101
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Li H, Lyu Y, Chen X, Wang C, Yao D, Ni S, Lin Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Lai Z. Exploration of the Effect of Blue Light on Functional Metabolite Accumulation in Longan Embryonic Calli via RNA Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E441. [PMID: 30669555 PMCID: PMC6359358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is an important factor that affects the synthesis of functional metabolites in longan embryogenic calli (ECs). However, analysis of the effect of light on functional metabolites in longan ECs via RNA sequencing has rarely been reported and their light regulation network is unclear. The contents of various functional metabolites as well as the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and the level of H₂O₂ in longan ECs were significantly higher under blue light treatment than under the other treatments (dark, white). In this study, we sequenced three mRNA libraries constructed from longan ECs subjected to different treatments. A total of 4463, 1639 and 1806 genes were differentially expressed in the dark versus blue (DB), dark versus white (DW) and white versus blue (WB) combinations, respectively. According to GO and KEGG analyses, most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified were involved in transmembrane transport, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, calcium transport and so forth. Mapman analysis revealed that more DEGs were identified in each DB combination pathway than in DW combination pathways, indicating that blue light exerts a significantly stronger regulatory effect on longan EC metabolism than the other treatments. Based on previous research and transcriptome data mining, a blue light signaling network of genes that affect longan functional metabolites was constructed and HY5, PIF4 and MYC2 were shown to be the key regulatory genes in the network. The results of this study demonstrate that the expression levels of phase-specific genes vary with changes in longan EC functional metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansheng Li
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China.
| | - Yumeng Lyu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Congqiao Wang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Deheng Yao
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shanshan Ni
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yukun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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102
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Wang W, Chen Q, Botella JR, Guo S. Beyond Light: Insights Into the Role of Constitutively Photomorphogenic1 in Plant Hormonal Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:557. [PMID: 31156657 PMCID: PMC6532413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light is an important environmental factor with profound effects in plant growth and development. Constitutively photomorphogenic1 (COP1) is a vital component of the light signaling pathway as a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis. Although the role of COP1 in light signaling has been firmly established for some time, recent studies have proven that COP1 is also a crucial part of multiple plant hormonal regulatory pathways. In this article, we review the available evidence involving COP1 in hormone signaling, its molecular mechanisms, and its contribution to the complicated regulatory network linking light and plant hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Biology and Food Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qingbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - José Ramón Botella
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: José Ramón Botella,
| | - Siyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Siyi Guo,
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103
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Cortleven A, Ehret S, Schmülling T, Johansson H. Ethylene-independent promotion of photomorphogenesis in the dark by cytokinin requires COP1 and the CDD complex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:165-178. [PMID: 30272197 PMCID: PMC6305196 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The transition of skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis is induced by the perception of light, and is characterized by the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and opening of cotyledons. Although it is known that the plant hormone cytokinin inhibits hypocotyl elongation in dark-grown Arabidopsis plants when applied in high concentrations, it is unclear to what extent this response is the result of cytokinin alone or cytokinin-induced ethylene production. Here, we show that cytokinin-induced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation is largely independent of ethylene and suggest a close connection between the cytokinin two-component system and the light-signaling networks. We show that this cytokinin signal is mainly mediated through the cytokinin receptor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE3 and the ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR1 in combination with ARR12. Interestingly, mutation of CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPOGENIC1 (COP1), DE-ETIOLATED1, and CYTOKININ INSENSITIVE4/COP10 renders plants insensitive to cytokinin, and these factors are indispensable for the transcriptional response during cytokinin-induced de-etiolation, indicating that a functional light-signaling pathway is essential for this cytokinin response. In addition, the effect of cytokinin on hypocotyl elongation is strongly dependent on the light conditions, with higher light intensities causing a switch in the response to cytokinin from an inhibitor to a promoter of hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ehret
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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104
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Yang LW, Wen XH, Fu JX, Dai SL. ClCRY2 facilitates floral transition in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium by affecting the transcription of circadian clock-related genes under short-day photoperiods. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:58. [PMID: 30393540 PMCID: PMC6210193 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense photoperiod signals to confirm the optimal flowering time. Previous studies have shown that Cryptochrome2 (CRY2) functions to promote floral transition in the long-day plant (LDP) Arabidopsis; however, the function and molecular mechanism by which CRY2 regulates floral transition in short-day plants (SDPs) is still unclear. In this study, we identified a CRY2 homologous gene, ClCRY2, from Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium, a typical SDP. The morphological changes in the C. lavandulifolium shoot apex and ClFTs expression analysis under SD conditions showed that adult C. lavandulifolium completed the developmental transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth after eight SDs. Meanwhile, ClCRY2 mRNA exhibited an increasing trend from 0 to 8 d of SD treatment. ClCRY2 overexpression in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis and C. lavandulifolium resulted in early flowering. The transcript levels of the CONSTANS-like (COL) genes ClCOL1, ClCOL4, and ClCOL5, and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologous gene ClFT1 were upregulated in ClCRY2 overexpression (ClCRY2-OE) C. lavandulifolium under SD conditions. The transcript levels of some circadian clock-related genes, including PSEUDO-REPONSE REGULATOR 5 (PRR5), ZEITLUPE (ZTL), FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1 (FKF1), and GIGANTEA (GI-1 and GI-2), were upregulated in ClCRY2-OE C. lavandulifolium, while the expression levels of other circadian clock-related genes, such as EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), ELF4, LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), PRR73, and REVEILLE8 (RVE8), were downregulated in ClCRY2-OE C. lavandulifolium under SD conditions. Taken together, the results suggest that ClCRY2 promotes floral transition by fine-tuning the expression of circadian clock-related gene, ClCOLs and ClFT1 in C. lavandulifolium under SD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-wen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-hui Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 P. R. China
| | - Jian-xin Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 P. R. China
| | - Si-lan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 P. R. China
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105
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Hazarika RR, Sostaric N, Sun Y, van Noort V. Large-scale docking predicts that sORF-encoded peptides may function through protein-peptide interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205179. [PMID: 30321192 PMCID: PMC6188750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies indicate that small Open Reading Frames (sORFs) embedded within multiple eukaryotic non-coding RNAs can be translated into bioactive peptides of up to 100 amino acids in size. However, the functional roles of the 607 Stress Induced Peptides (SIPs) previously identified from 189 Transcriptionally Active Regions (TARs) in Arabidopsis thaliana remain unclear. To provide a starting point for functional annotation of these plant-derived peptides, we performed a large-scale prediction of peptide binding sites on protein surfaces using coarse-grained peptide docking. The docked models were subjected to further atomistic refinement and binding energy calculations. A total of 530 peptide-protein pairs were successfully docked. In cases where a peptide encoded by a TAR is predicted to bind at a known ligand or cofactor-binding site within the protein, it can be assumed that the peptide modulates the ligand or cofactor-binding. Moreover, we predict that several peptides bind at protein-protein interfaces, which could therefore regulate the formation of the respective complexes. Protein-peptide binding analysis further revealed that peptides employ both their backbone and side chain atoms when binding to the protein, forming predominantly hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. In this study, we have generated novel predictions on the potential protein-peptide interactions in A. thaliana, which will help in further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi R. Hazarika
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolina Sostaric
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yifeng Sun
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vera van Noort
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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106
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Lian H, Xu P, He S, Wu J, Pan J, Wang W, Xu F, Wang S, Pan J, Huang J, Yang HQ. Photoexcited CRYPTOCHROME 1 Interacts Directly with G-Protein β Subunit AGB1 to Regulate the DNA-Binding Activity of HY5 and Photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1248-1263. [PMID: 30176372 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Light and the heterotrimeric G-protein are known to antagonistically regulate photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. However, whether light and G-protein coordinate the regulation of photomorphogenesis is largely unknown. Here we show that the blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) physically interacts with the G-protein β subunit, AGB1, in a blue light-dependent manner. We also show that AGB1 directly interacts with HY5, a basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor that acts as a critical positive regulator of photomorphogenesis, to inhibit its DNA-binding activity. Genetic studies suggest that CRY1 acts partially through AGB1, and AGB1 acts partially through HY5 to regulate photomorphogenesis. Moreover, we demonstrate that blue light-triggered interaction of CRY1 with AGB1 promotes the dissociation of HY5 from AGB1. Our results suggest that the CRY1 signaling mechanism involves positive regulation of the DNA-binding activity of HY5 mediated by the CRY1-AGB1 interaction, which inhibits the association of AGB1 with HY5. We propose that the antagonistic regulation of HY5 DNA-binding activity by CRY1 and AGB1 may allow plants to balance light and G-protein signaling and optimize photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pengbo Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shengbo He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junsong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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107
