101
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Wu Y, Chen W, Xu ZP, Gu W. PD-L1 Distribution and Perspective for Cancer Immunotherapy-Blockade, Knockdown, or Inhibition. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2022. [PMID: 31507611 PMCID: PMC6718566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy involves blocking the interactions between the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints with antibodies. This has shown unprecedented positive outcomes in clinics. Particularly, the PD-L1 antibody therapy has shown the efficiency in blocking membrane PD-L1 and efficacy in treating some advanced carcinoma. However, this therapy has limited effects on many solid tumors, suspecting to be relevant to PD-L1 located in other cellular compartments, where they play additional roles and are associated with poor prognosis. In this review, we highlight the advances of 3 current strategies on PD-1/PD-L1 based immunotherapy, summarize cellular distribution of PD-L1, and review the versatile functions of intracellular PD-L1. The intracellular distribution and function of PD-L1 may indicate why not all antibody blockade is able to fully stop PD-L1 biological functions and effectively inhibit tumor growth. In this regard, gene silencing may have advantages over antibody blockade on suppression of PD-L1 sources and functions. Apart from cancer cells, PD-L1 silencing on host immune cells such as APC and DC can also enhance T cell immunity, leading to tumor clearance. Moreover, the molecular regulation of PD-L1 expression in cells is being elucidated, which helps identify potential therapeutic molecules to target PD-L1 production and improve clinical outcomes. Based on our understandings of PD-L1 distribution, regulation, and function, we prospect that the more effective PD-L1-based cancer immunotherapy will be combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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102
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Marcq E, Audenaerde JRV, Waele JD, Jacobs J, Loenhout JV, Cavents G, Pauwels P, Meerbeeck JPV, Smits EL. Building a Bridge between Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Investigating the Effect of Chemotherapy on Immune Checkpoint Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4182. [PMID: 31455014 PMCID: PMC6747385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the promising results of immune checkpoint blockade (ICPB) in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), we investigated the effect of different chemotherapeutic agents on the expression of immune checkpoints (ICPs) in order to rationally design a good treatment schedule for their combination with ICP blocking antibodies. Cisplatin, oxaliplatin and pemetrexed are interesting chemotherapeutic agents to combine with immunotherapy given their immunomodulatory capacities. We looked into cisplatin and pemetrexed because their combination is used as first-line treatment of MPM. Additionally, the effect of the immunogenic chemotherapeutic agent, oxaliplatin, was also studied. Three different MPM cell lines were used for representation of both epithelioid and sarcomatoid subtypes. The desired inhibitory concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agents were determined with the SRB-assay. Allogeneic co-cultures of MPM cells with healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were set up to assess the effect of these chemotherapeutic agents on the expression of ICPs (PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3) and their ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2, galectin-9). Cisplatin might be a promising treatment to combine with ICP blocking antibodies since our MPM cell lines were most susceptible to this stand-alone treatment. We found that the expression of ICPs and their ligands on both MPM cells and PBMC was mostly downregulated or unaltered when treated with chemotherapeutic agents, though no clear trend could be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.
| | | | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Julie Jacobs
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Jinthe Van Loenhout
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Glenn Cavents
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp 2650, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology & Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp 2650, Belgium
| | - Evelien Lj Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp 2650, Belgium
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103
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Ahmad G, Mackenzie GG, Egan J, Amiji MM. DHA-SBT-1214 Taxoid Nanoemulsion and Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Combination Therapy Enhances Antitumor Efficacy in a Syngeneic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Model. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1961-1972. [PMID: 31439714 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate combination of a novel taxoid, DHA-SBT-1214 chemotherapy, in modulating immune checkpoint marker expression and ultimately in improving antibody-based checkpoint blockade therapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). DHA-SBT-1214 was encapsulated in an oil-in-water nanoemulsion and administered systemically in Panc02 syngeneic PDAC-bearing C57BL/6 mice. Following treatment with DHA-SBT-1214, expression levels of PD-L1 were measured and anti-PD-L1 antibody was administered in combination. The effects of combination therapy on efficacy and the molecular basis of synergistic effects were evaluated. PD-L1 expression was lower on Panc02 pancreatic tumor cells in vitro, which significantly increased after exposure to different chemotherapy drugs. Administration of DHA-SBT-1214, gemcitabine, and PD-L1 antibody alone failed to increase CD8+ T-cell infiltration inside tumors. However, combination of anti-PD-L1 therapy with a novel chemotherapy drug DHA-SBT-1214 in nanoemulsion (NE-DHA-SBT-1214) significantly enhanced CD8+ T-cell infiltration and the therapeutic effects of the anti-PD-L1 antibody. Furthermore, in the Panc02 syngeneic model, the NE-DHA-SBT-1214 combination therapy group reduced tumor growth to a higher extend than paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane), gemcitabine, or single anti-PD-L1 antibody therapy groups. Our results indicate that NE-DHA-SBT-1214 stimulated immunogenic potential of PDAC and provided an enhanced therapeutic effect with immune checkpoint blockade therapy, which warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerardo G Mackenzie
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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104
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Feng D, Qin B, Pal K, Sun L, Dutta S, Dong H, Liu X, Mukhopadhyay D, Huang S, Sinicrope FA. BRAF V600E-induced, tumor intrinsic PD-L1 can regulate chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and in tumor xenografts. Oncogene 2019; 38:6752-6766. [PMID: 31406255 PMCID: PMC6786951 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint protein, however, emerging data suggest that tumor cell PD-L1 may regulate immune-independent and intrinsic cellular functions. We demonstrate regulation of PD-L1 by oncogenic BRAFV600E and investigated its ability to influence apoptotic susceptibility in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Endogenous or exogenous mutant vs wild-type BRAF were shown to increase PD-L1 mRNA and protein expression that was attenuated by MEK inhibition or c-JUN and YAP knockdown. Deletion of PD-L1 reduced tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Loss of PD-L1 was also shown to attenuate DNA damage and apoptosis induced by diverse anti-cancer drugs that could be reversed by restoration of wild-type PD-L1, but not mutants with deletion of its extra- or intra-cellular domain. The effect of PD-L1 on chemosensitivity was confirmed in MC38 murine tumor xenografts generated from PD-L1 knockout vs parental cells. Deletion of PD-L1 suppressed BH3-only BIM and BIK proteins that could be restored by re-expression of PD-L1; re-introduction of BIM enhanced apoptosis. PD-L1 expression was significantly increased in BRAFV600E human colon cancers, and patients whose tumors had high vs low PD-L1 had significantly better survival. In summary, BRAFV600E can transcriptionally up-regulate PD-L1 expression that was shown to induce BIM and BIK to enhance chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. These data indicate an intrinsic, non-immune function of PD-L1, and suggest the potential for PD-L1 as a predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofu Feng
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Bo Qin
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Krishnendu Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shamit Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Frank A Sinicrope
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Mayo Clinic and Mayo Comprehensive Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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105
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Harris K, Gelberg HB, Kiupel M, Helfand SC. Immunohistochemical Features of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:826-839. [PMID: 31331247 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819859873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with invasive and metastatic behavior. It is poorly responsive to chemotherapy and radiation. Neoplastic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) portends highly malignant behavior and enhances resistance to therapy. In transitioning to a more malignant phenotype, carcinoma stem cells undergo transformation mediated by expression of proteins, endowing them with mesenchymal properties advantageous to cell survival. The goal of the current study was to identify proteins associated with EMT in FOSCC. This study documents protein expression patterns in 10 FOSCC biopsies and 3 FOSCC cell lines (SCCF1, SCCF2, SCCF3), compatible with an EMT phenotype. As markers of EMT, P-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, nuclear transcription factors Twist and Snail, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), programmed death ligand 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor D, as well as E-cadherin, were examined using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. P-cadherin, Twist, HIF-1α, and programmed death ligand 1 were commonly expressed in biopsies and cell lines. N-cadherin, classically associated with EMT, was not highly expressed, and E-cadherin was coexpressed along with proteins characteristic of EMT in all specimens. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor A by cell lines, a process regulated by HIF-1α expression, was suppressed by the small-molecule inhibitor dasatinib. These data are consistent with EMT in FOSCC and shed light on cellular changes that could contribute to the aggressive behavior of FOSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Harris
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Howard B Gelberg
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Stuart C Helfand
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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106
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Immunological consequences of chemotherapy: Single drugs, combination therapies and nanoparticle-based treatments. J Control Release 2019; 305:130-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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107
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Shen X, Zhang L, Li J, Li Y, Wang Y, Xu ZX. Recent Findings in the Regulation of Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1337. [PMID: 31258527 PMCID: PMC6587331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent approvals for the application of monoclonal antibodies that target the well-characterized immune checkpoints, immune therapy shows great potential against both solid and hematologic tumors. The use of these therapeutic monoclonal antibodies elicits inspiring clinical results with durable objective responses and improvements in overall survival. Agents targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; also known as PDCD1) and its ligand (PD-L1) achieve a great success in immune checkpoints therapy. However, the majority of patients fail to respond to PD-1/PD-L1 axis inhibitors. Expression of PD-L1 on the membrane of tumor and immune cells has been shown to be associated with enhanced objective response rates to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. Thus, an improved understanding of how PD-L1 expression is regulated will enable us to better define its role as a predictive marker. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the regulation of PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jicheng Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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108
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Progress in research on paclitaxel and tumor immunotherapy. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2019; 24:40. [PMID: 31223315 PMCID: PMC6567594 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a well-known anticancer agent with a unique mechanism of action. It is considered to be one of the most successful natural anticancer drugs available. This study summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the sources, the anticancer mechanism, and the biosynthetic pathway of paclitaxel. With the advancement of biotechnology, improvements in endophytic fungal strains, and the use of recombination techniques and microbial fermentation engineering, the yield of extracted paclitaxel has increased significantly. Recently, paclitaxel has been found to play a large role in tumor immunity, and it has a great potential for use in many cancer treatments.
