Harris
- 10 Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R A E Edden
- 8 Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,9 F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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119
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Antal A, Alekseichuk I, Bikson M, Brockmöller J, Brunoni AR, Chen R, Cohen LG, Dowthwaite G, Ellrich J, Flöel A, Fregni F, George MS, Hamilton R, Haueisen J, Herrmann CS, Hummel FC, Lefaucheur JP, Liebetanz D, Loo CK, McCaig CD, Miniussi C, Miranda PC, Moliadze V, Nitsche MA, Nowak R, Padberg F, Pascual-Leone A, Poppendieck W, Priori A, Rossi S, Rossini PM, Rothwell J, Rueger MA, Ruffini G, Schellhorn K, Siebner HR, Ugawa Y, Wexler A, Ziemann U, Hallett M, Paulus W. Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1774-1809. [PMID: 28709880 PMCID: PMC5985830 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) in humans, encompassing transcranial direct current (tDCS), transcutaneous spinal Direct Current Stimulation (tsDCS), transcranial alternating current (tACS), and transcranial random noise (tRNS) stimulation or their combinations, appears to be safe. No serious adverse events (SAEs) have been reported so far in over 18,000 sessions administered to healthy subjects, neurological and psychiatric patients, as summarized here. Moderate adverse events (AEs), as defined by the necessity to intervene, are rare, and include skin burns with tDCS due to suboptimal electrode-skin contact. Very rarely mania or hypomania was induced in patients with depression (11 documented cases), yet a causal relationship is difficult to prove because of the low incidence rate and limited numbers of subjects in controlled trials. Mild AEs (MAEs) include headache and fatigue following stimulation as well as prickling and burning sensations occurring during tDCS at peak-to-baseline intensities of 1-2mA and during tACS at higher peak-to-peak intensities above 2mA. The prevalence of published AEs is different in studies specifically assessing AEs vs. those not assessing them, being higher in the former. AEs are frequently reported by individuals receiving placebo stimulation. The profile of AEs in terms of frequency, magnitude and type is comparable in healthy and clinical populations, and this is also the case for more vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly persons, or pregnant women. Combined interventions (e.g., co-application of drugs, electrophysiological measurements, neuroimaging) were not associated with further safety issues. Safety is established for low-intensity 'conventional' TES defined as <4mA, up to 60min duration per day. Animal studies and modeling evidence indicate that brain injury could occur at predicted current densities in the brain of 6.3-13A/m2 that are over an order of magnitude above those produced by tDCS in humans. Using AC stimulation fewer AEs were reported compared to DC. In specific paradigms with amplitudes of up to 10mA, frequencies in the kHz range appear to be safe. In this paper we provide structured interviews and recommend their use in future controlled studies, in particular when trying to extend the parameters applied. We also discuss recent regulatory issues, reporting practices and ethical issues. These recommendations achieved consensus in a meeting, which took place in Göttingen, Germany, on September 6-7, 2016 and were refined thereafter by email correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - I Alekseichuk
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, USA
| | - J Brockmöller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany
| | - A R Brunoni
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27) and Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - J Ellrich
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; EBS Technologies GmbH, Europarc Dreilinden, Germany
| | - A Flöel
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M S George
- Brain Stimulation Division, Medical University of South Carolina, and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Haueisen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany
| | - C S Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - F C Hummel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Centre of Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland; Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland
| | - J P Lefaucheur
- Department of Physiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, and EA 4391, Nerve Excitability and Therapeutic Team (ENT), Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - D Liebetanz
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C K Loo
- School of Psychiatry & Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - C D McCaig
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - C Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - P C Miranda
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V Moliadze
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - M A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - R Nowak
- Neuroelectrics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Munich Center for Brain Stimulation, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - A Pascual-Leone
- Division of Cognitive Neurology, Harvard Medical Center and Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - W Poppendieck
- Department of Information Technology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Priori
- Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutich, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan Italy; Deparment of Clinical Neurology, University Hospital Asst Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - S Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Human Physiology Section and Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, University of Siena, Italy
| | - P M Rossini
- Area of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University Clinic A. Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - M A Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - H R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Y Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - A Wexler
- Department of Science, Technology & Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - U Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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120
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Farashahi S, Donahue CH, Khorsand P, Seo H, Lee D, Soltani A. Metaplasticity as a Neural Substrate for Adaptive Learning and Choice under Uncertainty. Neuron 2017; 94:401-414.e6. [PMID: 28426971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Value-based decision making often involves integration of reward outcomes over time, but this becomes considerably more challenging if reward assignments on alternative options are probabilistic and non-stationary. Despite the existence of various models for optimally integrating reward under uncertainty, the underlying neural mechanisms are still unknown. Here we propose that reward-dependent metaplasticity (RDMP) can provide a plausible mechanism for both integration of reward under uncertainty and estimation of uncertainty itself. We show that a model based on RDMP can robustly perform the probabilistic reversal learning task via dynamic adjustment of learning based on reward feedback, while changes in its activity signal unexpected uncertainty. The model predicts time-dependent and choice-specific learning rates that strongly depend on reward history. Key predictions from this model were confirmed with behavioral data from non-human primates. Overall, our results suggest that metaplasticity can provide a neural substrate for adaptive learning and choice under uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Farashahi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA
| | - Christopher H Donahue
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Peyman Khorsand
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA
| | - Hyojung Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Daeyeol Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alireza Soltani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA.
