101
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Muthukrishnan I, Sridharan V, Menéndez JC. Progress in the Chemistry of Tetrahydroquinolines. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5057-5191. [PMID: 30963764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroquinoline is one of the most important simple nitrogen heterocycles, being widespread in nature and present in a broad variety of pharmacologically active compounds. This Review summarizes the progress achieved in the chemistry of tetrahydroquinolines, with emphasis on their synthesis, during the period from mid-2010 to early 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isravel Muthukrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur 613401 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur 613401 , Tamil Nadu , India.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences , Central University of Jammu , Rahya-Suchani (Bagla) , District-Samba, Jammu 181143 , Jammu and Kashmir , India
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgańica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid , Spain
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102
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Harris C, Weiss GL, Di S, Tasker JG. Cell signaling dependence of rapid glucocorticoid-induced endocannabinoid synthesis in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100158. [PMID: 31193551 PMCID: PMC6535624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids induce a rapid synthesis of endocannabinoid in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells by activation of a putative membrane receptor. Somato-dendritically released endocannabinoid acts as a retrograde messenger to suppress excitatory synaptic inputs to corticotropin-releasing hormone-, oxytocin-, and vasopressin-secreting cells. The non-genomic signaling mechanism responsible for rapid endocannabinoid synthesis by glucocorticoids has yet to be fully characterized. Here we manipulated cell signaling molecules pharmacologically using an intracellular approach to elucidate the signaling pathway activated by the membrane glucocorticoid receptor in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells. We found that rapid glucocorticoid-induced endocannabinoid synthesis in magnocellular neuroendocrine cells requires the sequential activation of multiple kinases, phospholipase C, and intracellular calcium mobilization. While there remain gaps in our understanding, our findings reveal many of the critical players in the rapid glucocorticoid signaling that culminates in the retrograde endocannabinoid modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Harris
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Grant L Weiss
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shi Di
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Tasker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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103
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Bernasochi GB, Bell JR, Simpson ER, Delbridge LM, Boon WC. Impact of Estrogens on the Regulation of White, Beige, and Brown Adipose Tissue Depots. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:457-475. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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104
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Santen RJ, Simpson E. History of Estrogen: Its Purification, Structure, Synthesis, Biologic Actions, and Clinical Implications. Endocrinology 2019; 160:605-625. [PMID: 30566601 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review summarizes key points from the Clark Sawin Memorial Lecture on the History of Estrogen delivered at Endo 2018 and focuses on the rationales and motivation leading to various discoveries and their clinical applications. During the classical period of antiquity, incisive clinical observations uncovered important findings; however, extensive anatomical dissections to solidify proof were generally lacking. Initiation of the experimental approach followed later, influenced by Claude Bernard's treatise "An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine." With this approach, investigators began to explore the function of the ovaries and their "internal secretions" and, after intensive investigations for several years, purified various estrogens. Clinical therapies for hot flashes, osteoporosis, and dysmenorrhea were quickly developed and, later, methods of hormonal contraception. Sophisticated biochemical methods revealed the mechanisms of estrogen synthesis through the enzyme aromatase and, after discovery of the estrogen receptors, their specific biologic actions. Molecular techniques facilitated understanding of the specific transcriptional and translational events requiring estrogen. This body of knowledge led to methods to prevent and treat hormone-dependent neoplasms as well as a variety of other estrogen-related conditions. More recently, the role of estrogen in men was uncovered by prismatic examples of estrogen deficiency in male patients and by knockout of the estrogen receptor and aromatase in animals. As studies became more extensive, the effects of estrogen on nearly every organ were described. We conclude that the history of estrogen illustrates the role of intellectual reasoning, motivation, and serendipity in advancing knowledge about this important sex steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Santen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Evan Simpson
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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105
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Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:135-170. [PMID: 31036290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The primary female sex hormones, estrogens, are responsible for the control of functions of the female reproductive system, as well as the development of secondary sexual characteristics that appear during puberty and sexual maturity. Estrogens exert their actions by binding to specific receptors, the estrogen receptors (ERs), which in turn activate transcriptional processes and/or signaling events that result in the control of gene expression. These actions can be mediated by direct binding of estrogen receptor complexes to specific sequences in gene promoters (genomic effects), or by mechanisms that do not involve direct binding to DNA (non-genomic effects). Whether acting via direct nuclear effects, indirect non-nuclear actions, or a combination of both, the effects of estrogens on gene expression are controlled by highly regulated complex mechanisms. In this chapter, we summarize the knowledge gained in the past 60years since the discovery of the estrogen receptors on the mechanisms governing estrogen-mediated gene expression. We provide an overview of estrogen biosynthesis, and we describe the main mechanisms by which the female sex hormone controls gene transcription in different tissues and cell types. Specifically, we address the molecular events governing regulation of gene expression via the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα, and ERβ) and the membrane estrogen receptor (GPER1). We also describe mechanisms of cross-talk between signaling cascades activated by both nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors. Finally, we discuss natural compounds that are able to target specific estrogen receptors and their implications for human health and medical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fuentes
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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106
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The Importance of G-protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Patients With Fibromyalgia. Arch Rheumatol 2019; 34:419-425. [PMID: 32010891 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2019.7236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to analyze the G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) activity in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Patients and methods We enrolled 40 female patients with FMS (mean age 42.9±11.2 years; range, 18 to 64 years) diagnosed according to the 2010 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria and 30 age- and body mass index-matched female healthy controls (mean age 43.7±13.6 years; range, 19 to 64 years). Sex hormones of patients (morning) including estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin (PRL) were recorded. FMS severity was assessed by Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). Serum GPER levels were measured by using a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method with a commercial kit. Results G-protein coupled estrogen receptor levels were 0.11 (0.02-0.9) ng/mL in the FMS patients and 0.059 (0.01-0.13) ng/mL in controls, with a statistically significant difference (p=0.037). GPER levels were positively correlated with age and negatively correlated with PRL, while they were not correlated with FIQ. Differential diagnosis for FMS with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the serum GPER levels was statistically significant (area under the ROC curve: 0.653, confidence interval: 0.522-0.785, p=0.029). High values indicated FMS, with a threshold of >0.075, sensitivity of 60%, and specificity of 60%. Conclusion The GPER levels of FMS patients were higher than those of the controls. Thus, GPER levels may be considered as a biomarker in the diagnosis of FMS independent of disease severity.
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107
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The Emerging Role of Estrogens in Thyroid Redox Homeostasis and Carcinogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2514312. [PMID: 30728883 PMCID: PMC6343143 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2514312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the most critical class of free radicals or reactive metabolites produced by all living organisms. ROS regulate several cellular functions through redox-dependent mechanisms, including proliferation, differentiation, hormone synthesis, and stress defense response. However, ROS overproduction or lack of appropriate detoxification is harmful to cells and can be linked to the development of several diseases, such as cancer. Oxidative damage in cellular components, especially in DNA, can promote the malignant transformation that has already been described in thyroid tissue. In thyrocyte physiology, NADPH oxidase enzymes produce large amounts of ROS that are necessary for hormone biosynthesis and might contribute to the high spontaneous mutation rate found in this tissue. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and its incidence is significantly higher in women than in men. Several lines of evidence suggest the sex hormone estrogen as a risk factor for thyroid cancer development. Estrogen in turn, besides being a potent growth factor for both normal and tumor thyroid cells, regulates different mechanisms of ROS generation. Our group demonstrated that the thyroid gland of adult female rats exhibits higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and lower enzymatic antioxidant defense in comparison with male glands. In this review, we discuss the possible involvement of thyroid redox homeostasis and estrogen in the development of thyroid carcinogenesis.