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109
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PD-L1 Expression with Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition of Circulating Tumor Cells Is Associated with Poor Survival in Curatively Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060806. [PMID: 31212653 PMCID: PMC6628040 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the FDA-approved definition of a circulating tumor cell (CTC), various CTC phenotypes have been discovered. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells is directly linked to PD-L1 upregulation. The goal of the study was to investigate PD-L1 expression and EMT in CTCs of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and perform an outcome analysis. Prospectively, 7.5 mL peripheral blood was collected from 30 NSCLC patients that underwent surgery and 15 healthy controls. CTCs were enriched by size-based microfilter and immunofluorescence stainings performed (cytokeratin (CK) 8/18/19, EpCAM, CD45, PD-L1, EMT markers vimentin, and N-Cadherin, DAPI). Patient-matched NSCLC tissues were also stained. CTC staining intensity was quantified with a software and correlated with patient-matched NSCLC tissues and survival. PD-L1 and EMT markers were expressed at significantly higher proportions in CTCs than patient-matched NSCLC tissues (p < 0.05); ≥3 PD-L1pos/EMTposCTCs were associated with significantly poorer survival after curative surgery (p < 0.05). No CTCs were detected in 15 healthy controls. This study shows that PD-L1 expression and EMT of CTCs is a negative survival predictor for NSCLC patients. The therapeutic role of the molecular linkage of PD-L1 and EMT will need to be further investigated, as linked pathways could be targeted to improve NSCLC outcome.
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110
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Chen M, Sharma A, Lin Y, Wu Y, He Q, Gu Y, Xu ZP, Monteiro M, Gu W. Insluin and epithelial growth factor (EGF) promote programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1) production and transport in colon cancer stem cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:153. [PMID: 30770752 PMCID: PMC6377751 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an important immune-inhibitory protein expressed on cancer cells to mediate cancer escape through interaction with PD-1 expressed on activated T lymphocytes (T cells). Previously, we reported that colon and breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) expressed much higher levels of PD-L1 than their parental cells, suggesting they will be more resistant to immune attack. Methods We investigated the underlining mechanism of PD-L1 increase in colon CSCs, with a special focus on the effect of insulin and epithelial growth factor (EGF), the two fundamental components to sustain the metabolism and stemness in the culture of CSCs. Results We found that insulin increased the total and surface PD-L1 levels through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as the increase could be inhibited by the dual inhibitor of the pathway, BEZ235. EGF didn’t affect the total PD-L1 levels of CSCs but increased the cell surface protein levels by flow cytometry analysis, indicating EGF promotes the transport of PD-L1 to the cell surface. Blocking cell surface PD-L1 with a specific antibody resulted in a significant reduction of tumour sphere formation but didn’t interfere with the sphere growth, suggesting that cell surface PD-L1 may act as an adhering molecule for CSCs. Conclusions Apart from the essential roles in metabolism and stemness, insulin and EGF involve in up-regulation of PD-L1 expression in colon CSCs, therefore the inhibition of insulin and EGF/EGFR pathways can be considered for cancer immunotherapy or combined with PD-1/PD-L1 antibody-based cancer immunotherapy to eliminate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshui Chen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Building 75), The University of Queensland, Cooper Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital &Institute, Fuzhou, 350014, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Building 75), The University of Queensland, Cooper Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yanling Lin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Building 75), The University of Queensland, Cooper Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yanheng Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Building 75), The University of Queensland, Cooper Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Qi He
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Building 75), The University of Queensland, Cooper Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yushu Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Building 75), The University of Queensland, Cooper Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Building 75), The University of Queensland, Cooper Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Building 75), The University of Queensland, Cooper Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Building 75), The University of Queensland, Cooper Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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111
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Wei F, Zhang T, Deng SC, Wei JC, Yang P, Wang Q, Chen ZP, Li WL, Chen HC, Hu H, Cao J. PD-L1 promotes colorectal cancer stem cell expansion by activating HMGA1-dependent signaling pathways. Cancer Lett 2019; 450:1-13. [PMID: 30776481 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PD-L1 is critical for tumor cell escape from immune surveillance by inhibiting T cell function via the PD-1 receptor. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies might potently enhance antitumor effects in various tumors, but the effect of PD-L1 on colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains unclear. We observed high PD-L1 expression in CD133+CD44+ colorectal CSCs and CSC-enriched tumorspheres. Altering PD-L1 expression promoted colorectal CSC self-renewal by increasing the expression of stemness genes, the CD133+CD44+ cell population sizes and the ability to form tumorspheres. Additionally, PD-L1 expression was markedly increased in chemoresistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, PD-L1 enhanced CRC cell tumorigenicity in nude mice; the inoculation of 1 × 104 cells resulted in high tumor formation efficiency. Mechanistically, PD-L1 directly interacted with HMGA1, and HMGA1 upregulation by PD-L1 activated HMGA1-dependent pathways, including the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways, and promoted CSC expansion. HMGA1 downregulation rescued the PD-L1-induced phenotypes, highlighting the role of HMGA1 in PD-L1-mediated colorectal CSC self-renewal. Moreover, PD-L1 expression was correlated with the expression of CSC markers and HMGA1 in clinical CRC specimens. Thus, PD-L1 could crucially contribute to the maintenance of CSC self-renewal by activating HMGA1-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Shu-Chou Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Jian-Chang Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Zhuan-Peng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Wang-Lin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Hua-Cui Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - He Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China.
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Propofol Reduced Mammosphere Formation of Breast Cancer Stem Cells via PD-L1/Nanog In Vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9078209. [PMID: 30906504 PMCID: PMC6393877 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9078209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Several researches revealed that propofol, a hypnotic intravenous anesthesia agent, could inhibit the cancer cell proliferation and tumor formation, which might affect cancer recurrence or metastasis and impact patients' prognosis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) comprised a tiny fraction of tumor bulk and played a vital role in cancer recurrence and eventual mortality. This study investigates the effect of propofol on breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) in vitro and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Tumor formation of CSCs was measured by mammosphere culture. Cultured BCSCs were exposed to different concentrations and durations of propofol. Cell proliferation and self-renewal capacity were determined by MTT assays. Expressions of PD-L1 and Nanog were measured using western blotting and real-time PCR. We knocked down the PD-L1 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells by lentivirus-mediated RNAi technique, and the mammosphere-forming ability of shControl and shPD-L1 under propofol treatment was examined. Mammosphere culture could enrich BCSCs. Compared with control, cells exposed to propofol for 24 h induced a larger number of mammosphere cells (P = 0.0072). Levels of PD-L1 and Nanog were downregulated by propofol. Compared with shControl stem cells, there was no significant difference in the inhibitory effect of propofol on the mammosphere-forming ability of shPD-L1 stem cells which indicated that the inhibition of propofol could disappear in PD-L1 knockdown breast stem cells. Propofol could reduce the mammosphere-forming ability of BCSCs in vitro. Mechanism experiments indicated that the inhibition of propofol in mammosphere formation of BCSCs might be mediated through PD-L1, which was important to maintain Nanog.
