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Abstract
B cell growth and proliferation is tightly regulated by signaling through the B cell receptor and by other membrane bound receptors responding to different cytokines. The PI3K signaling pathway has been shown to play a crucial role in B cell activation, differentiation and survival. Activated B cells undergo metabolic reprograming in response to changing energetic and biosynthetic demands. B cells also need to be able to coordinate metabolic activity and proliferation with nutrient availability. The PI3K signaling network has been implicated in regulating nutrient acquisition, utilization and biosynthesis, thus integrating receptor-mediated signaling with cell metabolism. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about metabolic changes induced in activated B cells, strategies to adapt to metabolic stress and the role of PI3K signaling in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jellusova
- a BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Robert C Rickert
- c Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
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102
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Fontana F, Ge X, Su X, Hathi D, Xiang J, Cenci S, Civitelli R, Shoghi KI, Akers WJ, D'avignon A, Weilbaecher KN, Shokeen M. Evaluating Acetate Metabolism for Imaging and Targeting in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:416-429. [PMID: 27486177 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that in multiple myeloma cells (MMC), high membrane biosynthesis will induce acetate uptake in vitro and in vivo Here, we studied acetate metabolism and targeting in MMC in vitro and tested the efficacy of 11C-acetate-positron emission tomography (PET) to detect and quantitatively image myeloma treatment response in vivo EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Acetate fate tracking using 13C-edited-1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) was performed to study in vitro acetate uptake and metabolism in MMC. Effects of pharmacological modulation of acetate transport or acetate incorporation into lipids on MMC cell survival and viability were assessed. Preclinical mouse MM models of subcutaneous and bone tumors were evaluated using 11C-acetate-PET/CT imaging and tissue biodistribution. RESULTS In vitro, NMR showed significant uptake of acetate by MMC and acetate incorporation into intracellular metabolites and membrane lipids. Inhibition of lipid synthesis and acetate transport was toxic to MMC, while sparing resident bone cells or normal B cells. In vivo, 11C-acetate uptake by PET imaging was significantly enhanced in subcutaneous and bone MMC tumors compared with unaffected bone or muscle tissue. Likewise, 11C-acetate uptake was significantly reduced in MM tumors after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Uptake of acetate from the extracellular environment was enhanced in MMC and was critical to cellular viability. 11C-Acetate-PET detected the presence of myeloma cells in vivo, including uptake in intramedullary bone disease. 11C-Acetate-PET also detected response to therapy in vivo Our data suggested that acetate metabolism and incorporation into lipids was crucial to MM cell biology and that 11C-acetate-PET is a promising imaging modality for MM. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 416-29. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xia Ge
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xinming Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deep Hathi
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jingyu Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Simone Cenci
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute (SRSI), Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Civitelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kooresh I Shoghi
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Walter J Akers
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andre D'avignon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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103
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Piątkiewicz P, Bernat-Karpińska M, Miłek T, Rabijewski M, Rosiak E. NK cell count and glucotransporter 4 (GLUT4) expression in subjects with type 2 diabetes and colon cancer. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8:38. [PMID: 27303448 PMCID: PMC4906701 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-016-0152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and colon cancer (CC) are numbered among the most common diseases in the world. The decreased activity of natural killer (NK) cells previously revealed in both mentioned pathological states may be correlated with impaired expression of GLUT4 as the major insulin-dependent glucose transporter in these cells. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate GLUT4 expression and NK cells number in subjects with T2D and/or CC in comparison with control group. We evaluated 78 individuals divided into four groups: (1) patients with CC and T2DM, (2) patients with CC, (3) patients with T2DM (4) healthy control. GLUT4 expression on the surface of NK cells was measured using flow cytometry and phenotyping of NK cell was performed by immunofluorescent method. RESULTS Subjects with diabetes had the highest GLUT4 expression (21.35 ± 7.2 %) in comparison with other groups (P < 0.01). The mean values of GLUT4 expression in group with CC and in patients with both T2D and CC were similar (1.4 ± 0.4 % vs 1.5 ± 1.0 %; respectively). These values were significantly lower than in control group (12.6 ± 2.9 %; P < 0.01). In patients with T2D and CC the number of NK cells (20.15 ± 6.6 %) was significantly higher than in other groups, i.e. in group with T2D (14.08 ± 5.7 %), in group with CC (9.21 ± 3.6 %) and in control group (9.48 ± 4.7 %), respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS It seems that there is a need to pay more attention to the high incidence of colon cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes. Decreased GLUT4 expression observed on NK cells in patients with colon cancer may be responsible for dysfunction of these cells and the higher carcinogenic risk in type 2 diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Piątkiewicz
- />Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Warsaw Medical University, Ul. Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bernat-Karpińska
- />Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Warsaw Medical University, Ul. Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Miłek
- />Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Rabijewski
- />Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Warsaw Medical University, Ul. Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Rosiak
- />Department of Nuclear Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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104
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Shi L, Eugenin EA, Subbian S. Immunometabolism in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:150. [PMID: 27148269 PMCID: PMC4838633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism, the study of the relationship between bioenergetic pathways and specific functions of immune cells, has recently gained increasing appreciation. In response to infection, activation of the host innate and adaptive immune cells is accompanied by a switch in the bioenergetic pathway from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, a metabolic remodeling known as the Warburg effect, which is required for the production of antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory effector molecules. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the Warburg effect and discuss its association with the expression of host immune responses in tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We also discuss potential mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect with a focus on the expression and regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), the regulatory subunit of HIF-1, a major transcription regulator involved in cellular stress adaptation processes, including energy metabolism and antimicrobial responses. We also propose a novel hypothesis that Mtb perturbs the Warburg effect of immune cells to facilitate its survival and persistence in the host. A better understanding of the dynamics of metabolic states of immune cells and their specific functions during TB pathogenesis can lead to the development of immunotherapies capable of promoting Mtb clearance and reducing Mtb persistence and the emergence of drug resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
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105
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Ioannou MS, McPherson PS. Regulation of Cancer Cell Behavior by the Small GTPase Rab13. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9929-37. [PMID: 27044746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.715193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the Rab family of GTPases are master regulators of cellular membrane trafficking. With ∼70 members in humans, Rabs have been implicated in all steps of membrane trafficking ranging from vesicle formation and transport to vesicle docking/tethering and fusion. Vesicle trafficking controls the localization and levels of a myriad of proteins, thus regulating cellular functions including proliferation, metabolism, cell-cell adhesion, and cell migration. It is therefore not surprising that impairment of Rab pathways is associated with diseases including cancer. In this review, we highlight evidence supporting the role of Rab13 as a potent driver of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Ioannou
