101
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Chen X, Feng W, Huang R, Guo X, Chen Y, Zheng Z, Shang H. Evidence for peripheral immune activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2014; 347:90-5. [PMID: 25312013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence of the activity of immune system in the spinal cords of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), however; few studies to date have explored the status of peripheral immune response in ALS patients. Blood samples from 284 ALS patients and 217 aged-match controls were evaluated, and parameters of T cell subset, humoral immunity, and complement system activation were observed. CD4+ T lymphocytes and circulating immune complexes (CICs) were significantly decreased, and component C3 was significantly increased in ALS patients compared with normal controls. Patients with severe or moderate impairment had a higher CD4+ T cell percentage and a lower IgG levels when compared to those with mild impairment. There was an inverse correlation between CD4 T cell percentage and both revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score and disease duration, but the correlation was positive between IgG level and both ALSFRS-R score and disease duration among ALS patients. These correlations were gender-specific. This investigation demonstrated the existence of peripheral immune abnormalities in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihua Feng
- Division of Clinical Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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102
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Increased IL-17, a Pathogenic Link between Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Hypothesis. Case Reports Immunol 2014; 2014:804761. [PMID: 25379310 PMCID: PMC4207377 DOI: 10.1155/2014/804761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects the organism from foreign invaders and foreign substances and is involved in physiological functions that range from tissue repair to neurocognition. However, an excessive or dysregulated immune response can cause immunopathology and disease. A 39-year-old man was affected by severe hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni and by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. One question that arose was, whether there was a relation between the parasitic and the neurodegenerative disease. IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine, is produced mainly by T helper-17 CD4 cells, a recently discovered new lineage of effector CD4 T cells. Experimental mouse models of schistosomiasis have shown that IL-17 is a key player in the immunopathology of schistosomiasis. There are also reports that suggest that IL-17 might have an important role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It is hypothesized that the factors that might have led to increased IL-17 in the hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni might also have contributed to the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the described patient. A multitude of environmental factors, including infections, xenobiotic substances, intestinal microbiota, and vitamin D deficiency, that are able to induce a proinflammatory immune response polarization, might favor the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in predisposed individuals.
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103
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Giusti P. Mast cells, glia and neuroinflammation: partners in crime? Immunology 2014; 141:314-27. [PMID: 24032675 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia and microglia in particular elaborate pro-inflammatory molecules that play key roles in central nervous system (CNS) disorders from neuropathic pain and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia respond also to pro-inflammatory signals released from other non-neuronal cells, mainly those of immune origin such as mast cells. The latter are found in most tissues, are CNS resident, and traverse the blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barriers when barrier compromise results from CNS pathology. Growing evidence of mast cell-glia communication opens new perspectives for the development of therapies targeting neuroinflammation by differentially modulating activation of non-neuronal cells that normally control neuronal sensitization - both peripherally and centrally. Mast cells and glia possess endogenous homeostatic mechanisms/molecules that can be up-regulated as a result of tissue damage or stimulation of inflammatory responses. Such molecules include the N-acylethanolamine family. One such member, N-palmitoylethanolamine is proposed to have a key role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis in the face of external stressors provoking, for example, inflammation. N-Palmitoylethanolamine has proven efficacious in mast-cell-mediated experimental models of acute and neurogenic inflammation. This review will provide an overview of recent progress relating to the pathobiology of neuroinflammation, the role of microglia, neuroimmune interactions involving mast cells and the possibility that mast cell-microglia cross-talk contributes to the exacerbation of acute symptoms of chronic neurodegenerative disease and accelerates disease progression, as well as promoting pain transmission pathways. We will conclude by considering the therapeutic potential of treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signalling pathways from the periphery to the brain in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo 'Egidio Meneghetti' 2, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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104
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Noh MY, Cho KA, Kim H, Kim SM, Kim SH. Erythropoietin modulates the immune-inflammatory response of a SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Neurosci Lett 2014; 574:53-8. [PMID: 24820540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Temporal patterns of inflammatory cytokine levels reflect the immune-inflammatory role in pathogenic mechanisms of SOD1 animal model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and these cytokines have important roles in both toxic and protective functions depending on the stage of disease progression in ALS patients. Erythropoietin (EPO) has various neuroprotective effects, including the reduction of inflammation, the enhancement of survival signals, and the prevention of neuronal cell death. This study was undertaken to evaluate the temporal pattern of inflammatory cytokine levels induced by EPO treatment in the SOD1(G93A) mice model of ALS. We treated mice with 5 IU of EPO per gram of animal weight once every other week after the mice were 60 days old, and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of age. In untreated controls, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL10 (IP-10), and IL-17A) were gradually increased with aging. In contrast, increment of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β) showed the highest level at 90 days of age and their levels were remarkably faded until 120 days of age. EPO treatment, however, showed significantly decreased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. And, up-regulated levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines with EPO were highly maintained until 120 days. In addition, the treatment of EPO delayed symptom onset, prolonged time of rotarod failure, and showed more preserved number of motoneurons. These findings suggest that EPO may be a potential therapeutic candidate having ability to modulate immune-inflammation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Cho