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113
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Lucas ED, Tamburini BAJ. Lymph Node Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Expansion and Contraction and the Programming of the Immune Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:36. [PMID: 30740101 PMCID: PMC6357284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) form the structure of the lymphatic vessels and the sinuses of the lymph nodes, positioning them to be key players in many different aspects of the immune response. Following an inflammatory stimulus, LECs produce chemokines that recruit immune cells to the lymph nodes. The recruitment of immune cells aids in the coordination of both LEC and lymph node expansion and contraction. More recent data has demonstrated that to coordinate LEC division and death, cell surface molecules, such as PD-L1 and interferon receptors, are required. During homeostasis, LECs use PD-L1 to maintain peripheral tolerance by presenting specific peripheral tissue antigens in order to eliminate tissue specific responses. LECs also have the capacity to acquire, present, and exchange foreign antigens following viral infection or immunization. Here we will review how lymph node LECs require immune cells to expand and contract in response to an immune stimulus, the factors involved and how direct LEC-immune cell interactions are important for programming immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Lucas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Beth A J Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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114
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The levels of expression and membrane localization of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune checkpoint type I transmembrane glycoprotein, are related to the clinical response of anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy. Although the biologically relevant localization of PD-L1 is on the plasma membrane of cancer cells, it has also been reported to be in the cytoplasm and sometimes in the nucleus. Furthermore, it has been claimed that chemotherapeutics can modify PD-L1 expression and/or its nuclear localization. RESULTS Data from our group suggest that the nuclear localization of PD-L1, and other plasma membrane proteins as well, could be an artifact resulting from inadequate experimental conditions during immunocytochemical studies. Mild detergent and rigorous fixation conditions should be used in order to preserve the membrane localization and to prevent an erroneous translocation of PD-L1 and other non-interconnected membrane proteins, such as CD24, into other cellular compartments including the nucleus, of untreated and chemotherapeutically treated breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION We propose that well-specified and rigorously followed protocols should be applied to immunocytochemical diagnostic techniques, especially to those related to individualized diagnosis and treatment.
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115
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Gallo M, Guarnotta V, De Cicco F, Rubino M, Faggiano A, Colao A. Immune checkpoint blockade for Merkel cell carcinoma: actual findings and unanswered questions. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:429-443. [PMID: 30617553 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the skin. We aimed to review and deal with some of the most relevant controversial topics on the correct use of immunotherapy for the treatment of MCC. METHODS The primary search was carried out via PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (until 31st May, 2018), while other articles and guidelines were retrieved from related papers or those referenced in these papers. Additionally, we performed an extensive search on ClinicalTrials.gov to gather information on the ongoing clinical trials related to this specific topic. RESULTS We performed an up-to-date critical review taking into account the results of both retrospective and prospective published studies evaluating these issues: Are there any predictive criteria of response to immunotherapy? What is the correct place of immunotherapy in the treatment algorithm of MCC? What is the best choice after immunotherapy failure? What to do with patients for whom immunotherapy is not been feasible or contraindicated? How long should immunotherapy be prolonged, and what follow-up should be offered after complete response? CONCLUSION The therapeutic landscape of MCC is rapidly evolving: many open issues will probably be resolved, and many other questions are likely to arise in the next few years. The results of ongoing prospective clinical trials and of several other studies on these issues are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gallo
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Valentina Guarnotta
- Section of Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica De Cicco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Manila Rubino
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumours, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, Milan, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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116
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Discordancy and changes in the pattern of programmed death ligand 1 expression before and after platinum-based chemotherapy in metastatic gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:147-154. [PMID: 29860599 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-0842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our goal was to evaluate changes in PD-L1 expression in primary tumours of metastatic gastric cancer before and after chemotherapy. METHODS We evaluated the PD-L1 expression of 72 patients with primary gastric cancer, before and after palliative first-line platinum-based chemotherapy, between January 2015 and March 2017. The PD-L1 ratio was defined as pre-chemotherapy PD-L1 expression divided by the post-chemotherapy PD-L1 expression. RESULTS In 30 patients with PD-L1 negative pre-chemotherapy, 12 (40%) were positive post-chemotherapy; among the 42 patients with PD-L1 positive pre-chemotherapy, 24 (57.1%) were negative post-chemotherapy. The degree of PD-L1 expression decreased from 58.3% before chemotherapy to 41.7% after chemotherapy (P = 0.046). Among patients with complete response/partial response (CR/PR), the degree of PD-L1 expression decreased (P = 0.002), as well as PD-L1 positivity with statistical significance (P = 0.013) after chemotherapy, but not among patients with stable disease/progressive disease (SD/PD). Higher disease control rates (CR/PR/SD) were observed in patients with an elevated PD-L1 ratio (P = 0.043). Patients with a high PD-L1 ratio (> 1) were found to be associated with a better progression-free survival (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.17-0.67, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 expression can change during chemotherapy. Moreover, changes in patterns of PD-L1 expression might be associated with patient prognosis and response to chemotherapy.
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117
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Fonctions de CD28, CTLA-4 et PD-1. Bull Cancer 2019; 105 Suppl 1:S3-S15. [PMID: 30595196 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-4551(18)30385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
FUNCTIONS OF CD28, CTLA-4 AND PD-1: 2018 is time in between since immunotherapies are recognized as treatments in cancer even in patients where they were supposed to be not or poorly active. We will focus on a review on facts meaning data reproduced during the last thirty-five years and what they have provided. We will focus on these data and question them regarding the novel and unexpected clinical that were not anticipated by the preclinical data. Consequently we will mainly present data regarding CD28, CTLA-4PD-1 and their ligands. We will not address the complex network of proteins involved in cosignalling in tissues.
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118
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From Tumor Immunology to Immunotherapy in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010013. [PMID: 30577521 PMCID: PMC6337592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal and gastric cancers represent tumors with poor prognosis. Unfortunately, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy have made only limited progress in recent years in improving the generally disappointing outcome. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is a novel treatment approach that quickly entered clinical practice in malignant melanoma and renal cell cancer, but the role in esophageal and gastric cancer is still poorly defined. The principal prognostic/predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy efficacy currently considered are PD-L1 expression along with defects in mismatch repair genes resulting in microsatellite instability (MSI-H) phenotype. The new molecular classification of gastric cancer also takes these factors into consideration. Available reports regarding PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 expression and MSI status in gastric and esophageal cancer are reviewed to summarize the clinical prognostic and predictive role together with potential clinical implications. The most important recently published clinical trials evaluating checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in these tumors are also summarized.