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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106
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Bhattacharya B, Mohd Omar MF, Soong R. The Warburg effect and drug resistance. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:970-9. [PMID: 26750865 PMCID: PMC4793921 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
: The Warburg effect describes the increased utilization of glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation by tumour cells for their energy requirements under physiological oxygen conditions. This effect has been the basis for much speculation on the survival advantage of tumour cells, tumourigenesis and the microenvironment of tumours. More recently, studies have begun to reveal how the Warburg effect could influence drug efficacy and how our understanding of tumour energetics could be exploited to improve drug development. In particular, evidence is emerging demonstrating how better modelling of the tumour metabolic microenvironment could lead to a better prediction of drug efficacy and the identification of new combination strategies. This review will provide details of the current understanding of the complex interplay between glucose metabolism and pharmacology and discuss opportunities for utilizing the Warburg effect in future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richie Soong
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of PathologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore
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107
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Barron CC, Bilan PJ, Tsakiridis T, Tsiani E. Facilitative glucose transporters: Implications for cancer detection, prognosis and treatment. Metabolism 2016; 65:124-39. [PMID: 26773935 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is long recognized that cancer cells display increased glucose uptake and metabolism. In a rate-limiting step for glucose metabolism, the glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins facilitate glucose uptake across the plasma membrane. Fourteen members of the GLUT protein family have been identified in humans. This review describes the major characteristics of each member of the GLUT family and highlights evidence of abnormal expression in tumors and cancer cells. The regulation of GLUTs by key proliferation and pro-survival pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), Ras, c-Myc and p53 pathways is discussed. The clinical utility of GLUT expression in cancer has been recognized and evidence regarding the use of GLUTs as prognostic or predictive biomarkers is presented. GLUTs represent attractive targets for cancer therapy and this review summarizes recent studies in which GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT5 and others are inhibited to decrease cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly C Barron
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Theodoros Tsakiridis
- Department of Oncology, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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108
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Navale AM, Paranjape AN. Glucose transporters: physiological and pathological roles. Biophys Rev 2016; 8:5-9. [PMID: 28510148 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-015-0186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a primary energy source for most cells and an important substrate for many biochemical reactions. As glucose is a need of each and every cell of the body, so are the glucose transporters. Consequently, all cells express these important proteins on their surface. In recent years developments in genetics have shed new light on the types and physiology of various glucose transporters, of which there are two main types-sodium-glucose linked transporters (SGLTs) and facilitated diffusion glucose transporters (GLUT)-which can be divided into many more subclasses. Transporters differ in terms of their substrate specificity, distribution and regulatory mechanisms. Glucose transporters have also received much attention as therapeutic targets for various diseases. In this review, we attempt to present a simplified view of this complex topic which may be of interest to researchers involved in biochemical and pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana M Navale
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Parul University, P.O. Limda, Waghodia Taluka, Vadodara District, 391760, Gujarat, India.
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109
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Matsumoto T, Jimi S, Migita K, Takamatsu Y, Hara S. Inhibition of glucose transporter 1 induces apoptosis and sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Leuk Res 2015; 41:103-10. [PMID: 26790725 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent development of anti-myeloma drugs, the prognosis of high-risk multiple myeloma remains poor. Therefore, new effective treatment strategies for this disease are needed. It has been reported that high intensity of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is high-risk factor in myeloma, suggesting that glucose uptake can be therapeutic target in high-risk myeloma. In this study, we addressed the utility of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) as a therapeutic target for myeloma with increased glucose uptake. We found myeloma cell lines with elevated glucose uptake activity via GLUT1 up-regulation. STF-31, a selective GLUT1 inhibitor, completely suppressed the glucose uptake activity and induced apoptosis in GLUT1 expressing myeloma cells. On the other hand, this agent little shows the cytotoxicity in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, STF-31 synergistically enhanced the cell death induced by melphalan, doxorubicin, and bortezomib. GLUT1 may be promising therapeutic target in myeloma with elevated glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Matsumoto
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shiro Jimi
- Central Laboratory for Pathology and Morphology, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Migita
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takamatsu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuuji Hara
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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110
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Abstract
The study of tumor metabolism has resulted in new understandings of how cancer cells modify metabolic pathways that control cellular energetics to allow increased proliferation and survival. Tumor cells have been shown to alter metabolic pathways involved in glucose, glutamine, and mitochondrial metabolism to generate raw materials needed for rapid cellular proliferation, maintain favorable cellular redox environments, modify cellular epigenetics, and even promote and maintain oncogenic transformation. As a consequence, there has been intense scientific and clinical interest in targeting metabolic alterations that are commonly adopted by tumor cells for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we describe common metabolic alterations seen in tumor cells and discuss how these alterations are being investigated as potential targets for pharmacological intervention in preclinical and clinical settings. We also discuss some of the challenges associated with using tumor metabolism as a therapeutic target in cancer therapy, along with potential avenues to overcome these challenges.
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111
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Targeting glutamine metabolism in multiple myeloma enhances BIM binding to BCL-2 eliciting synthetic lethality to venetoclax. Oncogene 2015; 35:3955-64. [PMID: 26640142 PMCID: PMC5025767 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy that is largely incurable due to development of resistance to therapy-elicited cell death. Nutrients are intricately connected to maintenance of cellular viability in part by inhibition of apoptosis. We were interested to determine if examination of metabolic regulation of BCL-2 proteins may provide insight on alternative routes to engage apoptosis. MM cells are reliant on glucose and glutamine and withdrawal of either nutrient is associated with varying levels of apoptosis. We and others have demonstrated that glucose maintains levels of key resistance-promoting BCL-2 family member, myeloid cell leukemic factor 1 (MCL-1). Cells continuing to survive in the absence of glucose or glutamine were found to maintain expression of MCL-1 but importantly induce pro-apoptotic BIM expression. One potential mechanism for continued survival despite induction of BIM could be due to binding and sequestration of BIM to alternate pro-survival BCL-2 members. Our investigation revealed that cells surviving glutamine withdrawal in particular, enhance expression and binding of BIM to BCL-2, consequently sensitizing these cells to the BH3 mimetic venetoclax. Glutamine deprivation-driven sensitization to venetoclax can be reversed by metabolic supplementation with TCA cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate. Inhibition of glucose metabolism with the GLUT4 inhibitor ritonavir elicits variable cytotoxicity in MM that is marginally enhanced with venetoclax treatment, however, targeting glutamine metabolism with 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine uniformly sensitized MM cell lines and relapse/refractory patient samples to venetoclax. Our studies reveal a potent therapeutic strategy of metabolically driven synthetic lethality involving targeting glutamine metabolism for sensitization to venetoclax in MM.