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejaung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Deparment of Laboratory Animal Center, Daugu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foudation, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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105
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Boido M, Piras A, Valsecchi V, Spigolon G, Mareschi K, Ferrero I, Vizzini A, Temi S, Mazzini L, Fagioli F, Vercelli A. Human mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation modulates neuroinflammatory milieu in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1059-72. [PMID: 24794182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), after intraparenchymal, intrathecal and endovenous administration, have been previously tested for cell therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) mouse. However, every administration route has specific pros and cons. METHODS We administrated human MSCs (hMSCs) in the cisterna lumbaris, which is easily accessible and could be used in outpatient surgery, in the SOD1 G93A mouse, at the earliest onset of symptoms. Control animals received saline injections. Motor behavior was checked starting from 2 months of age until the mice were killed. Animals were killed 2 weeks after transplantation; lumbar motoneurons were stereologically counted, astrocytes and microglia were analyzed and quantified after immunohistochemistry and cytokine expression was assayed by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We provide evidence that this route of administration can exert strongly positive effects. Motoneuron death and motor decay were delayed, astrogliosis was reduced and microglial activation was modulated. In addition, hMSC transplantation prevented the downregulation of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10, as well as that of vascular endothelial growth factor observed in saline-treated transgenic mice compared with wild type, and resulted in a dramatic increase in the expression of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-13. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that hMSCs, when intracisternally administered, can exert their paracrine potential, influencing the inflammatory response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Boido
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Antonio Piras
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giada Spigolon
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Mareschi
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, City of Science and Health of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferrero
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, City of Science and Health of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Vizzini
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Santa Temi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- ALS Centre Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, City of Science and Health of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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106
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Bougea A, Anagnostou E, Stamboulis E, Kararizou E. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis developing during adalimumab therapy for psoriatic arthritis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:228-9. [PMID: 24656415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bougea
- Department of Neurology, Athens National University, Aiginition Hospital, Vass. Sofias Ave. 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece.
| | - E Anagnostou
- Department of Neurology, Athens National University, Aiginition Hospital, Vass. Sofias Ave. 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - E Stamboulis
- Department of Neurology, Athens National University, Aiginition Hospital, Vass. Sofias Ave. 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - E Kararizou
- Department of Neurology, Athens National University, Aiginition Hospital, Vass. Sofias Ave. 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece
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107
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Aggregation-triggering segments of SOD1 fibril formation support a common pathway for familial and sporadic ALS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:197-201. [PMID: 24344300 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320786110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS is a terminal disease of motor neurons that is characterized by accumulation of proteinaceous deposits in affected cells. Pathological deposition of mutated Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) accounts for ∼20% of the familial ALS (fALS) cases. However, understanding the molecular link between mutation and disease has been difficult, given that more than 140 different SOD1 mutants have been observed in fALS patients. In addition, the molecular origin of sporadic ALS (sALS) is unclear. By dissecting the amino acid sequence of SOD1, we identified four short segments with a high propensity for amyloid fibril formation. We find that fALS mutations in these segments do not reduce their propensity to form fibrils. The atomic structures of two fibril-forming segments from the C terminus, (101)DSVISLS(107) and (147)GVIGIAQ(153), reveal tightly packed β-sheets with steric zipper interfaces characteristic of the amyloid state. Based on these structures, we conclude that both C-terminal segments are likely to form aggregates if available for interaction. Proline substitutions in (101)DSVISLS(107) and (147)GVIGIAQ(153) impaired nucleation and fibril growth of full-length protein, confirming that these segments participate in aggregate formation. Our hypothesis is that improper protein maturation and incompletely folded states that render these aggregation-prone segments available for interaction offer a common molecular pathway for sALS and fALS.