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119
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Wu X, Li Y, Liu X, Chen C, Harrington SM, Cao S, Xie T, Pham T, Mansfield AS, Yan Y, Kwon ED, Wang L, Ling K, Dong H. Targeting B7-H1 (PD-L1) sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapy. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01039. [PMID: 30603685 PMCID: PMC6300616 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in extending the survival of patients with cancer. Although originally defined as an immune checkpoint molecule, B7-H1 (also named as PD-L1 or CD274) was found to play a role in cancer chemoresistance; however, the underlying mechanism of action of B7-H1 in regulation of chemotherapy sensitivity remains unclear in cancer cells. Here we show that development of chemoresistance depends on an increased activation of ERK in cancer cells overexpressing B7-H1. Conversely, B7-H1 knockout (KO) by CRISPR/Cas9 renders human cancer cells susceptible to chemotherapy in a cell-context dependent manner through a reduced activation of p38 MAPK. B7-H1 was found to associate with the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) and this association promoted or maintained the activation of ERK or p38 MAPK in cancer cells. Importantly, we found that targeting B7-H1 by anti-B7-H1 monoclonal antibody (H1A) increased the sensitivity of human triple negative breast cancer cells to cisplatin therapy in vivo. Our results suggest that targeting B7-H1 by an antibody capable of disrupting B7-H1 signals may be a new approach to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Wu
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chunhua Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susan M Harrington
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Siyu Cao
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tiancheng Xie
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tu Pham
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aaron S Mansfield
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yiyi Yan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eugene D Kwon
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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120
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Beggs R, Yang ES. Targeting DNA repair in precision medicine. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 115:135-155. [PMID: 30798930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine is an emerging treatment paradigm that aims to find the right therapy at the right time based on an individual's unique genetic background, environment, and lifestyle. One area of precision medicine that has had success is targeting DNA repair in cancer. DNA is exposed to constant stress and there are repair mechanisms in place to maintain genetic integrity. These repair mechanisms can be targeted as a treatment strategy. In this chapter, we will focus on current efforts to target DNA repair pathways as part of precision oncology-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Beggs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States; Hugh Kaul Precision Medicine Institute, University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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121
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Heskamp S, Wierstra PJ, Molkenboer-Kuenen JDM, Sandker GW, Thordardottir S, Cany J, Olive D, Bussink J, Boerman OC, Dolstra H, Aarntzen EHJG, Hobo WA. PD-L1 microSPECT/CT Imaging for Longitudinal Monitoring of PD-L1 Expression in Syngeneic and Humanized Mouse Models for Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 7:150-161. [PMID: 30459153 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies that block the interaction between programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-1 have shown impressive responses in subgroups of patients with cancer. PD-L1 expression in tumors seems to be a prerequisite for treatment response. However, PD-L1 is heterogeneously expressed within tumor lesions and may change upon disease progression and treatment. Imaging of PD-L1 could aid in patient selection. Previously, we showed the feasibility to image PD-L1+ tumors in immunodeficient mice. However, PD-L1 is also expressed on immune cell subsets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the potential of PD-L1 micro single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography (microSPECT/CT) using radiolabeled PD-L1 antibodies to (i) measure PD-L1 expression in two immunocompetent tumor models (syngeneic mice and humanized mice harboring PD-L1 expressing immune cells) and (ii) monitor therapy-induced changes in tumor PD-L1 expression. We showed that radiolabeled PD-L1 antibodies accumulated preferentially in PD-L1+ tumors, despite considerable uptake in certain normal lymphoid tissues (spleen and lymph nodes) and nonlymphoid tissues (duodenum and brown fat). PD-L1 microSPECT/CT imaging could also distinguish between high and low PD-L1-expressing tumors. The presence of PD-L1+ immune cells did not compromise tumor uptake of the human PD-L1 antibodies in humanized mice, and we demonstrated that radiotherapy-induced upregulation of PD-L1 expression in murine tumors could be monitored with microSPECT/CT imaging. Together, these data demonstrate that PD-L1 microSPECT/CT is a sensitive technique to detect variations in tumor PD-L1 expression, and in the future, this technique may enable patient selection for PD-1/PD-L1-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Wierstra
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke D M Molkenboer-Kuenen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerwin W Sandker
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Soley Thordardottir
- Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Cany
- Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Olive
- CRCM, Immunity and Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry Dolstra
- Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik H J G Aarntzen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Willemijn A Hobo
- Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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122
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Wei R, Guo L, Wang Q, Miao J, Kwok HF, Lin Y. Targeting PD-L1 Protein: Translation, Modification and Transport. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2018; 20:82-91. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180928105632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a cell membrane protein that binds to programmed
cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on the effector T cells and transduces immunosuppressive signals. It is now
clear that the expression of the PD-L1 protein on the tumor cell surface is critical for tumor cells to escape
immunosuppression. At present, more attention is focused on the transcriptional regulation of PDL1
mRNA. However, PD-L1 protein is the functional unit involved in immunotherapy response. It is
essential to deeply understand how this membrane protein is regulated post-transcriptionally in tumors
and immune cells. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the translation, modification and
transport of PD-L1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Libin Guo
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Qingshui Wang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jin Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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Zerdes I, Matikas A, Bergh J, Rassidakis GZ, Foukakis T. Genetic, transcriptional and post-translational regulation of the programmed death protein ligand 1 in cancer: biology and clinical correlations. Oncogene 2018; 37:4639-4661. [PMID: 29765155 PMCID: PMC6107481 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) represent a well-characterized immune checkpoint in cancer, effectively targeted by monoclonal antibodies that are approved for routine clinical use. The regulation of PD-L1 expression is complex, varies between different tumor types and occurs at the genetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Copy number alterations of PD-L1 locus have been reported with varying frequency in several tumor types. At the transcriptional level, a number of transcriptional factors seem to regulate PD-L1 expression including HIF-1, STAT3, NF-κΒ, and AP-1. Activation of common oncogenic pathways such as JAK/STAT, RAS/ERK, or PI3K/AKT/MTOR, as well as treatment with cytotoxic agents have also been shown to affect tumoral PD-L1 expression. Correlative studies of clinical trials with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have so far shown markedly discordant results regarding the value of PD-L1 expression as a marker of response to treatment. As the indications for immune checkpoint inhibition broaden, understanding the regulation of PD-L1 in cancer will be of utmost importance for defining its role as predictive marker but also for optimizing strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the current knowledge of PD-L1 regulation, and its use as biomarker and as therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zerdes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexios Matikas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Z Rassidakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theodoros Foukakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lucas ED, Finlon JM, Burchill MA, McCarthy MK, Morrison TE, Colpitts TM, Tamburini BAJ. Type 1 IFN and PD-L1 Coordinate Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Expansion and Contraction during an Inflammatory Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1735-1747. [PMID: 30045970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) expansion during an immune response is a complex process that involves the relaxation of the fibroblastic network, germinal center formation, and lymphatic vessel growth. These processes require the stromal cell network of the LN to act deliberately to accommodate the influx of immune cells to the LN. The molecular drivers of these processes are not well understood. Therefore, we asked whether the immediate cytokines type 1 IFN produced during viral infection influence the lymphatic network of the LN in mice. We found that following an IFN-inducing stimulus such as viral infection or polyI:C, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is dynamically upregulated on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). We found that reception of type 1 IFN by LECs is important for the upregulation of PD-L1 of mouse and human LECs and the inhibition of LEC expansion in the LN. Expression of PD-L1 by LECs is also important for the regulation of LN expansion and contraction after an IFN-inducing stimulus. We demonstrate a direct role for both type 1 IFN and PD-L1 in inhibiting LEC division and in promoting LEC survival. Together, these data reveal a novel mechanism for the coordination of type 1 IFN and PD-L1 in manipulating LEC expansion and survival during an inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Lucas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jeffrey M Finlon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tonya M Colpitts
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118; and.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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125
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Ryu R, Ward KE. Atezolizumab for the First-Line Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Current Status and Future Prospects. Front Oncol 2018; 8:277. [PMID: 30087855 PMCID: PMC6066722 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Atezolizumab is a programmed death ligand 1 (PDL-1) blocking antibody that was approved for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with disease progression. Various studies have been initiated to explore the effectiveness of atezolizumab among different patient cohorts and disease statuses, including as first-line therapy. The purpose of this paper is to identify and summarize the trials that use atezolizumab as a first-line agent in chemotherapy-naïve patients with NSCLC. Methods: A database search was performed on Pubmed, Embase, and Wiley Cochrane Library-Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify clinical trials using atezolizumab as first-line therapy in NSCLC. Additionally, ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) were searched to identify relevant clinical trials. Conference abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the European Society for Medical Oncology, and the American Association for Cancer Research were hand-searched. Any trial in which atezolizumab was used as first-line therapy in chemotherapy-naive patients with NSCLC was included. Results: Fifteen studies were ultimately included, all of which are current and ongoing. Of the 15 studies, 5 have reported results. When given in the first-line setting, atezolizumab had higher rates of objective response, progression-free survival, and overall survival, compared to the second and third-line settings. Among the 15 studies, atezolizumab is used as monotherapy (n = 5), in combination with chemotherapy (n = 6), in combination with targeted therapy such as bevacizumab (n = 1), as neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy (n = 3), in combination with stereotactic body radiation therapy (n = 1), and in combination with or following chemoradiation (n = 1). Conclusion: Available evidence shows promising safety and efficacy with the use of atezolizumab as first-line therapy in NSCLC. Atezolizumab is currently being studied in a variety of treatment settings. If clinical benefits are shown, atezolizumab may deem to be a useful first-line agent in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
