101
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Cannon AR, Kuprys PV, Cobb AN, Ding X, Kothari AN, Kuo PC, Eberhardt JM, Hammer AM, Morris NL, Li X, Choudhry MA. Alcohol enhances symptoms and propensity for infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients and a murine model of DSS-induced colitis. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:543-555. [PMID: 29775230 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma1217-506r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 1.4 million Americans have been diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) makes up approximately half of those diagnoses. As a disease, UC cycles between periods of remission and flare, which is characterized by intense abdominal pain, increased weight loss, intestinal inflammation, rectal bleeding, and dehydration. Interestingly, a widespread recommendation to IBD patients for avoidance of a flare period is "Don't Drink Alcohol" as recent work correlated alcohol consumption with increased GI symptoms in patients with IBD. Alcohol alone not only induces a systemic pro-inflammatory response, but can also be directly harmful to gut barrier integrity. However, how alcohol could result in the exacerbation of UC in both patients and murine models of colitis has yet to be elucidated. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis of patients admitted for IBD with a documented history of alcohol use in conjunction with a newly developed mouse model of binge alcohol consumption following dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. We found that alcohol negatively impacts clinical outcomes of patients with IBD, specifically increased intestinal infections, antibiotic injections, abdomen CT scans, and large intestine biopsies. Furthermore, in our mouse model of binge alcohol consumption following an induced colitis flare, we found alcohol exacerbates weight loss, clinical scores, colonic shortening and inflammation, and propensity to infection. These findings highlight alcohol's ability to potentiate symptoms and susceptibility to infection in UC and suggest alcohol as an underlying factor in perpetuating symptoms of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Cannon
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Paulius V Kuprys
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Adrienne N Cobb
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Xianzhong Ding
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Anai N Kothari
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul C Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua M Eberhardt
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam M Hammer
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Niya L Morris
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Mashkoor A Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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102
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Jablonski RA, Winstead V, Azuero A, Ptacek T, Jones-Townsend C, Byrd E, Geisinger ML, Morrow C. Feasibility of Providing Safe Mouth Care and Collecting Oral and Fecal Microbiome Samples from Nursing Home Residents with Dysphagia: Proof of Concept Study. J Gerontol Nurs 2018; 43:9-15. [PMID: 28841221 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20170811-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with dysphagia who reside in nursing homes often receive inadequate mouth care and experience poor oral health. From a policy perspective, the combination of absent evidence-based mouth care protocols coupled with insufficient dental coverage create a pool of individuals at great risk for preventable infectious illnesses that contribute to high health care costs. The purpose of the current study was to determine (a) the safety of a mouth care protocol tailored for individuals with dysphagia residing in nursing homes without access to suction equipment, and (b) the feasibility of collecting oral and fecal samples for microbiota analyses. The mouth care protocol resulted in improved oral hygiene without aspiration, and oral and fecal samples were safely collected from participants. Policies supporting ongoing testing of evidence-based mouth care protocols for individuals with dysphagia are important to improve quality, demonstrate efficacy, and save health care costs. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 43(9), 9-15.].
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103
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Mills S, Ross RP, Hill C. Bacteriocins and bacteriophage; a narrow-minded approach to food and gut microbiology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:S129-S153. [PMID: 28830091 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins and bacteriophage (phage) are biological tools which exhibit targeted microbial killing, a phenomenon which until recently was seen as a major drawback for their use as antimicrobial agents. However, in an age when the deleterious consequences of broad-spectrum antibiotics on human health have become apparent, there is an urgent need to develop narrow-spectrum substitutes. Indeed, disruption of the microbial communities which exist on and in our bodies can generate immediate and long-term negative effects and this is particularly borne out in the gut microbiota community whose disruption has been linked to a number of disorders reaching as far as the brain. Moreover, the antibiotic resistance crisis has resulted in our inability to treat many bacterial infections and has triggered the search for damage-limiting alternatives. As bacteriocins and phage are natural entities they are relatively easy to isolate and characterise and are also ideal candidates for improving food safety and quality, forfeiting the need for largely unpopular chemical preservatives. This review highlights the efficacy of both antimicrobial agents in terms of gut health and food safety and explores the body of scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness in both environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mills
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
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104
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Azimi T, Nasiri MJ, Chirani AS, Pouriran R, Dabiri H. The role of bacteria in the inflammatory bowel disease development: a narrative review. APMIS 2018; 126:275-283. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Department of Pathobiology; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Salimi Chirani
- Department of Medical Microbiology; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Dabiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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105
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Chong CYL, Bloomfield FH, O'Sullivan JM. Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Microbiome Development in Neonates. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030274. [PMID: 29495552 PMCID: PMC5872692 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is established in the newborn period and is recognised to interact with the host to influence metabolism. Different environmental factors that are encountered during this critical period may influence the gut microbial composition, potentially impacting upon later disease risk, such as asthma, metabolic disorder, and inflammatory bowel disease. The sterility dogma of the foetus in utero is challenged by studies that identified bacteria, bacterial DNA, or bacterial products in meconium, amniotic fluid, and the placenta; indicating the initiation of maternal-to-offspring microbial colonisation in utero. This narrative review aims to provide a better understanding of factors that affect the development of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome during prenatal, perinatal to postnatal life, and their reciprocal relationship with GI tract development in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Yieh Lin Chong
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Frank H Bloomfield
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Newborn Services, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Justin M O'Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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106
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Panebianco C, Adamberg K, Jaagura M, Copetti M, Fontana A, Adamberg S, Kolk K, Vilu R, Andriulli A, Pazienza V. Influence of gemcitabine chemotherapy on the microbiota of pancreatic cancer xenografted mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 81:773-782. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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107
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Remodeling of the Candida glabrata cell wall in the gastrointestinal tract affects the gut microbiota and the immune response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3316. [PMID: 29463799 PMCID: PMC5820338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21422-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota acts a natural barrier to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogens. Candida glabrata is an opportunistic yeast pathogen that has adapted to colonize all segments of the human GI tract. We observed an increase in Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacteroides vulgatus populations, and a decrease in Lactobacillus johnsonii, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Bifidobacterium animalis in mice with DSS-induced colitis. This reduction was more pronounced for L. johnsonii during C. glabrata overgrowth. In addition, C. glabrata overgrowth increased mouse mortality and inflammatory parameters, and modulated the expression of intestinal receptors and signaling pathways. The C. glabrata cell wall underwent various changes during the course of C. glabrata colonization, and showed a significant increase in chitin. C. glabrata deficient in chitin synthase-3 induced fewer inflammatory parameters than the parental strain during intestinal inflammation. Oral administration of chitin attenuated the impact of colitis, and reduced the number of aerobic bacteria and C. glabrata overgrowth, while chitinase-3-like protein-1 increased. This study provides evidence that inflammation of the gut alters the microbial balance and leads to C. glabrata cell wall remodeling through an increase in chitin, which is involved in promoting persistence of C. glabrata in the gut.