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108
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Puglisi R, Mattia G, Carè A, Marano G, Malorni W, Matarrese P. Non-genomic Effects of Estrogen on Cell Homeostasis and Remodeling With Special Focus on Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:733. [PMID: 31708877 PMCID: PMC6823206 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review takes into consideration the main mechanisms involved in cellular remodeling following an ischemic injury, with special focus on the possible role played by non-genomic estrogen effects. Sex differences have also been considered. In fact, cardiac ischemic events induce damage to different cellular components of the heart, such as cardiomyocytes, vascular cells, endothelial cells, and cardiac fibroblasts. The ability of the cardiovascular system to counteract an ischemic insult is orchestrated by these cell types and is carried out thanks to a number of complex molecular pathways, including genomic (slow) or non-genomic (fast) effects of estrogen. These pathways are probably responsible for differences observed between the two sexes. Literature suggests that male and female hearts, and, more in general, cardiovascular system cells, show significant differences in many parameters under both physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, many experimental studies dealing with sex differences in the cardiovascular system suggest a higher ability of females to respond to environmental insults in comparison with males. For instance, as cells from females are more effective in counteracting the ischemia/reperfusion injury if compared with males, a role for estrogen in this sex disparity has been hypothesized. However, the possible involvement of estrogen-dependent non-genomic effects on the cardiovascular system is still under debate. Further experimental studies, including sex-specific studies, are needed in order to shed further light on this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Puglisi
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Mattia
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marano
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Matarrese
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109
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Rani A, Stebbing J, Giamas G, Murphy J. Endocrine Resistance in Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer-From Mechanism to Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:245. [PMID: 31178825 PMCID: PMC6543000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance and role of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway has been well-documented in both breast cancer (BC) development and progression. The treatment of choice in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is classically divided into a variety of endocrine therapies, 3 of the most common being: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), aromatase inhibitors (AI) and selective estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERD). In a proportion of patients, resistance develops to endocrine therapy due to a sophisticated and at times redundant interference, at the molecular level between the ER and growth factor. The progression to endocrine resistance is considered to be a gradual, step-wise process. Several mechanisms have been proposed but thus far none of them can be defined as the complete explanation behind the phenomenon of endocrine resistance. Although multiple cellular, molecular and immune mechanisms have been and are being extensively studied, their individual roles are often poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current progress in our understanding of ER biology and the molecular mechanisms that predispose and determine endocrine resistance in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Aradhana Rani
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - John Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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110
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Cancer of Reproductive System: Receptors and Targeting Strategies. TARGETED INTRACELLULAR DRUG DELIVERY BY RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122620 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29168-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis in the different organs of the reproductive system, particularly, prostate, ovarian, and cervical tissues, involves aberrant expression of various physiological receptors belonging to different superfamilies. This chapter provides insights into the physiological receptors that are associated with the genesis, progression, metastasis, management, as well as the prognosis of the cancers of the male and female reproductive systems. It also highlights the structural and binding characteristics of the highly predominant receptors, namely, androgen, estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors, which are overexpressed in these cancers and discusses various strategies to target them.
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111
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Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Endocrine regulation of lung disease and inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:1313-1322. [PMID: 30509139 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218816653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Sex-differences in the incidence and severity of inflammatory lung diseases have been recognized for years. Women of reproductive age are more likely to suffer from chronic lung disease, with higher mortality rates than men. Physiological changes in hormone levels such as those occurring during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause have been associated with lung function changes and asthma symptoms. Despite this, the roles of sex hormones in the mechanisms associated with lung diseases have not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes basic and clinical studies of sex hormones as potential modulators of lung function and inflammation. The information obtained from sex-specific research on lung physiology and pathology will potentially help in the development of sex-specific therapeutics for inflammatory lung disease that may account for the hormonal status of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fuentes
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
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112
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Li Y, Gong D, Zhang L, Li H, Zhang S, Zhang J, Li K, Zheng Q, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Guo Y, Xiang R, Lin P, Wei Y. Zinc finger protein 32 promotes breast cancer stem cell-like properties through directly promoting GPER transcription. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1162. [PMID: 30478301 PMCID: PMC6255875 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women. Due to the existence of a small fraction of stem cell-like subpopulations, some breast cancer subtypes exhibit very high malignancy and resistance to multiple therapies. The underlying mechanisms of how these subtypes acquire stem cell-like properties and progress more aggressively remain largely unknown. Zinc finger protein 32 (ZNF32), a newly discovered transcription factor, has been reported to be associated with breast cancer progression. However, many questions remain about its target genes and its exact mechanisms in regulating stem cell-like properties and drug resistance. In the present study, we examined the relationship between ZNF32 and GPER, a membrane-associated estrogen receptor, and we addressed their roles in stemness regulation in human breast cancer cell lines. Our results showed that ZNF32 could induce expansion of stem cell-like subpopulations and increase drug resistance by upregulating GPER expression, in which ERK activation was also implicated. We also illustrated that ZNF32 induced GPER expression via a ZNF32 binding sequence located within the GPER promoter region. A correlation between ZNF32/GPER expression and increased tumor incidence and burden was observed in xenograft mouse models. We conclude that ZNF32 can engage GPER/ERK signalling and confer breast cancer stem cell-like properties, which may indicate poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. ZNF32 and GPER targeted therapies might provide new solutions for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Gong
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hongjiang Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Huaxi Biobank, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - QianWen Zheng
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafei Guo
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of clinical medicine, School of Medicine, Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Division of Cancer Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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113
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Selvaraj UM, Zuurbier KR, Whoolery CW, Plautz EJ, Chambliss KL, Kong X, Zhang S, Kim SH, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Stowe AM. Selective Nonnuclear Estrogen Receptor Activation Decreases Stroke Severity and Promotes Functional Recovery in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3848-3859. [PMID: 30256928 PMCID: PMC6203892 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens provide neuroprotection in animal models of stroke, but uterotrophic effects and cancer risk limit translation. Classic estrogen receptors (ERs) serve as transcription factors, whereas nonnuclear ERs govern numerous cell processes and exert beneficial cardiometabolic effects without uterine or breast cancer growth in mice. Here, we determined how nonnuclear ER stimulation with pathway-preferential estrogen (PaPE)-1 affects stroke outcome in mice. Ovariectomized female mice received vehicle, estradiol (E2), or PaPE-1 before and after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). Lesion severity was assessed with MRI, and poststroke motor function was evaluated through 2 weeks after tMCAo. Circulating, spleen, and brain leukocyte subpopulations were quantified 3 days after tMCAo by flow cytometry, and neurogenesis and angiogenesis were evaluated histologically 2 weeks after tMCAo. Compared with vehicle, E2 and PaPE-1 reduced infarct volumes at 3 days after tMCAo, though only PaPE-1 reduced leukocyte infiltration into the ischemic brain. Unlike E2, PaPE-1 had no uterotrophic effect. Both interventions had negligible effect on long-term poststroke neuronal or vascular plasticity. All mice displayed a decline in motor performance at 2 days after tMCAo, and vehicle-treated mice did not improve thereafter. In contrast, E2 and PaPE-1 treatment afforded functional recovery at 6 days after tMCAo and beyond. Thus, the selective activation of nonnuclear ER by PaPE-1 decreased stroke severity and improved functional recovery in mice without undesirable uterotrophic effects. The beneficial effects of PaPE-1 are also associated with attenuated neuroinflammation in the brain. PaPE-1 and similar molecules may warrant consideration as efficacious ER modulators providing neuroprotection without detrimental effects on the uterus or cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kielen R Zuurbier
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Cody W Whoolery
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Erik J Plautz
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ken L Chambliss
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Correspondence: Philip W. Shaul, MD, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390. ; or Ann M. Stowe, PhD, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. E-mail:
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Correspondence: Philip W. Shaul, MD, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390. ; or Ann M. Stowe, PhD, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. E-mail:
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114
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Zapater C, Molés G, Muñoz I, Pinto PIS, Canario AVM, Gómez A. Differential involvement of the three nuclear estrogen receptors during oogenesis in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)†. Biol Reprod 2018; 100:757-772. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cinta Zapater
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Gregorio Molés
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Iciar Muñoz
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Patricia I S Pinto
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Adelino V M Canario
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gómez
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain
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McMenamin ÚC, Trainor J, Coleman HG, McManus DT, McQuaid S, Bingham V, James J, Salto-Tellez M, Johnston BT, Turkington RC. Sex hormone receptor expression and survival in esophageal adenocarcinoma: a prospective cohort study. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35300-35312. [PMID: 30450159 PMCID: PMC6219676 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A striking epidemiological feature of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is its strong, unexplained male predominance but few studies have evaluated the prevalence of sex hormone receptor expression in EAC. RESULTS A low proportion of EAC tumors stained positive for ERα (4%) and AR (3%) while approximately one third stained positive for ERβ (31%). After a mean follow-up of 3 years (max 9 years), no significant associations were seen for ERα, ERβ or AR expression and EAC recurrence or survival. A non-significant reduction in mortality was observed for positive ERβ tumor expression, when restricting to patients with gastro-esophageal junctional (GEJ) cancer (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.33, 1.03, p = 0.06). MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified all EAC patients who underwent neo-adjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgical resection between 2004-2012 in the Northern Ireland Cancer Centre. Immunohistochemical expression of ERα, ERβ and AR was scored on triplicate cores to generate H-scores. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the association between sex hormone receptor expression and overall, cancer-specific and recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSION We found little evidence of ERα or AR expression in EAC. A moderate proportion expressed ERβ and there was suggestive evidence that its expression was associated with improved survival in GEJ cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úna C McMenamin
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - James Trainor
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Damian T McManus
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stephen McQuaid
- Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Victoria Bingham
- Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jacqueline James
- Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Brian T Johnston
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Richard C Turkington
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Shift from androgen to estrogen action causes abdominal muscle fibrosis, atrophy, and inguinal hernia in a transgenic male mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10427-E10436. [PMID: 30327348 PMCID: PMC6217386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807765115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inguinal hernia is one of the most common disorders that affect elderly men. A major pathology underlying inguinal hernia is the fibrosis and other degenerative changes that affect the lower abdominal muscle strength adjacent to the inguinal canal. Here we describe a critical role of estrogen and its nuclear receptor that enhance fibroblast proliferation and muscle atrophy, leading to inguinal hernia. Further research may reveal a potential role of estrogen ablation to prevent muscle fibrosis or hernia in a subset of elderly men. Inguinal hernia develops primarily in elderly men, and more than one in four men will undergo inguinal hernia repair during their lifetime. However, the underlying mechanisms behind hernia formation remain unknown. It is known that testosterone and estradiol can regulate skeletal muscle mass. We herein demonstrate that the conversion of testosterone to estradiol by the aromatase enzyme in lower abdominal muscle (LAM) tissue causes intense fibrosis, leading to muscle atrophy and inguinal hernia; an aromatase inhibitor entirely prevents this phenotype. LAM tissue is uniquely sensitive to estradiol because it expresses very high levels of estrogen receptor-α. Estradiol acts via estrogen receptor-α in LAM fibroblasts to activate pathways for proliferation and fibrosis that replaces atrophied myocytes, resulting in hernia formation. This is accompanied by decreased serum testosterone and decreased expression of the androgen receptor target genes in LAM tissue. These findings provide a mechanism for LAM tissue fibrosis and atrophy and suggest potential roles of future nonsurgical and preventive approaches in a subset of elderly men with a predisposition for hernia development.