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126
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Ou YC, Webb JA, O'Brien CM, Pence IJ, Lin EC, Paul EP, Cole D, Ou SH, Lapierre-Landry M, DeLapp RC, Lippmann ES, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Bardhan R. Diagnosis of immunomarkers in vivo via multiplexed surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy with gold nanostars. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13092-13105. [PMID: 29961778 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01478g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the targeted diagnosis of immunomarker programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and simultaneous detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in breast cancer tumors in vivo using gold nanostars (AuNS) with multiplexed surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Real-time longitudinal tracking with SERS demonstrated maximum accumulation of AuNS occurred 6 h post intravenous (IV) delivery, enabling detection of both biomarkers simultaneously. Raman signal correlating to both PD-L1 and EGFR decreased by ∼30% in control tumors where receptors were pre-blocked prior to AuNS delivery, indicating both the sensitivity and specificity of SERS in distinguishing tumors with different levels of PD-L1 and EGFR expression. Our in vivo study was combined with the first demonstration of ex vivo SERS spatial maps of whole tumor lesions that provided both a qualitative and quantitative assessment of biomarker status with near cellular-level resolution. High resolution SERS maps also provided an overview of AuNS distribution in tumors which correlated well with the vascular density. Mass spectrometry showed AuNS accumulation in tumor and liver, and clearance via spleen, and electron microscopy revealed AuNS were endocytosed in tumors, Kupffer cells in the liver, and macrophages in the spleen. This study demonstrates that SERS-based diagnosis mediated by AuNS provides an accurate measure of multiple biomarkers both in vivo and ex vivo, which will ultimately enable a clinically-translatable platform for patient-tailored immunotherapies and combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Ou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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127
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El-Ghammaz AMS, Gadallah HA, Kamal G, Maher MM, Mohamad MA. Impact of serum soluble programed death ligand 1 on end of treatment metabolic response of diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients. Clin Exp Med 2018; 18:505-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-018-0506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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128
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Dai B, Qi N, Li J, Zhang G. Temozolomide combined with PD-1 Antibody therapy for mouse orthotopic glioma model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:871-876. [PMID: 29758196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Temozolomide (TMZ) is the most frequent adjuvant chemotherapy drug in gliomas. PDL1 expresses on various tumors, including gliomas, and anti-PD-1 antibodies have been approved for treating some tumors by FDA. This study was to evaluate the therapeutical potential of combined TMZ with anti-PD-1 antibody therapy for mouse orthotopic glioma model. METHODS We performed C57BL/6 mouse orthotopic glioma model by stereotactic intracranial implantation of glioma cell line GL261, mice were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control group; (2) TMZ group; (3) anti-PD-1 antibody group; (4) TMZ combined with anti-PD-1 antibody group. Then the volume or size of tumor was assessed by 7.0 T MRI and immunohistochemistry, and the number of CD4 and CD8 infiltrating cells in brain tumor and spleen was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of PDL1. Furthermore, Overall survival of each group mice was also evaluated. RESULTS Overall survival was significantly improved in combined group compared to other groups (χ2 = 32.043, p < 0.01). The volume or size of tumor was significantly decreased in combined group compared with other groups (F = 42.771, P < 0.01). And the number of CD4 and CD8 infiltrating cells in brain tumor was also obviously increased in combined group (CD4 F = 45.67, P < 0.01; CD8 F = 53.75, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Anti-PD1 antibody combined with TMZ therapy for orthotopic mouse glioma model could significantly improve the survival time of tumor-bear mice. Thus, this study provides the effective preclinical evidence for support clinical chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Dai
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Na Qi
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Junchao Li
- Department of Radiology, Laizhou City People's Hospital, Yantai, 261400, China
| | - Guilong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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129
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Rojkó L, Reiniger L, Téglási V, Fábián K, Pipek O, Vágvölgyi A, Agócs L, Fillinger J, Kajdácsi Z, Tímár J, Döme B, Szállási Z, Moldvay J. Chemotherapy treatment is associated with altered PD-L1 expression in lung cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1219-1226. [PMID: 29675791 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While the predictive value of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein expression for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy of lung cancer has been extensively studied, the impact of standard platinum-based chemotherapy on PD-L1 or programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in PD-L1 expression of tumor cells (TC) and immune cells (IC), in PD-1 expression of IC, and in the amount of stromal mononuclear cell infiltration after platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the amount of stromal mononuclear cells and PD-L1/PD-1 expressions by immunohistochemistry in bronchoscopic biopsy samples including 20 adenocarcinomas (ADC), 15 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 2 other types of non-small cell lung cancer, and 4 small cell lung cancers together with their corresponding surgical resection tissues after platinum-based chemotherapy. RESULTS PD-L1 expression of TC decreased in ten patients (24.4%) and increased in three patients (7.32%) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.051). The decrease in PD-L1 expression, however, was significant only in patients who received cisplatin-gemcitabine combination (p = 0.020), while in the carboplatin-paclitaxel group, no similar tendency could be observed (p = 0.432). There was no difference between ADC and SCC groups. Neither PD-1 expression nor the amount of stromal IC infiltration showed significant changes after chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study, in which both PD-L1 and PD-1 expression were analyzed together with the amount of stromal IC infiltration in different histological subtypes of lung cancer before and after platinum-based chemotherapy. Our results confirm that chemotherapy decreases PD-L1 expression of TC in a subset of patients, therefore, rebiopsy and re-evaluation of PD-L1 expression may be necessary for the indication of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Rojkó
- VI. Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Pihenő u. 1, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Lilla Reiniger
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.,MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, 2nd Department of Pathology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - Vanda Téglási
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Katalin Fábián
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Diósárok u. 1/C, Budapest, 1125, Hungary.,Department of Pathology, Szent Imre Teaching Hospital, Tétényi út 12-16, Budapest, 1115, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Pipek
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Vágvölgyi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Pihenő u. 1, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - László Agócs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Ráth György u. 7-9, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - János Fillinger
- Department of Pathology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Pihenő u. 1, Budapest, 1121, Hungary.,Department of Pathology, National Institute of Oncology, Ráth György u. 7-9, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Zita Kajdácsi
- Department of Pathology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Pihenő u. 1, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - József Tímár
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - Balázs Döme
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Pihenő u. 1, Budapest, 1121, Hungary.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoltán Szállási
- MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, 2nd Department of Pathology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary.,Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, A-111, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1 Bygning 101A, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Judit Moldvay
- VI. Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Pihenő u. 1, Budapest, 1121, Hungary. .,MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, 2nd Department of Pathology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary.
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130
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Said SS, Barut GT, Mansur N, Korkmaz A, Sayi-Yazgan A. Bacterially activated B-cells drive T cell differentiation towards Tr1 through PD-1/PD-L1 expression. Mol Immunol 2018; 96:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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131
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Regulation of Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro and in Immunodeficient and Humanized Tumor Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020563. [PMID: 29438316 PMCID: PMC5855785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is an efficient strategy of tumor cells to escape immunological eradiation. However, only little is known about the factors that affect the cellular expression levels. Here we assessed the PD-L1 expression on different breast cancer cell lines under standard in vitro culture conditions and as a function of Epirubicin or Paclitaxel treatment. Moreover, we evaluated the expression in immunodeficient tumor mice as well as in humanized tumor mice (i.e., in the presence of a human immune system). We found highest PD-L1 levels in JIMT-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Epirubicin treatment caused a decrease and Paclitaxel treatment an increased PD-L1 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, we identified nuclear PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. All in vivo transplanted breast cancer cell lines downregulated PD-L1 expression compared to their in vitro counterpart. Neither the gene copy number nor the presence of human immune system in humanized tumor mice had an effect on the PD-L1 content. We demonstrate that the degree of PD-L1 expression amongst breast cancer cell lines varies considerably. In addition, cytotoxic treatments and other extrinsic parameters differentially affect the expression. Hence, further investigations including in vivo evaluations are necessary to understand PD-L1 regulation for advanced breast cancer stratification.