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121
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Rodríguez-Durán LF, Martínez-Moreno A, Escobar ML. Bidirectional modulation of taste aversion extinction by insular cortex LTP and LTD. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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122
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Optimal structure of metaplasticity for adaptive learning. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005630. [PMID: 28658247 PMCID: PMC5509349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning from reward feedback in a changing environment requires a high degree of adaptability, yet the precise estimation of reward information demands slow updates. In the framework of estimating reward probability, here we investigated how this tradeoff between adaptability and precision can be mitigated via metaplasticity, i.e. synaptic changes that do not always alter synaptic efficacy. Using the mean-field and Monte Carlo simulations we identified ‘superior’ metaplastic models that can substantially overcome the adaptability-precision tradeoff. These models can achieve both adaptability and precision by forming two separate sets of meta-states: reservoirs and buffers. Synapses in reservoir meta-states do not change their efficacy upon reward feedback, whereas those in buffer meta-states can change their efficacy. Rapid changes in efficacy are limited to synapses occupying buffers, creating a bottleneck that reduces noise without significantly decreasing adaptability. In contrast, more-populated reservoirs can generate a strong signal without manifesting any observable plasticity. By comparing the behavior of our model and a few competing models during a dynamic probability estimation task, we found that superior metaplastic models perform close to optimally for a wider range of model parameters. Finally, we found that metaplastic models are robust to changes in model parameters and that metaplastic transitions are crucial for adaptive learning since replacing them with graded plastic transitions (transitions that change synaptic efficacy) reduces the ability to overcome the adaptability-precision tradeoff. Overall, our results suggest that ubiquitous unreliability of synaptic changes evinces metaplasticity that can provide a robust mechanism for mitigating the tradeoff between adaptability and precision and thus adaptive learning. Successful learning from our experience and feedback from the environment requires that the reward value assigned to a given option or action to be updated by a precise amount after each feedback. In the standard model for reward-based learning known as reinforcement learning, the learning rates determine the strength of such update. A large learning rate allows fast update of values (large adaptability) but introduces noise (small precision), whereas a small learning rate does the opposite. Thus, learning seems to be bounded by a tradeoff between adaptability and precision. Here, we asked whether there are synaptic mechanisms that are capable of adjusting the brain’s level of plasticity according to reward statistics, and, therefore, allow the learning process to be adaptive. We showed that metaplasticity, changes in the synaptic state that shape future synaptic modifications without any observable changes in the strength of synapses, could provide such a mechanism and furthermore, identified the optimal structure of such metaplasticity. We propose that metaplasticity, which sometimes causes no observable changes in behavior and thus could be perceived as a lack of learning, can provide a robust mechanism for adaptive learning.
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123
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Opie GM, Post AK, Ridding MC, Ziemann U, Semmler JG. Modulating motor cortical neuroplasticity with priming paired associative stimulation in young and old adults. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:763-769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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124
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Hazime FA, Baptista AF, de Freitas DG, Monteiro RL, Maretto RL, Hasue RH, João SMA. Treating low back pain with combined cerebral and peripheral electrical stimulation: A randomized, double-blind, factorial clinical trial. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1132-1143. [PMID: 28440001 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that chronic low back pain is associated with plastic changes in the brain that can be modified by neuromodulation strategies. This study investigated the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined simultaneously with peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) for pain relief, disability and global perception in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). METHODS Ninety-two patients with CLBP were randomized to receive 12 sessions on nonconsecutive days of anodal tDCS (primary motor cortex, M1), 100 Hz sensory PES (lumbar spine), tDCS + PES or sham tDCS + PES. Pain intensity (11-point numerical rating scale), disability and global perception were applied before treatment and four weeks, three months and six months post randomization. RESULTS A two points reduction was achieved only by the tDCS + PES (mean reduction [MR] = -2.6, CI95% = -4.4 to -0.9) and PES alone (MR = -2.2, CI95% = -3.9 to -0.4) compared with the sham group, but not of tDCS alone (MR = -1.7, CI95% = -3.4 to -0.0). In addition to maintaining the analgesic effect for up to three months, tDCS + PES had a higher proportion of respondents in different cutoff points. Global perception was improved at four weeks and maintained three months after treatment only with tDCS + PES. None of the treatments improved disability and the affective aspect of pain consistently with pain reduction. CONCLUSION The results suggest that tDCS + PES and PES alone are effective in relieving CLBP in the short term. However, only tDCS + PES induced a long-lasting analgesic effect. tDCS alone showed no clinical meaningful pain relief. SIGNIFICANCE Transcranial direct current stimulation combined simultaneously with PES leads to a significant and clinical pain relief that can last up to three months in chronic low back pain patients. For this article, a commentary is available at the Wiley Online Library.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Hazime
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil.,Department of Physical Therapy, Speech-Language and Hearing Science and Occupational Therapy of the Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences of the Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F Baptista
- Department of Biomorphology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - D G de Freitas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R L Monteiro
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech-Language and Hearing Science and Occupational Therapy of the Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences of the Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - R L Maretto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R H Hasue
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech-Language and Hearing Science and Occupational Therapy of the Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences of the Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S M A João
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech-Language and Hearing Science and Occupational Therapy of the Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences of the Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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125