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Akimoto T, Takasawa A, Takasawa K, Aoyama T, Murata M, Osanai M, Saito T, Sawada N. Estrogen/GPR30 Signaling Contributes to the Malignant Potentials of ER-Negative Cervical Adenocarcinoma via Regulation of Claudin-1 Expression. Neoplasia 2018; 20:1083-1093. [PMID: 30227306 PMCID: PMC6141703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical adenocarcinomas are believed to lose estrogen response on the basis of no expression of a nuclear estrogen receptor such as ERα in clinical pathology. Here, we demonstrated that cervical adenocarcinoma cells respond to a physiological concentration of estrogen to upregulate claudin-1, a cell surface molecule highly expressed in cervical adenocarcinomas. Knockout of claudin-1 induced apoptosis and significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of cervical adenocarcinoma cells and tumorigenicity in vivo. Importantly, all of the cervical adenocarcinoma cell lines examined expressed a membrane-bound type estrogen receptor, G protein–coupled receptor 30 (GPR30/GPER1), but not ERα. Estrogen-dependent induction of claudin-1 expression was mediated by GPR30 via ERK and/or Akt signaling. In surgical specimens, there was a positive correlation between claudin-1 expression and GPR30 expression. Double high expression of claudin-1 and GPR30 predicts poor prognosis in patients with cervical adenocarcinomas. Mechanism-based targeting of estrogen/GPR30 signaling and claudin-1 may be effective for cervical adenocarcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Akimoto
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Kumi Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Aoyama
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masaki Murata
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Norimasa Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
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Abstract
Estrogens coordinate and integrate cellular metabolism and mitochondrial activities by direct and indirect mechanisms mediated by differential expression and localization of estrogen receptors (ER) in a cell-specific manner. Estrogens regulate transcription and cell signaling pathways that converge to stimulate mitochondrial function- including mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial fusion and fission, calcium homeostasis, and antioxidant defense against free radicals. Estrogens regulate nuclear gene transcription by binding and activating the classical genomic estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) and by activating plasma membrane-associated mERα, mERβ, and G-protein coupled ER (GPER, GPER1). Localization of ERα and ERβ within mitochondria and in the mitochondrial membrane provides additional mechanisms of regulation. Here we review the mechanisms of rapid and longer-term effects of estrogens and selective ER modulators (SERMs, e.g., tamoxifen (TAM)) on mitochondrial biogenesis, morphology, and function including regulation of Nuclear Respiratory Factor-1 (NRF-1, NRF1) transcription. NRF-1 is a nuclear transcription factor that promotes transcription of mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM (mtDNA maintenance factorFA) which then regulates mtDNA-encoded genes. The nuclear effects of estrogens on gene expression directly controlling mitochondrial biogenesis, oxygen consumption, mtDNA transcription, and apoptosis are reviewed.
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119
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Zhang Z, Qin P, Deng Y, Ma Z, Guo H, Guo H, Hou Y, Wang S, Zou W, Sun Y, Ma Y, Hou W. The novel estrogenic receptor GPR30 alleviates ischemic injury by inhibiting TLR4-mediated microglial inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:206. [PMID: 30001721 PMCID: PMC6043971 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The steroid hormone estrogen (17-β-estradiol, E2) provides neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic injury by activating estrogen receptors. The novel estrogen receptor G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) is highly expressed in the brain and provides acute neuroprotection against stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods In this study, ovariectomized female mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and E2, G1, and ICI182780 were administered immediately upon reperfusion. The infarction volume, neurological scores, and neuronal injuries were examined. Primary microglial cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and the drugs were administered immediately upon reintroduction. The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in penumbra and microglia were assessed by ELISA. The cell viability and lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) release of neurons co-cultured with microglia were analyzed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) and LDH release assays. Microglial activation as well as GPR30, Iba1, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein expression and TLR4 mRNA expression were detected. Additionally, NF-κB activity was detected in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia after the activation of GPR30. Results GPR30 was highly expressed in microglia and significantly increased after ischemic injury. The activation of GPR30 significantly reduced the infarction volume, improved the neurological deficit, and alleviated neuronal injuries. Moreover, GPR30 activation significantly reduced the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 from ischemic penumbra and microglia subjected to OGD and alleviated neuronal injury as assessed using the CCK8 and LDH assays. Finally, the activation of GPR30 relieved microglial activation, reduced Iba1 and TLR4 protein expression and TLR4 mRNA levels, and inhibited NF-κB activity. Conclusions Microglial GPR30 exerts acute neuroprotective effects by inhibiting TLR4-mediated microglial inflammation, which indicates that GPR30 may be a potential target for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1246-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengli Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Pei Qin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Youliang Deng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhi Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Haiyun Guo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yushu Hou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yanyuan Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Anaesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Landeros RV, Pastore MB, Magness RR. Effects of the Catechol and Methoxy Metabolites of 17β-Estradiol on Nitric Oxide Production by Ovine Uterine Artery Endothelial Cells. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:459-468. [PMID: 29929429 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118783265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) production is essential to facilitate rises in uterine blood flow (UBF) during pregnancy. It has been proposed that the metabolites of E2β, 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), and 4-methoxyestradiol (4-ME2) play a role in mediating vasodilation and rises in UBF during pregnancy. We previously showed that the E2β metabolites stimulate prostacyclin production in pregnancy-derived ovine uterine artery endothelial cells (P-UAECs); however, it is unknown whether the E2β metabolites also induce NO production. Herein, UAECs derived from nonpregnant and pregnant ewes were used to test the hypothesis that E2β metabolites stimulate NO production in a pregnancy-specific manner. Specific estrogen receptor (ER) and adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonists were used to determine the roles of ERs or ARs in E2β metabolite-induced NO production. E2β and its metabolites increased total nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) levels (NO2 + NO3) in P-UAECs, but not in NP-UAECs. Pretreatment with combined 1 µmol/L 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidinylethoxy)phenol]-1H-pyrazole dihydrochloride (MPP; ER-α antagonist) and 1 µmol/L 4-[2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]phenol (PHTPP; ER-β antagonist) inhibited the rises in NOx levels stimulated by E2β and 2-ME2, but had no effect on 2-OHE2-, 4-OHE2-, or 4-ME2-stimulated rises in NOx levels. Pretreatment with yohimbine (α2-AR antagonist) and propranolol (β2,3-AR antagonist) inhibited the rises in NOx levels stimulated by 2-OHE2, but not by E2β, 4-OHE2, 2-ME2, or 4-ME2. These data demonstrate that E2β metabolites stimulate NO synthesis via ERs or ARs in UAECs in a pregnancy-specific manner, suggesting that these metabolites contribute to rises in vasodilation and UBF during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Villalon Landeros
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Research Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mayra B Pastore
- 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ronald R Magness
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Research Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,4 Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, Perinatal Research Vascular Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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121
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Molehin D, Castro-Piedras I, Sharma M, Sennoune SR, Arena D, Manna PR, Pruitt K. Aromatase Acetylation Patterns and Altered Activity in Response to Sirtuin Inhibition. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1530-1542. [PMID: 29921733 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase, a cytochrome P450 member, is a key enzyme involved in estrogen biosynthesis and is dysregulated in the majority of breast cancers. Studies have shown that lysine deacetylase inhibitors (KDI) decrease aromatase expression in cancer cells, yet many unknowns remain regarding the mechanism by which this occurs. However, advances have been made to clarify factors involved in the transcriptional regulation of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1). Yet, despite aromatase being a primary target for breast cancer therapy, its posttranslational regulation has been virtually unexplored. Acetylation is a posttranslational modification (PTM) known to alter the activity and stability of many oncoproteins, and given the role of KDIs in regulating aromatase expression, we postulate that aromatase acetylation acts as a novel posttranslational regulatory mechanism that impacts aromatase expression and/or activity in breast cancer. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that aromatase is basally acetylated on several lysine residues (108, 169, 242, 262, 334, 352, and 354) in MCF-7 cells, and treatment with a SIRT-1 inhibitor induced additional acetylation (376, 390, 440, and 448). These acetylated lysine residues are in regions critical for aromatase activity. Site-directed mutagenesis and overexpression studies demonstrated that K108R/Q or K440R/Q mutations significantly altered aromatase activity in breast cancer cells without altering its subcellular localization.Implications: These findings demonstrate a novel posttranslational regulation of aromatase and uncover novel anticancer effects of deacetylase inhibitors, thus providing new insight for ongoing development of deacetylase inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Mol Cancer Res; 16(10); 1530-42. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Molehin
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Souad R Sennoune
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Daphne Arena
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas.