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132
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Brown JS, Sundar R, Lopez J. Combining DNA damaging therapeutics with immunotherapy: more haste, less speed. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:312-324. [PMID: 29123260 PMCID: PMC5808021 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that chemotherapy can be used in combination with immunotherapy may seem somewhat counterproductive, as it can theoretically eliminate the immune cells needed for antitumour immunity. However, much preclinical work has now demonstrated that in addition to direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells, a proportion of DNA damaging agents may actually promote immunogenic cell death, alter the inflammatory milieu of the tumour microenvironment and/or stimulate neoantigen production, thereby activating an antitumour immune response. Some notable combinations have now moved forward into the clinic, showing promise in phase I-III trials, whereas others have proven toxic, and challenging to deliver. In this review, we discuss the emerging data of how DNA damaging agents can enhance the immunogenic properties of malignant cells, focussing especially on immunogenic cell death, and the expansion of neoantigen repertoires. We discuss how best to strategically combine DNA damaging therapeutics with immunotherapy, and the challenges of successfully delivering these combination regimens to patients. With an overwhelming number of chemotherapy/immunotherapy combination trials in process, clear hypothesis-driven trials are needed to refine the choice of combinations, and determine the timing and sequencing of agents in order to stimulate antitumour immunological memory and improve maintained durable response rates, with minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Brown
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Raghav Sundar
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Juanita Lopez
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
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133
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Luo M, Fu L. The effect of chemotherapy on programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand axis: some chemotherapeutical drugs may finally work through immune response. Oncotarget 2018; 7:29794-803. [PMID: 26919108 PMCID: PMC5045434 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most tumors are immunogenic which would trigger some immune response. Chemotherapy also has immune potentiating mechanisms of action. But it is unknown whether the immune response is associated with the efficacy of chemotherapy and the development of chemoresistance. Recently, there is a growing interest in immunotherapy, among which the co-inhibitory molecules, programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) leads to immune evasion. Since some reports showed that conventional chemotherapeutics can induce the expression of PD-L1, we try to summarize the effect of chemotherapy on PD-1/PD-L1 axis and some potential molecules relevant to PD-1/PD-L1 in chemoresistance in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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134
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Truillet C, Oh HLJ, Yeo SP, Lee CY, Huynh LT, Wei J, Parker MFL, Blakely C, Sevillano N, Wang YH, Shen YS, Olivas V, Jami KM, Moroz A, Jego B, Jaumain E, Fong L, Craik CS, Chang AJ, Bivona TG, Wang CI, Evans MJ. Imaging PD-L1 Expression with ImmunoPET. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:96-103. [PMID: 29125731 PMCID: PMC5773933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
High sensitivity
imaging tools could provide a more holistic view
of target antigen expression to improve the identification of patients
who might benefit from cancer immunotherapy. We developed for immunoPET
a novel recombinant human IgG1 (termed C4) that potently binds an
extracellular epitope on human and mouse PD-L1 and radiolabeled the
antibody with zirconium-89. Small animal PET/CT studies showed that 89Zr-C4 detected antigen levels on a patient derived xenograft
(PDX) established from a non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient
before an 8-month response to anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 therapy. Importantly,
the concentration of antigen is beneath the detection limit of previously
developed anti-PD-L1 radiotracers, including radiolabeled atezolizumab.
We also show that 89Zr-C4 can specifically detect antigen
in human NSCLC and prostate cancer models endogenously expressing
a broad range of PD-L1. 89Zr-C4 detects mouse PD-L1 expression
changes in immunocompetent mice, suggesting that endogenous PD-1/2
will not confound human imaging. Lastly, we found that 89Zr-C4 could detect acute changes in tumor expression of PD-L1 due
to standard of care chemotherapies. In summary, we present evidence
that low levels of PD-L1 in clinically relevant cancer models can
be imaged with immunoPET using a novel recombinant human antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Truillet
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, ‡Department of Medicine, §Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco , 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States.,Imagerie Moleculaire in Vivo, INSERM, CEA, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Universite Paris Saclay, CEA-Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot , Orsay 94100, France
| | - Hsueh Ling J Oh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 8A Biomedical Grove Immunos No. 03-06, Biopolis 138648, Singapore
| | - Siok Ping Yeo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 8A Biomedical Grove Immunos No. 03-06, Biopolis 138648, Singapore
| | - Chia-Yin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 8A Biomedical Grove Immunos No. 03-06, Biopolis 138648, Singapore
| | - Loc T Huynh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, ‡Department of Medicine, §Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco , 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Junnian Wei
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, ‡Department of Medicine, §Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco , 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew F L Parker
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, ‡Department of Medicine, §Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco , 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | | | | | - Yung-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, ‡Department of Medicine, §Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco , 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yuqin S Shen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, ‡Department of Medicine, §Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco , 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | | | - Khaled M Jami
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, ‡Department of Medicine, §Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco , 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Anna Moroz
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center , 3 Nobel Street, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Benoit Jego
- Imagerie Moleculaire in Vivo, INSERM, CEA, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Universite Paris Saclay, CEA-Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot , Orsay 94100, France
| | - Emilie Jaumain
- Imagerie Moleculaire in Vivo, INSERM, CEA, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Universite Paris Saclay, CEA-Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot , Orsay 94100, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Cheng-I Wang
- Imagerie Moleculaire in Vivo, INSERM, CEA, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Universite Paris Saclay, CEA-Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot , Orsay 94100, France
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, ‡Department of Medicine, §Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco , 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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Liu S, Chen S, Yuan W, Wang H, Chen K, Li D, Li D. PD-1/PD-L1 interaction up-regulates MDR1/P-gp expression in breast cancer cells via PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99901-99912. [PMID: 29245948 PMCID: PMC5725139 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immunosuppressive molecule expressed on tumor cells. By interacting with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) on T cells, it inhibits immune responses. Because PD-L1 expression on cancer cells increases their chemoresistance, we investigated the correlation between PD-L1 and multidrug resistance 1/ P-glycoprotein (MDR1/P-gp) expression in breast cancer cells. Analysis of breast cancer tissues using tissue microarrays revealed a significant correlation between PD-L1 and MDR1/P-gp protein levels. Increased expression of PD-L1 was associated with lymph node metastasis and histological tumor grade. In addition, interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 induced phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, resulting in the activation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways and increased MDR1/P-gp expression in breast cancer cells. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction also increased survival of breast cancer cells incubated with doxorubicin. These findings suggest that the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition may increase chemotherapy efficacy by inhibiting the MDR1/P-gp expression in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Weiguang Yuan
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Cancer Institute of Harbin Medical University, Department of Cancer Immunology, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Institute of Harbin Hematology and Oncology, Harbin First Hospital, 150010, Harbin, China
| | - Kewang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Dianjun Li
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, 150081, Harbin, China
| | - Dalin Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150081, Harbin, China
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136
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Lou J, Zhou Y, Huang J, Qian X. Relationship Between PD-L1 Expression and Clinical Characteristics in Patients with Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12:288-292. [PMID: 28894845 PMCID: PMC5588755 DOI: 10.1515/med-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of PD-L1 (programmed death 1 ligand 1, PD-L1) and its clinical significance in breast invasive ductal carcinoma. METHODS Tumor samples were collected from 64 cases of breast invasive ductal carcinoma patients, and tumor adjacent normal breast tissue were obtained as normal control. The expression of PD-L1 were examined by immunohistochemical staining and real time PCR assay, its correlations with patients' clinical pathological characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS PD-L1 was found to be over-expressed in 24 of 64 (37.5%) breast invasive ductal carcinoma samples, while in 1 of 22 (4.5%) tumor adjacent normal breast tissue which indicated PD-L1 was higher expressed in breast invasive ductal carcinoma samples than the tumor adjacent normal breast tissue (P < 0.05). PD-L1 positive expression was associated with clinical pathological characteristics of TNM stage and pathology grading (P < 0.05). However, PD-L1 positive expression was not correlated with age (P > 0.05), menstruation status (P >0.05), family history of breast cancer (P > 0.05), tumor diameter (P > 0.05), lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05) and tumor location (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION PD-L1 may play an important role in invasive ductal carcinoma, which could be a potential indicator for advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui323000PR China
| | - Yuefen Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui323000PR China
| | - Jianhui Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui323000PR China
| | - Xiaojun Qian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Shaoxing312000, China
