101
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Kischel A, Audouard C, Fawal MA, Davy A. Ephrin-B2 paces neuronal production in the developing neocortex. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 20:12. [PMID: 32404061 PMCID: PMC7222552 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background During mammalian cerebral cortex development, different types of projection neurons are produced in a precise temporal order and in stereotypical numbers. The mechanisms regulating timely generation of neocortex projection neurons and ensuring production in sufficient numbers of each neuronal identity are only partially understood. Results Here, we show that ephrin-B2, a member of the Eph:ephrin cell-to-cell communication pathway, sets the neurogenic tempo in the neocortex. Indeed, conditional mutant embryos for ephrin-B2 exhibit a transient delay in neurogenesis and acute stimulation of Eph signaling by in utero injection of synthetic ephrin-B2 led to a transient increase in neuronal production. Using genetic approaches we show that ephrin-B2 acts on neural progenitors to control their differentiation in a juxtacrine manner. Unexpectedly, we observed that perinatal neuron numbers recovered following both loss and gain of ephrin-B2, highlighting the ability of neural progenitors to adapt their behavior to the state of the system in order to produce stereotypical numbers of neurons. Conclusions Altogether, our data uncover a role for ephrin-B2 in embryonic neurogenesis and emphasize the plasticity of neuronal production in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Kischel
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Audouard
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamad-Ali Fawal
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.
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102
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Hattori Y, Naito Y, Tsugawa Y, Nonaka S, Wake H, Nagasawa T, Kawaguchi A, Miyata T. Transient microglial absence assists postmigratory cortical neurons in proper differentiation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1631. [PMID: 32242005 PMCID: PMC7118101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing cortex, postmigratory neurons accumulate in the cortical plate (CP) to properly differentiate consolidating subtype identities. Microglia, despite their extensive surveying activity, temporarily disappear from the midembryonic CP. However, the mechanism and significance of this absence are unknown. Here, we show that microglia bidirectionally migrate via attraction by CXCL12 released from the meninges and subventricular zone and thereby exit the midembryonic CP. Upon nonphysiological excessive exposure to microglia in vivo or in vitro, young postmigratory and in vitro-grown CP neurons showed abnormal differentiation with disturbed expression of the subtype-associated transcription factors and genes implicated in functional neuronal maturation. Notably, this effect is primarily attributed to interleukin 6 and type I interferon secreted by microglia. These results suggest that “sanctuarization” from microglia in the midembryonic CP is required for neurons to appropriately fine-tune the expression of molecules needed for proper differentiation, thus securing the establishment of functional cortical circuit. Microglia temporarily disappear from the cortical plate in the midembryonic stage. This study demonstrated that microglial transient absence from the cortical plate is required for postmigratory neurons to appropriately fine-tune the expression of molecules needed for their proper differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. .,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yu Naito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoji Tsugawa
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Drug Discovery Research, iBody Inc., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Spatiotemporal Regulations Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, Okazaki, Japan.,Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Okazaki, Japan.,Division of System Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayano Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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103
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Cárdenas A, Borrell V. Molecular and cellular evolution of corticogenesis in amniotes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1435-1460. [PMID: 31563997 PMCID: PMC11104948 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex varies dramatically in size and complexity between amniotes due to differences in neuron number and composition. These differences emerge during embryonic development as a result of variations in neurogenesis, which are thought to recapitulate modifications occurred during evolution that culminated in the human neocortex. Here, we review work from the last few decades leading to our current understanding of the evolution of neurogenesis and size of the cerebral cortex. Focused on specific examples across vertebrate and amniote phylogeny, we discuss developmental mechanisms regulating the emergence, lineage, complexification and fate of cortical germinal layers and progenitor cell types. At the cellular level, we discuss the fundamental impact of basal progenitor cells and the advent of indirect neurogenesis on the increased number and diversity of cortical neurons and layers in mammals, and on cortex folding. Finally, we discuss recent work that unveils genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying this progressive expansion and increased complexity of the amniote cerebral cortex during evolution, with a particular focus on those leading to human-specific features. Whereas new genes important in human brain development emerged the recent hominid lineage, regulation of the patterns and levels of activity of highly conserved signaling pathways are beginning to emerge as mechanisms of central importance in the evolutionary increase in cortical size and complexity across amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cárdenas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain.