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108
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is a community of commensal organisms that are known to play a role in nutrient production as well as gut homeostasis. The composition of the gut flora can be affected by many factors; however, the impact of burn injury on the microbiome is not fully known. Here, we hypothesized that burn-induced changes to the microbiome would impact overall colon health. After scald-burn injury, cecal samples were analyzed for aerobic and anaerobic colony forming units, bacterial community, and butyrate levels. In addition, colon and total intestinal permeabilities were determined. These parameters were further determined in a germ-reduced murine model. Following both burn injury and germ reduction, we observed decreases in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, increased colon permeability and no change to small intestinal permeability. After burn injury, we further observed a significant decrease in the butyrate producing bacteria R. Gnavus, C. Eutactus, and Roseburia species as well as decreases in colonic butyrate. Finally, in mice that underwent burn followed by fecal microbiota transplant, bacteria levels and mucosal integrity were restored. Altogether our data demonstrate that burn injury can alter the microbiome leading to decreased butyrate levels and increased colon permeability. Of interest, fecal microbiota transplant treatment was able to ameliorate the burn-induced changes in colon permeability. Thus, fecal transplantation may represent a novel therapy in restoring colon health after burn injury.
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109
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Kapitan M, Niemiec MJ, Steimle A, Frick JS, Jacobsen ID. Fungi as Part of the Microbiota and Interactions with Intestinal Bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 422:265-301. [PMID: 30062595 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiota consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi that build a highly complex network of interactions between each other and the host. While there are many examples for commensal bacterial influence on host health and immune modulation, little is known about the role of commensal fungi inside the gut community. Up until now, fungal research was concentrating on opportunistic diseases caused by fungal species, leaving the possible role of fungi as part of the microbiota largely unclear. Interestingly, fungal and bacterial abundance in the gut appear to be negatively correlated and disruption of the bacterial microbiota is a prerequisite for fungal overgrowth. The mechanisms behind bacterial colonization resistance are likely diverse, including direct antagonism as well as bacterial stimulation of host defense mechanisms. In this work, we will review the current knowledge of the development of the intestinal bacterial and fungal community, the influence of the microbiota on human health and disease, and the role of the opportunistic yeast C. albicans. We will furthermore discuss the possible benefits of commensal fungal colonization. Finally, we will summarize the recent findings on bacterial-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kapitan
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - M Joanna Niemiec
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Steimle
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia S Frick
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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110
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Zhang SL, Wang SN, Miao CY. Influence of Microbiota on Intestinal Immune System in Ulcerative Colitis and Its Intervention. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1674. [PMID: 29234327 PMCID: PMC5712343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with chronic and recurrent characteristics caused by multiple reasons. Although the pathogenic factors have not been clarified yet, recent studies have demonstrated that intestinal microbiota plays a major role in UC, especially in the immune system. This review focuses on the description of several major microbiota communities that affect UC and their interactions with the host. In this review, eight kinds of microbiota that are highly related to IBD, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, Bacteroides, Roseburia species, Eubacterium rectale, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium, and Candida albicans are demonstrated on the changes in amount and roles in the onset and progression of IBD. In addition, potential therapeutic targets for UC involved in the regulation of microbiota, including NLRPs, vitamin D receptor as well as secreted proteins, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Long Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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111
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Pakpour S, Bhanvadia A, Zhu R, Amarnani A, Gibbons SM, Gurry T, Alm EJ, Martello LA. Identifying predictive features of Clostridium difficile infection recurrence before, during, and after primary antibiotic treatment. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:148. [PMID: 29132405 PMCID: PMC5684761 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonization by the pathogen Clostridium difficile often occurs in the background of a disrupted microbial community. Identifying specific organisms conferring resistance to invasion by C. difficile is desirable because diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on the human microbiota have the potential to provide more precision to the management and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and its recurrence. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study of adult patients diagnosed with their first CDI. We investigated the dynamics of the gut microbiota during antibiotic treatment, and we used microbial or demographic features at the time of diagnosis, or after treatment, to predict CDI recurrence. To check the validity of the predictions, a meta-analysis using a previously published dataset was performed. RESULTS We observed that patients' microbiota "before" antibiotic treatment was predictive of disease relapse, but surprisingly, post-antibiotic microbial community is indistinguishable between patients that recur or not. At the individual OTU level, we identified Veillonella dispar as a candidate organism for preventing CDI recurrence; however, we did not detect a corresponding signal in the conducted meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Although in our patient population, a candidate organism was identified for negatively predicting CDI recurrence, results suggest the need for larger cohort studies that include patients with diverse demographic characteristics to generalize species that robustly confer colonization resistance against C. difficile and accurately predict disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Pakpour
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA USA
- MIT Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Amit Bhanvadia
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health, New York, NY USA
- Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Roger Zhu
- Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Queens, Flushing, NY USA
- Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | | | - Sean M. Gibbons
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA USA
- MIT Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Thomas Gurry
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA USA
- MIT Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Eric J. Alm
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA USA
- MIT Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA USA
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112
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Wasimuddin, Menke S, Melzheimer J, Thalwitzer S, Heinrich S, Wachter B, Sommer S. Gut microbiomes of free-ranging and captive Namibian cheetahs: Diversity, putative functions and occurrence of potential pathogens. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5515-5527. [PMID: 28782134 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the significance of the gut microbiome for host health is well acknowledged, the impact of host traits and environmental factors on the interindividual variation of gut microbiomes of wildlife species is not well understood. Such information is essential; however, as changes in the composition of these microbial communities beyond the natural range might cause dysbiosis leading to increased susceptibility to infections. We examined the potential influence of sex, age, genetic relatedness, spatial tactics and the environment on the natural range of the gut microbiome diversity in free-ranging Namibian cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). We further explored the impact of an altered diet and frequent contact with roaming dogs and cats on the occurrence of potential bacterial pathogens by comparing free-ranging and captive individuals living under the same climatic conditions. Abundance patterns of particular bacterial genera differed between the sexes, and bacterial diversity and richness were higher in older (>3.5 years) than in younger individuals. In contrast, male spatial tactics, which probably influence host exposure to environmental bacteria, had no discernible effect on the gut microbiome. The profound resemblance of the gut microbiome of kin in contrast to nonkin suggests a predominant role of genetics in shaping bacterial community characteristics and functional similarities. We also detected various Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) assigned to potential pathogenic bacteria known to cause diseases in humans and wildlife species, such as Helicobacter spp., and Clostridium perfringens. Captive individuals did not differ in their microbial alpha diversity but exhibited higher abundances of OTUs related to potential pathogenic bacteria and shifts in disease-associated functional pathways. Our study emphasizes the need to integrate ecological, genetic and pathogenic aspects to improve our comprehension of the main drivers of natural variation and shifts in gut microbial communities possibly affecting host health. This knowledge is essential for in situ and ex situ conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasimuddin