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Waite JM, Dardick C. TILLER ANGLE CONTROL 1 modulates plant architecture in response to photosynthetic signals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4935-4944. [PMID: 30099502 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Light serves as an important environmental cue in regulating plant architecture. Previous work had demonstrated that both photoreceptor-mediated signaling and photosynthesis play a role in determining the orientation of plant organs. TILLER ANGLE CONTROL 1 (TAC1) was recently shown to function in setting the orientation of lateral branches in diverse plant species, but the degree to which it plays a role in light-mediated phenotypes is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that TAC1 expression was light dependent, as expression was lost under continuous dark or far-red growth conditions, but did not drop to these low levels during a diurnal time course. Loss of TAC1 in the dark was gradual, and experiments with photoreceptor mutants indicated this was not dependent upon red/far-red or blue light signaling, but partially required the signaling integrator CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1 (COP1). Overexpression of TAC1 partially prevented the narrowing of branch angles in the dark or under far-red light. Treatment with the carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor norflurazon or the PSII inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) led to loss of TAC1 expression similar to dark or far-red conditions, but expression increased in response to the PSI inhibitor paraquat. Treatment of adult plants with norflurazon resulted in upward growth angle of branch tips. Our results indicate that TAC1 plays an important role in modulating plant architecture in response to photosynthetic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Waite
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Chris Dardick
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, USA
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108
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Abstract
Sensory photoreceptors underpin light-dependent adaptations of organismal physiology, development, and behavior in nature. Adapted for optogenetics, sensory photoreceptors become genetically encoded actuators and reporters to enable the noninvasive, spatiotemporally accurate and reversible control by light of cellular processes. Rooted in a mechanistic understanding of natural photoreceptors, artificial photoreceptors with customized light-gated function have been engineered that greatly expand the scope of optogenetics beyond the original application of light-controlled ion flow. As we survey presently, UV/blue-light-sensitive photoreceptors have particularly allowed optogenetics to transcend its initial neuroscience applications by unlocking numerous additional cellular processes and parameters for optogenetic intervention, including gene expression, DNA recombination, subcellular localization, cytoskeleton dynamics, intracellular protein stability, signal transduction cascades, apoptosis, and enzyme activity. The engineering of novel photoreceptors benefits from powerful and reusable design strategies, most importantly light-dependent protein association and (un)folding reactions. Additionally, modified versions of these same sensory photoreceptors serve as fluorescent proteins and generators of singlet oxygen, thereby further enriching the optogenetic toolkit. The available and upcoming UV/blue-light-sensitive actuators and reporters enable the detailed and quantitative interrogation of cellular signal networks and processes in increasingly more precise and illuminating manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aba Losi
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Kevin H Gardner
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center , New York , New York 10031 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States.,Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Biology , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Andreas Möglich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie , Universität Bayreuth , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany.,Research Center for Bio-Macromolecules , Universität Bayreuth , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Universität Bayreuth , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
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109
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Yang L, Mo W, Yu X, Yao N, Zhou Z, Fan X, Zhang L, Piao M, Li S, Yang D, Lin C, Zuo Z. Reconstituting Arabidopsis CRY2 Signaling Pathway in Mammalian Cells Reveals Regulation of Transcription by Direct Binding of CRY2 to DNA. Cell Rep 2018; 24:585-593.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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110
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Dolde U, Rodrigues V, Straub D, Bhati KK, Choi S, Yang SW, Wenkel S. Synthetic MicroProteins: Versatile Tools for Posttranslational Regulation of Target Proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:3136-3145. [PMID: 29382693 PMCID: PMC5884610 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroProteins are small, single-domain proteins that regulate multidomain proteins by sequestering them into novel, often nonproductive, complexes. Several microProteins have been identified in plants and animals, most of which negatively regulate transcription factors. MicroProtein candidates that potentially target a wide range of different protein classes were recently identified in a computational approach. Here, we classified all Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) microProteins and developed a synthetic microProtein approach to target specific protein classes, such as hydrolases, receptors, and lyases, in a proof-of-concept approach. Our findings reveal that microProteins can be used to influence different physiological processes, which makes them useful tools for posttranslational regulation in plants and potentially also in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Dolde
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vandasue Rodrigues
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Daniel Straub
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kaushal Kumar Bhati
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sukwon Choi
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Wook Yang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Center for UNIK Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stephan Wenkel
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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111
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Zwang T, Tse ECM, Zhong D, Barton JK. A Compass at Weak Magnetic Fields Using Thymine Dimer Repair. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:405-412. [PMID: 29632887 PMCID: PMC5879481 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
How birds sense the variations in Earth's magnetic field for navigation is poorly understood, although cryptochromes, proteins homologous to photolyases, have been proposed to participate in this magnetic sensing. Here, in electrochemical studies with an applied magnetic field, we monitor the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesions in duplex DNA by photolyase, mutants of photolyase, and a modified cryptochrome. We find that the yield of dimer repair is dependent on the strength and angle of the applied magnetic field even when using magnetic fields weaker than 1 gauss. This high sensitivity to weak magnetic fields depends upon a fast radical pair reaction on the thymines leading to repair. These data illustrate chemically how cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer repair may be used in a biological compass informed by variations in Earth's magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore
J. Zwang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Edmund C. M. Tse
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dongping Zhong
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
- E-mail:
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- E-mail:
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112
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Sun Z, Li M, Zhou Y, Guo T, Liu Y, Zhang H, Fang Y. Coordinated regulation of Arabidopsis microRNA biogenesis and red light signaling through Dicer-like 1 and phytochrome-interacting factor 4. PLoS Genet 2018. [PMID: 29522510 PMCID: PMC5862502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Light and microRNAs (miRNAs) are key external and internal signals for plant development, respectively. However, the relationship between the light signaling and miRNA biogenesis pathways remains unknown. Here we found that miRNA processer proteins DCL1 and HYL1 interact with a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (PIF4), which mediates the destabilization of DCL1 during dark-to-red-light transition. PIF4 acts as a transcription factor for some miRNA genes and is necessary for the proper accumulation of miRNAs. DCL1, HYL1, and mature miRNAs play roles in the regulation of plant hypocotyl growth. These results uncovered a previously unknown crosstalk between miRNA biogenesis and red light signaling through the PIF4-dependent regulation of miRNA transcription and processing to affect red-light-directed plant photomorphogenesis. External light and internal miRNAs are important for plant development. This study revealed that the miRNA-processing enzyme DCL1 interacts with the red-light-regulated transcription factor PIF4, which modulates the stability of DCL1 during dark-to-red-light or red-light-to-dark transitions and acts as a transcription factor for some miRNA genes. This study revealed that DCL1 and mature miRNAs play roles in the red light signaling pathway to regulate plant photomorphogenesis. These results shed light on the crosstalk between miRNA and red light signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Sun
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Liu
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuda Fang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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113
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Zhou T, Meng L, Ma Y, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Yang D, Bian M. Overexpression of sweet sorghum cryptochrome 1a confers hypersensitivity to blue light, abscisic acid and salinity in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:251-264. [PMID: 29098377 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This work provides the bioinformatics, expression pattern and functional analyses of cryptochrome 1a from sweet sorghum (SbCRY1a), together with an exploration of the signaling mechanism mediated by SbCRY1a. Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is considered to be an ideal candidate for biofuel production due to its high efficiency of photosynthesis and the ability to maintain yield under harsh environmental conditions. Blue light receptor cryptochromes regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Here, we reported the function and signal mechanism of sweet sorghum cryptochrome 1a (SbCRY1a) to explore its potential for genetic improvement of sweet sorghum varieties. SbCRY1a transcripts experienced almost 24 h diurnal cycling; however, its protein abundance showed no oscillation. Overexpression of SbCRY1a in Arabidopsis rescued the phenotype of cry1 mutant in a blue light-specific manner and regulated HY5 accumulation under blue light. SbCRY1a protein was present in both nucleus and cytoplasm. The photoexcited SbCRY1a interacted directly with a putative RING E3 ubiquitin ligase constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1) from sweet sorghum (SbCOP1) instead of SbSPA1 to suppress SbCOP1-SbHY5 interaction responding to blue light. These observations indicate that the function and signaling mechanism of cryptochromes are basically conservative between monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Moreover, SbCRY1a-overexpressed transgenic Arabidopsis showed oversensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) and salinity. The ABA-responsive gene ABI5 was up-regulated evidently in SbCRY1a transgenic lines, suggesting that SbCRY1a might regulate ABA signaling through the HY5-ABI5 regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lingyang Meng