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Singh A, Abraham WC. Astrocytes and synaptic plasticity in health and disease. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1645-1655. [PMID: 28299411 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity phenomena such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression are candidate mechanisms for storing information in the brain. Regulation of synaptic plasticity is critical for healthy cognition and learning and this is provided in part by metaplasticity, which can act to maintain synaptic transmission within a dynamic range and potentially prevent excitotoxicity. Metaplasticity mechanisms also allow neurons to integrate plasticity-associated signals over time. Interestingly, astrocytes appear to be critical for certain forms of synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity mechanisms. Synaptic dysfunction is increasingly viewed as an early feature of AD that is correlated with the severity of cognitive decline, and the development of these pathologies is correlated with a rise in reactive astrocytes. This review focuses on the contributions of astrocytes to synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity in normal tissue, and addresses whether astroglial pathology may lead to aberrant engagement of these mechanisms in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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126
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Mavromatis N, Neige C, Gagné M, Reilly KT, Mercier C. Effect of Experimental Hand Pain on Training-Induced Changes in Motor Performance and Corticospinal Excitability. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7020015. [PMID: 28165363 PMCID: PMC5332958 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain influences plasticity within the sensorimotor system and the aim of this study was to assess the effect of pain on changes in motor performance and corticospinal excitability during training for a novel motor task. A total of 30 subjects were allocated to one of two groups (Pain, NoPain) and performed ten training blocks of a visually-guided isometric pinch task. Each block consisted of 15 force sequences, and subjects modulated the force applied to a transducer in order to reach one of five target forces. Pain was induced by applying capsaicin cream to the thumb. Motor performance was assessed by a skill index that measured shifts in the speed–accuracy trade-off function. Neurophysiological measures were taken from the first dorsal interosseous using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Overall, the Pain group performed better throughout the training (p = 0.03), but both groups showed similar improvements across training blocks (p < 0.001), and there was no significant interaction. Corticospinal excitability in the NoPain group increased halfway through the training, but this was not observed in the Pain group (Time × Group interaction; p = 0.01). These results suggest that, even when pain does not negatively impact on the acquisition of a novel motor task, it can affect training-related changes in corticospinal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mavromatis
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Cécilia Neige
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Martin Gagné
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada.
| | - Karen T Reilly
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Bron 69500, France.
- University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon F-69000, France.
| | - Catherine Mercier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Buch ER, Santarnecchi E, Antal A, Born J, Celnik PA, Classen J, Gerloff C, Hallett M, Hummel FC, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, Paulus WJ, Reis J, Robertson EM, Rothwell JC, Sandrini M, Schambra HM, Wassermann EM, Ziemann U, Cohen LG. Effects of tDCS on motor learning and memory formation: A consensus and critical position paper. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:589-603. [PMID: 28231477 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Motor skills are required for activities of daily living. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied in association with motor skill learning has been investigated as a tool for enhancing training effects in health and disease. Here, we review the published literature investigating whether tDCS can facilitate the acquisition, retention or adaptation of motor skills. Work in multiple laboratories is underway to develop a mechanistic understanding of tDCS effects on different forms of learning and to optimize stimulation protocols. Efforts are required to improve reproducibility and standardization. Overall, reproducibility remains to be fully tested, effect sizes with present techniques vary over a wide range, and the basis of observed inter-individual variability in tDCS effects is incompletely understood. It is recommended that future studies explicitly state in the Methods the exploratory (hypothesis-generating) or hypothesis-driven (confirmatory) nature of the experimental designs. General research practices could be improved with prospective pre-registration of hypothesis-based investigations, more emphasis on the detailed description of methods (including all pertinent details to enable future modeling of induced current and experimental replication), and use of post-publication open data repositories. A checklist is proposed for reporting tDCS investigations in a way that can improve efforts to assess reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Buch
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pablo A Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Brain Imaging and NeuroStimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistr, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Brain Imaging and NeuroStimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistr, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter J Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Reis
- Department of Neurology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edwin M Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Marco Sandrini
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Heidi M Schambra
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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128
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Priming theta burst stimulation enhances motor cortex plasticity in young but not old adults. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:298-304. [PMID: 28089653 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary motor cortex neuroplasticity is reduced in old adults, which may contribute to the motor deficits commonly observed in the elderly. Previous research in young subjects suggests that the neuroplastic response can be enhanced using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), with a larger plastic response observed following priming with both long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD)-like protocols. However, it is not known if priming stimulation can also modulate plasticity in older adults. OBJECTIVE To investigate if priming NIBS can be used to modulate motor cortical plasticity in old subjects. METHODS In 16 young (22.3 ± 1.0 years) and 16 old (70.2 ± 1.7 years) subjects, we investigated the response to intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS; LTP-like) when applied 10 min after sham stimulation, continuous TBS (cTBS; LTD-like) or an identical block of iTBS. Corticospinal plasticity was assessed by recording changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude. RESULTS In young subjects, priming with cTBS (cTBS + iTBS) resulted in larger MEPs than priming with either iTBS (iTBS + iTBS; P = 0.001) or sham (sham + iTBS; P < 0.0001), while larger MEPs were seen following iTBS + iTBS than sham + iTBS (P < 0.0001). In old subjects, the response to iTBS + iTBS was not different to sham + iTBS (P > 0.9), whereas the response to cTBS + iTBS was reduced relative to iTBS + iTBS (P = 0.02) and sham + iTBS (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Priming TBS is ineffective for modifying M1 plasticity in older adults, which may limit the therapeutic use of priming stimulation in neurological conditions common in the elderly.