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104
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Moore R, Alexandre P. Delta-Notch Signaling: The Long and The Short of a Neuron's Influence on Progenitor Fates. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8020008. [PMID: 32225077 PMCID: PMC7345741 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the neural progenitor pool during embryonic development is essential to promote growth of the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is initially formed by tightly compacted proliferative neuroepithelial cells that later acquire radial glial characteristics and continue to divide at the ventricular (apical) and pial (basal) surface of the neuroepithelium to generate neurons. While neural progenitors such as neuroepithelial cells and apical radial glia form strong connections with their neighbours at the apical and basal surfaces of the neuroepithelium, neurons usually form the mantle layer at the basal surface. This review will discuss the existing evidence that supports a role for neurons, from early stages of differentiation, in promoting progenitor cell fates in the vertebrates CNS, maintaining tissue homeostasis and regulating spatiotemporal patterning of neuronal differentiation through Delta-Notch signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Moore
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Paula Alexandre
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (P.A.)
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105
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Güven A, Kalebic N, Long KR, Florio M, Vaid S, Brandl H, Stenzel D, Huttner WB. Extracellular matrix-inducing Sox9 promotes both basal progenitor proliferation and gliogenesis in developing neocortex. eLife 2020; 9:49808. [PMID: 32191207 PMCID: PMC7105383 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortex expansion is largely based on the proliferative capacity of basal progenitors (BPs), which is increased by extracellular matrix (ECM) components via integrin signaling. Here we show that the transcription factor Sox9 drives expression of ECM components and that laminin 211 increases BP proliferation in embryonic mouse neocortex. We show that Sox9 is expressed in human and ferret BPs and is required for BP proliferation in embryonic ferret neocortex. Conditional Sox9 expression in the mouse BP lineage, where it normally is not expressed, increases BP proliferation, reduces Tbr2 levels and induces Olig2 expression, indicative of premature gliogenesis. Conditional Sox9 expression also results in cell-non-autonomous stimulation of BP proliferation followed by increased upper-layer neuron production. Our findings demonstrate that Sox9 exerts concerted effects on transcription, BP proliferation, neuron production, and neurogenic vs. gliogenic BP cell fate, suggesting that Sox9 may have contributed to promote neocortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Güven
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nereo Kalebic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine R Long
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Florio
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Samir Vaid
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Brandl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denise Stenzel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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106
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Chui A, Zhang Q, Dai Q, Shi SH. Oxidative stress regulates progenitor behavior and cortical neurogenesis. Development 2020; 147:dev.184150. [PMID: 32041791 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Orderly division of radial glial progenitors (RGPs) in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex generates deep and superficial layer neurons progressively. However, the mechanisms that control RGP behavior and precise neuronal output remain elusive. Here, we show that the oxidative stress level progressively increases in the developing mouse cortex and regulates RGP behavior and neurogenesis. As development proceeds, numerous gene pathways linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress exhibit drastic changes in RGPs. Selective removal of PRDM16, a transcriptional regulator highly expressed in RGPs, elevates ROS level and induces expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes. Coinciding with an enhanced level of oxidative stress, RGP behavior was altered, leading to abnormal deep and superficial layer neuron generation. Simultaneous expression of mitochondrially targeted catalase to reduce cellular ROS levels significantly suppresses cortical defects caused by PRDM16 removal. Together, these findings suggest that oxidative stress actively regulates RGP behavior to ensure proper neurogenesis in the mammalian cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chui
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Center of Biological Molecules, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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107
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Yin C, Zhou X, Yao YG, Wang W, Wu Q, Wang X. Abundant Self-Amplifying Intermediate Progenitors in the Subventricular Zone of the Chinese Tree Shrew Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3370-3380. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