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Agronomy College of Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Wood Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhenming Yang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Deguang Yang
- Agronomy College of Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Wood Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Mingdi Bian
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Mariz-Ponte N, Mendes RJ, Sario S, Ferreira de Oliveira JMP, Melo P, Santos C. Tomato plants use non-enzymatic antioxidant pathways to cope with moderate UV-A/B irradiation: A contribution to the use of UV-A/B in horticulture. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 221:32-42. [PMID: 29223880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants developed receptors for solar UV-A/B radiation, which regulate a complex network of functions through the plant's life cycle. However, greenhouse grown crops, like tomato, are exposed to strongly reduced UV radiation, contrarily to their open-field counterparts. A new paradigm of modern horticulture is to supplement adequate levels of UV to greenhouse cultures, inducing a positive mild stress necessary to stimulate oxidative stress pathways and antioxidant mechanisms. Protected cultures of Solanum (cv MicroTom) were supplemented with moderate UV-A (1h and 4h) and UV-B (1min and 5min) doses during the flowering/fruiting period. After 30days, flowering/fruit ripening synchronization were enhanced, paralleled by the upregulation of blue/UV-A and UV-B receptors' genes cry1a and uvr8. UV-B caused moreover an increase in the expression of hy5, of HY5 repressor cop1 and of a repressor of COP1, uvr8. While all UV-A/B conditions increased SOD activity, increases of the generated H2O2, as well as lipid peroxidation and cell mebrane disruption, were minimal. However, the activity of antioxidant enzymes downstream from SOD (CAT, APX, GPX) was not significant. These results suggest that the major antioxidant pathways involve phenylpropanoid compounds, which also have an important role in UV screening. This hypothesis was confirmed by the increase of phenolic compounds and by the upregulation of chs and fls, coding for CHS and FLS enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid synthesis. Overall, all doses of UV-A or UV-B were beneficial to flowering/fruiting but lower UV-A/B doses induced lower redox disorders and were more effective in the fruiting process/synchronization. Considering the benefits observed on flowering/fruiting, with minimal impacts in the vegetative part, we demonstrate that both UV-A/B could be used in protected tomato horticulture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mariz-Ponte
- Department of Biology & LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - R J Mendes
- Department of Biology & LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Sario
- Department of Biology & LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - J M P Ferreira de Oliveira
- Department of Biology & LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Melo
- Department of Biology & BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Santos
- Department of Biology & LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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115
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Zhou Y, Zhang D, An J, Yin H, Fang S, Chu J, Zhao Y, Li J. TCP Transcription Factors Regulate Shade Avoidance via Directly Mediating the Expression of Both PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs and Auxin Biosynthetic Genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1850-1861. [PMID: 29254986 PMCID: PMC5813557 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light quality surrounding a plant is largely determined by the density of its neighboring vegetation. Plants are able to sense shade light signals and initiate a series of adaptation responses, which is known as shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) are key factors in the SAS network by regulating the biosynthesis of multiple phytohormones and the expression of cell expansion genes. Although the protein levels of PIFs were found to be acumulated in shade, the transcriptional regulation of PIFs in response to such an environmental signal remains poorly understood. Here we show that TCP17 and its two closely related homologs, TCP5 and TCP13, play an important role in mediating shade-induced hypocotyl elongation by up-regulating auxin biosynthesis via a PIF-dependent and a PIF-independent pathway. In constitutive white light, a tcp5, 13, 17 triple mutant (3tcp) showed a subtle hypocotyl defective phenotype. In shade, however, 3tcp showed a significantly reduced hypocotyl elongation phenotype, indicating a positive role of TCPs in regulating SAS. Our in-depth biochemical and genetic analyses indicated that TCP17 can be significantly accumulated in shade. TCP17 binds to the promoters of PIFs and YUCCAs to indirectly or directly up-regulate auxin levels in shade. These data provide new insights into our better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of SAS in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hongju Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Fang
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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116
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Liu CC, Ahammed GJ, Wang GT, Xu CJ, Chen KS, Zhou YH, Yu JQ. Tomato CRY1a plays a critical role in the regulation of phytohormone homeostasis, plant development, and carotenoid metabolism in fruits. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:354-366. [PMID: 29046014 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue light photoreceptors, cryptochromes (CRYs), regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development. However, our knowledge of CRYs is predominantly based on model plant Arabidopsis at early growth stage. In this study, we elucidated functions of CRY1a gene in mature tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants by using cry1a mutants and CRY1a-overexpressing lines (OE-CRY1a-1 and OE-CRY1a-2). In comparison with wild-type plants, cry1a mutants are relatively tall, accumulate low biomass, and bear more fruits, whereas OE-CRY1a plants are short stature, and they not only flower lately but also bear less fruits. RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, and LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that biosynthesis of gibberellin, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid was down-regulated by CRY1a. Furthermore, DNA replication was drastically inhibited in leaves of OE-CRY1a lines, but promoted in cry1a mutants with concomitant changes in the expression of cell cycle genes. However, CRY1a positively regulated levels of soluble sugars, phytofluene, phytoene, lycopene, and ß-carotene in the fruits. The results indicate the important role of CRY1a in plant growth and have implications for molecular interventions of CRY1a aimed at improving agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chao Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guo-Ting Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chang-Jie Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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117
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Xin X, Chen W, Wang B, Zhu F, Li Y, Yang H, Li J, Ren D. Arabidopsis MKK10-MPK6 mediates red-light-regulated opening of seedling cotyledons through phosphorylation of PIF3. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:423-439. [PMID: 29244171 PMCID: PMC5853512 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photomorphogenesis is an important process in which seedlings emerge from soil and begin autotrophic growth. Mechanisms of photomorphogenesis include light signal perception, signal transduction, and the modulation of expression of light-responsive genes, ultimately leading to cellular and developmental changes. Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) play negative regulatory roles in photomorphogenesis. Light-induced activation of phytochromes triggers rapid phosphorylation and degradation of PIFs, but the kinases responsible for the phosphorylation of PIFs are largely unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis MPK6 is a kinase involved in phosphorylating PIF3 and regulating red light-induced cotyledon opening, a crucial process during seedling photomorphogenesis. MPK6 was activated by red light, and the cotyledon opening angle in red light was reduced in mpk6 seedlings. MKK10, a MAPKK whose function is currently unclear, appears to act as a kinase upstream of MPK6 in regulating cotyledon opening. Activation of MPK6 by MKK10 led to the phosphorylation of PIF3 and accelerated its turnover in transgenic seedlings. Accordingly, the overexpression of PIF3 suppressed MKK10-induced cotyledon opening. MKK10 and MPK6 function downstream of phyB in regulating seedling cotyledon opening in red light. Therefore, the MKK10-MPK6 cascade appears to mediate the regulation of red-light-controlled seedling photomorphogenesis via a mechanism that might involve the phosphorylation of PIF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Hailian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, China
- Correspondence:
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118
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D’Amico-Damião V, Carvalho RF. Cryptochrome-Related Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1897. [PMID: 30619439 PMCID: PMC6305750 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that light is a crucial environmental factor that has a fundamental role in plant growth and development from seed germination to fruiting. For this process, plants contain versatile and multifaceted photoreceptor systems to sense variations in the light spectrum and to acclimate to a range of ambient conditions. Five main groups of photoreceptors have been found in higher plants, cryptochromes, phototropins, UVR8, zeitlupes, and phytochromes, but the last one red/far red wavelengths photoreceptor is the most characterized. Among the many responses modulated by phytochromes, these molecules play an important role in biotic and abiotic stress responses, which is one of the most active research topics in plant biology, especially their effect on agronomic traits. However, regarding the light spectrum, it is not surprising to consider that other photoreceptors are also part of the stress response modulated by light. In fact, it has become increasingly evident that cryptochromes, which mainly absorb in the blue light region, also act as key regulators of a range of plant stress responses, such as drought, salinity, heat, and high radiation. However, this information is rarely evidenced in photomorphogenetic studies. Therefore, the scope of the present review is to compile and discuss the evidence on the abiotic stress responses in plants that are modulated by cryptochromes.