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Menke
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sonja Heinrich
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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113
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Eid HM, Wright ML, Anil Kumar NV, Qawasmeh A, Hassan STS, Mocan A, Nabavi SM, Rastrelli L, Atanasov AG, Haddad PS. Significance of Microbiota in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases and the Modulatory Potential by Medicinal Plant and Food Ingredients. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:387. [PMID: 28713266 PMCID: PMC5493053 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of three or more metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Obesity has become the epidemic of the twenty-first century with more than 1.6 billion overweight adults. Due to the strong connection between obesity and type 2 diabetes, obesity has received wide attention with subsequent coining of the term "diabesity." Recent studies have identified unique contributions of the immensely diverse gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. Several mechanisms have been proposed including altered glucose and fatty acid metabolism, hepatic fatty acid storage, and modulation of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. Importantly, the relationship between unhealthy diet and a modified gut microbiota composition observed in diabetic or obese subjects has been recognized. Similarly, the role of diet rich in polyphenols and plant polysaccharides in modulating gut bacteria and its impact on diabetes and obesity have been the subject of investigation by several research groups. Gut microbiota are also responsible for the extensive metabolism of polyphenols thus modulating their biological activities. The aim of this review is to shed light on the composition of gut microbes, their health importance and how they can contribute to diseases as well as their modulation by polyphenols and polysaccharides to control obesity and diabetes. In addition, the role of microbiota in improving the oral bioavailability of polyphenols and hence in shaping their antidiabetic and antiobesity activities will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M. Eid
- Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic MedicinesMontréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Beni-SuefBeni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Michelle L. Wright
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, United States
| | - N. V. Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal UniversityManipal, India
| | | | - Sherif T. S. Hassan
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj-Napoca, Romania
- ICHAT and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary MedicineCluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seyed M. Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Luca Rastrelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of SalernoFisciano, Italy
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of SciencesJastrzebiec, Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Pierre S. Haddad
- Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic MedicinesMontréal, QC, Canada
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114
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Jeong D, Kim DH, Kang IB, Kim H, Song KY, Kim HS, Seo KH. Modulation of gut microbiota and increase in fecal water content in mice induced by administration of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens DN1. Food Funct 2017; 8:680-686. [PMID: 28121325 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01559j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens is the key probiotic bacterium in kefir. In this study, we investigated the effects of oral consumption of L. kefiranofaciens on the fecal quality and intestinal microbiota of mice. Four-week-old Balb/c mice were divided into two groups (n = 8 each) and administered 0.2 mL of saline (control group) or saline containing 2 × 108 cfu L. kefiranofaciens DN1 (LKF_DN1 group) for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, their fecal samples were collected and the fecal quality and microbiota were assessed. The LKF_DN1 group exhibited higher total fecal weight and fecal weight per stool sample than the control group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the fecal water content was significantly higher in the fecal samples of the LKF_DN1 group than in those of the control group (p < 0.05). The numbers of total bacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, and Prevotella were significantly higher in the LKF_DN1 group than in the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast, the number of opportunistic pathogens, including Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae, and the percentage of genus Clostridium among the total bacteria were significantly reduced in the LKF_DN1 group (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that regular L. kefiranofaciens DN1 administration could alleviate constipation and improve gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Jeong
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyeon Kim
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Il-Byeong Kang
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kwang-Young Song
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hong-Seok Kim
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Frequency and Risk Factors of Clostridium difficile Infection in Hospitalized Patients With Pouchitis: A Population-based Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:661-671. [PMID: 28296825 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients with the ileal pouch after proctocolectomy has been increasingly recognized. We sought to evaluate the frequency and risk factors of CDI in patients with the primary or secondary discharge diagnosis of pouchitis in the United States. METHODS We reviewed the National Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and identified patients admitted for pouchitis with underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), between 2010 and 2012. Cases with CDI were identified based on a concomitant primary or secondary discharge diagnosis for CDI. The frequency of CDI was estimated in patients with underlying IBD and FAP. Multivariable analysis was conducted to study the risk factors associated with CDI in those with pouchitis with underlying IBD. RESULTS A total of 3566 eligible patients with pouchitis were identified during the study period. Eighty-nine patients (2.5%) had CDI as a concomitant primary or secondary discharge diagnosis. CDI was identified in 2.6% (99.9% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-3.8) of pouchitis patients with underling IBD. None of the patients with pouchitis with underlying FAP were found to have CDI during the study period. Among pouchitis patients with underlying IBD, the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (odds ratio = 5.4; 95% CI, 1.5-19.9), obesity (odds ratio = 5.5; 95% CI, 1.4-21.4), or obstructive sleep apnea (odds ratio = 10.3; CI, 2.0-53.7) was associated with an increased risk of CDI. CONCLUSIONS It seems that CDI was limited to pouchitis with underlying IBD and rare in those with underlying FAP. Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, and obstructive sleep apnea are at an increased risk of C. difficile pouchitis among patients with IBD.
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116
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Garg N, Luzzatto-Knaan T, Melnik AV, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Floros DJ, Petras D, Gregor R, Dorrestein PC, Phelan VV. Natural products as mediators of disease. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:194-219. [PMID: 27874907 PMCID: PMC5299058 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00063k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2016Humans are walking microbial ecosystems, each harboring a complex microbiome with the genetic potential to produce a vast array of natural products. Recent sequencing data suggest that our microbial inhabitants are critical for maintaining overall health. Shifts in microbial communities have been correlated to a number of diseases including infections, inflammation, cancer, and neurological disorders. Some of these clinically and diagnostically relevant phenotypes are a result of the presence of small molecules, yet we know remarkably little about their contributions to the health of individuals. Here, we review microbe-derived natural products as mediators of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Garg
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Tal Luzzatto-Knaan
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alexey V. Melnik
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Dimitrios J. Floros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Daniel Petras
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rachel Gregor
- Department of Chemistry and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Vanessa V. Phelan
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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117
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Fan G, Li J. Engineering Antibodies for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:207-220. [PMID: 29549641 PMCID: PMC7121079 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Historically, serum therapy was previously used to combat infectious pathogens. However, serum sickness and anaphylaxis limited its broad application. The advancement of antibody engineering technologies has made it feasible to generate monoclonal antibodies. There are divergent methods for antibody engineering and optimization. In this chapter, we summarized the latest developments in engineering antibodies for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.