During evolution, neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) have fundamental functions, ranging from brain volume expansion to the generation of a six-layered neocortex. In lissencephalic animal models, such as rodents, the majority of neural progenitors in the SVZ are intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs). Most IPCs in rodents undergo neurogenic division, and only a small portion of them divide a very limited number of times to generate a few neurons. Meanwhile, in gyrencephalic animals, such as primates, IPCs are able to self-renew for up to five successive divisions. However, abundant IPCs with successive proliferative capacity have not been directly observed in nonprimate species. In this study, we examined the development of neural progenitors in the Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis), a lissencephalic animal with closer affinity than rodents to primates. We identified an expansion of the SVZ and the presence of outer radial glial (oRG) cells in the neocortex. We also found that IPCs have the capacity to self-amplify multiple times and therefore serve as major proliferative progenitors. To our knowledge, our study provides the first direct evidence of abundant IPCs with proliferative potential in a nonprimate species, further supporting the key role of IPCs in brain expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghai Yin
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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108
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Qiu R, Murai K, Lu Q. Spindle Orientation-Independent Control of Cell Fate Determination by RGS3 and KIF20A. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa003. [PMID: 32864611 PMCID: PMC7446295 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It was proposed that similar to its role in the invertebrate nervous system, mitotic spindle orientation (or cell cleavage plane orientation) of a dividing neural progenitor cell specifies the fate of daughter cells in the mammalian brain, modulating the production of neurons via symmetric versus asymmetric cell divisions during the course of neurogenesis. Experimental tests of the sufficiency of spindle/cleavage plane orientation in mammalian cell fate determination have yielded conflicting results. On the other hand, the necessity of spindle/cleavage plane orientation in mammalian cell fate determination has not yet been addressed. Here we examined the necessity of spindle/cleavage plane orientation during cortical neurogenesis in mice with loss-of-function of the RGS3-KIF20A interaction axis. We present evidence that while inactivation of RGS3 or KIF20A was linked to a shift in neural progenitor cells from proliferative to differentiative divisions in the developing cortex, these genetic mutations did not lead to anticipated alteration in the orientation of spindle/cleavage plane. Our results indicate that the RGS3-KIF20A axis regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian cortex employing a mechanism independent of spindle/cleavage plane orientation. These data also caution against using spindle/cleavage plane orientation as the synonym for cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kiyohito Murai
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Macroscopic Anatomy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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109
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Veeraval L, O'Leary CJ, Cooper HM. Adherens Junctions: Guardians of Cortical Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:6. [PMID: 32117958 PMCID: PMC7025593 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical radial glia comprise the pseudostratified neuroepithelium lining the embryonic lateral ventricles and give rise to the extensive repertoire of pyramidal neuronal subtypes of the neocortex. The establishment of a highly apicobasally polarized radial glial morphology is a mandatory prerequisite for cortical development as it governs neurogenesis, neural migration and the integrity of the ventricular wall. As in all epithelia, cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs) play an obligate role in the maintenance of radial glial apicobasal polarity and neuroepithelial cohesion. In addition, the assembly of resilient AJs is critical to the integrity of the neuroepithelium which must resist the tensile forces arising from increasing CSF volume and other mechanical stresses associated with the expansion of the ventricles in the embryo and neonate. Junctional instability leads to the collapse of radial glial morphology, disruption of the ventricular surface and cortical lamination defects due to failed neuronal migration. The fidelity of cortical development is therefore dependent on AJ assembly and stability. Mutations in genes known to control radial glial junction formation are causative for a subset of inherited cortical malformations (neuronal heterotopias) as well as perinatal hydrocephalus, reinforcing the concept that radial glial junctions are pivotal determinants of successful corticogenesis. In this review we explore the key animal studies that have revealed important insights into the role of AJs in maintaining apical radial glial morphology and function, and as such, have provided a deeper understanding of the aberrant molecular and cellular processes contributing to debilitating cortical malformations. We highlight the reciprocal interactions between AJs and the epithelial polarity complexes that impose radial glial apicobasal polarity. We also discuss the critical molecular networks promoting AJ assembly in apical radial glia and emphasize the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the stabilization of cadherin adhesion – a crucial factor in buffering the mechanical forces exerted as a consequence of cortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin Veeraval
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Conor J O'Leary
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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110