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119
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Ganesan M, Lee HY, Kim JI, Song PS. Development of transgenic crops based on photo-biotechnology. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2469-2486. [PMID: 28010046 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypes associated with plant photomorphogenesis such as the suppressed shade avoidance response and de-etiolation offer the potential for significant enhancement of crop yields. Of many light signal transducers and transcription factors involved in the photomorphogenic responses of plants, this review focuses on the transgenic overexpression of the photoreceptor genes at the uppermost stream of the signalling events, particularly phytochromes, crytochromes and phototropins as the transgenes for the genetic engineering of crops with improved harvest yields. In promoting the harvest yields of crops, the photoreceptors mediate the light regulation of photosynthetically important genes, and the improved yields often come with the tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and heavy metal ions. As a genetic engineering approach, the term photo-biotechnology has been coined to convey the idea that the greater the photosynthetic efficiency that crop plants can be engineered to possess, the stronger the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Development of GM crops based on photoreceptor transgenes (mainly phytochromes, crytochromes and phototropins) is reviewed with the proposal of photo-biotechnology that the photoreceptors mediate the light regulation of photosynthetically important genes, and the improved yields often come with the added benefits of crops' tolerance to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markkandan Ganesan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute and Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Hyo-Yeon Lee
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute and Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Pill-Soon Song
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute and Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
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120
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Viczián A, Klose C, Ádám É, Nagy F. New insights of red light-induced development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2457-2468. [PMID: 27943362 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The red/far-red light absorbing photoreceptors phytochromes regulate development and growth and thus play an essential role in optimizing adaptation of the sessile plants to the ever-changing environment. Our understanding of how absorption of a red/far-red photon by phytochromes initiates/modifies diverse physiological responses has been steadily improving. Research performed in the last 5 years has been especially productive and led to significant conceptual changes about the mode of action of these photoreceptors. In this review, we focus on the phytochrome B photoreceptor, the major phytochrome species active in light-grown plants. We discuss how its light-independent inactivation (termed dark/thermal reversion), post-translational modification, including ubiquitination, phosphorylation and sumoylation, as well as heterodimerization with other phytochrome species modify red light-controlled physiological responses. Finally, we discuss how photobiological properties of phytochrome B enable this photoreceptor to function also as a thermosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cornelia Klose
- Institute of Biology2/Botany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Éva Ádám
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
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121
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Dai X, Chen X, Fang Q, Li J, Bai Z. Inducible CRISPR genome-editing tool: classifications and future trends. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:573-586. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1378999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiuwu Fang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jia Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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122
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Understanding CRY2 interactions for optical control of intracellular signaling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:547. [PMID: 28916751 PMCID: PMC5601944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) can simultaneously undergo light-dependent CRY2–CRY2 homo-oligomerization and CRY2–CIB1 hetero-dimerization, both of which have been widely used to optically control intracellular processes. Applications using CRY2–CIB1 interaction desire minimal CRY2 homo-oligomerization to avoid unintended complications, while those utilizing CRY2–CRY2 interaction prefer robust homo-oligomerization. However, selecting the type of CRY2 interaction has not been possible as the molecular mechanisms underlying CRY2 interactions are unknown. Here we report CRY2–CIB1 and CRY2–CRY2 interactions are governed by well-separated protein interfaces at the two termini of CRY2. N-terminal charges are critical for CRY2–CIB1 interaction. Moreover, two C-terminal charges impact CRY2 homo-oligomerization, with positive charges facilitating oligomerization and negative charges inhibiting it. By engineering C-terminal charges, we develop CRY2high and CRY2low with elevated or suppressed oligomerization respectively, which we use to tune the levels of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying light-induced CRY2 interactions and enhance the controllability of CRY2-based optogenetic systems. Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) can form light-regulated CRY2-CRY2 homo-oligomers or CRY2-CIB1 hetero-dimers, but modulating these interactions is difficult owing to the lack of interaction mechanism. Here the authors identify the interactions facilitating homo-oligomers and introduce mutations to create low and high oligomerization versions.
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123
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Mawphlang OIL, Kharshiing EV. Photoreceptor Mediated Plant Growth Responses: Implications for Photoreceptor Engineering toward Improved Performance in Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1181. [PMID: 28744290 PMCID: PMC5504655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures during growing seasons coupled with altered precipitation rates presents a challenging task of improving crop productivity for overcoming such altered weather patterns and cater to a growing population. Light is a critical environmental factor that exerts a powerful influence on plant growth and development ranging from seed germination to flowering and fruiting. Higher plants utilize a suite of complex photoreceptor proteins to perceive surrounding red/far-red (phytochromes), blue/UV-A (cryptochromes, phototropins, ZTL/FKF1/LKP2), and UV-B light (UVR8). While genomic studies have also shown that light induces extensive reprogramming of gene expression patterns in plants, molecular genetic studies have shown that manipulation of one or more photoreceptors can result in modification of agronomically beneficial traits. Such information can assist researchers to engineer photoreceptors via genome editing technologies to alter expression or even sensitivity thresholds of native photoreceptors for targeting aspects of plant growth that can confer superior agronomic value to the engineered crops. Here we summarize the agronomically important plant growth processes influenced by photoreceptors in crop species, alongwith the functional interactions between different photoreceptors and phytohormones in regulating these responses. We also discuss the potential utility of synthetic biology approaches in photobiology for improving agronomically beneficial traits of crop plants by engineering designer photoreceptors.
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124
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Zhou R, Zhu T, Han L, Liu M, Xu M, Liu Y, Han D, Qiu D, Gong Q, Liu X. The asparagine-rich protein NRP interacts with the Verticillium effector PevD1 and regulates the subcellular localization of cryptochrome 2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3427-3440. [PMID: 28633330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae infects a wide range of dicotyledonous plants including cotton, tobacco, and Arabidopsis. Among the effector proteins secreted by V. dahliae, the 16 kDa PevD1 induces a hypersensitive response in tobacco. Here we report the high-resolution structure of PevD1 with folds resembling a C2 domain-like structure with a calcium ion bound to the C-terminal acidic pocket. A yeast two-hybrid screen, designed to probe for molecular functions of PevD1, identified Arabidopsis asparagine-rich protein (NRP) as the interacting partner of PevD1. Extending the pathway of V. dahliae effects, which include induction of early flowering in cotton and Arabidopsis, NRP was found to interact with cryptochrome 2 (CRY2), leading to increased cytoplasmic accumulation of CRY2 in a blue light-independent manner. Further physiological and genetic evidence suggests that PevD1 indirectly activates CRY2 by antagonizing NRP functions. The promotion of CRY2-mediated flowering by a fungal effector outlines a novel pathway by which an external stimulus is recognized and transferred in changing a developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingqiu Gong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Tanaka S, Ario N, Nakagawa ACS, Tomita Y, Murayama N, Taniguchi T, Hamaoka N, Iwaya-Inoue M, Ishibashi Y. Effects of light quality on pod elongation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1327495. [PMID: 28532320 PMCID: PMC5566249 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1327495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Soybean pods are located at the nodes, where they are in the shadow, whereas cowpea pods are located outside of the leaves and are exposed to sunlight. To compare the effects of light quality on pod growth in soybean and cowpea, we measured the length of pods treated with white, blue, red or far-red light. In both species, pods elongated faster during the dark period than during the light period in all light treatments except red light treatment in cowpea. Red light significantly suppressed pod elongation in soybean during the dark and light periods. On the other hand, the elongation of cowpea pods treated with red light markedly promoted during the light period. These results suggested that the difference in the pod set sites between soybean and cowpea might account for the difference in their red light responses for pod growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ario
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Tomita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Murayama
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Hamaoka
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mari Iwaya-Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yushi Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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126
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Cardinal Epigenetic Role of non-coding Regulatory RNAs in Circadian Rhythm. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3564-3576. [PMID: 28516429 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm which governs basic physiological activities like sleeping, feeding and energy consumption is regulated by light-controlled central clock genes in the pacemaker neuron. The timekeeping machinery with unique transcriptional and post-transcriptional feedback loops is controlled by different small regulatory RNAs in the brain. Roles of the multiple neuronal genes, especially post-transcriptional regulation, splicing, polyadenylation, mature mRNA editing, and stability of translation products, are controlled by epigenetic activities orchestrated via small RNAs. Collectively, these mechanisms regulate clock and light-controlled genes for effecting pacemaker activity and entrainment. Regulatory small RNAs of the circadian circuit, timekeeping mechanism, synchronization of regular entrainment, oscillation, and rhythmicity are regulated by diversified RNA molecules. Regulatory small RNAs operate critical roles in brain activities including the neuronal clock activity. In this report, we propose the emergence of the earlier unexpected small RNAs for a historic perspective of epigenetic regulation of the brain clock system.