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129
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Cirillo G, Di Pino G, Capone F, Ranieri F, Florio L, Todisco V, Tedeschi G, Funke K, Di Lazzaro V. Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Lenz M, Vlachos A. Releasing the Cortical Brake by Non-Invasive Electromagnetic Stimulation? rTMS Induces LTD of GABAergic Neurotransmission. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:96. [PMID: 27965542 PMCID: PMC5124712 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique which modulates cortical excitability beyond the stimulation period. However, despite its clinical use rTMS-based therapies which prevent or reduce disabilities in a functionally significant and sustained manner are scarce. It remains unclear how rTMS-mediated changes in cortical excitability, which are not task- or input-specific, exert beneficial effects in some healthy subjects and patients. While experimental evidence exists that repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) is linked to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory neurotransmission, less attention has been dedicated to rTMS-induced structural, functional and molecular adaptations at inhibitory synapses. In this review article we provide a concise overview on basic neuroscience research, which reveals an important role of local disinhibitory networks in promoting associative learning and memory. These studies suggest that a reduction in inhibitory neurotransmission facilitates the expression of associative plasticity in cortical networks under physiological conditions. Hence, it is interesting to speculate that rTMS may act by decreasing GABAergic neurotransmission onto cortical principal neurons. Indeed, evidence has been provided that rTMS is capable of modulating inhibitory networks. Consistent with this suggestion recent basic science work discloses that a 10 Hz rTMS protocol reduces GABAergic synaptic strength on principal neurons. These findings support a model in which rTMS-induced long-term depression (LTD) of GABAergic synaptic strength mediates changes in excitation/inhibition-balance of cortical networks, which may in turn facilitate (or restore) the ability of stimulated networks to express input- and task-specific associative synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lenz
- Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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131
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Opie GM, Vosnakis E, Ridding MC, Ziemann U, Semmler JG. WITHDRAWN: Priming theta burst stimulation enhances motor cortex plasticity in young but not old adults. Brain Stimul 2016:S1935-861X(16)30311-4. [PMID: 27888026 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George M Opie
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eleni Vosnakis
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael C Ridding
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John G Semmler
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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132
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Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 128:56-92. [PMID: 27866120 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1030] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A group of European experts was commissioned by the European Chapter of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology to gather knowledge about the state of the art of the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) from studies published up until September 2016, regarding pain, Parkinson's disease, other movement disorders, motor stroke, poststroke aphasia, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, consciousness disorders, Alzheimer's disease, tinnitus, depression, schizophrenia, and craving/addiction. The evidence-based analysis included only studies based on repeated tDCS sessions with sham tDCS control procedure; 25 patients or more having received active treatment was required for Class I, while a lower number of 10-24 patients was accepted for Class II studies. Current evidence does not allow making any recommendation of Level A (definite efficacy) for any indication. Level B recommendation (probable efficacy) is proposed for: (i) anodal tDCS of the left primary motor cortex (M1) (with right orbitofrontal cathode) in fibromyalgia; (ii) anodal tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (with right orbitofrontal cathode) in major depressive episode without drug resistance; (iii) anodal tDCS of the right DLPFC (with left DLPFC cathode) in addiction/craving. Level C recommendation (possible efficacy) is proposed for anodal tDCS of the left M1 (or contralateral to pain side, with right orbitofrontal cathode) in chronic lower limb neuropathic pain secondary to spinal cord lesion. Conversely, Level B recommendation (probable inefficacy) is conferred on the absence of clinical effects of: (i) anodal tDCS of the left temporal cortex (with right orbitofrontal cathode) in tinnitus; (ii) anodal tDCS of the left DLPFC (with right orbitofrontal cathode) in drug-resistant major depressive episode. It remains to be clarified whether the probable or possible therapeutic effects of tDCS are clinically meaningful and how to optimally perform tDCS in a therapeutic setting. In addition, the easy management and low cost of tDCS devices allow at home use by the patient, but this might raise ethical and legal concerns with regard to potential misuse or overuse. We must be careful to avoid inappropriate applications of this technique by ensuring rigorous training of the professionals and education of the patients.