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Signs of Reduced Basal Progenitor Levels and Cortical Neurogenesis in Human Fetuses with Open Spina Bifida at 11-15 Weeks of Gestation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1766-1777. [PMID: 31953373 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0192-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Open spina bifida (OSB) is one of the most prevalent congenital malformations of the CNS that often leads to severe disabilities. Previous studies reported the volume and thickness of the neocortex to be altered in children and adolescents diagnosed with OSB. Until now, the onset and the underlying cause of the atypical neocortex organization in OSB patients remain largely unknown. To examine the effects of OSB on fetal neocortex development, we analyzed human fetuses of both sexes diagnosed with OSB between 11 and 15 weeks of gestation by immunofluorescence for established neuronal and neural progenitor marker proteins and compared the results with healthy controls of the same, or very similar, gestational age. Our data indicate that neocortex development in OSB fetuses is altered as early as 11 weeks of gestation. We observed a marked reduction in the radial thickness of the OSB neocortex, which appears to be attributable to a massive decrease in the number of deep- and upper-layer neurons per field, and found a marked reduction in the number of basal progenitors (BPs) per field in the OSB neocortex, consistent with an impairment of cortical neurogenesis underlying the neuronal decrease in OSB fetuses. Moreover, our data suggest that the decrease in BP number in the OSB neocortex may be associated with BPs spending a lesser proportion of their cell cycle in M-phase. Together, our findings expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of OSB and support the need for an early fetal therapy (i.e., in the first trimester of pregnancy).SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Open spina bifida (OSB) is one of the most prevalent congenital malformations of the CNS. This study provides novel data on neocortex development of human OSB fetuses. Our data indicate that neocortex development in OSB fetuses is altered as early as 11 weeks of gestation. We observed a marked reduction in the radial thickness of the OSB neocortex, which appears to be attributable a decrease in the number of deep- and upper-layer neurons per field, and found a marked reduction in the number of basal progenitors per field, indicating that impaired neurogenesis underlies the neuronal decrease in OSB fetuses. Our findings support the need for an early fetal therapy and expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of OSB.
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111
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Kawasoe R, Shinoda T, Hattori Y, Nakagawa M, Pham TQ, Tanaka Y, Sagou K, Saito K, Katsuki S, Kotani T, Sano A, Fujimori T, Miyata T. Two-photon microscopic observation of cell-production dynamics in the developing mammalian neocortex in utero. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:118-128. [PMID: 31943159 PMCID: PMC7027555 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis and organ development should be understood based on a thorough description of cellular dynamics. Recent studies have explored the dynamic behaviors of mammalian neural progenitor cells (NPCs) using slice cultures in which three‐dimensional systems conserve in vivo‐like environments to a considerable degree. However, live observation of NPCs existing truly in vivo, as has long been performed for zebrafish NPCs, has yet to be established in mammals. Here, we performed intravital two‐photon microscopic observation of NPCs in the developing cerebral cortex of H2B‐EGFP or Fucci transgenic mice in utero. Fetuses in the uterine sac were immobilized using several devices and were observed through a window made in the uterine wall and the amniotic membrane while monitoring blood circulation. Clear visibility was obtained to the level of 300 μm from the scalp surface of the fetus, which enabled us to quantitatively assess NPC behaviors, such as division and interkinetic nuclear migration, within a neuroepithelial structure called the ventricular zone at embryonic day (E) 13 and E14. In fetuses undergoing healthy monitoring in utero for 60 min, the frequency of mitoses observed at the apical surface was similar to those observed in slice cultures and in freshly fixed in vivo specimens. Although the rate and duration of successful in utero observations are still limited (33% for ≥10 min and 14% for 60 min), further improvements based on this study will facilitate future understanding of how organogenetic cellular behaviors occur or are pathologically influenced by the systemic maternal condition and/or maternal‐fetal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Kawasoe
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Shinoda
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Hattori
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Nakagawa
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Trung Quang Pham
- Robotics Lab, Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Robotics Lab, Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Sagou
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kanako Saito
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Katsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kotani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihito Sano
- Robotics Lab, Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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112