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112
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Mohammad RM, Muqbil I, Lowe L, Yedjou C, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Siegelin MD, Fimognari C, Kumar NB, Dou QP, Yang H, Samadi AK, Russo GL, Spagnuolo C, Ray SK, Chakrabarti M, Morre JD, Coley HM, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Helferich WG, Yang X, Boosani CS, Guha G, Bhakta D, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Keith WN, Bilsland A, Halicka D, Nowsheen S, Azmi AS. Broad targeting of resistance to apoptosis in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S78-S103. [PMID: 25936818 PMCID: PMC4720504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is natural way of removing aged cells from the body. Most of the anti-cancer therapies trigger apoptosis induction and related cell death networks to eliminate malignant cells. However, in cancer, de-regulated apoptotic signaling, particularly the activation of an anti-apoptotic systems, allows cancer cells to escape this program leading to uncontrolled proliferation resulting in tumor survival, therapeutic resistance and recurrence of cancer. This resistance is a complicated phenomenon that emanates from the interactions of various molecules and signaling pathways. In this comprehensive review we discuss the various factors contributing to apoptosis resistance in cancers. The key resistance targets that are discussed include (1) Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins; (2) autophagy processes; (3) necrosis and necroptosis; (4) heat shock protein signaling; (5) the proteasome pathway; (6) epigenetic mechanisms; and (7) aberrant nuclear export signaling. The shortcomings of current therapeutic modalities are highlighted and a broad spectrum strategy using approaches including (a) gossypol; (b) epigallocatechin-3-gallate; (c) UMI-77 (d) triptolide and (e) selinexor that can be used to overcome cell death resistance is presented. This review provides a roadmap for the design of successful anti-cancer strategies that overcome resistance to apoptosis for better therapeutic outcome in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Interim translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Clement Yedjou
- C-SET, [Jackson, #229] State University, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Markus David Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Nagi B Kumar
- Moffit Cancer Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit MI, United States
| | - Huanjie Yang
- The School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - James D Morre
- Mor-NuCo, Inc, Purdue Research Park, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Helen M Coley
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, university of florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, university of florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, United Arab Emirates
| | - William G Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Xujuan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine Creighton University, Omaha NE, United States
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Ireland
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Ireland
| | - Dorota Halicka
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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113
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Iansante V, Choy PM, Fung SW, Liu Y, Chai JG, Dyson J, Del Rio A, D'Santos C, Williams R, Chokshi S, Anders RA, Bubici C, Papa S. PARP14 promotes the Warburg effect in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting JNK1-dependent PKM2 phosphorylation and activation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7882. [PMID: 26258887 PMCID: PMC4918319 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most tumour cells use aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) to support anabolic growth and evade apoptosis. Intriguingly, the molecular mechanisms that link the Warburg effect with the suppression of apoptosis are not well understood. In this study, using loss-of-function studies in vitro and in vivo, we show that the anti-apoptotic protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)14 promotes aerobic glycolysis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by maintaining low activity of the pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2), a key regulator of the Warburg effect. Notably, PARP14 is highly expressed in HCC primary tumours and associated with poor patient prognosis. Mechanistically, PARP14 inhibits the pro-apoptotic kinase JNK1, which results in the activation of PKM2 through phosphorylation of Thr365. Moreover, targeting PARP14 enhances the sensitization of HCC cells to anti-HCC agents. Our findings indicate that the PARP14-JNK1-PKM2 regulatory axis is an important determinant for the Warburg effect in tumour cells and provide a mechanistic link between apoptosis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iansante
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Pui Man Choy
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sze Wai Fung
- Department of Medicine, Section of Inflammation and Signal Transduction, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ying Liu
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chai
- Department of Medicine, Section of Molecular Immunology, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julian Dyson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Molecular Immunology, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Clive D'Santos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Roger Williams
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London WC1E 6HX, UK
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Robert A Anders
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Concetta Bubici
- Department of Medicine, Section of Inflammation and Signal Transduction, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Salvatore Papa
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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114
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Haikarainen T, Krauss S, Lehtio L. Tankyrases: structure, function and therapeutic implications in cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:6472-88. [PMID: 24975604 PMCID: PMC4262938 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140630101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several cellular signaling pathways are regulated by ADP-ribosylation, a posttranslational modification catalyzed by members of the ARTD superfamily. Tankyrases are distinguishable from the rest of this family by their unique domain organization, notably the sterile alpha motif responsible for oligomerization and ankyrin repeats mediating protein-protein interactions. Tankyrases are involved in various cellular functions, such as telomere homeostasis, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, glucose metabolism, and cell cycle progression. In these processes, Tankyrases regulate the interactions and stability of target proteins by poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation. Modified proteins are subsequently recognized by the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF146, poly-ubiquitinated and predominantly guided to 26S proteasomal degradation. Several small molecule inhibitors have been described for Tankyrases; they compete with the co-substrate NAD+ for binding to the ARTD catalytic domain. The recent, highly potent and selective inhibitors possess several properties of lead compounds and can be used for proof-of-concept studies in cancer and other Tankyrase linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lari Lehtio
- SFI-CAST Biomedical Innovation Center, Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
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115