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118
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Abdul-Aziz MA, Cooper A, Weyrich LS. Exploring Relationships between Host Genome and Microbiome: New Insights from Genome-Wide Association Studies. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1611. [PMID: 27785127 PMCID: PMC5061000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As our understanding of the human microbiome expands, impacts on health and disease continue to be revealed. Alterations in the microbiome can result in dysbiosis, which has now been linked to subsequent autoimmune and metabolic diseases, highlighting the need to identify factors that shape the microbiome. Research has identified that the composition and functions of the human microbiome can be influenced by diet, age, sex, and environment. More recently, studies have explored how human genetic variation may also influence the microbiome. Here, we review several recent analytical advances in this new research area, including those that use genome-wide association studies to examine host genome-microbiome interactions, while controlling for the influence of other factors. We find that current research is limited by small sample sizes, lack of cohort replication, and insufficient confirmatory mechanistic studies. In addition, we discuss the importance of understanding long-term interactions between the host genome and microbiome, as well as the potential impacts of disrupting this relationship, and explore new research avenues that may provide information about the co-evolutionary history of humans and their microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura S. Weyrich
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, AdelaideSA, Australia
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119
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Umu ÖCO, Bäuerl C, Oostindjer M, Pope PB, Hernández PE, Pérez-Martínez G, Diep DB. The Potential of Class II Bacteriocins to Modify Gut Microbiota to Improve Host Health. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164036. [PMID: 27695121 PMCID: PMC5047636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of bacteriocins is a potential probiotic feature of many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as it can help prevent the growth of pathogens in gut environments. However, knowledge on bacteriocin producers in situ and their function in the gut of healthy animals is still limited. In this study, we investigated five bacteriocin-producing strains of LAB and their isogenic non-producing mutants for probiotic values. The LAB bacteriocins, sakacin A (SakA), pediocin PA-1 (PedPA-1), enterocins P, Q and L50 (enterocins), plantaricins EF and JK (plantaricins) and garvicin ML (GarML), are all class II bacteriocins, but they differ greatly from each other in terms of inhibition spectrum and physicochemical properties. The strains were supplemented to mice through drinking water and changes on the gut microbiota composition were interpreted using 16S rRNA gene analysis. In general, we observed that overall structure of the gut microbiota remained largely unaffected by the treatments. However, at lower taxonomic levels, some transient but advantageous changes were observed. Some potentially problematic bacteria were inhibited (e.g., Staphylococcus by enterocins, Enterococcaceae by GarML, and Clostridium by plantaricins) and the proportion of LAB was increased in the presence of SakA-, plantaricins- and GarML-producing bacteria. Moreover, the treatment with GarML-producing bacteria co-occurred with decreased triglyceride levels in the host mice. Taken together, our results indicate that several of these bacteriocin producers have potential probiotic properties at diverse levels as they promote favorable changes in the host without major disturbance in gut microbiota, which is important for normal gut functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgün C. O. Umu
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Christine Bäuerl
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Marije Oostindjer
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Phillip B. Pope
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Pablo E. Hernández
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaspar Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Dzung B. Diep
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
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120
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Vlasova AN, Shao L, Kandasamy S, Fischer DD, Rauf A, Langel SN, Chattha KS, Kumar A, Huang HC, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 protects gnotobiotic pigs against human rotavirus by modulating pDC and NK-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2426-2437. [PMID: 27457183 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a gram-positive lactic acid bacterium, is one of the most widely used probiotics; while fewer gram-negative probiotics including Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) are characterized. A mechanistic understanding of their individual and interactive effects on human rotavirus (HRV) and immunity is lacking. In this study, noncolonized, EcN-, LGG-, and EcN + LGG-colonized neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were challenged with HRV. EcN colonization is associated with a greater protection against HRV, and induces the highest frequencies of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), significantly increased NK-cell function and decreased frequencies of apoptotic and TLR4+ mononuclear cells (MNCs). Consistent with the highest NK-cell activity, splenic CD172+ MNCs (DC enriched fraction) of EcN-colonized pigs produced the highest levels of IL-12 in vitro. LGG colonization has little effect on the above parameters, which are intermediate in EcN + LGG-colonized pigs, suggesting that probiotics modulate each other's effects. Additionally, in vitro EcN-treated splenic or intestinal MNCs produce higher levels of innate, immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory cytokines, IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-10, compared to MNCs of pigs treated with LGG. These results indicate that the EcN-mediated greater protection against HRV is associated with potent stimulation of the innate immune system and activation of the DC-IL-12-NK immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Lulu Shao
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Anand Kumar
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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121
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has important metabolic and host-protective functions. Conversely to these beneficial functions, the intestinal microbiota is thought to play a central role in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), a chronic inflammation of the gut mucosa. Genetic screens and studies in experimental mouse models have clearly demonstrated that IBD can develop due to excessive translocation of bacteria into the bowel wall or dysregulated handling of bacteria in genetically susceptible hosts. In healthy individuals, the microbiota is efficiently separated from the mucosal immune system of the gut by the gut barrier, a single layer of highly specialized epithelial cells, some of which are equipped with innate immune functions to prevent or control access of bacterial antigens to the mucosal immune cells. It is currently unclear whether the composition of the microbial flora or individual bacterial strains or pathogens induces or supports the pathogenesis of IBD. Further research will be necessary to carefully dissect the contribution of individual bacterial species to this disease and to ascertain whether specific modulation of the intestinal microbiome may represent a valuable further option for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Becker
- Christoph Becker, PhD, is associated professor, Markus F. Neurath, MD, is director, and Stefan Wirtz, PhD, is senior scientist at the Department of Medicine 1 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg in Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Christoph Becker, PhD, is associated professor, Markus F. Neurath, MD, is director, and Stefan Wirtz, PhD, is senior scientist at the Department of Medicine 1 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg in Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Christoph Becker, PhD, is associated professor, Markus F. Neurath, MD, is director, and Stefan Wirtz, PhD, is senior scientist at the Department of Medicine 1 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg in Erlangen, Germany
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122
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Krezalek MA, Skowron KB, Guyton KL, Shakhsheer B, Hyoju S, Alverdy JC. The intestinal microbiome and surgical disease. Curr Probl Surg 2016; 53:257-93. [PMID: 27497246 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Krezalek
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kinga B Skowron
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kristina L Guyton
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Baddr Shakhsheer
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sanjiv Hyoju
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John C Alverdy
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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123