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Roig-Puiggros S, Vigouroux RJ, Beckman D, Bocai NI, Chiou B, Davimes J, Gomez G, Grassi S, Hoque A, Karikari TK, Kiffer F, Lopez M, Lunghi G, Mazengenya P, Meier S, Olguín-Albuerne M, Oliveira MM, Paraíso-Luna J, Pradhan J, Radiske A, Ramos-Hryb AB, Ribeiro MC, Schellino R, Selles MC, Singh S, Theotokis P, Chédotal A. Construction and reconstruction of brain circuits: normal and pathological axon guidance. J Neurochem 2019; 153:10-32. [PMID: 31630412 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perception of our environment entirely depends on the close interaction between the central and peripheral nervous system. In order to communicate each other, both systems must develop in parallel and in coordination. During development, axonal projections from the CNS as well as the PNS must extend over large distances to reach their appropriate target cells. To do so, they read and follow a series of axon guidance molecules. Interestingly, while these molecules play critical roles in guiding developing axons, they have also been shown to be critical in other major neurodevelopmental processes, such as the migration of cortical progenitors. Currently, a major hurdle for brain repair after injury or neurodegeneration is the absence of axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS. By contrasts, PNS axons can regenerate. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this paradox but recent studies suggest that hacking neurodevelopmental mechanisms may be the key to promote CNS regeneration. Here we provide a seminar report written by trainees attending the second Flagship school held in Alpbach, Austria in September 2018 organized by the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) together with the Journal of Neurochemistry (JCN). This advanced school has brought together leaders in the fields of neurodevelopment and regeneration in order to discuss major keystones and future challenges in these respective fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin J Vigouroux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Beckman
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nadia I Bocai
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brian Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua Davimes
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gimena Gomez
- Laboratorio de Parkinson Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-CONICET-UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training Partnership, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Frederico Kiffer
- Division of Radiation Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Lopez
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicin, University of Milano, Segrate, Italy
| | - Pedzisai Mazengenya
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sonja Meier
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mauricio Olguín-Albuerne
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio M Oliveira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juan Paraíso-Luna
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University Research Institute in Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonu Pradhan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andressa Radiske
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Belén Ramos-Hryb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO) Bernardo Houssay, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mayara C Ribeiro
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Roberta Schellino
- Neuroscience Department "Rita Levi-Montalcini" and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Clara Selles
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Shripriya Singh
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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113
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Hirata T, Shioi G, Abe T, Kiyonari H, Kato S, Kobayashi K, Mori K, Kawasaki T. A Novel Birthdate-Labeling Method Reveals Segregated Parallel Projections of Mitral and External Tufted Cells in the Main Olfactory System. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0234-19.2019. [PMID: 31672846 PMCID: PMC6868177 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0234-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental strategy in sensory coding is parallel processing, whereby unique, distinct features of sensation are computed and projected to the central target in the form of submodal maps. It remains unclear, however, whether such parallel processing strategy is employed in the main olfactory system, which codes the complex hierarchical odor and behavioral scenes. A potential scheme is that distinct subsets of projection neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) form parallel projections to the targets. Taking advantage of the observation that the distinct projection neurons develop at different times, we developed a Cre-loxP-based method that allows for birthdate-specific labeling of cell bodies and their axon projections in mice. This birthdate tag analysis revealed that the mitral cells (MCs) born in an early developmental stage and the external tufted cells (TCs) born a few days later form segregated parallel projections. Specifically, the latter subset converges the axons onto only two small specific targets, one of which, located at the anterolateral edge of the olfactory tubercle (OT), excludes widespread MC projections. This target is made up of neurons that express dopamine D1 but not D2 receptor and corresponds to the most anterolateral isolation of the CAP compartments (aiCAP) that were defined previously. This finding of segregated projections suggests that olfactory sensing does indeed involve parallel processing of functionally distinct submodalities. Importantly, the birthdate tag method used here may pave the way for deciphering the functional meaning of these individual projection pathways in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Hirata
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kensaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kawasaki
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
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114