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Kotula-Balak M, Pawlicki P, Milon A, Tworzydlo W, Sekula M, Pacwa A, Gorowska-Wojtowicz E, Bilinska B, Pawlicka B, Wiater J, Zarzycka M, Galas J. The role of G-protein-coupled membrane estrogen receptor in mouse Leydig cell function-in vivo and in vitro evaluation. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:389-412. [PMID: 29876633 PMCID: PMC6209072 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, G-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) was inactivated, by treatment with antagonist (G-15), in testes of C57BL/6 mice: immature (3 weeks old), mature (3 months old) and aged (1.5 years old) (50 μg/kg bw), as well as MA-10 mouse Leydig cells (10 nM/24 h) alone or in combination with 17β-estradiol or antiestrogen (ICI 182,780). In G-15-treated mice, overgrowth of interstitial tissue was found in both mature and aged testes. Depending on age, differences in structure and distribution of various Leydig cell organelles were observed. Concomitantly, modulation of activity of the mitochondria and tubulin microfibers was revealed. Diverse and complex GPER regulation at the mRNA level and protein of estrogen signaling molecules (estrogen receptor α and β; ERα, ERβ and cytochrome P450 aromatase; P450arom) in G-15 Leydig cells was found in relation to age and the experimental system utilized (in vivo and in vitro). Changes in expression patterns of ERs and P450arom, as well as steroid secretion, reflected Leydig cell heterogeneity to estrogen regulation throughout male life including cell physiological status.We show, for the first time, GPER with ERs and P450arom work in tandem to maintain Leydig cell architecture and supervise its steroidogenic function by estrogen during male life. Full set of estrogen signaling molecules, with involvement of GPER, is crucial for proper Leydig cell function where each molecule acts in a specific and/or complementary manner. Further understanding of the mechanisms by which GPER controls Leydig cells with special regard to male age, cell of origin and experimental system used is critical for predicting and preventing testis steroidogenic disorders based on perturbations in estrogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kotula-Balak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - P Pawlicki
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Milon
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - W Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Sekula
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Pacwa
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - E Gorowska-Wojtowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - B Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - B Pawlicka
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - J Wiater
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Zarzycka
- Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Krakow, Poland
| | - J Galas
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Schuller HM. Repurposing established cyclic adenosine monophosphate reducing agents for the prevention and therapy of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2018; 7:S117-S122. [PMID: 29782563 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2018.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard M Schuller
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Dou C, Ding N, Zhao C, Hou T, Kang F, Cao Z, Liu C, Bai Y, Dai Q, Ma Q, Luo F, Xu J, Dong S. Estrogen Deficiency-Mediated M2 Macrophage Osteoclastogenesis Contributes to M1/M2 Ratio Alteration in Ovariectomized Osteoporotic Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:899-908. [PMID: 29281118 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time we discovered that the M1/M2 macrophage phenotype ratio is increased in bone marrow of ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporotic C57BL/6 mice. Considering estrogen is the main variable, we assumed that estrogen participated in this alteration. To determine whether and how estrogen contributes to the change of the M1/M2 ratio, we first isolated bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) from mice femur and stimulated the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon γ (IFN-γ) for M1 polarization and interleukin 4 (IL-4)/IL-13 for M2 polarization. M1 and M2 macrophages were then exposed to RANKL stimulation, we found that M2 macrophage but not M1 macrophage differentiated into functional osteoclast leading to increased M1/M2 ratio. Intriguingly, 17β-estradiol (E2) pretreatment prevented osteoclastogenesis from M2 macrophages. By constructing shRNA lentivirus interfering the expression of different estrogen receptors in M2 macrophages, we found that estrogen protects M2 macrophage from receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) stimulation selectively through estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the downstream blockage of NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. Animal studies showed that ERα selective agonist 4,4',4″-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol (PPT) was able to replicate the therapeutic effects of E2 in treating osteoporotic OVX mice. Together, our findings reveal that estrogen deficiency-mediated M2 macrophage osteoclastogenesis leads to increased M1/M2 ratio in OVX mice. Reducing the M1/M2 ratio is a potential therapeutic target in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunrong Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianyong Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qijie Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinyu Ma
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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De novo transcriptome analysis and differentially expressed genes in the ovary and testis of the Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria by RNA-Seq. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 26:69-78. [PMID: 29702368 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria is a widely distributed, commercially important crustacean species. Although its conservation and the development of successful artificial breeding technologies have recently received considerable attention, there are currently no available data regarding the molecular mechanisms in controlling reproduction. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the testis, ovary, female and male eyestalks and the androgenic gland of O. oratoria, and compared the expression pattern of transcripts from the testis and ovary libraries to identify genes involved in gonadal development. A total of 147,130,937 clean reads were retrieved after removing the adapters in reads and filtering out low-quality data. All the reads were assembled into 94,990 unigenes (23,133 in testis and ovary) with an average length of 783 base pairs (bp) and N50 of 1502 bp. A search of all-unigenes against COG, GO, KEGG, KOG, Pfam, Swiss-Prot and Nr databases resulted in a total of 19,404 annotated unigenes. Comparison of the sequences in the ovary and testis libraries revealed that 1188 unigenes were up-regulated in the ovary and 2732 were up-regulated in the testis. Twenty ovary-up-regulated and 21 testis-up-regulated unigenes were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, 13,437 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 275,799 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. The important functional genes and pathways identified here provide a valuable dataset for understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling gonad development in O. oratoria, and the numerous (13,437 SSRs and 275,799 SNPs) molecular markers obtained here will provide fundamental basis for functional genomic and population genetic studies of O. oratoria.