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Tsai BY, Ko WC, Chen TH, Wu YC, Lan PH, Chen YH, Hung YP, Tsai PJ. Zoonotic potential of the Clostridium difficile RT078 family in Taiwan. Anaerobe 2016; 41:125-130. [PMID: 27292030 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the major cause of nosocomial diarrhea. We have previously demonstrated that in southern Taiwan, severe C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) cases were due to the C. difficile RT 126 strain infection, indicating the arrival of an epidemic C. difficile clone in southern Taiwan. RT126 has a close genetic relationship with RT078. However, the RT078 family is the predominant strain of C. difficile in animals worldwide, particularly in swine. In this study, we surveyed C. difficile strains isolated from swine at several farms in Taiwan from August 2011 to March 2015. We found that all swine strains, namely RT078 (32.5%, 37 of 114), RT126 (28.9%, 33 of 114) and RT127 (37.7%, 43 of 114), belonged to the toxigenic RT078 family. All strains had high gyrA mutation rate (57.9%, 66/114), which was linked to quinolone resistance. Notably, Rep-PCR revealed that 3 RT078 animal strains had the same fingerprint as human RT078 clinical isolates; their phylogenic relationship was closely related to the whole gene sequences of tcdB, thus suggesting zoonotic potential for C. difficile infection in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yang Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Han Lan
- Kaohsiung American School, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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124
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Singh VP, Proctor SD, Willing BP. Koch's postulates, microbial dysbiosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:594-9. [PMID: 27179648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, a growing amount of evidence supports the role of microbes and an imbalanced microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While many reviews have been written on the microbiota in IBD, few have considered how they fulfil the Koch's postulates. In this review, we consider how the Koch's postulates might be modified so that they can be fulfilled for polymicrobial diseases, and we discuss the progress made to date in fulfilling them.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Singh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - S D Proctor
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - B P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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125
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126
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an intestinal inflammatory condition that affects more than 2 million people in the United States. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD are still largely unknown, dysregulated host/enteric microbial interactions are requisite for the development of IBD. So far, many researchers have tried to identify a precise relationship between IBD and an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, termed "dysbiosis." Despite extensive efforts, it is still largely unknown about the interplay among microbes, their hosts, and their environments, and whether dysbiosis is a causal factor or an effect of IBD. Recently, deep-sequencing analyses of the microbiota in patients with IBD patients have been instrumental in characterizing the strong association between dysbiosis and IBD development, although it is still unable to identify specific-associated species level changes in most cases. Based on many recent reports, dysbiosis of the commensal microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including IBD, obesity, and allergic disorders, in both human and animal models. In this review article, the authors have focused on explaining the multiple types of dysbiosis, as well as dysbiosis-related diseases and potential treatments to apply this knowledge to understand a possible cause and potentially find therapeutic strategies for IBD as well as the other dysbiosis-related diseases.
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127
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DeGruttola AK, Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E. Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016. [PMID: 27070911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an intestinal inflammatory condition that affects more than 2 million people in the United States. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD are still largely unknown, dysregulated host/enteric microbial interactions are requisite for the development of IBD. So far, many researchers have tried to identify a precise relationship between IBD and an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, termed "dysbiosis." Despite extensive efforts, it is still largely unknown about the interplay among microbes, their hosts, and their environments, and whether dysbiosis is a causal factor or an effect of IBD. Recently, deep-sequencing analyses of the microbiota in patients with IBD patients have been instrumental in characterizing the strong association between dysbiosis and IBD development, although it is still unable to identify specific-associated species level changes in most cases. Based on many recent reports, dysbiosis of the commensal microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including IBD, obesity, and allergic disorders, in both human and animal models. In this review article, the authors have focused on explaining the multiple types of dysbiosis, as well as dysbiosis-related diseases and potential treatments to apply this knowledge to understand a possible cause and potentially find therapeutic strategies for IBD as well as the other dysbiosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna K DeGruttola
- *Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; †Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan; and ‡Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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128
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Borgia G, Maraolo AE, Foggia M, Buonomo AR, Gentile I. Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: back to the future. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 15:1001-14. [PMID: 26063385 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1045872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of diarrhea in the industrialized world. The estimated costs of this infection are impressive: over 3.2 billion dollars annually in the US. The introduction of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to clinical practice can be considered a Copernican Revolution. The rationale of this approach consists of correcting the imbalance of the organisms dwelling in the gut by reintroducing a normal flora. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the indication for FMT in CDI; it examines in-depth the most relevant aspects of the techniques used, and the safety and efficacy of this new 'old' therapy. EXPERT OPINION Authoritative guidelines about the management of CDI strongly recommend FMT for multiple recurrent episodes of infection by C. difficile unresponsive to repeated antibiotic treatment. The cure rates are about 90%, with no serious adverse events having been reported. The main concerns are the long-term outcomes, lack of a standardized procedure for the delivery of donor material, and a cultural barrier to the transplantation of fecal microbiota. A promising solution to some of these problems could be the use of a more acceptable administration route of fecal material, namely, oral capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Borgia
- University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, Naples , Italy +39(0)81 7463178 ; +39(0)81 7463190 ;
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Treatment with a Monoclonal Anti-IL-12p40 Antibody Induces Substantial Gut Microbiota Changes in an Experimental Colitis Model. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:4953120. [PMID: 26880890 PMCID: PMC4736578 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4953120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim. Crohn's disease is associated with gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis. Treatment with the anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibody (12p40-mAb) has therapeutic effect in Crohn's disease patients. This study addresses whether a 12p40-mAb treatment influences gut microbiota (GM) composition in mice with adoptive transfer colitis (AdTr-colitis). Methods. AdTr-colitis mice were treated with 12p40-mAb or rat-IgG2a or NaCl from days 21 to 47. Disease was monitored by changes in body weight, stool, endoscopic and histopathology scores, immunohistochemistry, and colonic cytokine/chemokine profiles. GM was characterized through DGGE and 16S rRNA gene-amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Results. Following 12p40-mAb treatment, most clinical and pathological parameters associated with colitis were either reduced or absent. GM was shifted towards a higher Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio compared to rat-IgG2a treated mice. Significant correlations between 17 bacterial genera and biological markers were found. The relative abundances of the RF32 order (Alphaproteobacteria) and Akkermansia muciniphila were positively correlated with damaged histopathology and colonic inflammation. Conclusions. Shifts in GM distribution were observed with clinical response to 12p40-mAb treatment, whereas specific GM members correlated with colitis symptoms. Our study implicates that specific changes in GM may be connected with positive clinical outcomes and suggests preventing or correcting GM dysbiosis as a treatment goal in inflammatory bowel disease.