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Téglási V, Reiniger L, Fábián K, Pipek O, Csala I, Bagó AG, Várallyai P, Vízkeleti L, Rojkó L, Tímár J, Döme B, Szállási Z, Swanton C, Moldvay J. Evaluating the significance of density, localization, and PD-1/PD-L1 immunopositivity of mononuclear cells in the clinical course of lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastasis. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:1058-1067. [PMID: 28201746 PMCID: PMC5570158 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of lung cancer patients who suffer from brain metastases represents a major challenge. Considering the promising results with immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, evaluating the status of immune cell (IC) infiltrates in the prognosis of brain metastasis may lead to better therapeutic strategies with these agents. The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution of ICs and determine the expression of the checkpoint molecules programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, in brain metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients and to analyze their clinicopathological correlations. METHODS We determined the presence of peritumoral mononuclear cells (mononuclear ring) and the density of intratumoral stromal mononuclear cells on brain metastasis tissue sections of 208 LUAD patients. PD-L1/PD-1 expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Mononuclear rings were significantly associated with better survival after brain metastasis surgery. Cases with massive stromal IC infiltration also showed a tendency for better overall survival. Lower expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was associated with better survival in patients who underwent surgery for the primary tumor and had multiple brain metastases. Steroid administration and chemotherapy appear not to influence the density of IC in brain metastasis. CONCLUSION This is the first study demonstrating the independent prognostic value of mononuclear rings in LUAD cases with brain metastasis. Our results also suggest that the density of tumor-associated ICs in addition to PD-L1 expression of tumor cells and ICs as well as PD-1 expression of ICs may hold relevant information for the appropriate selection of patients who might benefit from anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Téglási
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lilla Reiniger
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Katalin Fábián
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Orsolya Pipek
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Irén Csala
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Attila G Bagó
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Péter Várallyai
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Laura Vízkeleti
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lívia Rojkó
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - József Tímár
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Balázs Döme
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Zoltán Szállási
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Judit Moldvay
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Radiology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Sixth Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Molecular Oncology Research Unit, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Mouw KW, Goldberg MS, Konstantinopoulos PA, D'Andrea AD. DNA Damage and Repair Biomarkers of Immunotherapy Response. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:675-693. [PMID: 28630051 PMCID: PMC5659200 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA-damaging agents are widely used in clinical oncology and exploit deficiencies in tumor DNA repair. Given the expanding role of immune checkpoint blockade as a therapeutic strategy, the interaction of tumor DNA damage with the immune system has recently come into focus, and it is now clear that the tumor DNA repair landscape has an important role in driving response to immune checkpoint blockade. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which DNA damage and genomic instability have been found to shape the antitumor immune response and describe clinical efforts to use DNA repair biomarkers to guide use of immune-directed therapies.Significance: Only a subset of patients respond to immune checkpoint blockade, and reliable predictive biomarkers of response are needed to guide therapy decisions. DNA repair deficiency is common among tumors, and emerging experimental and clinical evidence suggests that features of genomic instability are associated with response to immune-directed therapies. Cancer Discov; 7(7); 675-93. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Mouw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham & Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S Goldberg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Panagiotis A Konstantinopoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Gynecology Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham & Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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139
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Almozyan S, Colak D, Mansour F, Alaiya A, Al-Harazi O, Qattan A, Al-Mohanna F, Al-Alwan M, Ghebeh H. PD-L1 promotes OCT4 and Nanog expression in breast cancer stem cells by sustaining PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1402-1412. [PMID: 28614911 PMCID: PMC5575465 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of PD‐L1 in breast cancer is associated with estrogen receptor negativity, chemoresistance and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), all of which are common features of a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of cancer cells termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). Hitherto, the expression and intrinsic role of PD‐L1 in the dynamics of breast CSCs has not been investigated. To address this issue, we used transcriptomic datasets, proteomics and several in vitro and in vivo assays. Expression profiling of a large breast cancer dataset (530 patients) showed statistically significant correlation (p < 0.0001, r = 0.36) between PD‐L1 expression and stemness score of breast cancer. Specific knockdown of PD‐L1 using ShRNA revealed its critical role in the expression of the embryonic stem cell transcriptional factors: OCT‐4A, Nanog and the stemness factor, BMI1. Conversely, these factors could be induced upon PD‐L1 ectopic expression in cells that are normally PD‐L1 negative. Global proteomic analysis hinted for the central role of AKT in the biology of PD‐L1 expressing cells. Indeed, PD‐L1 positive effect on OCT‐4A and Nanog was dependent on AKT activation. Most importantly, downregulation of PD‐L1 compromised the self‐renewal capability of breast CSCs in vitro and in vivo as shown by tumorsphere formation assay and extreme limiting dilution assay, respectively. This study demonstrates a novel role for PD‐L1 in sustaining stemness of breast cancer cells and identifies the subpopulation and its associated molecular pathways that would be targeted upon anti‐PD‐L1 therapy. What's new? Cancer cells that express the T‐cell inhibitory molecule programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) readily escape immune attack. In addition, PD‐L1 expression contributes to chemoresistance and is associated with epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, a process that generates cancer stem cells (CSCs). This study shows that in breast cancer, PD‐L1 expression further plays a direct part in maintaining CSC stemness. In breast cancer cells, PD‐L1 expression sustained stemness factors OCT‐4A and Nanog, via a PI3K/AKT‐dependent pathway, and promoted expression of the stemness controlling factor BMI1, independent of PI3K/AKT. Targeting PD‐L1 could help advance breast cancer therapy, owing to impacts on the pool of breast CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheema Almozyan
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah Mansour
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayodele Alaiya
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfat Al-Harazi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Qattan
- Breast Cancer Unit, Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Falah Al-Mohanna
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monther Al-Alwan
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem Ghebeh
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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140
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Myers CJ, Lu B. Decreased Survival After Combining Thoracic Irradiation and an Anti-PD-1 Antibody Correlated With Increased T-cell Infiltration Into Cardiac and Lung Tissues. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 99:1129-1136. [PMID: 29165283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carey J Myers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bodine Center for Cancer Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bodine Center for Cancer Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Dhupar R, Van Der Kraak L, Pennathur A, Schuchert MJ, Nason KS, Luketich JD, Lotze MT. Targeting Immune Checkpoints in Esophageal Cancer: A High Mutational Load Tumor. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 103:1340-1349. [PMID: 28359471 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors (eg, programmed cell death protein 1 [PD-1], programmed cell death ligand 1 [PD-L1], cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 [CTLA-4] antibodies) are changing how we understand cancer and provide a means to develop modern immunotherapies. An emergent notion relates success with checkpoint inhibitors with high mutational load tumors. There are few studies that examine checkpoint protein expression and relate these to clinical outcomes after the conventional treatment of patients with esophageal cancer, which has a high mutational load. The objective of this review is to summarize the literature that examines checkpoint expression and clinical outcomes, as well as propose an accelerated approach to introducing these therapies into the clinic to treat patients with esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Dhupar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Lauren Van Der Kraak
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Arjun Pennathur
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J Schuchert
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katie S Nason
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James D Luketich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, and Departments of Immunology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Lion Biotechnologies, Tampa, Florida
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Raimondi C, Carpino G, Nicolazzo C, Gradilone A, Gianni W, Gelibter A, Gaudio E, Cortesi E, Gazzaniga P. PD-L1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in circulating tumor cells from non-small cell lung cancer patients: A molecular shield to evade immune system ?. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1315488. [PMID: 29209560 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1315488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway has emerged as a critical inhibitory pathway regulating T-cell response in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and the development of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has changed the landscape of NSCLC therapy. Nevertheless, the high degree of non-responders demonstrates that we are still far from completely understanding the events underlying tumor immune resistance. Although the expression of PD-L1 in tumor tissue has been correlated with clinical response to anti PD-1 inhibitors, the ability of this marker to discriminate the subgroup of patients who derive benefit from immunotherapy is suboptimal. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as an accessible source of tumor for biologic characterization that can be serially obtained with minimally invasive procedure, hold significant promise to facilitate treatment-specific biomarkers discovery. We recently demonstrated that the presence of PD-L1 on CTCs apparently predicts resistance to the anti-PD-1 Nivolumab in metastatic NSCLC patients and that PD-L1 positive CTCs usually have an elongated morphology that can be ascribed to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We here demonstrate for the first time that PD-L1 positive CTCs isolated from NSCLC patients are characterized by partial EMT phenotype, and hypothesize that the co-expression of PD-L1 and EMT markers might represent for these cells a possible molecular background for immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italia
| | - Guido Carpino
- Dipartimento di Anatomia, Istologia, Medicina Forense e Scienze Ortopediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italia
| | - Chiara Nicolazzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italia
| | - Angela Gradilone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italia
| | - Walter Gianni
- Policlinico Umberto I, II Clinica Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italia
| | - Alain Gelibter
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche ed Anatomopatologiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italia
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Dipartimento di Anatomia, Istologia, Medicina Forense e Scienze Ortopediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italia
| | - Enrico Cortesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche ed Anatomopatologiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italia
| | - Paola Gazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italia
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143