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133
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Lin T, Jiang L, Dou Z, Wu C, Liu F, Xu G, Lan Y. Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on Suprahyoid Motor Cortex Excitability in Healthy Subjects. Brain Stimul 2016; 10:91-98. [PMID: 27692927 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) and intermittent TBS (iTBS) are powerful patterns of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), with substantial potential for motor function rehabilitation post-stroke. However, TBS of suprahyoid motor cortex excitability has not been investigated. This study investigated TBS effects on suprahyoid motor cortex excitability and its potential mechanisms in healthy subjects. METHODS Thirty-five healthy subjects (23 females; mean age = 21.66 ± 1.66 years) completed three TBS protocols on separate days, separated by at least one week. A stereotaxic neuronavigation system facilitated accurate TMS positioning. Left and right suprahyoid motor evoked potentials (SMEP) were recorded using single-pulse TMS from the contralateral suprahyoid motor cortex before stimulation (baseline) and 0, 15, and 30 min after stimulation. The SMEP latency and amplitude were analyzed via repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS cTBS suppressed ipsilateral suprahyoid motor cortex excitability and activated the contralateral suprahyoid motor cortex. iTBS facilitated ipsilateral suprahyoid motor cortex excitability; however, it did not affect the contralateral excitability. iTBS eliminated the inhibitory effect caused by cTBS applied to the contralateral suprahyoid motor cortex. TBS had no significant effect on the latencies of bilateral SMEP. TBS effects on suprahyoid motor cortex excitability lasted a minimum of 30 min. CONCLUSIONS TBS effectively regulates suprahyoid motor cortex excitability. Suppression of excitability in one hemisphere leads to further activation of the corresponding contralateral motor cortex. iTBS reverses the inhibitory effect induced by cTBS of the contralateral suprahyoid motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisheng Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zulin Dou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangqing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Manca A, Ginatempo F, Cabboi MP, Mercante B, Ortu E, Dragone D, De Natale ER, Dvir Z, Rothwell JC, Deriu F. No evidence of neural adaptations following chronic unilateral isometric training of the intrinsic muscles of the hand: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1993-2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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135
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Short-term immobilization influences use-dependent cortical plasticity and fine motor performance. Neuroscience 2016; 330:247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Giboin LS, Thumm P, Bertschinger R, Gruber M. Intermittent Theta Burst Over M1 May Increase Peak Power of a Wingate Anaerobic Test and Prevent the Reduction of Voluntary Activation Measured with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:150. [PMID: 27486391 PMCID: PMC4949224 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to improve performances in patients suffering from motor neuronal afflictions, its effect on motor performance enhancement in healthy subjects during a specific sport task is still unknown. We hypothesized that after an intermittent theta burst (iTBS) treatment, performance during the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) will increase and supraspinal fatigue following the exercise will be lower in comparison to a control treatment. Ten subjects participated in two randomized experiments consisting of a WAnT 5 min after either an iTBS or a control treatment. We determined voluntary activation (VA) of the right knee extensors with TMS (VATMS) and with peripheral nerve stimulation (VAPNS) of the femoral nerve, before and after the WAnT. T-tests were applied to the WAnT results and a two way within subject ANOVA was applied to VA results. The iTBS treatment increased the peak power and the maximum pedalling cadence and suppressed the reduction of VATMS following the WAnT compared to the control treatment. No behavioral changes related to fatigue (mean power and fatigue index) were observed. These results indicate for the first time that iTBS could be used as a potential intervention to improve anaerobic performance in a sport specific task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Solal Giboin
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Sport Science Department, Universität Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
| | - Patrick Thumm
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Sport Science Department, Universität Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
| | - Raphael Bertschinger
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Sport Science Department, Universität Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
| | - Markus Gruber
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Sport Science Department, Universität Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
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137
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Fertonani A, Miniussi C. Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: What We Know and Do Not Know About Mechanisms. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:109-123. [PMID: 26873962 PMCID: PMC5405830 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416631966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this experimental effort has not been accompanied by substantial reflections on the models and mechanisms that could explain the stimulation effects. Given these premises, the aim of this article is to provide an updated picture of what we know about the theoretical models of tES that have been proposed to date, contextualized in a more specific and unitary framework. We demonstrate that these models can explain the tES behavioral effects as distributed along a continuum from stimulation dependent to network activity dependent. In this framework, we also propose that stochastic resonance is a useful mechanism to explain the general online neuromodulation effects of tES. Moreover, we highlight the aspects that should be considered in future research. We emphasize that tES is not an "easy-to-use" technique; however, it may represent a very fruitful approach if applied within rigorous protocols, with deep knowledge of both the behavioral and cognitive aspects and the more recent advances in the application of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fertonani
- 1 Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- 1 Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,2 Neuroscience Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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138
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Karabanov A, Ziemann U, Hamada M, George MS, Quartarone A, Classen J, Massimini M, Rothwell J, Siebner HR. Consensus Paper: Probing Homeostatic Plasticity of Human Cortex With Non-invasive Transcranial Brain Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2016; 8:993-1006. [PMID: 26598772 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic plasticity is thought to stabilize neural activity around a set point within a physiologically reasonable dynamic range. Over the last ten years, a wide range of non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS) techniques have been used to probe homeostatic control of cortical plasticity in the intact human brain. Here, we review different NTBS approaches to study homeostatic plasticity on a systems level and relate the findings to both, physiological evidence from in vitro studies and to a theoretical framework of homeostatic function. We highlight differences between homeostatic and other non-homeostatic forms of plasticity and we examine the contribution of sleep in restoring synaptic homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the growing number of studies showing that abnormal homeostatic plasticity may be associated to a range of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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139