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Mishra RK, Wei C, Hresko RC, Bajpai R, Heitmeier M, Matulis SM, Nooka AK, Rosen ST, Hruz PW, Schiltz GE, Shanmugam M. In Silico Modeling-based Identification of Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4)-selective Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14441-53. [PMID: 25847249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells rely on elevated glucose consumption and metabolism for survival and proliferation. Glucose transporters mediating glucose entry are key proximal rate-limiting checkpoints. Unlike GLUT1 that is highly expressed in cancer and more ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues, GLUT4 exhibits more limited normal expression profiles. We have previously determined that insulin-responsive GLUT4 is constitutively localized on the plasma membrane of myeloma cells. Consequently, suppression of GLUT4 or inhibition of glucose transport with the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir elicited growth arrest and/or apoptosis in multiple myeloma. GLUT4 inhibition also caused sensitization to metformin in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia and a number of solid tumors suggesting the broader therapeutic utility of targeting GLUT4. This study sought to identify selective inhibitors of GLUT4 to develop a more potent cancer chemotherapeutic with fewer potential off-target effects. Recently, the crystal structure of GLUT1 in an inward open conformation was reported. Although this is an important achievement, a full understanding of the structural biology of facilitative glucose transport remains elusive. To date, there is no three-dimensional structure for GLUT4. We have generated a homology model for GLUT4 that we utilized to screen for drug-like compounds from a library of 18 million compounds. Despite 68% homology between GLUT1 and GLUT4, our virtual screen identified two potent compounds that were shown to target GLUT4 preferentially over GLUT1 and block glucose transport. Our results strongly bolster the utility of developing GLUT4-selective inhibitors as anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama K Mishra
- From the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Changyong Wei
- the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Richard C Hresko
- the Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Richa Bajpai
- the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Monique Heitmeier
- the Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Shannon M Matulis
- the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ajay K Nooka
- the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Paul W Hruz
- the Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- From the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Mala Shanmugam
- the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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116
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Mortenson JB, Heppler LN, Banks CJ, Weerasekara VK, Whited MD, Piccolo SR, Johnson WE, Thompson JW, Andersen JL. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) promotes the pro-survival activity of 14-3-3ζ via deacetylation of lysines within the 14-3-3ζ binding pocket. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12487-96. [PMID: 25770209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospho-binding protein 14-3-3ζ acts as a signaling hub controlling a network of interacting partners and oncogenic pathways. We show here that lysines within the 14-3-3ζ binding pocket and protein-protein interface can be modified by acetylation. The positive charge on two of these lysines, Lys(49) and Lys(120), is critical for coordinating 14-3-3ζ-phosphoprotein interactions. Through screening, we identified HDAC6 as the Lys(49)/Lys(120) deacetylase. Inhibition of HDAC6 blocks 14-3-3ζ interactions with two well described interacting partners, Bad and AS160, which triggers their dephosphorylation at Ser(112) and Thr(642), respectively. Expression of an acetylation-refractory K49R/K120R mutant of 14-3-3ζ rescues both the HDAC6 inhibitor-induced loss of interaction and Ser(112)/Thr(642) phosphorylation. Furthermore, expression of the K49R/K120R mutant of 14-3-3ζ inhibits the cytotoxicity of HDAC6 inhibition. These data demonstrate a novel role for HDAC6 in controlling 14-3-3ζ binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - William E Johnson
- the Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and
| | - J Will Thompson
- the Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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117
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Yu W, Cao D, Zhou H, Hu Y, Guo T. PGC-1α is responsible for survival of multiple myeloma cells under hyperglycemia and chemotherapy. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2086-92. [PMID: 25695395 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between hyperglycemia and outcomes during chemotherapy has been reported in several tumors, including multiple myeloma (MM). However, the underlying mechanism of how hyperglycemia affects the survival of MM cells during chemotherapy remain to be elucidated. MM cells were cultured in 10 mM glucose with or without chemotherapeutic agents. Following treatment of MM cells with dexamethasone or bortezomib, an MTT assay was used to evaluate the toxicity of dexamethasone or bortezomib on cell proliferation, and changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were detected by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Small interference RNA (siRNA) was applied to inhibit the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). Expressions of PGC-1α and antioxidant factors such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD‑2), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX-1), and catalase (CAT) were measured by RT-PCR prior to and following treatment. The results showed that the level of PGC-1α in MM cells cultured in high-glucose medium was upregulated prior to and following treatment of chemotherapeutic agents, and these cells showed less fold-change of ROS after insult of drugs, when compared to the control. Genes encoding antioxidant factors such as SOD-2 and CAT were also upregulated. Inhibition of PGC-1α enhanced the toxicity of antitumor agents, associated with reduced expression of antioxidant factors, and elevated level of ROS. The present findings suggested that hyperglycemia may influence the anticancer effect of chemotherapeutic agents in MM by upregulating the expression of PGC-1α and associated antioxidant factors. Inhibition of PGC-1α or control of hyperglycemia may be beneficial in improving the efficacy of chemotherapy in MM patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Dedong Cao
- Institute of Cancer, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Guo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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118