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127
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Novák A, Boldizsár Á, Gierczik K, Vágújfalvi A, Ádám É, Kozma-Bognár L, Galiba G. Light and Temperature Signalling at the Level of CBF14 Gene Expression in Wheat and Barley. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2017; 35:399-408. [PMID: 28751800 PMCID: PMC5504222 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-017-1035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The wheat and barley CBF14 genes have been newly defined as key components of the light quality-dependent regulation of the freezing tolerance by the integration of phytochrome-mediated light and temperature signals. To further investigate the wavelength dependence of light-induced CBF14 expression in cereals, we carried out a detailed study using monochromatic light treatments at an inductive and a non-inductive temperature. Transcript levels of CBF14 gene in winter wheat Cheyenne, winter einkorn G3116 and winter barley Nure genotypes were monitored. We demonstrated that (1) CBF14 is most effectively induced by blue light and (2) provide evidence that this induction does not arise from light-controlled CRY gene expression. (3) We demonstrate that temperature shifts induce CBF14 transcription independent of the light conditions and that (4) the effect of temperature and light treatments are additive. Based on these data, it can be assumed that temperature and light signals are relayed to the level of CBF14 expression via separate signalling routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliz Novák
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Festetics Doctoral School, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Ákos Boldizsár
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gierczik
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Festetics Doctoral School, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Attila Vágújfalvi
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Éva Ádám
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kozma-Bognár
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Galiba
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Festetics Doctoral School, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
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128
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Lin YL, Tsay YF. Influence of differing nitrate and nitrogen availability on flowering control in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2603-2609. [PMID: 28369493 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen, an essential macronutrient for plants, regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. Nitrate is one of the major forms of nitrogen taken up by plants from the soil. Nitrate and nitrogen have been reported to regulate flowering; while some studies have shown that lower nitrate/nitrogen promoted flowering, others have reported the opposite trend. To elucidate how nitrate/nitrogen affects flowering, we reviewed the existing literature and conducted experiments to examine flowering time under a wide range of nitrate concentrations using two growth systems. From the literature review and our experiments, we established that differing nitrate availability results in a U-shaped flowering curve, with an optimal concentration of nitrate facilitating flowering and concentrations above or below this optimal concentration delaying flowering. The role of nitrate and nitrogen in regulating flowering has been elucidated by several transcriptomic and mutant studies, which have suggested close interactions between nitrate/nitrogen, phosphate, the circadian clock, photosynthesis, and, potentially, hormones. We discuss several possible molecular mechanisms underlying the U-shaped flowering response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsay
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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129
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Approaches to Study Light Effects on Brassinosteroid Sensitivity. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1564:39-47. [PMID: 28124245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6813-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light perception and hormone signaling in plants are likely connected at multiple points. Light conditions, perceived by photoreceptors, control plant responses by altering hormone concentration, tissue sensitivity, or a combination of both. Whereas it is relatively straightforward to assess the light effects on hormone levels, hormone sensitivity is subjected to interpretation. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, hypocotyl length is strongly affected by light conditions. As hypocotyl elongation also depends on brassinosteroids (BRs), assaying this response provides a valuable and easy way to measure the responsiveness of seedlings to BRs and the impact of light. We describe a simple protocol to evaluate the responsiveness of hypocotyls to commercial BRs and/or BR inhibitors under a range of light conditions. These assays can be used to establish whether light affects BR sensitivity or whether BRs affect light sensitivity. Overall, our protocol can be easily applied for deetiolation (under polychromatic or monochromatic light) and simulated shade treatments combined with BR treatments.
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130
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Yang Z, Liu B, Su J, Liao J, Lin C, Oka Y. Cryptochromes Orchestrate Transcription Regulation of Diverse Blue Light Responses in Plants. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:112-127. [PMID: 27861972 DOI: 10.1111/php.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blue light affects many aspects of plant growth and development throughout the plant lifecycle. Plant cryptochromes (CRYs) are UV-A/blue light photoreceptors that play pivotal roles in regulating blue light-mediated physiological responses via the regulated expression of more than one thousand genes. Photoactivated CRYs regulate transcription via two distinct mechanisms: indirect promotion of the activity of transcription factors by inactivation of the COP1/SPA E3 ligase complex or direct activation or inactivation of at least two sets of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor families by physical interaction. Hence, CRYs govern intricate mechanisms that modulate activities of transcription factors to regulate multiple aspects of blue light-responsive photomorphogenesis. Here, we review recent progress in dissecting the pathways of CRY signaling and discuss accumulating evidence that shows how CRYs regulate broad physiological responses to blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Yang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bobin Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Su
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiakai Liao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yoshito Oka
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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131
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Michael AK, Fribourgh JL, Van Gelder RN, Partch CL. Animal Cryptochromes: Divergent Roles in Light Perception, Circadian Timekeeping and Beyond. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:128-140. [PMID: 27891621 DOI: 10.1111/php.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are evolutionarily related to the light-dependent DNA repair enzyme photolyase, serving as major regulators of circadian rhythms in insects and vertebrate animals. There are two types of cryptochromes in the animal kingdom: Drosophila-like CRYs that act as nonvisual photopigments linking circadian rhythms to the environmental light/dark cycle, and vertebrate-like CRYs that do not appear to sense light directly, but control the generation of circadian rhythms by acting as transcriptional repressors. Some animals have both types of CRYs, while others possess only one. Cryptochromes have two domains, the photolyase homology region (PHR) and an extended, intrinsically disordered C-terminus. While all animal CRYs share a high degree of sequence and structural homology in their PHR domains, the C-termini are divergent in both length and sequence identity. Recently, cryptochrome function has been shown to extend beyond its pivotal role in circadian clocks, participating in regulation of the DNA damage response, cancer progression and glucocorticoid signaling, as well as being implicated as possible magnetoreceptors. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the discovery of animal cryptochromes, examine similarities and differences of the two types of animal cryptochromes and explore some of the divergent roles for this class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Jennifer L Fribourgh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | | | - Carrie L Partch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA.,Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
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132
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Han X, Tohge T, Lalor P, Dockery P, Devaney N, Esteves-Ferreira AA, Fernie AR, Sulpice R. Phytochrome A and B Regulate Primary Metabolism in Arabidopsis Leaves in Response to Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1394. [PMID: 28848593 PMCID: PMC5552712 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary metabolism is closely linked to plant productivity and quality. Thus, a better understanding of the regulation of primary metabolism by photoreceptors has profound implications for agricultural practices and management. This study aims at identifying the role of light signaling in the regulation of primary metabolism, with an emphasis on starch. We first screened seven cryptochromes and phytochromes mutants for starch phenotype. The phyAB mutant showed impairment in starch accumulation while its biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and leaf anatomy were unaffected, this deficiency being present over the whole vegetative growth period. Mutation of plastidial nucleoside diphosphate kinase-2 (NDPK2), acting downstream of phytochromes, also caused a deficit in starch accumulation. Besides, the glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase small subunit (APS1) was down-regulated in phyAB. Those results suggest that PHYAB affect starch accumulation through NDPK2 and APS1. Then, we determined changes in starch and primary metabolites in single phyA, single phyB, double phyAB grown in light conditions differing in light intensity and/or light spectral content. PHYA is involved in starch accumulation in all the examined light conditions, whereas PHYB only exhibits a role under low light intensity (44 ± 1 μmol m-2 s-1) or low R:FR (11.8 ± 0.6). PCA analysis of the metabolic profiles in the mutants and wild type (WT) suggested that PHYB acts as a major regulator of the leaf metabolic status in response to light intensity. Overall, we propose that PHYA and PHYB signaling play essential roles in the control of primary metabolism in Arabidopsis leaves in response to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Han
- Plant Systems Biology Research Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences, School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Pierce Lalor
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy, School of Medicine, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy, School of Medicine, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Devaney
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physics, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Alberto A. Esteves-Ferreira
- Plant Systems Biology Research Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences, School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | | | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Research Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences, School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Ronan Sulpice,
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133