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Ellender TJ, Avery SV, Mahfooz K, Scaber J, von Klemperer A, Nixon SL, Buchan MJ, van Rheede JJ, Gatti A, Waites C, Pavlou HJ, Sims D, Newey SE, Akerman CJ. Embryonic progenitor pools generate diversity in fine-scale excitatory cortical subnetworks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5224. [PMID: 31745093 PMCID: PMC6863870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is characterized by a variety of neuronal cell types and precise arrangements of synaptic connections, but the processes that generate this diversity are poorly understood. Here we examine how a pool of embryonic progenitor cells consisting of apical intermediate progenitors (aIPs) contribute to diversity within the upper layers of mouse cortex. In utero labeling combined with single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals that aIPs can generate transcriptionally defined glutamatergic cell types, when compared to neighboring neurons born from other embryonic progenitor pools. Whilst sharing layer-associated morphological and functional properties, simultaneous patch clamp recordings and optogenetic studies reveal that aIP-derived neurons exhibit systematic biases in both their intralaminar monosynaptic connectivity and the post-synaptic partners that they target within deeper layers of cortex. Multiple cortical progenitor pools therefore represent an important factor in establishing diversity amongst local and long-range fine-scale glutamatergic connectivity, which generates subnetworks for routing excitatory synaptic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommas J Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Sophie V Avery
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Kashif Mahfooz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Jakub Scaber
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme (CGAT), MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Sophie L Nixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Matthew J Buchan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Joram J van Rheede
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Aleksandra Gatti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Cameron Waites
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Hania J Pavlou
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme (CGAT), MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - David Sims
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme (CGAT), MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sarah E Newey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Colin J Akerman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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115
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Llorca A, Ciceri G, Beattie R, Wong FK, Diana G, Serafeimidou-Pouliou E, Fernández-Otero M, Streicher C, Arnold SJ, Meyer M, Hippenmeyer S, Maravall M, Marin O. A stochastic framework of neurogenesis underlies the assembly of neocortical cytoarchitecture. eLife 2019; 8:51381. [PMID: 31736464 PMCID: PMC6968929 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains multiple areas with distinctive cytoarchitectonic patterns, but the cellular mechanisms underlying the emergence of this diversity remain unclear. Here, we have investigated the neuronal output of individual progenitor cells in the developing mouse neocortex using a combination of methods that together circumvent the biases and limitations of individual approaches. Our experimental results indicate that progenitor cells generate pyramidal cell lineages with a wide range of sizes and laminar configurations. Mathematical modeling indicates that these outcomes are compatible with a stochastic model of cortical neurogenesis in which progenitor cells undergo a series of probabilistic decisions that lead to the specification of very heterogeneous progenies. Our findings support a mechanism for cortical neurogenesis whose flexibility would make it capable to generate the diverse cytoarchitectures that characterize distinct neocortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Llorca
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Beattie
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Fong Kuan Wong
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Diana
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Serafeimidou-Pouliou
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Fernández-Otero
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Meyer
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Miguel Maravall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marin
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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116
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The Microtubule Severing Protein Katanin Regulates Proliferation of Neuronal Progenitors in Embryonic and Adult Neurogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15940. [PMID: 31685876 PMCID: PMC6828949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule severing regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement underlying various cellular functions. Katanin, a heterodimer, consisting of catalytic (p60) and regulatory (p80) subunits severs dynamic microtubules to modulate several stages of cell division. The role of p60 katanin in the mammalian brain with respect to embryonic and adult neurogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we generated a Katna1 knockout mouse and found that consistent with a critical role of katanin in mitosis, constitutive homozygous Katna1 depletion is lethal. Katanin p60 haploinsufficiency induced an accumulation of neuronal progenitors in the subventricular zone during corticogenesis, and impaired their proliferation in the adult hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) subgranular zone. This did not compromise DG plasticity or spatial and contextual learning and memory tasks employed in our study, consistent with the interpretation that adult neurogenesis may be associated with selective forms of hippocampal-dependent cognitive processes. Our data identify a critical role for the microtubule-severing protein katanin p60 in regulating neuronal progenitor proliferation in vivo during embryonic development and adult neurogenesis.