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108
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Bowerman M, Vincent T, Scamps F, Perrin FE, Camu W, Raoul C. Neuroimmunity dynamics and the development of therapeutic strategies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:214. [PMID: 24312006 PMCID: PMC3833095 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal paralytic disorder characterized by the progressive and selective loss of both upper and lower motoneurons. The neurodegenerative process is accompanied by a sustained inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. The neuron-immune interaction, implicating resident microglia of the central nervous system and blood-derived immune cells, is highly dynamic over the course of the disease. Here, we discuss the timely controlled neuroprotective and neurotoxic cues that are provided by the immune environment of motoneurons and their potential therapeutic applications for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bowerman
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INM, INSERM UMR1051, Saint Eloi Hospital Montpellier, France
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109
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Blasco H, Corcia P, Gordon PH, Pradat PF. Biological and neuroimaging biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: 2013 and beyond. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.13.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an idiopathic, incurable neurodegenerative disease that is fatal for most patients in less than 3 years from the time weakness first appears. Alongside identification of etiologies and stronger neuroprotective agents, the development of biomarkers is a main research priority. Since the original description, diagnosis and progression measurement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has been clinical. The time from symptom onset to diagnosis is usually more than a year, and clinical research studies utilize clinical end points that have low sensitivity. Few eligible patients and inefficient trials mean that just one or a few new therapies can be tested each year. Biological markers are needed not only to improve the sensitivity of clinical assessments, but also to better examine disease pathophysiology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Blasco
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie & de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- Centre SLA, Service de Neurologie & Neurophysiologie Clinique, CHRU de Tours, France
| | - Paul H Gordon
- Départment des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-François Pradat
- Départment des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
- UMR-678, INSERM-UPMC, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
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110
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A focus on mast cells and pain. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 264:1-7. [PMID: 24125568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are immunocytes with secretory functions that act locally in peripheral tissues to modulate local hemodynamics, nociceptor activation and pain. They are also able to infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), especially the spinal cord and the thalamus, but their cerebral function remains an enigma. A role in regulating the opening of the blood-brain barrier has been proposed. Paracrine-like action of MCs on synaptic transmission might also signal a modulation of the nervous system by the immune system. In this review, we examine the link between MCs and nociceptive process, at the periphery as well as in the CNS.
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111
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Possible involvement of TLRs and hemichannels in stress-induced CNS dysfunction via mastocytes, and glia activation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:893521. [PMID: 23935250 PMCID: PMC3713603 DOI: 10.1155/2013/893521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), mastocytes and glial cells (microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) function as sensors of neuroinflammatory conditions, responding to stress triggers or becoming sensitized to subsequent proinflammatory challenges. The corticotropin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoids are critical players in stress-induced mastocyte degranulation and potentiation of glial inflammatory responses, respectively. Mastocytes and glial cells express different toll-like receptor (TLR) family members, and their activation via proinflammatory molecules can increase the expression of connexin hemichannels and pannexin channels in glial cells. These membrane pores are oligohexamers of the corresponding protein subunits located in the cell surface. They allow ATP release and Ca2+ influx, which are two important elements of inflammation. Consequently, activated microglia and astrocytes release ATP and glutamate, affecting myelinization, neuronal development, and survival. Binding of ligands to TLRs induces a cascade of intracellular events leading to activation of several transcription factors that regulate the expression of many genes involved in inflammation. During pregnancy, the previous responses promoted by viral infections and other proinflammatory conditions are common and might predispose the offspring to develop psychiatric disorders and neurological diseases. Such disorders could eventually be potentiated by stress and might be part of the etiopathogenesis of CNS dysfunctions including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia.