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Dalva-Aydemir S, Bajpai R, Martinez M, Adekola KUA, Kandela I, Wei C, Singhal S, Koblinski JE, Raje NS, Rosen ST, Shanmugam M. Targeting the metabolic plasticity of multiple myeloma with FDA-approved ritonavir and metformin. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1161-71. [PMID: 25542900 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously demonstrated that ritonavir targeting of glycolysis is growth inhibitory and cytotoxic in a subset of multiple myeloma cells. In this study, our objective was to investigate the metabolic basis of resistance to ritonavir and to determine the utility of cotreatment with the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor metformin to target compensatory metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined combination indices for ritonavir and metformin, impact on myeloma cell lines, patient samples, and myeloma xenograft growth. Additional evaluation in breast, melanoma, and ovarian cancer cell lines was also performed. Signaling connected to suppression of the prosurvival BCL-2 family member MCL-1 was evaluated in multiple myeloma cell lines and tumor lysates. Reliance on oxidative metabolism was determined by evaluation of oxygen consumption, and dependence on glutamine was assessed by estimation of viability upon metabolite withdrawal in the context of specific metabolic perturbations. RESULTS Ritonavir-treated multiple myeloma cells exhibited increased reliance on glutamine metabolism. Ritonavir sensitized multiple myeloma cells to metformin, effectively eliciting cytotoxicity both in vitro and in an in vivo xenograft model of multiple myeloma and in breast, ovarian, and melanoma cancer cell lines. Ritonavir and metformin effectively suppressed AKT and mTORC1 phosphorylation and prosurvival BCL-2 family member MCL-1 expression in multiple myeloma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS FDA-approved ritonavir and metformin effectively target multiple myeloma cell metabolism to elicit cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Our studies warrant further investigation into repurposing ritonavir and metformin to target the metabolic plasticity of myeloma to more broadly target myeloma heterogeneity and prevent the reemergence of chemoresistant aggressive multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Dalva-Aydemir
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richa Bajpai
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maylyn Martinez
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kehinde U A Adekola
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irawati Kandela
- Chemistry Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Changyong Wei
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Seema Singhal
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Noopur S Raje
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mala Shanmugam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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119
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Govers R. Molecular mechanisms of GLUT4 regulation in adipocytes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2014; 40:400-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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120
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Bliss-Moreau M, Coarfa C, Gunaratne PH, Guitart J, Krett NL, Rosen ST. Identification of p38β as a therapeutic target for the treatment of Sézary syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:599-608. [PMID: 25148579 PMCID: PMC4289446 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL) represent a group of hematopoietic malignancies that home to the skin and have no known molecular basis for disease pathogenesis. Sézary syndrome (SS) is the leukemic variant of CTCL. Currently, CTCL is incurable, highlighting the need for new therapeutic modalities. We have previously observed that combined smallmolecule inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) β and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) causes synergistic apoptosis in CTCL cell lines and patient cells. Through microarray analysis of a SS cell line, we surveyed global gene expression following combined PKCβ-GSK3 treatment to elucidate therapeutic targets responsible for cell death. Clinically relevant targets were defined as genes differentially expressed in SS patients that were modulated by combination-drug treatment of SS cells. Gene set enrichment analysis uncovered candidate genes enriched for an immune cell signature, specifically the T-cell receptor and MAPK signaling pathways. Further analysis identified p38 as a potential therapeutic target that is over-expressed in SS patients and decreased by synergistic-inhibitor treatment. This target was verified through small-molecule inhibition of p38 leading to cell death in both SS cell lines and patient cells. These data establish p38 as a SS biomarker and potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Bliss-Moreau
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Preethi H Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan Guitart
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nancy L Krett
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA.
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121
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Qian Y, Wang X, Chen X. Inhibitors of glucose transport and glycolysis as novel anticancer therapeutics. World J Transl Med 2014; 3:37-57. [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.v3.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming and altered energetics have become an emerging hallmark of cancer and an active area of basic, translational, and clinical cancer research in the recent decade. Development of effective anticancer therapeutics may depend on improved understanding of the altered cancer metabolism compared to that of normal cells. Changes in glucose transport and glycolysis, which are drastically upregulated in most cancers and termed the Warburg effect, are one of major focuses of this new research area. By taking advantage of the new knowledge and understanding of cancer’s mechanisms, numerous therapeutic agents have been developed to target proteins and enzymes involved in glucose transport and metabolism, with promising results in cancer cells, animal tumor models and even clinical trials. It has also been hypothesized that targeting a pathway or a process, such as glucose transport or glucose metabolism, rather than a specific protein or enzyme in a signaling pathway may be more effective. This is based on the observation that cancer somehow can always bypass the inhibition of a target drug by switching to a redundant or compensatory pathway. In addition, cancer cells have higher dependence on glucose. This review will provide background information on glucose transport and metabolism in cancer, and summarize new therapeutic developments in basic and translational research in these areas, with a focus on glucose transporter inhibitors and glycolysis inhibitors. The daunting challenges facing both basic and clinical researchers of the field are also presented and discussed.
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122
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Adekola KUA, Dalva Aydemir S, Ma S, Zhou Z, Rosen ST, Shanmugam M. Investigating and targeting chronic lymphocytic leukemia metabolism with the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir and metformin. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:450-9. [PMID: 24828872 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.922180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains fatal due to the development of resistance to existing therapies. Targeting abnormal glucose metabolism sensitizes various cancer cells to chemotherapy and/or elicits toxicity. Examination of glucose dependency in CLL demonstrated variable sensitivity to glucose deprivation. Further evaluation of metabolic dependencies of CLL cells resistant to glucose deprivation revealed increased engagement of fatty acid oxidation upon glucose withdrawal. Investigation of glucose transporter expression in CLL reveals up-regulation of glucose transporter GLUT4. Treatment of CLL cells with human immunodeficiency (HIV) protease inhibitor ritonavir, which inhibits GLUT4, elicits toxicity similar to that elicited upon glucose deprivation. CLL cells resistant to ritonavir are sensitized by co-treatment with metformin, potentially targeting compensatory mitochondrial complex 1 activity. Ritonavir and metformin have been administered in humans for the treatment of diabetes in patients with HIV, demonstrating the tolerance to this combination in humans. Our studies strongly substantiate further investigation of Food and Drug Administration approved ritonavir and metformin for CLL.