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Berchtold E, Csaba G, Zimmer R. RelExplain-integrating data and networks to explain biological processes. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:1837-1844. [PMID: 28165113 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation The goal of many genome-wide experiments is to explain the changes between the analyzed conditions. Typically, the analysis is started with a set of differential genes DG and the first step is to identify the set of relevant biological processes BP . Current enrichment methods identify the involved biological process via statistically significant overrepresentation of differential genes in predefined sets, but do not further explain how the differential genes interact with each other or which other genes might be important for the enriched process. Other network-based methods determine subnetworks of interacting genes containing many differential genes, but do not employ process knowledge for a more focused analysis. Results RelExplain is a method to analyze a given biological process bp (e.g. identified by enrichment) in more detail by computing an explanation using the measured DG and a given network. An explanation is a subnetwork that contains the differential genes in the process bp and connects them in the best way given the experimental data using also genes that are not differential or not in bp . RelExplain takes into account the functional annotations of nodes and the edge consistency of the measurements. Explanations are compact networks of the relevant part of the bp and additional nodes that might be important for the bp . Our evaluation showed that RelExplain is better suited to retrieve manually curated subnetworks from unspecific networks than other algorithms. The interactive RelExplain tool allows to compute and inspect sub-optimal and alternative optimal explanations. Availability and Implementation A webserver is available at https://services.bio.ifi.lmu.de/relexplain . Contact berchtold@bio.ifi.lmu.de. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Berchtold
- Department of Informatics, Institute of Bioinformatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstraße 17, München, Germany
| | - Gergely Csaba
- Department of Informatics, Institute of Bioinformatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstraße 17, München, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmer
- Department of Informatics, Institute of Bioinformatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstraße 17, München, Germany
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Ginsenoside Rg1 activates ligand-independent estrogenic effects via rapid estrogen receptor signaling pathway. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:527-538. [PMID: 31695561 PMCID: PMC6823751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rg1 was shown to exert ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptor (ER) via mitogen-activated protein kinase–mediated pathway. Our study aimed to delineate the mechanisms by which Rg1 activates the rapid ER signaling pathways. Methods ER-positive human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and ER-negative human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells were treated with Rg1 (10−12M, 10−8M), 17ß-estradiol (10−8M), or vehicle. Immunoprecipitation was conducted to investigate the interactions between signaling protein and ER in MCF-7 cells. To determine the roles of these signaling proteins in the actions of Rg1, small interfering RNA or their inhibitors were applied. Results Rg1 rapidly induced ERα translocation to plasma membrane via caveolin-1 and the formation of signaling complex involving linker protein (Shc), insulin-like growth factor-I receptor, modulator of nongenomic activity of ER (MNAR), ERα, and cellular nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (c-Src) in MCF-7 cells. The induction of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) phosphorylation in MCF-7 cells by Rg1 was suppressed by cotreatment with small interfering RNA against these signaling proteins. The stimulatory effects of Rg1 on MEK phosphorylation in these cells were suppressed by both PP2 (Src kinase inhibitor) and AG1478 [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor]. In addition, Rg1-induced estrogenic activities, EGFR and MEK phosphorylation in MCF-7 cells were abolished by cotreatment with G15 (G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 antagonist). The increase in intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation, but not Ca mobilization, in MCF-7 cells by Rg1 could be abolished by G15. Conclusion Ginsenoside Rg1 exerted estrogenic actions by rapidly inducing the formation of ER containing signalosome in MCF-7 cells. Additionally, Rg1 could activate EGFR and c-Src ER-independently and exert estrogenic effects via rapid activation of membrane-associated ER and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor.
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Trenti A, Tedesco S, Boscaro C, Trevisi L, Bolego C, Cignarella A. Estrogen, Angiogenesis, Immunity and Cell Metabolism: Solving the Puzzle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030859. [PMID: 29543707 PMCID: PMC5877720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology and the immune system by inducing direct effects on multiple cell types including immune and vascular cells. Sex steroid hormones are implicated in cardiovascular protection, including endothelial healing in case of arterial injury and collateral vessel formation in ischemic tissue. Estrogen can exert potent modulation effects at all levels of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Their action is mediated by interaction with classical estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, as well as the more recently identified G-protein coupled receptor 30/G-protein estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), via both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Emerging data from the literature suggest that estrogen deficiency in menopause is associated with an increased potential for an unresolved inflammatory status. In this review, we provide an overview through the puzzle pieces of how 17β-estradiol can influence the cardiovascular and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Trenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Serena Tedesco
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padua, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Boscaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Lucia Trevisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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Mu N, Dong M, Liu C, Wang X, Cong J, Wang L, Wang X, Lakhani I, Liu X, Hou J, Wang S, Tse G. Association between preoperative serum insulin levels and lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer-a prospective cohort study. Cancer Med 2018. [PMID: 29533014 PMCID: PMC5911614 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is a common gynecological malignancy in developed countries. Insulin has been identified as a risk factor for endometrial cancer. However, whether insulin levels are related to the risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in endometrial cancer is unknown. We conducted a prospective cohort study in a regional hospital to examine the relationships between insulin levels and risk of LNM in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. A total of 668 patients were recruited. Of these, 206 were premenopausal (mean age: 42.01 ± 10.17) and 462 were postmenopausal (mean age: 62.13 ± 13.85). The incidence of LNM in both premenopausal and postmenopausal groups was comparable at 7% and 8%, respectively. In premenopausal women, multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that insulin levels (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.48–2.85, P < 0.05) were significant predictors of LNM risk. In the same group, insulin levels remained significant predictors of LNM risk (cut‐off: 10.48 μIU/mL) when adjusted for body mass index (BMI) (OR: 3.51, 95% CI: 1.42–5.98; P < 0.05) or for waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.08–2.66; P < 0.05). Similarly, in postmenopausal women, multivariate logistic regression showed that insulin levels (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.30–2.89; P < 0.05) also significantly predicted LNM risk. This relationship was maintained even after adjustment for BMI (cut‐off: 7.40 μIU/mL, OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.01–3.12, P < 0.05) or for WHR (cut‐off: 10.15 μIU/mL, OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.04–2.35; P < 0.05). Insulin levels are significantly associated with LNM risk in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer. Further prospective studies are needed to examine a potential causal relationship and determine whether its use can offer incremental value for risk stratification in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianglin Cong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liqian Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ishan Lakhani
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianqing Hou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shaoguang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Diab I, Helmy MW, Noureldin MH. Combinatorial strategy of epigenetic and hormonal therapies: A novel promising approach for treating advanced prostate cancer. Life Sci 2018; 198:71-78. [PMID: 29455003 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Estrogens act as key factors in prostate biology, cellular proliferation and differentiation as well as cancer development and progression. The expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-β appears to be lost during prostate cancer progression through hypermethylation mechanism. Epigenetic drugs such as 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZAC) and Trichostatin A (TSA) showed efficacy in restoring ERβ expression in prostate cancer cells. This study was designed to explore the potential anti-carcinogenic effects resulting from re-expressing ERβ1 using 5-AZAC and/or TSA, followed by its stimulation with Diarylpropionitrile (DPN), a selective ERβ1 agonist, in prostate cancer cell line PC-3. MAIN METHODS Cells were treated with 5-AZAC, TSA, DPN and their combination. Subsequently, they were subjected to proliferation assays, determinations of ERβ1 expression, protein levels of active caspase-3, cyclin D1, β-catenin and VEGF. KEY FINDINGS Treatment with these drugs exhibited an increase in ERβ1 expression to different extents as well as active caspase-3 levels. Meanwhile, a significant reduction in cyclin D1, VEGF and β-catenin levels was achieved as compared to the vehicle control group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the triple combination regimen led to the most prominent anti-tumor responses in terms of increased apoptosis, reduced proliferation as well as angiogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE The results support the notion that ERβ1 acts as a tumor suppressor protein and suggest that sequential ERβ1 expression and activation can offer significant anti-tumor responses. The study highlights that the strategy of merging epigenetic and hormonal therapies may be beneficial in treating advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K Motawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Hebatallah A Darwish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Iman Diab
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Maged W Helmy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, El-Bahira, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed H Noureldin
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Binelli M, Gonella-Diaza AM, Mesquita FS, Membrive CMB. Sex Steroid-Mediated Control of Oviductal Function in Cattle. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:E15. [PMID: 29393864 PMCID: PMC5872041 DOI: 10.3390/biology7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In cattle, the oviduct is a tubular organ that connects the ovary and the uterus. The oviduct lumen stages a dynamic set of cellular and molecular interactions to fulfill the noble role of generating a new individual. Specific anatomical niches along the oviduct lumen provide the appropriate microenvironment for final sperm capacitation, oocyte capture and fertilization, and early embryo development and transport. To accomplish such complex tasks, the oviduct undergoes spatially and temporally-regulated morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes that are associated with endocrine events of the estrous cycle. Specifically, elevated periovulatory concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) influence gene expression and morphological changes that have been associated positively to fertility in beef cattle. In this review, we explore how E2 and P4 influence oviductal function in the beginning of the estrous cycle, and prepare the oviductal lumen for interactions with gametes and embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Binelli
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 110910, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Angela Maria Gonella-Diaza
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Bairro: Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Silveira Mesquita
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa, UNIPAMPA, BR 472-Km 592, Uruguaiana 97508-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Maria Bertan Membrive
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias Tecnológicas-FCAT, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita", Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros (SP 294), Km 651, Dracena 17900-000, SP, Brazil.