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112
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T helper-17 activation dominates the immunologic milieu of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progressive multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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113
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Fiala M, Mizwicki MT, Weitzman R, Magpantay L, Nishimoto N. Tocilizumab infusion therapy normalizes inflammation in sporadic ALS patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2013; 2:129-139. [PMID: 23844337 PMCID: PMC3703125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) show inflammation in the spinal cord and peripheral blood. The inflammation is driven by stimulation of macrophages by aggregated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) through caspase1, interleukin 1 (IL1), IL6 and chemokine signaling. Inflammatory gene activation is inhibited in vitro by tocilizumab, a humanized antibody to IL6 receptor (IL6R). Tocilizumab inhibits global interleukin-6 (IL6) signaling, a key mechanism in chronic rheumatoid disorders. Here we studied in vivo baseline inflammatory gene transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 10 sALS patients, and the effects of tocilizumab (Actemra(R)) infusions. At baseline, one half of ALS subjects had strong inflammatory activation (Group 1) (8 genes up regulated >4-fold, P<0.05 vs. controls) and the other half (Group 2) had weak activation. All patients showed greater than four-fold up regulation of MMP1, CCL7, CCL13 and CCL24. Tocilizumab infusions in the Group 1 patients resulted in down regulation of inflammatory genes (in particular IL1β), whereas in the Group 2 patients in up regulation of inflammatory genes. Post-infusion serum and CSF concentrations of tocilizumab inhibited caspase1 activation in vitro. Three of 5 patients receiving tocilizumab infusions showed time-limited attenuation of clinical progression. In conclusion, inflammation of sALS patients at baseline is up- or down-regulated in comparison to controls, but is partially normalized by tocilizumab infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Fiala
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 220, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6970, USA
| | - Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 220, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6970, USA
| | - Rachel Weitzman
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 220, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6970, USA
| | - Larry Magpantay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA
| | - Norihiro Nishimoto
- Department of Molecular Regulation for Intractable Diseases, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical UniversityMinamisenba, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 542-0081, Japan
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114
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Structural similarity of wild-type and ALS-mutant superoxide dismutase-1 fibrils using limited proteolysis and atomic force microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10934-9. [PMID: 23781106 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309613110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal assemblies formed by misfolded superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) proteins are the likely cause of SOD1-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) and may be involved in some cases of sporadic ALS. To analyze the structure of the insoluble SOD1 amyloid fibrils, we first used limited proteolysis followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Digestion of amyloid fibrils formed from full-length N-acetylated WT SOD1 with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or Pronase revealed that the first 63 residues of the N terminus were protected from protease digestion by fibril formation. Furthermore, every tested ALS-mutant SOD1 protein (G37R, L38V, G41D, G93A, G93S, and D101N) showed a similar protected fragment after trypsin digestion. Our second approach to structural characterization used atomic force microscopy to image the SOD1 fibrils and revealed that WT and mutants showed similar twisted morphologies. WT fibrils had a consistent average helical pitch distance of 62.1 nm. The ALS-mutant SOD1 proteins L38V, G93A, and G93S formed fibrils with helical twist patterns very similar to those of WT, whereas small but significant structural deviations were observed for the mutant proteins G37R, G41D, and D101N. Overall, our studies suggest that human WT SOD1 and ALS-mutants tested have a common intrinsic propensity to fibrillate through the N terminus and that single amino acid substitutions can lead to changes in the helical twist pattern.
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115
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Peripheral inflammation in neurodegeneration. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:673-81. [PMID: 23546523 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is now a well-characterised feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Immune dysfunction outside the central nervous system is also increasingly recognised as part of the diseases. Peripheral inflammation has emerged as a modulator of disease progression and neuropathology in several neurodegenerative diseases, making it targetable in new therapeutic approaches. In addition, the easy accessibility of blood immune cells and markers makes them ideal candidates for use as possible biomarkers and a potential model of central immune cells.