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123
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Hresko RC, Kraft TE, Tzekov A, Wildman SA, Hruz PW. Isoform-selective inhibition of facilitative glucose transporters: elucidation of the molecular mechanism of HIV protease inhibitor binding. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16100-13. [PMID: 24706759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) and structurally related oligopeptides are known to reversibly bind and inactivate the insulin-responsive facilitative glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Several PIs exhibit isoform selectivity with little effect on GLUT1. The ability to target individual GLUT isoforms in an acute and reversible manner provides novel means both to investigate the contribution of individual GLUTs to health and disease and to develop targeted treatment of glucose-dependent diseases. To determine the molecular basis of transport inhibition, a series of chimeric proteins containing transmembrane and cytosolic domains from GLUT1 and GLUT4 and/or point mutations were generated and expressed in HEK293 cells. Structural integrity was confirmed via measurement of N-[2-[2-[2-[(N-biotinylcaproylamino)ethoxy)ethoxyl]-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]benzoyl]-1,3-bis(mannopyranosyl-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine (ATB-BMPA) labeling of the chimeric proteins in low density microsome fractions isolated from stably transfected 293 cells. Functional integrity was assessed via measurement of zero-trans 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) uptake. ATB-BMPA labeling studies and 2-DOG uptake revealed that transmembrane helices 1 and 5 contain amino acid residues that influence inhibitor access to the transporter binding domain. Substitution of Thr-30 and His-160 in GLUT1 to the corresponding positions in GLUT4 is sufficient to completely transform GLUT1 into GLUT4 with respect to indinavir inhibition of 2-DOG uptake and ATB-BMPA binding. These data provide a structural basis for the selectivity of PIs toward GLUT4 over GLUT1 that can be used in ongoing novel drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Hruz
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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124
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Caro-Maldonado A, Wang R, Nichols AG, Kuraoka M, Milasta S, Sun LD, Gavin AL, Abel ED, Kelsoe G, Green DR, Rathmell JC. Metabolic reprogramming is required for antibody production that is suppressed in anergic but exaggerated in chronically BAFF-exposed B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3626-36. [PMID: 24616478 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B cell activation leads to proliferation and Ab production that can protect from pathogens or promote autoimmunity. Regulation of cell metabolism is essential to support the demands of lymphocyte growth and effector function and may regulate tolerance. In this study, we tested the regulation and role of glucose uptake and metabolism in the proliferation and Ab production of control, anergic, and autoimmune-prone B cells. Control B cells had a balanced increase in lactate production and oxygen consumption following activation, with proportionally increased glucose transporter Glut1 expression and mitochondrial mass upon either LPS or BCR stimulation. This contrasted with metabolic reprogramming of T cells, which had lower glycolytic flux when resting but disproportionately increased this pathway upon activation. Importantly, tolerance greatly affected B cell metabolic reprogramming. Anergic B cells remained metabolically quiescent, with only a modest increase in glycolysis and oxygen consumption with LPS stimulation. B cells chronically stimulated with elevated BAFF, however, rapidly increased glycolysis and Ab production upon stimulation. Induction of glycolysis was critical for Ab production, as glycolytic inhibition with the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor dichloroacetate sharply suppressed B cell proliferation and Ab secretion in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, B cell-specific deletion of Glut1 led to reduced B cell numbers and impaired Ab production in vivo. Together, these data show that activated B cells require Glut1-dependent metabolic reprogramming to support proliferation and Ab production that is distinct from T cells and that this glycolytic reprogramming is regulated in tolerance.
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125
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Cao D, Zhou H, Zhao J, Jin L, Yu W, Yan H, Hu Y, Guo T. PGC-1α integrates glucose metabolism and angiogenesis in multiple myeloma cells by regulating VEGF and GLUT-4. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1205-10. [PMID: 24402435 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a key coactivator in the regulation of gene transcriptional activity in normal tissues. However, it is not clear whether it is involved in the angiogenesis and metabolism of multiple myeloma (MM). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of PGC-1α in MM. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to inhibit PGC-1α expression in RPMI-8226 cells. An endothelial cell migration assay was performed using transwell chambers and the expression of PGC-1α, estrogen-related receptor-α (ERR-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) was tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The protein expression of PGC-1α, ERR-α and GLUT-4 was assayed by western blot analysis. Lastly, RPMI-8226 cell proliferation was evaluated using CCK-8 assay. VEGF and GLUT-4 mRNA levels were decreased in cells treated with siRNA targeting PGC-1α, as was the level of GLUT-4 protein. Endothelial cell migration was significantly reduced when these cells were cultured with culture medium from RPMI-8226 cells treated with siPGC-1α. The proliferation rates at 24 and 48 h were suppressed by PGC-1α inhibition. Our results showed that inhibition of PGC-1α suppresses cell proliferation probably by downregulation of VEGF and GLUT-4. The present study suggests that PGC-1α integrates angiogenesis and glucose metabolism in myeloma through regulation of VEGF and GLUT-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedong Cao
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Jikai Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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Abstract
GLUT4 is regulated by its intracellular localization. In the absence of insulin, GLUT4 is efficiently retained intracellularly within storage compartments in muscle and fat cells. Upon insulin stimulation (and contraction in muscle), GLUT4 translocates from these compartments to the cell surface where it transports glucose from the extracellular milieu into the cell. Its implication in insulin-regulated glucose uptake makes GLUT4 not only a key player in normal glucose homeostasis but also an important element in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, how GLUT4 is retained intracellularly and how insulin acts on this retention mechanism is largely unclear. In this review, the current knowledge regarding the various molecular processes that govern GLUT4 physiology is discussed as well as the questions that remain.