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Mavromatis N, Gagné M, Voisin JIAV, Reilly KT, Mercier C. Experimental tonic hand pain modulates the corticospinal plasticity induced by a subsequent hand deafferentation. Neuroscience 2016; 330:403-9. [PMID: 27291642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor reorganization is believed to play an important role in the development and maintenance of phantom limb pain, but pain itself might modulate sensorimotor plasticity induced by deafferentation. Clinical and basic research support this idea, as pain prior to amputation increases the risk of developing post-amputation pain. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of experimental tonic cutaneous hand pain on the plasticity induced by temporary ischemic hand deafferentation. Sixteen healthy subjects participated in two experimental sessions (Pain, No Pain) in which transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess corticospinal excitability in two forearm muscles (flexor carpi radialis and flexor digitorum superficialis) before (T0, T10, T20, and T40) and after (T60 and T75) inflation of a cuff around the wrist. The cuff was inflated at T45 in both sessions and in the Pain session capsaicin cream was applied on the dorsum of the hand at T5. Corticospinal excitability was significantly greater during the Post-inflation phase (p=0.002) and increased similarly in both muscles (p=0.861). Importantly, the excitability increase in the Post-inflation phase was greater for the Pain than the No-Pain condition (p=0.006). Post-hoc analyses revealed a significant difference between the two conditions during the Post-inflation phase (p=0.030) but no difference during the Pre-inflation phase (p=0.601). In other words, the corticospinal facilitation was greater when pain was present prior to cuff inflation. These results indicate that pain can modulate the plasticity induced by another event, and could partially explain the sensorimotor reorganization often reported in chronic pain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mavromatis
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - M Gagné
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, Canada
| | - J I A V Voisin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - K T Reilly
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - C Mercier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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140
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Bandeira ID, Guimarães RSQ, Jagersbacher JG, Barretto TL, de Jesus-Silva JR, Santos SN, Argollo N, Lucena R. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Pilot Study. J Child Neurol 2016; 31:918-24. [PMID: 26879095 DOI: 10.1177/0883073816630083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies investigating the possible benefits of transcranial direct current stimulation on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not been performed. This study assesses the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with ADHD on neuropsychological tests of visual attention, visual and verbal working memory, and inhibitory control. An auto-matched clinical trial was performed involving transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with ADHD, using SNAP-IV and subtests Vocabulary and Cubes of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III (WISC-III). Subjects were assessed before and after transcranial direct current stimulation sessions with the Digit Span subtest of the WISC-III, inhibitory control subtest of the NEPSY-II, Corsi cubes, and the Visual Attention Test (TAVIS-3). There were 9 individuals with ADHD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) criteria. There was statistically significant difference in some aspects of TAVIS-3 tests and the inhibitory control subtest of NEPSY-II. Transcranial direct current stimulation can be related to a more efficient processing speed, improved detection of stimuli, and improved ability to switch between an ongoing activity and a new one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Dórea Bandeira
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - João Gabriel Jagersbacher
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lima Barretto
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Regina de Jesus-Silva
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Samantha Nunes Santos
- Professor Edgard Santos University Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nayara Argollo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rita Lucena
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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141
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Stöckel T, Carroll TJ, Summers JJ, Hinder MR. Motor learning and cross-limb transfer rely upon distinct neural adaptation processes. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:575-86. [PMID: 27169508 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00225.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance benefits conferred in the untrained limb after unilateral motor practice are termed cross-limb transfer. Although the effect is robust, the neural mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study we used noninvasive brain stimulation to reveal that the neural adaptations that mediate motor learning in the trained limb are distinct from those that underlie cross-limb transfer to the opposite limb. Thirty-six participants practiced a ballistic motor task with their right index finger (150 trials), followed by intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) applied to the trained (contralateral) primary motor cortex (cM1 group), the untrained (ipsilateral) M1 (iM1 group), or the vertex (sham group). After stimulation, another 150 training trials were undertaken. Motor performance and corticospinal excitability were assessed before motor training, pre- and post-iTBS, and after the second training bout. For all groups, training significantly increased performance and excitability of the trained hand, and performance, but not excitability, of the untrained hand, indicating transfer at the level of task performance. The typical facilitatory effect of iTBS on MEPs was reversed for cM1, suggesting homeostatic metaplasticity, and prior performance gains in the trained hand were degraded, suggesting that iTBS interfered with learning. In stark contrast, iM1 iTBS facilitated both performance and excitability for the untrained hand. Importantly, the effects of cM1 and iM1 iTBS on behavior were exclusive to the hand contralateral to stimulation, suggesting that adaptations within the untrained M1 contribute to cross-limb transfer. However, the neural processes that mediate learning in the trained hemisphere vs. transfer in the untrained hemisphere appear distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Stöckel
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia; Sport & Exercise Psychology Unit, Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Germany;
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeffery J Summers
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia; Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia
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142