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116
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Abstract
The key role of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and T helper 17 (T(H)17) cells in tissue inflammation, autoimmunity and host defence led to the experimental targeting of these molecules in mouse models of diseases as well as in clinical settings. Moreover, the demonstration that IL-17 and T(H)17 cells contribute to local and systemic aspects of disease pathogenesis, as well as the finding that the IL-17-T(H)17 cell pathway is regulated by IL-23, prompted the identification of inhibitors. These inhibitors include biotechnology products that target IL-23 as well as the leading member of the IL-17 family, IL-17A, and one of its receptors, IL-17 receptor A. Several clinical trials of these inhibitors are underway, and positive results have been obtained in psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. This Review focuses on the current knowledge of the IL-17-T(H)17 cell pathway to better understand the positive as well as potential negative consequences of targeting them.
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117
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Mizwicki MT, Fiala M, Magpantay L, Aziz N, Sayre J, Liu G, Siani A, Chan D, Martinez-Maza O, Chattopadhyay M, Cava AL. Tocilizumab attenuates inflammation in ALS patients through inhibition of IL6 receptor signaling. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2012; 1:305-315. [PMID: 23383400 PMCID: PMC3560466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have evidence of chronic inflammation demonstrated by infiltration of the gray matter by inflammatory macrophages, IL17A-positive T cells, and mast cells. Increased serum levels of IL6 and IL17A have been detected in sporadic ALS (sALS) patients when compared to healthy controls. Herein we investigate, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the baseline transcription of genes associated with inflammation in sALS and control subjects and the impact of the IL6 receptor (IL6R) antibody (tocilizumab) on the transcription and/or secretion of inflammation factors (e.g. cytokines) stimulated by the apo-G37R superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutant. At baseline, PBMCs of four sALS patients (Group 1) showed significantly increased expression of TLR2 and CD14; ALOX5, PTGS2 and MMP1; IL1α, IL1β, IL6, IL36G, IL8 and TNF; CCL3, CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL3 and CXCL5. In four other sALS patients (Group 2), most of the genes just mentioned were expressed at near control levels and a significant decrease in the expression of PPARG, PPARA, RARG, HDAC4 and KAT2B; IL6R, IL6ST and ADAM17; TNFRSF11A; MGAT2 and MGAT3; PLCG1; CXCL3 were detected. Apo-G37R SOD1 up regulated the transcription of cytokines (e.g. IL1α/β, IL6, IL8, IL36G), chemokines (e.g. CCL20; CXCL3, CXCL5), and enzymes (e.g. PTGS2 and MMP1). In vitro, tocilizumab down regulated the transcription of many inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, and receptors, which were up regulated by pathogenic forms of SOD1. Tocilizumab also reduced the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β, IL6, TNFα, GM-CSF, IFNγ, and IL17A by Group 1 PBMCs. Finally, sALS patients had significantly higher concentrations of IL6, sIL6R and C-reactive protein in the cerebrospinal fluid when compared to AD patients. This pilot study demonstrates that in vitro tocilizumab suppresses many factors that drive inflammation in sALS patients, with possible increased efficacy in Group 1 ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Milan Fiala
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Larry Magpantay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Najib Aziz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
| | - James Sayre
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California School of Public HealthLos Angeles, CA
| | - Guanghao Liu
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Avi Siani
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Derrick Chan
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Otoniel Martinez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | | | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
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118
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Moviglia GA, Moviglia-Brandolino MT, Varela GS, Albanese G, Piccone S, Echegaray G, Martinez G, Blasseti N, Farias J, Farina P, Perusso A, Gaeta CA. Feasibility, safety, and preliminary proof of principles of autologous neural stem cell treatment combined with T-cell vaccination for ALS patients. Cell Transplant 2012; 21 Suppl 1:S57-63. [PMID: 22507681 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x633770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled activation of the innate immune system promotes the deterioration of neurons in different neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). T-cell vaccination (TCV) was developed by Irun Cohen and coworkers at the Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel) during the late 1970s and has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for human autoimmune diseases and a regulator of macrophage activation in animal models. We treated seven ALS patients with this cell therapy and were able to slow or stop disease progression in the affected individuals. The median survival, which is 3.5 years, was extended to 6 years. They were also treated with autologous adult neural stem cells associated with effector T cells. The observed neurologic improvements after treatment lasted for at least 1 year. Clinical recovery in the treated ALS patients was confirmed by an independent, skilled neurologist using the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R). TCV in conjunction with an autologous neural stem cell treatment might be a feasible, minimally invasive, safe, and effective approach to obtain enduring therapeutic effects in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Moviglia