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Kushanov FN, Buriev ZT, Shermatov SE, Turaev OS, Norov TM, Pepper AE, Saha S, Ulloa M, Yu JZ, Jenkins JN, Abdukarimov A, Abdurakhmonov IY. QTL mapping for flowering-time and photoperiod insensitivity of cotton Gossypium darwinii Watt. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186240. [PMID: 29016665 PMCID: PMC5633191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most wild and semi-wild species of the genus Gossypium are exhibit photoperiod-sensitive flowering. The wild germplasm cotton is a valuable source of genes for genetic improvement of modern cotton cultivars. A bi-parental cotton population segregating for photoperiodic flowering was developed by crossing a photoperiod insensitive irradiation mutant line with its pre-mutagenesis photoperiodic wild-type G. darwinii Watt genotype. Individuals from the F2 and F3 generations were grown with their parental lines and F1 hybrid progeny in the long day and short night summer condition (natural day-length) of Uzbekistan to evaluate photoperiod sensitivity, i.e., flowering-time during the seasons 2008-2009. Through genotyping the individuals of this bi-parental population segregating for flowering-time, linkage maps were constructed using 212 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) and three cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. Six QTLs directly associated with flowering-time and photoperiodic flowering were discovered in the F2 population, whereas eight QTLs were identified in the F3 population. Two QTLs controlling photoperiodic flowering and duration of flowering were common in both populations. In silico annotations of the flanking DNA sequences of mapped SSRs from sequenced cotton (G. hirsutum L.) genome database has identified several potential 'candidate' genes that are known to be associated with regulation of flowering characteristics of plants. The outcome of this research will expand our understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of photoperiodic flowering. Identified markers should be useful for marker-assisted selection in cotton breeding to improve early flowering characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriddin N. Kushanov
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Zabardast T. Buriev
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Shukhrat E. Shermatov
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ozod S. Turaev
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Tokhir M. Norov
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Alan E. Pepper
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, Colleges Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Crop Science Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Ulloa
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - John Z. Yu
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Johnie N. Jenkins
- Crop Science Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Abdusattor Abdukarimov
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- * E-mail:
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134
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Shengxin C, Chunxia L, Xuyang Y, Song C, Xuelei J, Xiaoying L, Zhigang X, Rongzhan G. Morphological, Photosynthetic, and Physiological Responses of Rapeseed Leaf to Different Combinations of Red and Blue Lights at the Rosette Stage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1144. [PMID: 27536307 PMCID: PMC4971053 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is sensitive to light quality. The factory production of rapeseed seedlings for vegetable use and for transplanting in the field requires an investigation of the responses of rapeseed to light quality. This study evaluated the responses of the leaf of rapeseed (cv. "Zhongshuang 11") to different ratios of red-photonflux (RPF) and blue-photonflux (BPF) from light emitting diodes (LEDs). The treatments were set as monochromatic lights, including 100R:0B% and 0R:100B%, and compound lights (CLs), including 75R:25B%, 50R:50B%, and 25R:75B%. The total photonflux in all of the treatments was set as 550 μmolm(-2)s(-1). With an increase of BPF, the rapeseed leaves changed from wrinkled blades and down-rolled margins to flat blades and slightly up-rolled margins, and the compact degree of palisade tissue increased. One layer of the cells of palisade tissue was present under 100R:0B%, whereas two layers were present under the other treatments. Compared to 100R:0B%, 0R:100B% enhanced the indexes of leaf thickness, leaf mass per area (LMA), stomatal density, chlorophyll (Chl) content per weight and photosynthetic capacity (P max), and the CLs with high BPF ratios enhanced these indexes. However, the 100R:0B% and CLs with high RPF ratios enhanced the net photosynthetic rate (P n). The leaves under the CLs showed growth vigor, whereas the leaves under 100R:0B% or 0R:100B% were stressed with a low F v/F m (photosynthetic maximum quantum yield) and a high content of [Formula: see text] and H2O2. The top second leaves under 100R:0B% or 0R:100B% showed stress resistance responses with a high activity of antioxidase, but the top third leaves showed irreversible damage and inactivity of antioxidase. Our results showed that the rapeseed leaves grown under 0R:100B% or CLs with a high BPF ratio showed higher ability to utilize high photonflux, while the leaves grown under 100R:0B% or CLs with a low BPF ratio showed higher efficiency in utilizing low photonflux. Under different R:B photonflux ratios, red and blue lights may play mutual roles in P n. When the blue light dominated, the P n showed a B-preference. When the red light dominated, the P n showed an R-preference. Furthermore, CLs were suitable for the P n of rapeseed seedlings.
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135
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Kirchenbauer D, Viczián A, Ádám É, Hegedűs Z, Klose C, Leppert M, Hiltbrunner A, Kircher S, Schäfer E, Nagy F. Characterization of photomorphogenic responses and signaling cascades controlled by phytochrome-A expressed in different tissues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:584-98. [PMID: 27027866 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The photoreceptor phytochrome A acts as a light-dependent molecular switch and regulates responses initiated by very low fluences of light (VLFR) and high fluences (HIR) of far-red light. PhyA is expressed ubiquitously, but how phyA signaling is orchestrated to regulate photomorphogenesis is poorly understood. To address this issue, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana phyA-201 mutant lines expressing the biologically active phyA-YFP photoreceptor in different tissues, and analyzed the expression of several reporter genes, including ProHY5:HY5-GFP and Pro35S:CFP-PIF1, and various FR-HIR-dependent physiological responses. We show that phyA action in one tissue is critical and sufficient to regulate flowering time and root growth; control of cotyledon and hypocotyl growth requires simultaneous phyA activity in different tissues; and changes detected in the expression of reporters are not restricted to phyA-containing cells. We conclude that FR-HIR-controlled morphogenesis in Arabidopsis is mediated partly by tissue-specific and partly by intercellular signaling initiated by phyA. Intercellular signaling is critical for many FR-HIR induced responses, yet it appears that phyA modulates the abundance and activity of key regulatory transcription factors in a tissue-autonomous fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kirchenbauer
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Éva Ádám
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegedűs
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Cornelia Klose
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Leppert
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schäfer
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
- Institute of Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
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Ma L, Tian T, Lin R, Deng XW, Wang H, Li G. Arabidopsis FHY3 and FAR1 Regulate Light-Induced myo-Inositol Biosynthesis and Oxidative Stress Responses by Transcriptional Activation of MIPS1. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:541-57. [PMID: 26714049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) catalyzes the limiting step of inositol biosynthesis and has crucial roles in plant growth and development. In response to stress, the transcription of MIPS1 is induced and the biosynthesis of inositol or inositol derivatives is promoted by unknown mechanisms. Here, we found that the light signaling protein FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) and its homolog FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1) regulate light-induced inositol biosynthesis and oxidative stress responses by activating the transcription of MIPS1. Disruption of FHY3 and FAR1 caused light-induced cell death after dark-light transition, precocious leaf senescence, and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Reduction of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation by overexpression of SALICYLIC ACID 3-HYDROXYLASE largely suppressed the cell death phenotype of fhy3 far1 mutant plants, suggesting that FHY3- and FAR1-mediated cell death is dependent on SA. Furthermore, comparative analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and microarray results revealed that FHY3 and FAR1 directly target both MIPS1 and MIPS2. The fhy3 far1 mutant plants showed severely decreased MIPS1/2 transcript levels and reduced inositol levels. Conversely, constitutive expression of MIPS1 partially rescued the inositol contents, caused reduced transcript levels of SA-biosynthesis genes, and prevented oxidative stress in fhy3 far1. Taken together, our results indicate that the light signaling proteins FHY3 and FAR1 directly bind the promoter of MIPS1 to activate its expression and thereby promote inositol biosynthesis to prevent light-induced oxidative stress and SA-dependent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xing-Wang Deng
- National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-Biotechnology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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The Fast-Evolving phy-2 Gene Modulates Sexual Development in Response to Light in the Model Fungus Neurospora crassa. mBio 2016; 7:e02148. [PMID: 26956589 PMCID: PMC4810495 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02148-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid responses to changes in incident light are critical to the guidance of behavior and development in most species. Phytochrome light receptors in particular play key roles in bacterial physiology and plant development, but their functions and regulation are less well understood in fungi. Nevertheless, genome-wide expression measurements provide key information that can guide experiments that reveal how genes respond to environmental signals and clarify their role in development. We performed functional genomic and phenotypic analyses of the two phytochromes in Neurospora crassa, a fungal model adapted to a postfire environment that experiences dramatically variable light conditions. Expression of phy-1 and phy-2 was low in early sexual development and in the case of phy-2 increased in late sexual development. Under light stimulation, strains with the phytochromes deleted exhibited increased expression of sexual development-related genes. Moreover, under red light, the phy-2 knockout strain commenced sexual development early. In the evolution of phytochromes within ascomycetes, at least two duplications have occurred, and the faster-evolving phy-2 gene has frequently been lost. Additionally, the three key cysteine sites that are critical for bacterial and plant phytochrome function are not conserved within fungal phy-2 homologs. Through the action of phytochromes, transitions between asexual and sexual reproduction are modulated by light level and light quality, presumably as an adaptation for fast asexual growth and initiation of sexual reproduction of N. crassa in exposed postfire ecosystems. Environmental signals, including light, play critical roles in regulating fungal growth and pathogenicity, and balance of asexual and sexual reproduction is critical in fungal pathogens’ incidence, virulence, and distribution. Red light sensing by phytochromes is well known to play critical roles in bacterial physiology and plant development. Homologs of phytochromes were first discovered in the fungal model Neurospora crassa and then subsequently in diverse other fungi, including many plant pathogens. Our study investigated the evolution of red light sensors in ascomycetes and confirmed—using the model fungus Neurospora crassa—their roles in modulating the asexual-sexual reproduction balance in fungi. Our findings also provide a key insight into one of the most poorly understood aspects of fungal biology, suggesting that further study of the function of phytochromes in fungi is critical to reveal the genetic basis of the asexual-sexual switch responsible for fungal growth and distribution, including diverse and destructive plant pathogens.