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Doi T, Ishikawa T, Okayama T, Oka K, Mizushima K, Yasuda T, Sakamoto N, Katada K, Kamada K, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Takagi T, Naito Y, Itoh Y. The JAK/STAT pathway is involved in the upregulation of PD-L1 expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1545-1554. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zeng S, Song H, Chen Y, Xie W, Zhang L. B7-H4-mediated immunoresistance is supressed by PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316060248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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145
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Fang X, Chen C, Xia F, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Gu H, Wan J, Zhang X, Weng W, Zhang CC, Chen GQ, Liang A, Xie L, Zheng J. CD274 promotes cell cycle entry of leukemia-initiating cells through JNK/Cyclin D2 signaling. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:124. [PMID: 27855694 PMCID: PMC5114730 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD274 (programmed death ligand 1, also known as B7H1) is expressed in both solid tumors and hematologic malignancies and is of critical importance for the escape of tumor cells from immune surveillance by inhibiting T cell function via its receptor, programmed death 1 (PD-1). Increasing evidence indicates that functional monoclonal antibodies of CD274 may potently enhance the antitumor effect in many cancers. However, the role of CD274 in leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) remains largely unknown. Methods We established an MLL-AF9-induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) model with wild-type (WT) and CD274-null mice to elucidate the role of CD274 in the cell fates of LICs, including self-renewal, differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. RNA sequencing was performed to reveal the potential downstream targets, the results of which were further validated both in vitro and in vivo. Results In silico analysis indicated that CD274 level was inversely correlated with the overall survival of AML patients. In Mac-1+/c-Kit+ mouse LICs, CD274 was expressed at a much higher level than in the normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The survival of the mice with CD274-null leukemia cells was dramatically extended during the serial transplantation compared with that of their WT counterparts. CD274 deletion led to a significant decrease in LIC frequency and arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Interestingly, CD274 is not required for the maintenance of HSC pool as shown in our previous study. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the levels of both phospho-JNK and Cyclin D2 were strikingly downregulated in CD274-null LICs. The overexpression of Cyclin D2 fully rescued the loss of function of CD274. Moreover, CD274 was directly associated with JNK and enhanced the downstream signaling to increase the Cyclin D2 level, promoting leukemia development. Conclusions The surface immune molecule CD274 plays a critical role in the proliferation of LICs. The CD274/JNK/Cyclin D2 pathway promotes the cell cycle entry of LICs, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of leukemia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-016-0350-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Fang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chiqi Chen
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhen Xia
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangbo Wan
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaocui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Weng
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aibing Liang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junke Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Chacon JA, Schutsky K, Powell DJ. The Impact of Chemotherapy, Radiation and Epigenetic Modifiers in Cancer Cell Expression of Immune Inhibitory and Stimulatory Molecules and Anti-Tumor Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:E43. [PMID: 27854240 PMCID: PMC5192363 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic destabilizers, such as radiation and chemotherapy, and epigenetic modifiers are used for the treatment of cancer due to their apoptotic effects on the aberrant cells. However, these therapies may also induce widespread changes within the immune system and cancer cells, which may enable tumors to avoid immune surveillance and escape from host anti-tumor immunity. Genomic destabilizers can induce immunogenic death of tumor cells, but also induce upregulation of immune inhibitory ligands on drug-resistant cells, resulting in tumor progression. While administration of immunomodulatory antibodies that block the interactions between inhibitory receptors on immune cells and their ligands on tumor cells can mediate cancer regression in a subset of treated patients, it is crucial to understand how genomic destabilizers alter the immune system and malignant cells, including which inhibitory molecules, receptors and/or ligands are upregulated in response to genotoxic stress. Knowledge gained in this area will aid in the rational design of trials that combine genomic destabilizers, epigenetic modifiers and immunotherapeutic agents that may be synergized to improve clinical responses and prevent tumor escape from the immune system. Our review article describes the impact genomic destabilizers, such as radiation and chemotherapy, and epigenetic modifiers have on anti-tumor immunity and the tumor microenvironment. Although genomic destabilizers cause DNA damage on cancer cells, these therapies can also have diverse effects on the immune system, promote immunogenic cell death or survival and alter the cancer cell expression of immune inhibitor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ann Chacon
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Keith Schutsky
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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147
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Van Der Kraak L, Goel G, Ramanan K, Kaltenmeier C, Zhang L, Normolle DP, Freeman GJ, Tang D, Nason KS, Davison JM, Luketich JD, Dhupar R, Lotze MT. 5-Fluorouracil upregulates cell surface B7-H1 (PD-L1) expression in gastrointestinal cancers. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:65. [PMID: 27777774 PMCID: PMC5067917 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in the effective treatment of cancer patients. B7-homolog 1, also known as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), is an immunoregulatory protein that is overexpressed in several human cancers. Interaction of B7-H1 with programmed death 1 (PD-1) prevents T-cell activation and proliferation, sequestering the T-cell receptor from the cell membrane, inducing T-cell apoptosis, thereby leading to cancer immunoresistance. B7-H1 upregulation contributes to chemoresistance in several types of cancer, but little is known with respect to changes associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or gastrointestinal cancers. Methods HCT 116 p53+/+, HCT 116 p53−/− colorectal cancer (CRC) and OE33 esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cells were treated with increasing doses of 5-FU (0.5 uM, 5 uM, 50 uM, 500 uM) or interferon gamma (IFN-γ, 10 ng/mL) in culture for 24 h and B7-H1 expression was quantified using flow cytometry and western blot analysis. We also evaluated B7-H1 expression, by immunohistochemistry, in tissue collected prior to and following neoadjuvant therapy in 10 EAC patients. Results B7-H1 expression in human HCT 116 p53+/+ and HCT 116 p53−/− CRC cells lines, while low at baseline, can be induced by treatment with 5-FU. OE33 baseline B7-H1 expression exceeded CRC cell maximal expression and could be further increased in a dose dependent manner following 5-FU treatment in the absence of immune cells. We further demonstrate tumor B7-H1 expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma patient-derived pre-treatment biopsies. While B7-H1 expression was not enhanced in post-treatment esophagectomy specimens, this may be due to the limits of immunohistochemical quantification. Conclusions B7-H1/PD-L1 expression can be increased following treatment with 5-FU in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, suggesting alternative mechanisms to classic immune-mediated upregulation. This suggests that combining 5-FU treatment with PD-1/B7-H1 blockade may improve treatment in patients with gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Van Der Kraak
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Gaurav Goel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA.,Current address: Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY USA
| | | | | | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Daniel P Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Katie S Nason
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jon M Davison
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - James D Luketich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Rajeev Dhupar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Jones SK, Merkel OM. Tackling breast cancer chemoresistance with nano-formulated siRNA. Gene Ther 2016; 23:821-828. [PMID: 27648580 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cancer diagnosed in women and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Current limitations to standard chemotherapy in the clinic are extensively researched, including problems arising from repeated treatments with the same drugs. The phenomenon that cancer cells become resistant toward certain chemo drugs is called chemotherapy resistance. In this review, we are focusing on nanoformulation of siRNA for the fight against breast cancer chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jones
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - O M Merkel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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149
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Choi AH, O'Leary MP, Fong Y, Chen NG. From Benchtop to Bedside: A Review of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4030018. [PMID: 28536385 PMCID: PMC5344257 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) demonstrate the ability to replicate selectively in cancer cells, resulting in antitumor effects by a variety of mechanisms, including direct cell lysis and indirect cell death through immune-mediate host responses. Although the mechanisms of action of OVs are still not fully understood, major advances have been made in our understanding of how OVs function and interact with the host immune system, resulting in the recent FDA approval of the first OV for cancer therapy in the USA. This review provides an overview of the history of OVs, their selectivity for cancer cells, and their multifaceted mechanism of antitumor action, as well as strategies employed to augment selectivity and efficacy of OVs. OVs in combination with standard cancer therapies are also discussed, as well as a review of ongoing human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H Choi
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Michael P O'Leary
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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150
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Fontana F, Liu D, Hirvonen J, Santos HA. Delivery of therapeutics with nanoparticles: what's new in cancer immunotherapy? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27470448 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology to the treatment of cancer or other diseases has been boosted during the last decades due to the possibility to precise deliver drugs where needed, enabling a decrease in the drug's side effects. Nanocarriers are particularly valuable for potentiating the simultaneous co-delivery of multiple drugs in the same particle for the treatment of heavily burdening diseases like cancer. Immunotherapy represents a new concept in the treatment of cancer and has shown outstanding results in patients treated with check-point inhibitors. Thereby, researchers are applying nanotechnology to cancer immunotherapy toward the development of nanocarriers for delivery of cancer vaccines and chemo-immunotherapies. Cancer nanovaccines can be envisioned as nanocarriers co-delivering antigens and adjuvants, molecules often presenting different physicochemical properties, in cancer therapy. A wide range of nanocarriers (e.g., polymeric, lipid-based and inorganic) allow the co-formulation of these molecules, or the delivery of chemo- and immune-therapeutics in the same system. Finally, there is a trend toward the use of biologically inspired and derived nanocarriers. In this review, we present the recent developments in the field of immunotherapy, describing the different systems proposed by categories: polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanosystems, metallic and inorganic nanosystems and, finally, biologically inspired and derived nanovaccines. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1421. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1421 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fontana
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongfei Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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