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Zrenner C, Belardinelli P, Müller-Dahlhaus F, Ziemann U. Closed-Loop Neuroscience and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: A Tale of Two Loops. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:92. [PMID: 27092055 PMCID: PMC4823269 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Closed-loop neuroscience is receiving increasing attention with recent technological advances that enable complex feedback loops to be implemented with millisecond resolution on commodity hardware. We summarize emerging conceptual and methodological frameworks that are available to experimenters investigating a “brain in the loop” using non-invasive brain stimulation and briefly review the experimental and therapeutic implications. We take the view that closed-loop neuroscience in fact deals with two conceptually quite different loops: a “brain-state dynamics” loop, used to couple with and modulate the trajectory of neuronal activity patterns, and a “task dynamics” loop, that is the bidirectional motor-sensory interaction between brain and (simulated) environment, and which enables goal-directed behavioral tasks to be incorporated. Both loops need to be considered and combined to realize the full experimental and therapeutic potential of closed-loop neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zrenner
- Brain Networks and Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paolo Belardinelli
- Brain Networks and Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Müller-Dahlhaus
- Brain Networks and Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Brain Networks and Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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143
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Rivera-Olvera A, Rodríguez-Durán LF, Escobar ML. Conditioned taste aversion prevents the long-lasting BDNF-induced enhancement of synaptic transmission in the insular cortex: A metaplastic effect. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 130:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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144
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Jones CB, Lulic T, Bailey AZ, Mackenzie TN, Mi YQ, Tommerdahl M, Nelson AJ. Metaplasticity in human primary somatosensory cortex: effects on physiology and tactile perception. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2681-91. [PMID: 26984422 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00630.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) over human primary motor cortex evokes plasticity and metaplasticity, the latter contributing to the homeostatic balance of excitation and inhibition. Our knowledge of TBS-induced effects on primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is limited, and it is unknown whether TBS induces metaplasticity within human SI. Sixteen right-handed participants (6 females, mean age 23 yr) received two TBS protocols [continuous TBS (cTBS) and intermittent TBS (iTBS)] delivered in six different combinations over SI in separate sessions. TBS protocols were delivered at 30 Hz and were as follows: a single cTBS protocol, a single iTBS protocol, cTBS followed by cTBS, iTBS followed by iTBS, cTBS followed by iTBS, and iTBS followed by cTBS. Measures included the amplitudes of the first and second somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) via median nerve stimulation, their paired-pulse ratio (PPR), and temporal order judgment (TOJ). Dependent measures were obtained before TBS and at 5, 25, 50, and 90 min following stimulation. Results indicate similar effects following cTBS and iTBS; increased amplitudes of the second SEP and PPR without amplitude changes to SEP 1, and impairments in TOJ. Metaplasticity was observed such that TOJ impairments following a single cTBS protocol were abolished following consecutive cTBS protocols. Additionally, consecutive iTBS protocols altered the time course of effects when compared with a single iTBS protocol. In conclusion, 30-Hz cTBS and iTBS protocols delivered in isolation induce effects consistent with a TBS-induced reduction in intracortical inhibition within SI. Furthermore, cTBS- and iTBS-induced metaplasticity appear to follow homeostatic and nonhomeostatic rules, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Jones
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Tea Lulic
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Aaron Z Bailey
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Tanner N Mackenzie
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yi Qun Mi
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
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145
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Brain Plasticity and the Concept of Metaplasticity in Skilled Musicians. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 957:197-208. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47313-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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146
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Woods AJ, Antal A, Bikson M, Boggio PS, Brunoni AR, Celnik P, Cohen LG, Fregni F, Herrmann CS, Kappenman ES, Knotkova H, Liebetanz D, Miniussi C, Miranda PC, Paulus W, Priori A, Reato D, Stagg C, Wenderoth N, Nitsche MA. A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:1031-1048. [PMID: 26652115 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS, tACS) are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques increasingly used for modulation of central nervous system excitability in humans. Here we address methodological issues required for tES application. This review covers technical aspects of tES, as well as applications like exploration of brain physiology, modelling approaches, tES in cognitive neurosciences, and interventional approaches. It aims to help the reader to appropriately design and conduct studies involving these brain stimulation techniques, understand limitations and avoid shortcomings, which might hamper the scientific rigor and potential applications in the clinical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Institute on Aging, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - A Antal
- University Medical Center, Dept. Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, USA
| | - P S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Science, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A R Brunoni
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F Fregni
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Center for Clinical Research Learning, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, USA
| | - C S Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center of excellence Hearing4all, Department for Psychology, Faculty for Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Ammerländer Heerstr, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - E S Kappenman
- Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - H Knotkova
- MJHS Institute for Innovation in Palliative Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Liebetanz
- University Medical Center, Dept. Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - C Miniussi
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia & Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - P C Miranda
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering (IBEB), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - W Paulus
- University Medical Center, Dept. Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A Priori
- Direttore Clinica Neurologica III, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - D Reato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, USA
| | - C Stagg