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Liu B, Yang Z, Gomez A, Liu B, Lin C, Oka Y. Signaling mechanisms of plant cryptochromes in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:137-48. [PMID: 26810763 PMCID: PMC6138873 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRY) are flavoproteins that direct a diverse array of developmental processes in response to blue light in plants. Conformational changes in CRY are induced by the absorption of photons and result in the propagation of light signals to downstream components. In Arabidopsis, CRY1 and CRY2 serve both distinct and partially overlapping functions in regulating photomorphogenic responses and photoperiodic flowering. For example, both CRY1 and CRY2 regulate the abundance of transcription factors by directly reversing the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligase on CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 and SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 1 complexes in a blue light-dependent manner. CRY2 also specifically governs a photoperiodic flowering mechanism by directly interacting with a transcription factor called CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING BASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX. Recently, structure/function analysis of CRY1 revealed that the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 independent pathway is also involved in CRY1-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. CRY1 and CRY2 thus not only share a common pathway but also relay light signals through distinct pathways, which may lead to altered developmental programs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobin Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhaohe Yang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Adam Gomez
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yoshito Oka
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Yang L, Wang X, Deng W, Mo W, Gao J, Liu Q, Zhang C, Wang Q, Lin C, Zuo Z. Using HEK293T Expression System to Study Photoactive Plant Cryptochromes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:940. [PMID: 27446167 PMCID: PMC4921486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue light receptors that are conserved in plants and animals. Although the light-dependent catalytic mechanism of photolyase is well studied, the photochemical mechanism of cryptochromes remains largely unknown. Lack of an appropriate protein expression system to obtain photochemically active cryptochrome holoproteins is a technical obstacle for the study of plant cryptochromes. We report here an easy-to-use method to express and study Arabidopsis cryptochrome in HEK293T cells. Our results indicate that Arabidopsis cryptochromes expressed in HEK293T are photochemically active. We envision a broad use of this method in the functional investigation of plant proteins, especially in the large-scale analyses of photochemical activities of cryptochromes such as blue light-dependent protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Weixian Deng
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Mo
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Chuanyu Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Zecheng Zuo
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zecheng Zuo,
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Hayami N, Sakai Y, Kimura M, Saito T, Tokizawa M, Iuchi S, Kurihara Y, Matsui M, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Yamamoto YY. The Responses of Arabidopsis Early Light-Induced Protein2 to Ultraviolet B, High Light, and Cold Stress Are Regulated by a Transcriptional Regulatory Unit Composed of Two Elements. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:840-55. [PMID: 26175515 PMCID: PMC4577391 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Early Light-Induced Protein (ELIP) is thought to act as a photoprotectant, reducing the damaging effects of high light (HL). Expression of ELIP2 is activated by multiple environmental stresses related to photoinhibition. We have identified putative regulatory elements in an ELIP2 promoter using an octamer-based frequency comparison method, analyzed the role of these elements using synthetic promoters, and revealed a key transcriptional regulatory unit for ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation, HL, and cold stress responses. The unit is composed of two elements, designated as Elements A (TACACACC) and B (GGCCACGCCA), and shows functionality only when paired. Our genome-wide correlation analysis between possession of these elements in the promoter region and expression profiles in response to UV-B, HL, and cold suggests that Element B receives and integrates these multiple stress signals. In vitro protein-DNA binding assays revealed that LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), a basic domain-Leucine zipper transcription factor, directly binds to Element B. In addition, mutant analysis of HY5 showed partial involvement in the UV-B and HL responses but not in the cold stress response. These results suggest that signals for UV-B, HL, and cold stress join at Element B, which recognizes the signals of multiple transcription factors, including HY5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Hayami
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Yusaku Sakai
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Kimura
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Tatsunori Saito
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Mutsutomo Tokizawa
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Satoshi Iuchi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Yukio Kurihara
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Minami Matsui
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
| | - Yoshiharu Y Yamamoto
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences (N.H., Y.S., T.S., Y.Y.Y.) and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (M.T., Y.Y.Y.), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1103, Japan; Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Bioresource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan (S.I.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Y.K., M.M., Y.Y.Y.); andCenter for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (M.N., Y.T.)
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Maurya JP, Sethi V, Gangappa SN, Gupta N, Chattopadhyay S. Interaction of MYC2 and GBF1 results in functional antagonism in blue light-mediated Arabidopsis seedling development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:439-450. [PMID: 26047210 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulations of Arabidopsis seedling growth by two proteins, which belong to different classes of transcription factors, are poorly understood. MYC2 and GBF1 belong to bHLH and bZIP classes of transcription factors, respectively, and function in cryptochrome-mediated blue light signaling. Here, we have investigated the molecular and functional interrelation of MYC2 and GBF1 in blue light-mediated photomorphogenesis. Our study reveals that MYC2 and GBF1 colocalize and physically interact in the nucleus. This interaction requires the N-terminal domain of each protein. The atmyc2 gbf1 double mutant analyses and transgenic studies have revealed that MYC2 and GBF1 act antagonistically and inhibit the activity of each other to regulate hypocotyl growth and several other biological processes. This study further reveals that MYC2 and GBF1 bind to HYH promoter and inhibit each other through non-DNA binding bHLH-bZIP heterodimers. These results, taken together, provide insights into the mechanistic view on the concerted regulatory role of MYC2 and GBF1 in Arabidopsis seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Maurya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | - Vishmita Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | | | - Nisha Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
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143
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Trp triad-dependent rapid photoreduction is not required for the function of Arabidopsis CRY1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:9135-40. [PMID: 26106155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504404112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes in different evolutionary lineages act as either photoreceptors or light-independent transcription repressors. The flavin cofactor of both types of cryptochromes can be photoreduced in vitro by electron transportation via three evolutionarily conserved tryptophan residues known as the "Trp triad." It was hypothesized that Trp triad-dependent photoreduction leads directly to photoexcitation of cryptochrome photoreceptors. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing mutations of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) altered in each of the three Trp-triad tryptophan residues (W324, W377, and W400). Surprisingly, in contrast to a previous report all photoreduction-deficient Trp-triad mutations of CRY1 remained physiologically and biochemically active in Arabidopsis plants. ATP did not enhance rapid photoreduction of the wild-type CRY1, nor did it rescue the defective photoreduction of the CRY1(W324A) and CRY1(W400F) mutants that are photophysiologically active in vivo. The lack of correlation between rapid flavin photoreduction or the effect of ATP on the rapid flavin photoreduction and the in vivo photophysiological activities of plant cryptochromes argues that the Trp triad-dependent photoreduction is not required for the function of cryptochromes and that further efforts are needed to elucidate the photoexcitation mechanism of cryptochrome photoreceptors.