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Lin C, Ho CL, Ng SH, Wang PN, Huang Y, Lin YC, Tang TC, Tsai SF, Rahmouni A, Yen TC. (11)C-acetate as a new biomarker for PET/CT in patients with multiple myeloma: initial staging and postinduction response assessment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 41:41-9. [PMID: 24129710 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the potential value of (11)C-acetate (ACT) PET/CT in characterizing multiple myeloma (MM) compared with (18)F-FDG PET/CT. Bone marrow histological and whole-body (WB) MRI findings served as the reference standards. METHODS In this prospective study, 15 untreated MM patients (10 men and 5 women, age range 48-69 years) underwent dual-tracer (11)C-ACT and (18)F-FDG PET/CT and WB MRI for pretreatment staging, and 13 of them had repeated examinations after induction therapy. Diffuse and focal bone marrow uptake was assessed by visual and quantitative analyses, including measurement of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). Between-group differences and correlations were assessed with the Mann-Whitney U test and the Pearson test. RESULTS At staging, all 15 patients had diffuse myeloma involvement upon bone marrow examination with 30-90 % of plasma cell infiltrates. Diffuse infiltration was detected in all of them (100 %) using (11)C-ACT with a positive correlation between bone marrow uptake values and percentages of plasma cell infiltrates (r = +0.63, p=0.01). In contrast, a diagnosis of diffuse infiltration could be established using (18)F-FDG in only six patients (40 %). Focal lesions were shown in 13 patients on both (11)C-ACT PET/CT and WB MRI, and in 10 patients on (18)F-FDG PET/CT. Focal lesions demonstrated (11)C-ACT uptake with a mean SUVmax of 11.4 ± 3.3 (range 4.6-19.6, n=59), which was significantly higher than the (18)F-FDG uptake (mean SUVmax 6.6 ± 3.1, range 2.3-13.7, n=29; p<0.0001). After treatment, the diffuse bone marrow (11)C-ACT uptake showed a mean SUVmax reduction of 66 % in patients with at least a very good partial response versus 34 % in those with at most a partial response only (p=0.01). CONCLUSION PET/CT using (11)C-ACT as a biomarker showed a higher detection rate for both diffuse and focal myeloma lesions at diagnosis than using (18)F-FDG, and may be valuable for response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5 Fusing Street, Gueishan, 33305, Taiwan
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Cheng JC, McBrayer SK, Coarfa C, Dalva-Aydemir S, Gunaratne PH, Carpten JD, Keats JK, Rosen ST, Shanmugam M. Expression and phosphorylation of the AS160_v2 splice variant supports GLUT4 activation and the Warburg effect in multiple myeloma. Cancer Metab 2013; 1:14. [PMID: 24280290 PMCID: PMC4178207 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is a fatal plasma cell malignancy exhibiting enhanced glucose consumption associated with an aerobic glycolytic phenotype (i.e., the Warburg effect). We have previously demonstrated that myeloma cells exhibit constitutive plasma membrane (PM) localization of GLUT4, consistent with the dependence of MM cells on this transporter for maintenance of glucose consumption rates, proliferative capacity, and viability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of constitutive GLUT4 plasma membrane localization in MM cells. Findings We have elucidated a novel mechanism through which myeloma cells achieve constitutive GLUT4 activation involving elevated expression of the Rab-GTPase activating protein AS160_v2 splice variant to promote the Warburg effect. AS160_v2-positive MM cell lines display constitutive Thr642 phosphorylation, known to be required for inactivation of AS160 Rab-GAP activity. Importantly, we show that enforced expression of AS160_v2 is required for GLUT4 PM translocation and activation in these select MM lines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of a full-length, phospho-deficient AS160 mutant is sufficient to impair constitutive GLUT4 cell surface residence, which is characteristic of MM cells. Conclusions This is the first study to tie AS160 de-regulation to increased glucose consumption rates and the Warburg effect in cancer. Future studies investigating connections between the insulin/IGF-1/AS160_v2/GLUT4 axis and FDG-PET positivity in myeloma patients are warranted and could provide rationale for therapeutically targeting this pathway in MM patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javelin C Cheng
- Robert H, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E, Superior Street, Lurie Building 3-250, Chicago, IL 606011, USA.
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Butler EB, Zhao Y, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Lu J, Tan M. Stalling the engine of resistance: targeting cancer metabolism to overcome therapeutic resistance. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2709-17. [PMID: 23610447 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are markedly different from normal cells with regards to how their metabolic pathways are used to fuel cellular growth and survival. Two basic metabolites that exemplify these differences through increased uptake and altered metabolic usage are glucose and glutamine. These molecules can be catabolized to manufacture many of the building blocks required for active cell growth and proliferation. The alterations in the metabolic pathways necessary to sustain this growth have been linked to therapeutic resistance, a trait that is correlated with poor patient outcomes. By targeting the metabolic pathways that import, catabolize, and synthesize essential cellular components, drug-resistant cancer cells can often be resensitized to anticancer treatments. The specificity and efficacy of agents directed at the unique aspects of cancer metabolism are expected to be high; and may, when in used in combination with more traditional therapeutics, present a pathway to surmount resistance within tumors that no longer respond to current forms of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B Butler
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
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Keshari KR, Sai V, Wang ZJ, Vanbrocklin HF, Kurhanewicz J, Wilson DM. Hyperpolarized [1-13C]dehydroascorbate MR spectroscopy in a murine model of prostate cancer: comparison with 18F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:922-8. [PMID: 23575993 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.115402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reduction and oxidation (redox) chemistry is increasingly implicated in cancer pathogenesis. To interrogate the redox status of prostate tumors noninvasively, we developed hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]dehydroascorbate ((13)C-DHA), the oxidized form of vitamin C, as an MR probe. In a model of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP), increased reduction of hyperpolarized (13)C-DHA to vitamin C was observed in tumor, as compared with normal prostate and surrounding benign tissue. We hypothesized that this difference was due to higher concentrations of glutathione and increased transport of hyperpolarized (13)C-DHA via the glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4) in TRAMP tumor. To test these hypotheses, hyperpolarized (13)C-DHA MR spectroscopy (MRS) and (18)F-FDG PET were applied as complementary technologies in the TRAMP model. METHODS Late-stage TRAMP tumors (>4 cm(3)) were studied at similar time points (MR studies conducted < 24 h after PET) in fasting mice by (18)F-FDG PET and hyperpolarized (13)C-DHA MR imaging on a small-animal PET/CT scanner and a (1)H/(3)C 3-T MR scanner. PET data were processed using open-source AMIDE software to compare the standardized uptake values of tumor with those of surrounding muscle, and (13)C-DHA MRS data were processed using custom software to compare the metabolite ratios (vitamin C/[vitamin C + (13)C-DHA]). After in vivo studies, the tumor glutathione concentrations were determined using a spectrophotometric assay, and thiol staining was performed using mercury orange. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the relevant transporters GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4 and vitamin C transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2. GLUT1 was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The average metabolite ratio was 0.28 ± 0.02 in TRAMP tumor, versus 0.11 ± 0.02 in surrounding benign tissue (n = 4), representing a 2.5-fold difference. The corresponding tumor-to-nontumor (18)F-FDG uptake ratio was 3.0. The total glutathione was 5.1 ± 0.4 mM in tumor and 1.0 ± 0.2 mM in normal prostate, whereas reduced glutathione was 2.0 ± 0.3 mM and 0.8 ± 0.3 mM, respectively, corresponding to a 2.5-fold difference. In TRAMP tumor, mercury orange staining demonstrated increased thiols. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed no significant difference in GLUT1 messenger RNA between TRAMP tumor and normal prostate, with immunohistochemistry (anti-GLUT1) also showing comparable staining. CONCLUSION Both hyperpolarized (13)C-DHA and (18)F-FDG provide similar tumor contrast in the TRAMP model. Our findings suggest that the mechanism of in vivo hyperpolarized (13)C-DHA reduction and the resulting tumor contrast correlates most strongly with glutathione concentration. In the TRAMP model, GLUT1 is not significantly upregulated and is unlikely to account for the contrast obtained using hyperpolarized (13)C-DHA or (18)F-FDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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McCracken AN, Edinger AL. Nutrient transporters: the Achilles' heel of anabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:200-8. [PMID: 23402769 PMCID: PMC3617053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly proliferative cells, including cancer cells, require a constant supply of molecular building blocks to support their growth. To acquire substrates such as glucose and amino acids from the extracellular space, dividing cells rely on transporter proteins in the plasma membrane. Numerous studies link transcriptional and post-translational control of nutrient transporter expression with proliferation, highlighting the importance of nutrient transporters in both physiologic and pathologic growth. Here we review recent work that spotlights the crucial role of nutrient transporters in cell growth and proliferation, discuss post-translational mechanisms for coordinating expression of different transporters, and consider the therapeutic potential of targeting these proteins in cancer and other diseases characterized by inappropriate cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aimee L. Edinger
- Corresponding Author: Aimee L. Edinger 2128 Natural Sciences 1 University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-2300 Tel: 949-824-1921 FAX: 949-824-4709
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transformed cells exhibit a high rate of glucose consumption beyond that necessary for ATP synthesis. Glucose aids in the generation of biomass and regulates cellular signaling critical for oncogenic progression. A key rate-limiting step in glucose utilization is the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane. This review will highlight key glucose transporters (GLUTs) and current therapies targeting this class of proteins. RECENT FINDINGS GLUTs, enabling the facilitative entry of glucose into a cell, are increasingly found to be deregulated in cancer. Although cancer-specific expression patterns for GLUTs are being identified, comprehensive analyses substantiating a role for individual GLUTs are still required. Studies defining GLUTs as being rate-limiting in specific tumor contexts, the identification of GLUT1 inhibitors via synthetic lethality screens, novel engagement of the insulin-responsive GLUT4 in myeloma and identification of GLUT9 being a urate transporter, are key advances underscoring the need for continued investigation of this large and enigmatic class of proteins. SUMMARY Tumor cells exhibit elevated levels of glucose uptake, a phenomenon that has been capitalized upon for the prognostic and diagnostic imaging of a wide range of cancers using radio-labeled glucose analogs. We have, however, not yet been able to target glucose entry in a tumor cell-specific manner for therapy. GLUTs have been identified as rate-limiting in specific tumor contexts. The identification and targeting of tumor-specific GLUTs provide a promising approach to block glucose-regulated metabolism and signaling more comprehensively.
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Abstract
The metabolic properties of cancer cells diverge significantly from those of normal cells. Energy production in cancer cells is abnormally dependent on aerobic glycolysis. In addition to the dependency on glycolysis, cancer cells have other atypical metabolic characteristics such as increased fatty acid synthesis and increased rates of glutamine metabolism. Emerging evidence shows that many features characteristic to cancer cells, such as dysregulated Warburg-like glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and glutaminolysis are linked to therapeutic resistance in cancer treatment. Therefore, targeting cellular metabolism may improve the response to cancer therapeutics and the combination of chemotherapeutic drugs with cellular metabolism inhibitors may represent a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance in cancer therapy. Recently, several review articles have summarized the anticancer targets in the metabolic pathways and metabolic inhibitor-induced cell death pathways, however, the dysregulated metabolism in therapeutic resistance, which is a highly clinical relevant area in cancer metabolism research, has not been specifically addressed. From this unique angle, this review article will discuss the relationship between dysregulated cellular metabolism and cancer drug resistance and how targeting of metabolic enzymes, such as glucose transporters, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase M2, lactate dehydrogenase A, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, fatty acid synthase and glutaminase can enhance the efficacy of common therapeutic agents or overcome resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
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Karim S, Adams DH, Lalor PF. Hepatic expression and cellular distribution of the glucose transporter family. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6771-81. [PMID: 23239915 PMCID: PMC3520166 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose and other carbohydrates are transported into cells using members of a family of integral membrane glucose transporter (GLUT) molecules. To date 14 members of this family, also called the solute carrier 2A proteins have been identified which are divided on the basis of transport characteristics and sequence similarities into several families (Classes 1 to 3). The expression of these different receptor subtypes varies between different species, tissues and cellular subtypes and each has differential sensitivities to stimuli such as insulin. The liver is a contributor to metabolic carbohydrate homeostasis and is a major site for synthesis, storage and redistribution of carbohydrates. Situations in which the balance of glucose homeostasis is upset such as diabetes or the metabolic syndrome can lead metabolic disturbances that drive chronic organ damage and failure, confirming the importance of understanding the molecular regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis. There is a considerable literature describing the expression and function of receptors that regulate glucose uptake and release by hepatocytes, the most import cells in glucose regulation and glycogen storage. However there is less appreciation of the roles of GLUTs expressed by non parenchymal cell types within the liver, all of which require carbohydrate to function. A better understanding of the detailed cellular distribution of GLUTs in human liver tissue may shed light on mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis. This review summarises the available literature on hepatocellular expression of GLUTs in health and disease and highlights areas where further investigation is required.
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Long-lasting supersensitivity of the rat vas deferens to norepinephrine after chronic guanethidine administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1973; 5:571-600. [PMID: 26437434 PMCID: PMC4693186 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations, driven by genetic and epigenetic factors, have long been known to be associated with the etiology of cancer. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggest that cancer metabolism is intimately linked to drug resistance, which is currently one of the most important challenges in cancer treatment. Altered metabolic pathways help cancer cells to proliferate at a rate higher than normal, adapt to nutrient limited conditions, and develop drug resistance phenotypes. Application of systems biology, boosted by recent advancement of novel high-throughput technologies to obtain cancer-associated, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic data, is expected to make a significant contribution to our understanding of metabolic properties related to malignancy. Indeed, despite being at a very early stage, quantitative data obtained from the omics platforms and through applications of 13C metabolic flux analysis (MFA) in in vitro studies, researchers have already began to gain insight into the complex metabolic mechanisms of cancer, paving the way for selection of molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss some of the major findings associated with the metabolic pathways in cancer cells and also discuss new evidences and achievements on specific metabolic enzyme targets and target-directed small molecules that can potentially be used as anti-cancer drugs.
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