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130
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Prescott HC, Dickson RP, Rogers MAM, Langa KM, Iwashyna TJ. Hospitalization Type and Subsequent Severe Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:581-8. [PMID: 26016947 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201503-0483oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Hospitalization is associated with microbiome perturbation (dysbiosis), and this perturbation is more severe in patients treated with antimicrobials. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether hospitalizations known to be associated with periods of microbiome perturbation are associated with increased risk of severe sepsis after hospital discharge. METHODS We studied participants in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study with linked Medicare claims (1998-2010). We measured whether three hospitalization types associated with increasing severity of probable dysbiosis (non-infection-related hospitalization, infection-related hospitalization, and hospitalization with Clostridium difficile infection [CDI]) were associated with increasing risk for severe sepsis in the 90 days after hospital discharge. We used two study designs: the first was a longitudinal design with between-person comparisons and the second was a self-controlled case series design using within-person comparison. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified 43,095 hospitalizations among 10,996 Health and Retirement Study-Medicare participants. In the 90 days following non-infection-related hospitalization, infection-related hospitalization, and hospitalization with CDI, adjusted probabilities of subsequent admission for severe sepsis were 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8-4.4%), 7.1% (95% CI, 6.6-7.6%), and 10.7% (95% CI, 7.7-13.8%), respectively. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) of severe sepsis was 3.3-fold greater during the 90 days after hospitalizations than during other observation periods. The IRR was 30% greater after an infection-related hospitalization versus a non-infection-related hospitalization. The IRR was 70% greater after a hospitalization with CDI than an infection-related hospitalization without CDI. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong dose-response relationship between events known to result in dysbiosis and subsequent severe sepsis hospitalization that is not present for rehospitalization for nonsepsis diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie C Prescott
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and.,2 Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Mary A M Rogers
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and.,2 Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and.,2 Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,3 VA Center for Clinical Management Research, HSR&D Center of Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and.,4 Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore J Iwashyna
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and.,2 Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,3 VA Center for Clinical Management Research, HSR&D Center of Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and.,4 Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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131
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Th17 Cells as Potential Probiotic Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20841-58. [PMID: 26340622 PMCID: PMC4613231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by wasting and chronic intestinal inflammation triggered by various cytokine-mediated pathways. In recent years, it was shown that T helper 17 (Th17) cells are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, which makes them an attractive therapeutic target. Th17 cells preferentially produce interleukin (IL)-17A–F as signature cytokines. The role of the interplay between host genetics and intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD was demonstrated. Probiotics are live microorganisms that when orally ingested in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host by modulating the enteric flora or by stimulating the local immune system. Several studies indicated the effectiveness of probiotics in preventing and treating IBD (ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease). Furthermore, there is mounting evidence of probiotics selectively targeting the Th17 lineage in the prevention and management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as IBD. This review highlights critical roles of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of IBD and the rationale for using probiotics as a novel therapeutic approach for IBD through manipulation of Th17 cells. The potential molecular mechanisms by which probiotics modulate Th17 cells differentiation and production are also discussed.
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Abstract
In the more recent years since the introduction of anti-TNF therapy, the treatment strategy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease has developed more towards an early intensive, often double immunosuppression. While this leads to an improved therapeutic success, this intensified therapy also increases the risk for side effects and especially for infectious complications. The early detection of this complication in the immunocompromised patient is often more difficult due to the potential broad spectrum of infectious agents, the often atypical presentation in conjunction with the immunosuppression as well as often similar symptoms regarding intestinal infectious complications common for a flare of the underlying disease. In the first part, this overview will discuss the broad spectrum of potential infectious complications, using pulmonary infections as an example and presenting an algorithm for detection and therapy. In the second part, common intestinal infectious complications will be discussed from diagnosis to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kucharzik
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University Teaching Hospital Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Christian Maaser
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Teaching Hospital Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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133
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Serum Levels of Lipopolysaccharide and 1,3-β-D-Glucan Refer to the Severity in Patients with Crohn's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:843089. [PMID: 26106258 PMCID: PMC4464677 DOI: 10.1155/2015/843089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Interactions between the host and gut microbial community contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). In this study, we aimed to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 1,3-β-D-glucan (BG) in the sera of CD patients and clarify the potential role in the diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. Materials and Methods. Serum samples were collected from 46 patients with active CD (A-CD), 22 CD patients at remission stage (R-CD), and 20 healthy controls, and the levels of LPS, BG, and TNF in sera were determined by ELISA. Moreover, sixteen patients with A-CD received anti-TNF monoclonal antibody therapy (infliximab, IFX) at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight at weeks 0, 2, and 6, and the levels of LPS and BG were also tested at week 12 after the first intravenous infusion. Results. Serum levels of LPS and BG were found to be markedly increased in A-CD patients compared with R-CD patients and healthy controls (P < 0.05). They were also observed to be positively correlated with CDAI, ESR, and SES-CD, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of TNF in sera had a significant correlation with LPS and BG, respectively. The concentrations of LPS and BG were demonstrated to be significantly downregulated in the sera of A-CD patients 12 weeks after IFX treatment (P < 0.05), suggesting that blockade of TNF could inhibit bacterial endotoxin absorption, partially through improving intestinal mucosal barrier. Conclusions. Serum levels of LPS and BG are significantly increased in A-CD patients and positively correlated with the severity of the disease. Blockade of intestinal mucosal inflammation with IFX could reduce the levels of LPS and BG in sera. Therefore, this study has shed some light on measurement of serum LPS and BG in the diagnosis and treatment of CD patients.
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de Punder K, Pruimboom L. Stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability. Front Immunol 2015; 6:223. [PMID: 26029209 PMCID: PMC4432792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of work absence, disability, and mortality worldwide. Most of these diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that stresses (defined as homeostatic disturbances) can induce low-grade inflammation by increasing the availability of water, sodium, and energy-rich substances to meet the increased metabolic demand induced by the stressor. One way of triggering low-grade inflammation is by increasing intestinal barrier permeability through activation of various components of the stress system. Although beneficial to meet the demands necessary during stress, increased intestinal barrier permeability also raises the possibility of the translocation of bacteria and their toxins across the intestinal lumen into the blood circulation. In combination with modern life-style factors, the increase in bacteria/bacterial toxin translocation arising from a more permeable intestinal wall causes a low-grade inflammatory state. We support this hypothesis with numerous studies finding associations with NCDs and markers of endotoxemia, suggesting that this process plays a pivotal and perhaps even a causal role in the development of low-grade inflammation and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany ; Natura Foundation , Numansdorp , Netherlands
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135
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Ablation of tumor necrosis factor is associated with decreased inflammation and alterations of the microbiota in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119441. [PMID: 25775453 PMCID: PMC4361568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with prolonged, excess secretions of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). Many patients with IBD have successful management of IBD symptoms by blocking TNF secretion or signaling. However, some patients are non-responsive to this therapy, eventually become refractory to therapy, or may develop harmful side-effects [corrected]. Alterations in the microbiota that are associated with the lack of TNF could be a contributing cause of this therapeutic insufficiency seen in some patients. Here we use wildtype (WT) and mice lacking Tnf (Tnf-/-) in an acute TNBS colitis model to investigate the role of TNF in colitis and how its presence or absence affects the colonic microbiota. As expected, Tnf-/- had less severe inflammation than WT mice. Microbiome analysis revealed significant Tnf dependent-differences in alpha and beta diversity. There were also notable differences in many species that were also primarily Tnf dependent. Taken together, our data indicates that TNF contributes significantly to the inflammation and microbiotal alterations in that occur in IBD.