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132
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Nadal A, Fuentes E, Ripoll C, Villar-Pazos S, Castellano-Muñoz M, Soriano S, Martinez-Pinna J, Quesada I, Alonso-Magdalena P. Extranuclear-initiated estrogenic actions of endocrine disrupting chemicals: Is there toxicology beyond paracelsus? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:16-22. [PMID: 28159674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), including bisphenol-A (BPA) do not act as traditional toxic chemicals inducing massive cell damage or death in an unspecific manner. EDCs can work upon binding to hormone receptors, acting as agonists, antagonists or modulators. Bisphenol-A displays estrogenic activity and, for many years it has been classified as a weak estrogen, based on the classic transcriptional action of estrogen receptors serving as transcription factors. However, during the last two decades our knowledge about estrogen signaling has advanced considerably. It is now accepted that estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ activate signaling pathways outside the nucleus which may or may not involve transcription. In addition, a new membrane estrogen receptor, GPER, has been proposed. Pharmacological and molecular evidence, along with results obtained in genetically modified mice, demonstrated that BPA, and its substitute BPS, are potent estrogens acting at nanomolar concentrations via extranuclear ERα, ERβ, and GPER. The different signaling pathways activated by BPA and BPS explain the well-known estrogenic effects of low doses of EDCs as well as non-monotonic dose-response relationships. These signaling pathways may help to explain the actions of EDCs with estrogenic activity in the etiology of different pathologies, including type-2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Nadal
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Esther Fuentes
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Ripoll
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sabrina Villar-Pazos
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Castellano-Muñoz
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergi Soriano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan Martinez-Pinna
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ivan Quesada
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Filardo EJ. A role for G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in estrogen-induced carcinogenesis: Dysregulated glandular homeostasis, survival and metastasis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:38-48. [PMID: 28595943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of carcinogenesis by estrogen center on its mitogenic and genotoxic potential on tumor target cells. These models suggest that estrogen receptor (ER) signaling promotes expansion of the transformed population and that subsequent accumulation of somatic mutations that drive cancer progression occur via metabolic activation of cathecol estrogens or by epigenetic mechanisms. Recent findings that GPER is linked to obesity, vascular pathology and immunosuppression, key events in the development of metabolic syndrome and intra-tissular estrogen synthesis, provides an alternate view of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. Consistent with this concept, GPER is directly associated with clinicopathological indices that predict cancer progression and poor survival in breast and gynecological cancers. Moreover, GPER manifests cell biological responses and a microenvironment conducive for tumor development and cancer progression, regulating cellular responses associated with glandular homeostasis and survival, invading surrounding tissue and attracting a vascular supply. Thus, the cellular actions attributed to GPER fit well with the known molecular mechanisms of G-protein coupled receptors, GPCRs, namely, their ability to transactivate integrins and EGF receptors and alter the interaction between glandular epithelia and their extracellular environment, affecting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and allowing for tumor cell survival and dissemination. This perspective reviews the molecular and cellular responses manifested by GPER and evaluates its contribution to female reproductive cancers as diseases that progress as a result of dysregulated glandular homeostasis resulting in chronic inflammation and metastasis. This review is organized in sections as follows: I) a brief synopsis of the current state of knowledge regarding estrogen-induced carcinogenesis, II) a review of evidence from clinical and animal-based studies that support a role for GPER in cancer progression, and III) a mechanistic framework describing how GPER-mediated estrogen action may influence the tumor and its microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Filardo
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02818, United States.
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Domínguez-Ordóñez R, Garcia-Juárez M, Lima-Hernández FJ, Gómora-Arrati P, Domínguez-Salazar E, Blaustein JD, Etgen AM, González-Flores O. Lordosis facilitated by GPER-1 receptor activation involves GnRH-1, progestin and estrogen receptors in estrogen-primed rats. Horm Behav 2018; 98:77-87. [PMID: 29269179 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the participation of membrane G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) and gonadotropin releasing hormone 1 (GnRH-1) receptor in the display of lordosis induced by intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of G1, a GPER-1 agonist, and by unesterified 17β-estradiol (free E2). In addition, we assessed the participation of both estrogen and progestin receptors in the lordosis behavior induced by G1 in ovariectomized (OVX), E2-benzoate (EB)-primed rats. In Experiment 1, icv injection of G1 induced lordosis behavior at 120 and 240min. In Experiment 2, icv injection of the GPER-1 antagonist G15 significantly reduced lordosis behavior induced by either G1 or free E2. In addition, Antide, a GnRH-1 receptor antagonist, significantly depressed G1 facilitation of lordosis behavior in OVX, EB-primed rats. Similarly, icv injection of Antide blocked the stimulatory effect of E2 on lordosis behavior. In Experiment 3, systemic injection of either tamoxifen or RU486 significantly reduced lordosis behavior induced by icv administration of G1 in OVX, EB-primed rats. The results suggest that GnRH release activates both estrogen and progestin receptors and that this activation is important in the chain of events leading to the display of lordosis behavior in response to activation of GPER-1 in estrogen-primed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Domínguez-Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México
| | - M Garcia-Juárez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México
| | - F J Lima-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México
| | - P Gómora-Arrati
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México
| | - E Domínguez-Salazar
- Area de Neurosciencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México
| | - J D Blaustein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - A M Etgen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - O González-Flores
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México; Area de Neurosciencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México.
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135
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Thomas P. Reprint of "Role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) in maintenance of meiotic arrest in fish oocytes". J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:23-30. [PMID: 29102625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An essential role for GPER (formerly known as GPR30) in regulating mammalian reproduction has not been identified to date, although it has shown to be involved in the regulation a broad range of other estrogen-dependent functions. In contrast, an important reproductive role for GPER in the maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest has been identified in teleost fishes, which is briefly reviewed here. Recent studies have clearly shown that ovarian follicle production of estradiol-17β (E2) maintains meiotic arrest in several teleost species through activation of GPER coupled to a stimulatory G protein (Gs) on oocyte plasma membranes, resulting in stimulation of cAMP production and maintenance of elevated cAMP levels. Studies with denuded zebrafish oocytes and with microinjection of GPER antisense oligonucleotides into oocytes have demonstrated the requirement for both ovarian follicle production of estrogens and expression of GPER on the oocyte surface for maintenance of meiotic arrest. This inhibitory action of E2 on the resumption of meiosis is mimicked by the GPER-selective agonist G-1, by the GPER agonists and nuclear ER antagonists, ICI 182,780 and tamoxifen, and also by the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A (BPA) and related alkylphenols. GPER also maintains meiotic arrest of zebrafish oocytes through estrogen- and BPA-dependent GPER activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Interestingly, progesterone receptor component 1 (PGRMC1) is also involved in estrogen maintenance of meiotic arrest through regulation of EGFR expression on the oocyte plasma membrane. The preovulatory surge in LH secretion induces the ovarian synthesis of progestin hormones that activate a membrane progestin receptor alpha (mPRα)/inhibitory G protein (Gi) pathway. It also increases ovarian synthesis of the catecholestrogen, 2-hydroxy-estradiol-17β (2-OHE2) which inhibits the GPER/Gs/adenylyl cyclase pathway. Both of these LH actions cause declines in oocyte cAMP levels resulting in the resumption of meiosis. GPER is also present on murine oocytes but there are no reports of studies investigating its possible involvement in maintaining meiotic arrest in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States.
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An evaluation of G-protein coupled membrane estrogen receptor-1 level in stuttering. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275:469-476. [PMID: 29299745 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stuttering is a widespread but little understood disease. There has been a recent increase in neuropathophysiological, genetic, and biochemical studies related to the etiopathogenesis. As developmental stuttering continues in adult males, hormonal factors are thought to have an effect. In this study, an evaluation was made for the first time of serum GPER-1 level in patients with a stutter. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case control. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 30 patients with a stutter, aged < 18 years, and 35 age-matched children as the control group. The Stuttering Severity Instrument-3 form was administered to the patients. Evaluations were made of serum GPER-1, TSH, estradiol, prolactin, and progesterone and testosterone levels. RESULTS GPER-1 level was determined as 0.51 (0.42-0.67) ng/mL in the patients and as 0.19 (0.13-0.25) ng/mL in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was determined between genders with GPER-1 level of 0.56 (0.44-0.68) ng/mL in the male stuttering patient group and 0.44 (0.35-0.49) ng/mL in the female patient group (p = 0.026). Differential diagnosis with ROC analysis for the serum GPER-1 levels was statistically significant [Area under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.998, confidence interval, CI 0.992-1.000, p < 0.001]. CONCLUSION The GPER-1 levels of the stuttering patients were found to be higher than those of the control group and GPER-1 levels of male patients were higher than those of females. As GPER-1 has high sensitivity and sensitivity, it could be considered important in the diagnosis and treatment of stuttering.