- CIITT, Maimonides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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119
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Henriques A, Gonzalez De Aguilar JL. Can transcriptomics cut the gordian knot of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Curr Genomics 2012; 12:506-15. [PMID: 22547957 PMCID: PMC3219845 DOI: 10.2174/138920211797904043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset degenerative disease characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons, progressive muscle atrophy, paralysis and death, which occurs within 2-5 years of diagnosis. Most cases appear sporadically but some are familial, usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. It is postulated that the disease results from the combination of multiple pathogenic mechanisms, which affect not only motor neurons but also non-neuronal neighboring cells. Together with the understanding of this intriguing cell biology, important challenges in the field concern the design of effective curative treatments and the discovery of molecular biomarkers for early diagnosis and accurate monitoring of disease progression. During the last decade, transcriptomics has represented a promising approach to address these questions. In this review, we revisit the major findings of the numerous studies that analyzed global gene expression in tissues and cells from biopsy or post-mortem specimens of ALS patients and related animal models. These studies corroborated the implication of previously described disease pathways, and investigated the role of new genes in the pathological process. In addition, they also identified gene expression changes that could be used as candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of ALS. The limitations of these transcriptomics approaches will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Henriques
- INSERM, U692, Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, France
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120
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Kang Z, Liu L, Spangler R, Spear C, Wang C, Gulen MF, Veenstra M, Ouyang W, Ransohoff RM, Li X. IL-17-induced Act1-mediated signaling is critical for cuprizone-induced demyelination. J Neurosci 2012; 32:8284-92. [PMID: 22699909 PMCID: PMC3412399 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0841-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuprizone inhibits mitochondrial function and induces demyelination in the corpus callosum, which resembles pattern III lesions in multiple sclerosis patients. However, the molecular and cellular mechanism by which cuprizone induces demyelination remains unclear. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) secreted by T helper 17 cells and γδT cells are essential in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this study, we examined the importance of IL-17 signaling in cuprizone-induced demyelination. We found that mice deficient in IL-17A, IL-17 receptor C (IL-17RC), and adaptor protein Act1 (of IL-17R) all had reduced demyelination accompanied by lessened microglial and polydendrocyte cellular reactivity compared with that in wild-type mice in response to cuprizone feeding, demonstrating the essential role of IL-17-induced Act1-mediated signaling in cuprizone-induced demyelination. Importantly, specific deletion of Act1 in astrocytes reduced the severity of tissue injury in this model, indicating the critical role of CNS resident cells in the pathogenesis of cuprizone-induced demyelination. In cuprizone-fed mice, IL-17 was produced by CNS CD3(+) T cells, suggesting a source of IL-17 in CNS upon cuprizone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liping Liu
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and
| | - Roo Spangler
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and
| | - Charles Spear
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and
| | | | | | - Mike Veenstra
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and
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121
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Rodrigues MCO, Voltarelli JC, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV, Garbuzova-Davis S. Immunological Aspects in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:331-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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122