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Bosca-Watts MM, Tosca J, Anton R, Mora M, Minguez M, Mora F. Pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease: Bug or no bug. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2015; 6:1-12. [PMID: 25685606 PMCID: PMC4325296 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of an infectious origin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been postulated since the first description of Crohn’s disease (CD). Many observations implicate bacteria as a trigger for the development of CD: lesions occur in regions with higher bacterial concentrations; aphthous ulcers occur in Peyer’s patches; inflammation resolves when the fecal stream is diverted and is reactivated following reinfusion of bowel contents; severity of the disease is correlated with bacterial density in the mucosa; granulomas can contain bacteria; and susceptible mice raised in germ-free conditions develop inflammation when bacteria are introduced in the 1990’s, several studies sought to establish a relationship with viral infections and the onset of IBD, finally concluding that no direct link had been demonstrated. In the past fifteen years, evidence relating IBD pathogenesis to Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, salmonella, campylobacter, etc., has been found. The tendency now under discussion to regard microbiota as the primary catalyst has led to the latest studies on microbiota as pathogens, focusing on Escherichia coli, mainly in ileal CD. The present review discusses the literature available on these “bugs”.
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Lang JM, Eisen JA, Zivkovic AM. The microbes we eat: abundance and taxonomy of microbes consumed in a day's worth of meals for three diet types. PeerJ 2014; 2:e659. [PMID: 25538865 PMCID: PMC4266855 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Far more attention has been paid to the microbes in our feces than the microbes in our food. Research efforts dedicated to the microbes that we eat have historically been focused on a fairly narrow range of species, namely those which cause disease and those which are thought to confer some “probiotic” health benefit. Little is known about the effects of ingested microbial communities that are present in typical American diets, and even the basic questions of which microbes, how many of them, and how much they vary from diet to diet and meal to meal, have not been answered. We characterized the microbiota of three different dietary patterns in order to estimate: the average total amount of daily microbes ingested via food and beverages, and their composition in three daily meal plans representing three different dietary patterns. The three dietary patterns analyzed were: (1) the Average American (AMERICAN): focused on convenience foods, (2) USDA recommended (USDA): emphasizing fruits and vegetables, lean meat, dairy, and whole grains, and (3) Vegan (VEGAN): excluding all animal products. Meals were prepared in a home kitchen or purchased at restaurants and blended, followed by microbial analysis including aerobic, anaerobic, yeast and mold plate counts as well as 16S rRNA PCR survey analysis. Based on plate counts, the USDA meal plan had the highest total amount of microbes at 1.3 × 109 CFU per day, followed by the VEGAN meal plan and the AMERICAN meal plan at 6 × 106 and 1.4 × 106 CFU per day respectively. There was no significant difference in diversity among the three dietary patterns. Individual meals clustered based on taxonomic composition independent of dietary pattern. For example, meals that were abundant in Lactic Acid Bacteria were from all three dietary patterns. Some taxonomic groups were correlated with the nutritional content of the meals. Predictive metagenome analysis using PICRUSt indicated differences in some functional KEGG categories across the three dietary patterns and for meals clustered based on whether they were raw or cooked. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of ingested microbes on the intestinal microbiota, the extent of variation across foods, meals and diets, and the extent to which dietary microbes may impact human health. The answers to these questions will reveal whether dietary microbes, beyond probiotics taken as supplements—i.e., ingested with food—are important contributors to the composition, inter-individual variation, and function of our gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Lang
- Genome Center, University of California , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Jonathan A Eisen
- Genome Center, Evolution and Ecology, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California , Davis, CA , USA ; Foods for Health Institute, University of California , Davis, CA , USA
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Wang ZK, Yang YS, Chen Y, Yuan J, Sun G, Peng LH. Intestinal microbiota pathogenesis and fecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14805-14820. [PMID: 25356041 PMCID: PMC4209544 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The pathogenesis of IBD involves inappropriate ongoing activation of the mucosal immune system driven by abnormal intestinal microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals. However, there are still no definitive microbial pathogens linked to the onset of IBD. The composition and function of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites are indeed disturbed in IBD patients. The special alterations of gut microbiota associated with IBD remain to be evaluated. The microbial interactions and host-microbe immune interactions are still not clarified. Limitations of present probiotic products in IBD are mainly due to modest clinical efficacy, few available strains and no standardized administration. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may restore intestinal microbial homeostasis, and preliminary data have shown the clinical efficacy of FMT on refractory IBD or IBD combined with Clostridium difficile infection. Additionally, synthetic microbiota transplantation with the defined composition of fecal microbiota is also a promising therapeutic approach for IBD. However, FMT-related barriers, including the mechanism of restoring gut microbiota, standardized donor screening, fecal material preparation and administration, and long-term safety should be resolved. The role of intestinal microbiota and FMT in IBD should be further investigated by metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses combined with germ-free/human flora-associated animals and chemostat gut models.