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Leposavić GM, Pilipović IM. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Thymic Adrenergic Networks: Sex Steroid-Dependent Plasticity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:13. [PMID: 29441042 PMCID: PMC5797573 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is sexually differentiated organ providing microenvironment for T-cell precursor differentiation/maturation in the major histocompatibility complex-restricted self-tolerant T cells. With increasing age, the thymus undergoes involution leading to the decline in efficacy of thymopoiesis. Noradrenaline from thymic nerve fibers and "(nor)adrenergic" cells is involved in the regulation of thymopoiesis. In rodents, noradrenaline concentration in thymus and adrenoceptor (AR) expression on thymic cells depend on sex and age. These differences are suggested to be implicated in the development of sexual diergism and the age-related decline in thymopoiesis. The programming of both thymic sexual differentiation and its involution occurs during the critical early perinatal period and may be reprogrammed during peripubertal development. The thymic (re)programming is critically dependent on circulating levels of gonadal steroids. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated fully, it is assumed that the gonadal steroid action during the critical perinatal/peripubertal developmental periods leads to long-lasting changes in the efficacy of thymopoiesis partly through (re)programming of "(nor)adrenergic" cell networks and AR expression on thymic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Momčilo Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Gordana Momčilo Leposavić,
| | - Ivan M. Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre “Branislav Janković”, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”, Belgrade, Serbia
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Orhan FÖ, Kurutaş EB, Doğaner A, Türker E, Özcü SŞT, Güngör M, Çakmak S. Serum levels of GPER-1 in euthymic bipolar patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:855-862. [PMID: 29618927 PMCID: PMC5875407 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s158822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogen and its receptors have been suggested as playing a role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD). Estrogen functions through the estrogen receptors alpha and beta and the recently discovered G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1). The aim of this study was to evaluate serum GPER-1 levels in euthymic BD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population consisted of 38 euthymic outpatients meeting the criteria for BD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition and 35 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Medical histories were obtained and physical examinations and laboratory tests conducted. RESULTS Serum GPER-1 levels were measured in both patients and controls and found to be significantly higher in the BD patients than in controls. These results were not influenced by the medications in use. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated that GPER-1 may play a role in BD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Özlem Orhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ergül Belge Kurutaş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Adem Doğaner
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ebru Türker
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Safiye Şeyma Taner Özcü
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Science, Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Meltem Güngör
- Vocational High School, Toros University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Çakmak
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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De Francesco EM, Sotgia F, Clarke RB, Lisanti MP, Maggiolini M. G Protein-Coupled Receptors at the Crossroad between Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis: Old Paradigms and Emerging Concepts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122713. [PMID: 29240722 PMCID: PMC5751314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been implicated in transmitting signals across the extra- and intra-cellular compartments, thus allowing environmental stimuli to elicit critical biological responses. As GPCRs can be activated by an extensive range of factors including hormones, neurotransmitters, phospholipids and other stimuli, their involvement in a plethora of physiological functions is not surprising. Aberrant GPCR signaling has been regarded as a major contributor to diverse pathologic conditions, such as inflammatory, cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. In this regard, solid tumors have been demonstrated to activate an angiogenic program that relies on GPCR action to support cancer growth and metastatic dissemination. Therefore, the manipulation of aberrant GPCR signaling could represent a promising target in anticancer therapy. Here, we highlight the GPCR-mediated angiogenic function focusing on the molecular mechanisms and transduction effectors driving the patho-physiological vasculogenesis. Specifically, we describe evidence for the role of heptahelic receptors and associated G proteins in promoting angiogenic responses in pathologic conditions, especially tumor angiogenesis and progression. Likewise, we discuss opportunities to manipulate aberrant GPCR-mediated angiogenic signaling for therapeutic benefit using innovative GPCR-targeted and patient-tailored pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestina M De Francesco
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria via Savinio, 87036 Rende, Italy.
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria via Savinio, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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Navarro FC, Watkins SK. Estrogen Stimulation Differentially Impacts Human Male and Female Antigen-Specific T Cell Anti-Tumor Function and Polyfunctionality. GENDER AND THE GENOME 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/gg.2017.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific differences exist in innate and adaptive immune responses and are mediated by hormone signaling. Estrogen is able to differentially modulate the development and differentiation of immune cells, including T cells. However, the effect of estrogen on T cell function, especially at concentrations other than physiological, remains controversial and incompletely understood. Immunotherapy is one of the most promising cancer treatments to date with a high probability of future enhancements. The adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells can mediate tumor regression but there are still many hurdles to enhancing the proficiency of this treatment. This study demonstrates for the first time that one major aspect to consider for designing potent immunotherapies for cancer is the impact of the patient's sex. Herein, using two different Ag-specific T cell groups, we investigated the effect of sex and estrogen in antitumor effector responses, T helper cytokine secretion, and, importantly, on T cell whole polyfunctionality important for memory T cell development and survival. Major differences were observed in T cell function and polyfunctionality between sexes and on E2 treatment. The findings of this study may be critical to understand the results of immunotherapy on different patients and for the enhancement of immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor C. Navarro
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Stephanie K. Watkins
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
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Expression Pattern of G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Myometrium of Uteri with and without Adenomyosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5974693. [PMID: 29109960 PMCID: PMC5646294 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5974693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective To compare the expression of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the junctional zone and outer myometrium of the proliferative and secretory phases of women with and without adenomyosis. Methods A total of 76 women were included in this study, 42 with adenomyosis (proliferative phase, n = 23; secretory phases, n = 19) and 34 controls (proliferative phase, n = 16; secretory phases, n = 18). Protein and total RNA were extracted from the junctional zone (JZ) and outer myometrium (OM). GPER protein and mRNA expression levels were evaluated by the use of western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results The expression of GPER protein and mRNA in women with adenomyosis was significantly higher than that of control subjects, both in the junctional zone and in the outer myometrium and both in the proliferative and in the secretory phases. Conclusion The significant and consistent increase in GPER expression in adenomyosis compared with control subjects, regardless of whether it was in the proliferative or secretory phases and regardless of whether it was in the JZ or OM, suggests that GPER plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the adenomyosis.
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Pjanic M. The role of polycarbonate monomer bisphenol-A in insulin resistance. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3809. [PMID: 28929027 PMCID: PMC5600722 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic unit of polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins, the types of plastics that could be found in essentially every human population and incorporated into almost every aspect of the modern human society. BPA polymers appear in a wide range of products, from liquid storages (plastic bottles, can and glass linings, water pipes and tanks) and food storages (plastics wraps and containers), to medical and dental devices. BPA polymers could be hydrolyzed spontaneously or in a photo- or temperature-catalyzed process, providing widespread environmental distribution and chronic exposure to the BPA monomer in contemporary human populations. Bisphenol A is also a xenoestrogen, an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that interferes with the endocrine system mimicking the effects of an estrogen and could potentially keep our endocrine system in a constant perturbation that parallels endocrine disruption arising during pregnancy, such as insulin resistance (IR). Gestational insulin resistance represents a natural biological phenomenon of higher insulin resistance in peripheral tissues of the pregnant females, when nutrients are increasingly being directed to the embryo instead of being stored in peripheral tissues. Gestational diabetes mellitus may appear in healthy non-diabetic females, due to gestational insulin resistance that leads to increased blood sugar levels and hyperinsulinemia (increased insulin production from the pancreatic beta cells). The hypothesis states that unnoticed and constant exposure to this environmental chemical might potentially lead to the formation of chronic low-level endocrine disruptive state that resembles gestational insulin resistance, which might contribute to the development of diabetes. The increasing body of evidence supports the major premises of this hypothesis, as exemplified by the numerous publications examining the association of BPA and insulin resistance, both epidemiological and mechanistic. However, to what extent BPA might contribute to the development of diabetes in the modern societies still remains unknown. In this review, I discuss the chemical properties of BPA and the sources of BPA contamination found in the environment and in human tissues. I provide an overview of mechanisms for the proposed role of bisphenol A in insulin resistance and diabetes, as well as other related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. I describe the transmission of BPA effects to the offspring and postulate that gender related differences might originate from differences in liver enzyme levels, such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, which is involved in BPA processing and its elimination from the organism. I discuss the molecular mechanisms of BPA action through nuclear and membrane-bound ER receptors, non-monotonic dose response, epigenetic modifications of the DNA and propose that chronic exposure to weak binders, such as BPA, may mimic the effects of strong binders, such as estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pjanic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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van Duursen MBM. Modulation of estrogen synthesis and metabolism by phytoestrogens in vitro and the implications for women's health. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:772-794. [PMID: 30090542 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are increasingly used as dietary supplements due to their suggested health promoting properties, but also by women for breast enhancement and relief of menopausal symptoms. Generally, phytoestrogens are considered to exert estrogenic activity via estrogen receptors (ERs), but they may also affect estrogen synthesis and metabolism locally in breast, endometrial and ovarian tissues. Considering that accurate regulation of local hormone levels is crucial for normal physiology, it is not surprising that interference with hormonal synthesis and metabolism is associated with a wide variety of women's health problems, varying from altered menstrual cycle to hormone-dependent cancers. Yet, studies on phytoestrogens have mainly focused on ER-mediated effects of soy-derived phytoestrogens, with less attention paid to steroid synthesis and metabolism or other phytoestrogens. This review aims to evaluate the potential of phytoestrogens to modulate local estrogen levels and the implications for women's health. For that, an overview is provided of the effects of commonly used phytoestrogens, i.e. 8-prenylnaringenin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, naringenin, resveratrol and quercetin, on estrogen synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes in vitro. The potential implications for women's health are assessed by comparing the in vitro effect concentrations with blood concentrations that can be found after intake of these phytoestrogens. Based on this evaluation, it can be concluded that high-dose supplements with phytoestrogens might affect breast and endometrial health or fertility in women via the modulation of steroid hormone levels. However, more data regarding the tissue levels of phytoestrogens and effect data from dedicated, tissue-specific assays are needed for a better understanding of potential risks. At least until more certainty regarding the safety has been established, especially young women would better avoid using supplements containing high doses of phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majorie B M van Duursen
- Research group Endocrine Toxicology , Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 104 , 3584 CM , Utrecht , the Netherlands . ; Tel: +31 (0)30 253 5398
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Palacios-Arreola MI, Nava-Castro KE, Río-Araiza VHD, Pérez-Sánchez NY, Morales-Montor J. A single neonatal administration of Bisphenol A induces higher tumour weight associated to changes in tumour microenvironment in the adulthood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10573. [PMID: 28874690 PMCID: PMC5585249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BPA is an oestrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical compound. Exposure to BPA in as early as pregnancy leads to lifelong effects. Since endocrine and immune systems interact in a bidirectional manner, endocrine disruption may cause permanent alterations of the immune system, affecting a future anti-tumoral response. Neonate (PND 3) female syngeneic BALB/c mice were exposed to a single dose of 250 µg/kg BPA. Once sexual maturity was reached, a mammary tumour was induced injecting 4T1 cells in situ, these cells are derived from a spontaneous adenocarcinoma in a BALB/c mouse and therefore allows for an immunocompetent recipient. After 25 days of injection, showing no major endocrine alterations, BPA-exposed mice developed larger tumours. Tumour leukocytic infiltrate analysis revealed a higher proportion of regulatory T lymphocytes in the BPA-exposed group. RT-PCR analysis of tumour samples showed a decreased expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ, as well as the M2 macrophage marker Fizz-1 in the BPA-exposed group. Flow cytometry analysis revealed differences in ERα expression by T lymphocytes, macrophages and NK cells, both associated to BPA exposure and tumour development. These findings show a new aspect whereby early life BPA exposure can contribute to breast cancer development and progression by modulating the anti-tumoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Ciudad de Mexico, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambientales, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, CP 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Del Río-Araiza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Ciudad de Mexico, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Nashla Yazmín Pérez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Ciudad de Mexico, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Ciudad de Mexico, CP, 04510, Mexico.