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Skaper SD, Giusti P, Facci L. Microglia and mast cells: two tracks on the road to neuroinflammation. FASEB J 2012; 26:3103-17. [PMID: 22516295 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-197194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the more important recent advances in neuroscience research is the understanding that there is extensive communication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in this communication. The emerging realization is that glia and microglia, in particular, (which are the brain's resident macrophages), constitute an important source of inflammatory mediators and may have fundamental roles in CNS disorders from neuropathic pain and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia respond also to proinflammatory signals released from other non-neuronal cells, principally those of immune origin. Mast cells are of particular relevance in this context. These immunity-related cells, while resident in the CNS, are capable of migrating across the blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barriers in situations where the barrier is compromised as a result of CNS pathology. Emerging evidence suggests the possibility of mast cell-glia communications and opens exciting new perspectives for designing therapies to target neuroinflammation by differentially modulating the activation of non-neuronal cells normally controlling neuronal sensitization, both peripherally and centrally. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress relating to the pathobiology of neuroinflammation, the role of microglia, neuroimmune interactions involving mast cells, in particular, and the possibility that mast cell-microglia crosstalk may contribute to the exacerbation of acute symptoms of chronic neurodegenerative disease and accelerate disease progression, as well as promote pain transmission pathways. We conclude by considering the therapeutic potential of treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signaling pathways from the periphery to the brain in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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123
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Aebischer J, Moumen A, Sazdovitch V, Seilhean D, Meininger V, Raoul C. Elevated levels of IFNγ and LIGHT in the spinal cord of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19:752-9, e45-6. [PMID: 22221541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a paralytic and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the gradual loss of both upper and lower motoneurons. There is compelling evidence from ALS experimental models that neuroinflammation actively contributes to motoneuron damage. We recently proposed that interferon gamma (IFNγ), a potent proinflammatory cytokine, induces motoneuron death by eliciting the activation of the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LT-βR) through its ligand LIGHT. Here, we explore the pertinence of this non-cell-autonomous mechanism in human ALS. METHODS The levels and expression pattern of IFNγ, LIGHT, and LT-βR were investigated by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis in spinal cord of patients with sporadic ALS. RESULTS We observed significant increased levels of IFNγ in human ALS spinal cords compared to control cases. We found that large ventral horn neurons as well as glial cells were immunoreactive for IFNγ in sporadic ALS spinal cord. We further observed that LIGHT and LT-βR were expressed mainly by motoneurons in both ALS and control cases, and while LT-βR levels remained constant between ALS and control cases, LIGHT levels were increased in human ALS spinal cords. CONCLUSION These findings in sporadic ALS cases, which are consistent with the observation made in ALS experimental models, propose that the IFNγ-triggered LIGHT/LT-βR-mediated death pathway may contribute to human ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aebischer
- The Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology, INMED, Marseille, France
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124
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Liu G, Fiala M, Mizwicki MT, Sayre J, Magpantay L, Siani A, Mahanian M, Chattopadhyay M, Cava AL, Wiedau-Pazos M. Neuronal phagocytosis by inflammatory macrophages in ALS spinal cord: inhibition of inflammation by resolvin D1. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2012; 1:60-74. [PMID: 22787561 PMCID: PMC3560453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the cause of neuronal degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains hypothetical, there is evidence of spinal cord infiltration by macrophages and T cells. In post-mortem ALS spinal cords, 19.8 ± 4.8 % motor neurons, including caspase-negative and caspase-positive neurons, were ingested by IL-6- and TNF-α-positive macrophages. In ALS macrophages, in vitro aggregated superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) stimulated in ALS macrophages expression of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, through activation of cyclooxy-genase-2 (COX-2) and caspase-1. The lipid mediator resolvin D1 (RvD1) inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α production in ALS macrophages with 1,100 times greater potency than its parent molecule docosahexaenoic acid. ALS peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) showed increased transcription of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at baseline and after stimulation by aggregated wild-type SOD-1, and these cytokines were down regulated by RvD1. Thus the neurons are impacted by macrophages expressing inflammatory cytokines. RvD1 strongly inhibits in ALS macrophages and PBMCs cytokine transcription and production. Resolvins offer a new approach to suppression of inflammatory activation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Liu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Milan Fiala
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - James Sayre
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California School of Public HealthLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larry Magpantay
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Avi Siani