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139
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Leung J, Burke B, Ford D, Garvin G, Korn C, Sulis C, Bhadelia N. Possible association between obesity and Clostridium difficile infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1791-8. [PMID: 24188730 PMCID: PMC3837644 DOI: 10.3201/eid1911.130618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Bibbò S, Lopetuso LR, Ianiro G, Di Rienzo T, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G. Role of microbiota and innate immunity in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:462740. [PMID: 24995345 PMCID: PMC4068057 DOI: 10.1155/2014/462740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection represents a burdensome clinical issue whose epidemiology is increasing worldwide. The pathogenesis is not yet completely known. Recent observations suggest that the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and impaired innate immunity may play a leading role in the development of recurrent infection. Various factors can cause dysbiosis. The causes most involved in the process are antibiotics, NSAIDs, acid suppressing therapies, and age. Gut microbiota impairment can favor Clostridium difficile infection through several mechanisms, such as the alteration of fermentative metabolism (especially SCFAs), the alteration of bile acid metabolism, and the imbalance of antimicrobial substances production. These factors alter the intestinal homeostasis promoting the development of an ecological niche for Clostridium difficile and of the modulation of immune response. Moreover, the intestinal dysbiosis can promote a proinflammatory environment, whereas Clostridium difficile itself modulates the innate immunity through both toxin-dependent and toxin-independent mechanisms. In this narrative review, we discuss how the intestinal microbiota modifications and the modulation of innate immune response can lead to and exacerbate Clostridium difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bibbò
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Di Rienzo
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Banaszkiewicz A, Kądzielska J, Gawrońska A, Pituch H, Obuch-Woszczatyński P, Albrecht P, Młynarczyk G, Radzikowski A. Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens infection and pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:276-81. [PMID: 24060617 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Clostridium difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is the most well known bacterial pathogen associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens has also been detected in up to 15% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases, and it has not been found in healthy people. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of C. perfringens infection in pediatric patients with IBD. METHODS This was a prospective, controlled study evaluating pediatric IBD patients in the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Warsaw, Poland. All of the patients were diagnosed according to the Porto criteria. There were two control groups: (1) non-IBD patients that were suspected for bacterial diarrhea and (2) healthy children. Stool samples were collected on the day of admission. C. perfringens infection diagnosis was based on a positive stool enzyme immunoassay (C. perfringens enterotoxin test kit TechLab). RESULTS 91 fecal specimens from patients with IBD were collected. The average patient age was 11.7 years in IBD group, 7.4 years in non-IBD patients with diarrhea, and 7.4 years in healthy children. The prevalence of C. perfringens infection was 9% (8/91; CI 95% 4.6-16.4). There were more Crohn's patients (6/8) in the C. perfringens positive group. There was no C. perfringens infection in the two control groups. CONCLUSION Our pilot data add evidence to the hypothesis that Clostridia other than C. difficile may play a significant role in the clinical course of IBD. However, further studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kądzielska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gawrońska
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hanna Pituch
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Albrecht
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Młynarczyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Radzikowski
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Nishimura M, Ohkawara T, Kagami-Katsuyama H, Sekiguchi S, Taira T, Tsukada M, Shibata H, Nishihira J. Alteration of intestinal flora by the intake of enzymatic degradation products of adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) with improvement of skin condition. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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143
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Yoon H, Yoon YS, Kim MS, Chung MJ, Yum DY. A Probiotic Preparation Duolac-Gold Ameliorates Dextran Sulphate Sodium-induced Mouse Colitis by Downregulating the Expression of IL-6. Toxicol Res 2014; 30:27-32. [PMID: 24795796 PMCID: PMC4007040 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2014.30.1.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host. Duolac-Gold is a mixture of six probiotic bacteria containing three species of Bifidobacteria, two species of Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus thermophilus [corrected]. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of Duolac-Gold in an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mouse model. IBD was induced by administering 1.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 10 days. After induction of DSS-induced colitis, Duolac-Gold was orally administered at three different concentrations. Interestingly, Duolac-Gold treatment accelerated IBD healing, and anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by weight loss, length of the colon, and a microscopic damage score by histology. The expression of inflammatory related cytokines was measured in colon tissues and serum. Of these cytokines, the expression of interleukin-6 decreased remarkably after Duolac-Gold treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that Duolac-Gold treatment is effective in IBD healing by regulating IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Yoon
- R&D Center, Cellbiotech Co. Ltd., Gimpo, Korea
| | | | - Min-Soo Kim
- R&D Center, Cellbiotech Co. Ltd., Gimpo, Korea
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Nitzan O, Elias M, Chazan B, Raz R, Saliba W. Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: Role in pathogenesis and implications in treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7577-7585. [PMID: 24282348 PMCID: PMC3837256 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the leading cause of antibiotic associated colitis and nosocomial diarrhea. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of developing C. difficile infection (CDI), have worse outcomes of CDI-including higher rates of colectomy and death, and experience higher rates of recurrence. However, it is still not clear whether C. difficile is a cause of IBD or a consequence of the inflammatory state in the intestinal environment. The burden of CDI has increased dramatically over the past decade, with severe outbreaks described in many countries, which have been attributed to a new and more virulent strain. A parallel rise in the incidence of CDI has been noted in patients with IBD. IBD patients with CDI tend be younger, have less prior antibiotic exposure, and most cases of CDI in these patients represent outpatient acquired infections. The clinical presentation of CDI in these patients can be unique-including diversion colitis, enteritis and pouchitis, and typical findings on colonoscopy are often absent. Due to the high prevalence of CDI in patients hospitalized with an IBD exacerbation, and the prognostic implications of CDI in these patients, it is recommended to test all IBD patients hospitalized with a disease flare for C. difficile. Treatment includes general measures such as supportive care and infection control measures. Antibiotic therapy with either oral metronidazole, vancomycin, or the novel antibiotic-fidaxomicin, should be initiated as soon as possible. Fecal macrobiota transplantation constitutes another optional treatment for severe/recurrent CDI. The aim of this paper is to review recent data on CDI in IBD: role in pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, optional treatments, and outcomes of these patients.
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Dupont HL. Diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:1216-23; quiz e73. [PMID: 23542332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasing in frequency and severity in and out of the hospital, with a high probability of recurrence after treatment. The recent literature on CDI was reviewed using PubMed to include recent publications dealing with diagnosis and therapy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive and useful diagnostic test for CDI but there are growing concerns of false-positive test results if the rate of CDI is low in the patient population providing samples and/or if the population being studied commonly includes people with C difficile colonization. Recommended therapy of CDI includes oral metronidazole for milder cases of CDI and oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin for more severe cases, each given for 10 days. Colectomy is being performed more frequently in patients with fulminant CDI. For treatment of first recurrences the drug used in the first bout can be used again and for second recurrences longer courses of vancomycin often are given in a tapered dose or intermittently to allow gut flora reconstitution, or other treatments including fidaxomicin may be used. Bacteriotherapy with fecal transplantation is playing an increasing role in therapy of recurrent cases. Metagenomic studies of patients with CDI during successful therapy are needed to determine how best to protect the flora from assaults from antibacterial drugs and to develop optimal therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis offer opportunities to prevent CDI, to speed up recovery from CDI, and to eliminate recurrent infection. Humanized monoclonal antitoxin antibodies and active immunization with vaccines against C difficile or its toxins are both in development and appear to be of potential value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert L Dupont
- Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; and Internal Medicine Service, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic non-specific inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. During the exploration of the etiology, treatment and other aspects of IBD, it has been gradually realized that microbial ecological agents (MEAs) are helpful in the treatment of IBD. This article reviews the relationship between MEAs and IBD with regard to the intestinal environment in IBD, the therapeutic effect of MEA in IBD and the possible mechanisms involved.
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Hostler CJ, Chen LF. Fidaxomicin for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and its potential role for prophylaxis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1529-36. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.802307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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