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117
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Abstract
The neocortex is the largest part of the mammalian brain and is the seat of our higher cognitive functions. This outstanding neural structure increased massively in size and complexity during evolution in a process recapitulated today during the development of extant mammals. Accordingly, defects in neocortical development commonly result in severe intellectual and social deficits. Thus, understanding the development of the neocortex benefits from understanding its evolution and disease and also informs about their underlying mechanisms. Here, I briefly summarize the most recent and outstanding advances in our understanding of neocortical development and focus particularly on dorsal progenitors and excitatory neurons. I place special emphasis on the specification of neural stem cells in distinct classes and their proliferation and production of neurons and then discuss recent findings on neuronal migration. Recent discoveries on the genetic evolution of neocortical development are presented with a particular focus on primates. Progress on all these fronts is being accelerated by high-throughput gene expression analyses and particularly single-cell transcriptomics. I end with novel insights into the involvement of microglia in embryonic brain development and how improvements in cultured cerebral organoids are gradually consolidating them as faithful models of neocortex development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Borrell
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ramon y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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118
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Wang X, Ma Y, Xu R, Ma J, Zhang H, Qi S, Xu J, Qin X, Zhang H, Liu C, Chen J, Li B, Yang H, Saijilafu. c‐Myc controls the fate of neural progenitor cells during cerebral cortex development. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4011-4021. [PMID: 31625158 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu‐Li Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yan‐Xia Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Ren‐Jie Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
- Department of Orthopaedics Suzhou Municipal Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jin‐Jin Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Hong‐Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shi‐Bin Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jin‐Hui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Xu‐Zhen Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Hao‐Nan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Chang‐Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
- Savaid Medical School University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jian‐Quan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Hui‐Lin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Saijilafu
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
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119
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Postel M, Karam A, Pézeron G, Schneider-Maunoury S, Clément F. A multiscale mathematical model of cell dynamics during neurogenesis in the mouse cerebral cortex. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:470. [PMID: 31521111 PMCID: PMC6744691 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurogenesis in the murine cerebral cortex involves the coordinated divisions of two main types of progenitor cells, whose numbers, division modes and cell cycle durations set up the final neuronal output. To understand the respective roles of these factors in the neurogenesis process, we combine experimental in vivo studies with mathematical modeling and numerical simulations of the dynamics of neural progenitor cells. A special focus is put on the population of intermediate progenitors (IPs), a transit amplifying progenitor type critically involved in the size of the final neuron pool. Results A multiscale formalism describing IP dynamics allows one to track the progression of cells along the subsequent phases of the cell cycle, as well as the temporal evolution of the different cell numbers. Our model takes into account the dividing apical progenitors (AP) engaged into neurogenesis, both neurogenic and proliferative IPs, and the newborn neurons. The transfer rates from one population to another are subject to the mode of division (proliferative, or neurogenic) and may be time-varying. The model outputs are successfully fitted to experimental cell numbers from mouse embryos at different stages of cortical development, taking into account IPs and neurons, in order to adjust the numerical parameters. We provide additional information on cell kinetics, such as the mitotic and S phase indexes, and neurogenic fraction. Conclusions Applying the model to a mouse mutant for Ftm/Rpgrip1l, a gene involved in human ciliopathies with severe brain abnormalities, reveals a shortening of the neurogenic period associated with an increased influx of newborn IPs from apical progenitors at mid-neurogenesis. Our model can be used to study other mouse mutants with cortical neurogenesis defects and can be adapted to study the importance of progenitor dynamics in cortical evolution and human diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-3018-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Postel
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot SPC, CNRS, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, LJLL, Paris, France.