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144
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Xu C, Li Y, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Wei S. Suppression ofArabidopsisflowering by near-null magnetic field is affected by light. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:476-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Shufeng Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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145
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Thieulin-Pardo G, Avilan L, Kojadinovic M, Gontero B. Fairy "tails": flexibility and function of intrinsically disordered extensions in the photosynthetic world. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:23. [PMID: 26042223 PMCID: PMC4436894 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs), or protein fragments also called Intrinsically Disordered Regions (IDRs), display high flexibility as the result of their amino acid composition. They can adopt multiple roles. In globular proteins, IDRs are usually found as loops and linkers between secondary structure elements. However, not all disordered fragments are loops: some proteins bear an intrinsically disordered extension at their C- or N-terminus, and this flexibility can affect the protein as a whole. In this review, we focus on the disordered N- and C-terminal extensions of globular proteins from photosynthetic organisms. Using the examples of the A2B2-GAPDH and the α Rubisco activase isoform, we show that intrinsically disordered extensions can help regulate their “host” protein in response to changes in light, thereby participating in photosynthesis regulation. As IDPs are famous for their large number of protein partners, we used the examples of the NAC, bZIP, TCP, and GRAS transcription factor families to illustrate the fact that intrinsically disordered extremities can allow a protein to have an increased number of partners, which directly affects its regulation. Finally, for proteins from the cryptochrome light receptor family, we describe how a new role for the photolyase proteins may emerge by the addition of an intrinsically disordered extension, while still allowing the protein to absorb blue light. This review has highlighted the diverse repercussions of the disordered extension on the regulation and function of their host protein and outlined possible future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Thieulin-Pardo
- UMR 7281, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Luisana Avilan
- UMR 7281, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Mila Kojadinovic
- UMR 7281, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- UMR 7281, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
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146
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Lu XD, Zhou CM, Xu PB, Luo Q, Lian HL, Yang HQ. Red-light-dependent interaction of phyB with SPA1 promotes COP1-SPA1 dissociation and photomorphogenic development in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:467-78. [PMID: 25744387 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis phytochromes (phyA-phyE) are photoreceptors dedicated to sensing red/far-red light. Phytochromes promote photomorphogenic developments upon light irradiation via a signaling pathway that involves rapid degradation of PIFs (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS) and suppression of COP1 (CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1) nuclear accumulation, through physical interactions with PIFs and COP1, respectively. Both phyA and phyB, the two best characterized phytochromes, regulate plant photomorphogenesis predominantly under far-red light and red light, respectively. It has been demonstrated that SPA1 (SUPPRESSOR OF PHYTOCHROME A 1) associates with COP1 to promote COP1 activity and suppress photomorphogenesis. Here, we report that the mechanism underlying phyB-promoted photomorphogenesis in red light involves direct physical and functional interactions between red-light-activated phyB and SPA1. We found that SPA1 acts genetically downstream of PHYB to repress photomorphogenesis in red light. Protein interaction studies in both yeast and Arabidopsis demonstrated that the photoactivated phyB represses the association of SPA1 with COP1, which is mediated, at least in part, through red-light-dependent interaction of phyB with SPA1. Moreover, we show that phyA physically interacts with SPA1 in a Pfr-form-dependent manner, and that SPA1 acts downstream of PHYA to regulate photomorphogenesis in far-red light. This study provides a genetic and biochemical model of how photoactivated phyB represses the activity of COP1-SPA1 complex through direct interaction with SPA1 to promote photomorphogenesis in red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuan-Miao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng-Bo Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong-Li Lian
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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147
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Mo M, Yokawa K, Wan Y, Baluška F. How and why do root apices sense light under the soil surface? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:775. [PMID: 26442084 PMCID: PMC4585147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light can penetrate several centimeters below the soil surface. Growth, development and behavior of plant roots are markedly affected by light despite their underground lifestyle. Early studies provided contrasting information on the spatial and temporal distribution of light-sensing cells in the apical region of root apex and discussed the physiological roles of plant hormones in root responses to light. Recent biological and microscopic advances have improved our understanding of the processes involved in the sensing and transduction of light signals, resulting in subsequent physiological and behavioral responses in growing root apices. Here, we review current knowledge of cellular distributions of photoreceptors and their signal transduction pathways in diverse root tissues and root apex zones. We are discussing also the roles of auxin transporters in roots exposed to light, as well as interactions of light signal perceptions with sensing of other environmental factors relevant to plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yinglang Wan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yinglang Wan, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, 100083 Beijing, China, ; František Baluška, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Yinglang Wan, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, 100083 Beijing, China, ; František Baluška, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
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148
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Zhang K, Cui B. Optogenetic control of intracellular signaling pathways. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 33:92-100. [PMID: 25529484 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells employ a plethora of signaling pathways to make their life-and-death decisions. Extensive genetic, biochemical, and physiological studies have led to the accumulation of knowledge about signaling components and their interactions within signaling networks. These conventional approaches, although useful, lack the ability to control the spatial and temporal aspects of signaling processes. The recently emerged optogenetic tools open exciting opportunities by enabling signaling regulation with superior temporal and spatial resolution, easy delivery, rapid reversibility, fewer off-target side effects, and the ability to dissect complex signaling networks. Here we review recent achievements in using light to control intracellular signaling pathways and discuss future prospects for the field, including integration of new genetic approaches into optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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149
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Mao K, Jiang L, Bo W, Xu F, Wu R. Cloning of the cryptochrome-encoding PeCRY1 gene from Populus euphratica and functional analysis in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115201. [PMID: 25503486 PMCID: PMC4264880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue/UV-A light receptors that evolved from photolyases. In plants, cryptochromes regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. Despite of their involvement in the control of important plant traits, however, most studies on cryptochromes have focused on lower plants and herbaceous crops, and no data on cryptochrome function are available for forest trees. In this study, we isolated a cryptochrome gene, PeCRY1, from Euphrates poplar (Populus euphratica), and analyzed its structure and function in detail. The deduced PeCRY1 amino acid sequence contained a conserved N-terminal photolyase-homologous region (PHR) domain as well as a C-terminal DQXVP-acidic-STAES (DAS) domain. Secondary and tertiary structure analysis showed that PeCRY1 shares high similarity with AtCRY1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. PeCRY1 expression was upregulated at the mRNA level by light. Using heterologous expression in Arabidopsis, we showed that PeCRY1 overexpression rescued the cry1 mutant phenotype. In addition, PeCRY1 overexpression inhibited hypocotyl elongation, promoted root growth, and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in wild-type background seedlings grown under blue light. Furthermore, we examined the interaction between PeCRY1 and AtCOP1 using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFc) assay. Our data provide evidence for the involvement of PeCRY1 in the control of photomorphogenesis in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Mao
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhao Bo
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- * E-mail:
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150
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Baba-Kasai A, Hara N, Takano M. Tissue-specific and light-dependent regulation of phytochrome gene expression in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2654-66. [PMID: 24738738 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red- and far red light photoreceptors in higher plants. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has three phytochromes (phyA, phyB and phyC), which play distinct as well as cooperative roles in light perception. To gain a better understanding of individual phytochrome functions in rice, expression patterns of three phytochrome genes were characterized using promoter-GUS fusion constructs. The phytochrome genes PHYA and PHYB showed distinct patterns of tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression in rice. The PHYA promoter-GUS was expressed in all leaf tissues in etiolated seedlings, while its expression was restricted to vascular bundles in expanded leaves of light-grown seedlings. These observations suggest that light represses the expression of the PHYA gene in all cells except vascular bundle cells in rice seedlings. Red light was effective, but far red light was ineffective in gene repression, and red light-induced repression was not observed in phyB mutants. These results indicate that phyB is involved in light-dependent and tissue-specific repression of the PHYA gene in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Baba-Kasai
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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