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Michelle Mahanian
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | | | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUSA
| | - Martina Wiedau-Pazos
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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125
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Cashman JR, Gagliardi S, Lanier M, Ghirmai S, Abel KJ, Fiala M. Curcumins promote monocytic gene expression related to β-amyloid and superoxide dismutase clearance. NEURODEGENER DIS 2011; 10:274-6. [PMID: 22156608 DOI: 10.1159/000333123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with accumulation of modified proteins or peptides including amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and misfolded superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Clearance of Aβ or SOD-1 by the innate immune system may be important for controlling or preventing disease onset. Curcumins restore Aβ phagocytosis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AD patients and Aβ clearance with upregulation of key genes including MGAT3, vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Certain curcumins inhibit inflammatory processes of PBMCs from ALS patients. We developed an in vitro system using human monocytes from patients and monocytic cell lines (i.e. U-937, THP-1) for evaluating curcuminoid potency of innate immune cell stimulation. Bisdemethoxycurcumin and certain analogs potentiated MGAT3,VDR and TLR gene expression 3- to 300-fold in U-937 cells. The effect of curcumins on inflammation in monocytes from patients with ALS was examined. Recursive medicinal chemistry was applied to identify compounds that stimulate the innate immune system for use in the clearance of Aβ in AD and the reversal of neuroinflammation and defective SOD-1 accumulation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, Calif 92121, USA.
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126
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McCombe PA, Henderson RD. The Role of immune and inflammatory mechanisms in ALS. Curr Mol Med 2011; 11:246-54. [PMID: 21375489 PMCID: PMC3182412 DOI: 10.2174/156652411795243450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe progressive neurodegenerative disease. The cause is unknown, but genetic abnormalities have been identified in subjects with familial ALS and also in subjects with sporadic ALS. Environmental factors such as occupational exposure have been shown to be risk factors for the development of ALS. Patients differ in their clinical features and differ in the clinical course of disease. Immune abnormalities have been found in the central nervous system by pathological studies and also in the blood and CSF of subjects with ALS. Inflammation and immune abnormalities are also found in animals with a model of ALS due to mutations in the SOD1 gene. Previously it has been considered that immune abnormalities might contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. However more recently it has become apparent that an immune response can occur as a response to damage to the nervous system and this can be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A McCombe
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Australia.
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127
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Li Q, Spencer NY, Pantazis NJ, Engelhardt JF. Alsin and SOD1(G93A) proteins regulate endosomal reactive oxygen species production by glial cells and proinflammatory pathways responsible for neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40151-62. [PMID: 21937428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated enhanced Nox2-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by microglia in the pathogenesis of motor neuron death observed in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this context, ALS mutant forms of SOD1 enhance Rac1 activation, leading to increased Nox2-dependent microglial ROS production and neuron cell death in mice. It remains unclear if other genetic mutations that cause ALS also function through similar Nox-dependent pathways to enhance ROS-mediate motor neuron death. In the present study, we sought to understand whether alsin, which is mutated in an inherited juvenile form of ALS, functionally converges on Rac1-dependent pathways acted upon by SOD1(G93A) to regulate Nox-dependent ROS production. Our studies demonstrate that glial cell expression of SOD1(G93A) or wild type alsin induces ROS production, Rac1 activation, secretion of TNFα, and activation of NFκB, leading to decreased motor neuron survival in co-culture. Interestingly, coexpression of alsin, or shRNA against Nox2, with SOD1(G93A) in glial cells attenuated these proinflammatory indicators and protected motor neurons in co-culture, although shRNAs against Nox1 and Nox4 had little effect. SOD1(G93A) expression dramatically enhanced TNFα-mediated endosomal ROS in glial cells in a Rac1-dependent manner and alsin overexpression inhibited SOD1(G93A)-induced endosomal ROS and Rac1 activation. SOD1(G93A) expression enhanced recruitment of alsin to the endomembrane compartment in glial cells, suggesting that these two proteins act to modulate Nox2-dependent endosomal ROS and proinflammatory signals that modulate NFκB. These studies suggest that glial proinflammatory signals regulated by endosomal ROS are influenced by two gene products known to cause ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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