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB) Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Dept. Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M A Nitsche
- University Medical Center, Dept. Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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147
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Brückner S, Kammer T. High visual demand following theta burst stimulation modulates the effect on visual cortex excitability. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:591. [PMID: 26578935 PMCID: PMC4623200 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulatory effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) depend on the activity of the stimulated cortical area before, during, and even after application. In the present study, we investigated the effects of theta burst stimulation (TBS) on visual cortex excitability using phosphene threshold (PTs). In a between-group design either continuous or intermittent TBS was applied with 100% of individual PT intensity. We varied visual demand following stimulation in form of high demand (acuity task) or low demand (looking at the wall). No change of PTs was observed directly after TBS. We found increased PTs only if subjects had high visual demand following continuous TBS. With low visual demand following stimulation no change of PT was observed. Intermittent TBS had no effect on visual cortex excitability at all. Since other studies showed increased PTs following continuous TBS using subthreshold intensities, our results highlight the importance of stimulation intensity applying TBS to the visual cortex. Furthermore, the state of the neurons in the stimulated cortex area not only before but also following TBS has an important influence on the effects of stimulation, making it necessary to scrupulously control for activity during the whole experimental session in a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Brückner
- Section for Neurostimulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammer
- Section for Neurostimulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
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148
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Augmenting LTP-Like Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex by Spaced Paired Associative Stimulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131020. [PMID: 26110758 PMCID: PMC4482149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired associative stimulation (PASLTP) of the human primary motor cortex (M1) can induce LTP-like plasticity by increasing corticospinal excitability beyond the stimulation period. Previous studies showed that two consecutive PASLTP protocols interact by homeostatic metaplasticity, but animal experiments provided evidence that LTP can be augmented by repeated stimulation protocols spaced by ~30min. Here we tested in twelve healthy selected PASLTP responders the possibility that LTP-like plasticity can be augmented in the human M1 by systematically varying the interval between two consecutive PASLTP protocols. The first PASLTP protocol (PAS1) induced strong LTP-like plasticity lasting for 30-60min. The effect of a second identical PASLTP protocol (PAS2) critically depended on the time between PAS1 and PAS2. At 10min, PAS2 prolonged the PAS1-induced LTP-like plasticity. At 30min, PAS2 augmented the LTP-like plasticity induced by PAS1, by increasing both magnitude and duration. At 60min and 180min, PAS2 had no effect on corticospinal excitability. The cumulative LTP-like plasticity after PAS1 and PAS2 at 30min exceeded significantly the effect of PAS1 alone, and the cumulative PAS1 and PAS2 effects at 60min and 180min. In summary, consecutive PASLTP protocols interact in human M1 in a time-dependent manner. If spaced by 30min, two consecutive PASLTP sessions can augment LTP-like plasticity in human M1. Findings may inspire further research on optimized therapeutic applications of non-invasive brain stimulation in neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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149
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A Comparison of Primed Low-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatments in Chronic Stroke. Brain Stimul 2015. [PMID: 26198365 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preceding low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with a bout of high-frequency rTMS called priming potentiates the after-effects of the former in healthy adults. The utility of primed rTMS in stroke remains under-explored despite its theoretical benefits in enhancing cortical excitability and motor function. OBJECTIVE To ascertain the efficacy of priming in chronic stroke by comparing changes in cortical excitability and paretic hand function following three types of primed low-frequency rTMS treatments. METHODS Eleven individuals with chronic stroke participated in this repeated-measures study receiving three treatments to the contralesional primary motor cortex in randomized order: 6 Hz primed 1 Hz rTMS, 1 Hz primed 1 Hz rTMS, and sham 6 Hz primed active 1 Hz rTMS. Within- and between-treatment differences from baseline in cortical excitability and paretic hand function from baseline were analyzed using mixed effects linear models. RESULTS 6 Hz primed 1 Hz rTMS produced significant within-treatment differences from baseline in ipsilesional cortical silent period (CSP) duration and short-interval intracortical inhibition. Compared to 1 Hz priming and sham 6 Hz priming of 1 Hz rTMS, active 6 Hz priming generated significantly greater decreases in ipsilesional CSP duration. These heightened effects were not observed for intracortical facilitation or interhemispheric inhibition excitability measures. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of 6 Hz primed 1 Hz rTMS in probing homeostatic plasticity mechanisms in the stroke brain as best demonstrated by differences CSP duration and SICI from baseline. Though 6 Hz priming did not universally enhance cortical excitability across measures, our findings pose important implications in non-invasive brain stimulation application in stroke rehabilitation.
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150
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Reversed Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation following Motor Training That Vary as a Function of Training-Induced Changes in Corticospinal Excitability. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:578620. [PMID: 26167305 PMCID: PMC4488255 DOI: 10.1155/2015/578620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) has the
potential to enhance corticospinal excitability (CSE)
and subsequent motor learning. However, the effects of
iTBS following motor learning are unknown. The purpose
of the present study was to explore the effect of iTBS
on CSE and performance following motor learning.
Therefore twenty-four healthy participants practiced a
ballistic motor task for a total of 150 movements.
iTBS was subsequently applied to the trained motor
cortex (STIM group) or the vertex (SHAM group).
Performance and CSE were assessed before motor
learning and before and after iTBS. Training
significantly increased performance and CSE in both
groups. In STIM group participants, subsequent iTBS
significantly reduced motor performance with smaller
reductions in CSE. CSE changes as a result of motor
learning were negatively correlated with both the CSE
changes and performance changes as a result of iTBS.
No significant effects of iTBS were found for SHAM
group participants. We conclude that iTBS has the
potential to degrade prior motor learning as a
function of training-induced CSE changes. That means
the expected LTP-like effects of iTBS are reversed
following motor learning.
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