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Guan J, Yang B, Fan Y, Zhang J. GPER Agonist G1 Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson Disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2017; 24:60-66. [PMID: 28810246 DOI: 10.1159/000478908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies have shown that women of reproductive age have much less possibility of developing Parkinson disease (PD) than men. The beneficial effect of estrogen also has been well-described in both culture and animal models of PD. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a membrane-associated estrogen receptor, and displayed a neuroprotective role in a mouse model of PD. Since GPER is highly expressed in microglia, we speculate that GPER mediates the neuroprotective function of estradiol through suppressing the neuroinflammation of PD. METHODS We investigated the effects of GPER agonist G1 and GPER antagonist G15 on the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neuron, the activation of microglia, and the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced animal model of parkinsonism. Furthermore, we confirmed the effects of GPER activation on the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in an in vitro MPP+ model in BV2 microglial cells. RESULTS After 12-day treatment with G1, mice showed an increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells, reduced activation of microglia, and the abatement of proinflammatory cytokines, and the anti-inflammatory effect of G1 was abolished by G15. Meanwhile, in vitro studies demonstrated that GPER activation also reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines from BV2 microglial cells after MPP+ stimulation. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that GPER mediates the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of estrogen in experimental PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Menad R, Fernini M, Smaï S, Bonnet X, Gernigon-Spychalowicz T, Moudilou E, Khammar F, Exbrayat JM. GPER1 in sand rat epididymis: Effects of seasonal variations, castration and efferent ducts ligation. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 183:9-20. [PMID: 28688795 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Menad
- Small Vertebrates Reproduction, Laboratory of Research on Arid Areas, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, DZ-16111 El Alia, Algiers, Algeria; Faculty of Sciences, Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Algiers University I, Algeria.
| | - Meriem Fernini
- Small Vertebrates Reproduction, Laboratory of Research on Arid Areas, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, DZ-16111 El Alia, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Souaâd Smaï
- Small Vertebrates Reproduction, Laboratory of Research on Arid Areas, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, DZ-16111 El Alia, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Xavier Bonnet
- CEBC, UMR-7372 CNRS ULR, 79360 Villiers en Bois France
| | - Thérèse Gernigon-Spychalowicz
- Small Vertebrates Reproduction, Laboratory of Research on Arid Areas, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, DZ-16111 El Alia, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Elara Moudilou
- University of Lyon, UMRS 449, Laboratory of General Biology, Catholic University of Lyon, Reproduction and Comparative Development/EPHE,10 place des archives, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Farida Khammar
- Mammal Ecophysiology, Laboratory of Research on Arid Areas, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, DZ-16111 El Alia, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jean-Marie Exbrayat
- University of Lyon, UMRS 449, Laboratory of General Biology, Catholic University of Lyon, Reproduction and Comparative Development/EPHE,10 place des archives, 69002 Lyon, France.
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Mansouri S, Farahmand L, Hosseinzade A, Eslami-S Z, Majidzadeh-A K. Estrogen can restore Tamoxifen sensitivity in breast cancer cells amidst the complex network of resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1320-1325. [PMID: 28747013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer-related deaths have been on the decline ever since the application of systemic therapies. Chiefly, endocrine therapy, such as Tamoxifen, enhances the survival of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive patients. More than a decade has passed since the introduction of Tamoxifen, however, drug resistance, particularly to Tamoxifen, still remains a major challenge. It has been shown that not only does chronic Tamoxifen exposures induce resistance, but estrogen deprivation can as well. There are two Tamoxifen resistant cell lines, long term estrogen deprived (LTED) cells and cells that have acquired resistance due to long-term exposure to Tamoxifen (Tam-R). Despite having similar cytosolic pathways over-activated in Tam-R and LTED-R cells during the development of resistance, the administration of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) inhibitors fail to restore Tamoxifen sensitivity in LTED-Rs. This alludes to existing differences in the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance. Surprisingly, despite estrogen being recognized as a breast cancer stimulator; it has recently been introduced as an apoptotic inducer in unresponsive cells. Furthermore, the addition of estrogen to the media of LTED and Tam-R cells triggers cell death, perhaps is functioning as an anti-proliferative agent. In this review, we outline the molecular pathways potentially facilitating estrogen-induced apoptosis in resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mansouri
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysooda Hosseinzade
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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149
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Okamoto M, Suzuki T, Mizukami Y, Ikeda T. The membrane-type estrogen receptor G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin 6 via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in murine macrophage cells. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1870-1879. [PMID: 28722236 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The female sex hormone estrogen exerts anti-inflammatory effects. The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has been recently identified as a novel membrane-type estrogen receptor that can mediate non-genomic estrogenic effects on many cell types. We previously demonstrated that GPER inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) through repression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) promoter activity using human breast cancer cells. Although several reports have indicated that GPER suppresses Toll-like receptor-induced inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages, the molecular mechanisms of the inhibition of cytokine production via GPER remain poorly understood. In the present study, we examined GPER-mediated inhibition of IL-6 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in a mouse macrophage cell line. We found that the GPER agonist G-1 inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 expression in macrophage cells, and this inhibition was due to the repression of NF-κB promoter activity by GPER. G-1 treatment also decreased the phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB kinases. Among the mitogen-activated protein kinases, the phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was increased by G-1. These findings delineate the novel mechanism of the inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 through GPER-activated JNK-mediated negative regulation of the NF-κB pathway in murine macrophage cells, which links anti-inflammatory effects to estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takuto Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mizukami
- Center for Gene Research, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Teruo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
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150
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Lu CL, Herndon C. New roles for neuronal estrogen receptors. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28597596 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens encompass steroid hormones which display physiological roles not only in the female reproductive system but also in other organ systems of non-reproductive controls, including the peripheral and central nervous systems. Traditionally, estrogen signals in neurons through a "genomic pathway": binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) which then interact with nuclear estrogen response elements to initiate transcription. This effect is usually delayed at onset (within several hours to days) and prolonged in duration. In addition to these classical ERs, recent data suggest that other ERs function through pregenomic signaling pathways. Estrogen's pregenomic pathways cause intracellular changes within seconds to minutes and go through a novel, 7-transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptor (GPER, formerly known as GPR30). In this review, we will briefly cover the cellular and molecular mechanisms of GPER and then discuss newly discovered roles of GPER in cognition, depression, homeostasis, pain processing, and other associated neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Lu
- Institute of Brain Science, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C Herndon
- University of California, Los Angeles
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