| | - Alice Karam
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du développement (LBD), Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pézeron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du développement (LBD), Paris, France.,Current address: Laboratoire Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du développement (LBD), Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Clément
- Inria, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.,LMS, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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120
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Han X, Wei Y, Wu X, Gao J, Yang Z, Zhao C. PDK1 Regulates Transition Period of Apical Progenitors to Basal Progenitors by Controlling Asymmetric Cell Division. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:406-420. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The six-layered neocortex consists of diverse neuron subtypes. Deeper-layer neurons originate from apical progenitors (APs), while upper-layer neurons are mainly produced by basal progenitors (BPs), which are derivatives of APs. As development proceeds, an AP generates two daughter cells that comprise an AP and a deeper-layer neuron or a BP. How the transition of APs to BPs is spatiotemporally regulated is a fundamental question. Here, we report that conditional deletion of phoshpoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) in mouse developing cortex achieved by crossing Emx1Cre line with Pdk1fl/fl leads to a delayed transition of APs to BPs and subsequently causes an increased output of deeper-layer neurons. We demonstrate that PDK1 is involved in the modulation of the aPKC-Par3 complex and further regulates the asymmetric cell division (ACD). We also find Hes1, a downstream effecter of Notch signal pathway is obviously upregulated. Knockdown of Hes1 or treatment with Notch signal inhibitor DAPT recovers the ACD defect in the Pdk1 cKO. Thus, we have identified a novel function of PDK1 in controlling the transition of APs to BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Han
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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121
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Lee YH, Lee HT, Chen CL, Chang CH, Hsu CY, Shyu WC. Role of FOXC1 in regulating APSCs self-renewal via STI-1/PrP C signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:6443-6465. [PMID: 31588228 PMCID: PMC6771253 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein C1 (FOXC1) is known to regulate developmental processes in the skull and brain. Methods: The unique multipotent arachnoid-pia stem cells (APSCs) isolated from human and mouse arachnoid-pia membranes of meninges were grown as 3D spheres and displayed a capacity for self-renewal. Additionally, APSCs also expressed the surface antigens as mesenchymal stem cells. By applying the FOXC1 knockout mice and mouse brain explants, signaling cascade of FOXC1-STI-1-PrPC was investigated to demonstrate the molecular regulatory pathway for APSCs self-renewal. Moreover, APSCs implantation in stroke model was also verified whether neurogenic property of APSCs could repair the ischemic insult of the stroke brain. Results: Activated FOXC1 regulated the proliferation of APSCs in a cell cycle-dependent manner, whereas FOXC1-mediated APSCs self-renewal was abolished in FOXC1 knockout mice (FOXC1-/- mice). Moreover, upregulation of STI-1 regulated by FOXC1 enhanced cell survival and self-renewal of APSCs through autocrine signaling of cellular prion protein (PrPC). Mouse brain explants STI-1 rescues the cortical phenotype in vitro and induces neurogenesis in the FOXC1 -/- mouse brain. Furthermore, administration of APSCs in ischemic brain restored the neuroglial microenvironment and improved neurological dysfunction. Conclusion: We identified a novel role for FOXC1 in the direct regulation of the STI-1-PrPC signaling pathway to promote cell proliferation and self-renewal of APSCs.
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122
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Sensory cortex wiring requires preselection of short- and long-range projection neurons through an Egr-Foxg1-COUP-TFI network. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3581. [PMID: 31395862 PMCID: PMC6687716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bimodal requisite for a genetic program and external stimuli is a key feature of sensory circuit formation. However, the contribution of cell-intrinsic codes to directing sensory-specific circuits remains unknown. Here, we identify the earliest molecular program that preselects projection neuron types in the sensory neocortex. Mechanistically, Foxg1 binds to an H3K4me1-enriched enhancer site to repress COUP-TFI, where ectopic acquisition of Foxg1 in layer 4 cells transforms local projection neurons to callosal projection neurons with pyramidal morphologies. Removal of Foxg1 in long-range projection neurons, in turn, derepresses COUP-TFI and activates a layer 4 neuron-specific program. The earliest segregation of projection subtypes is achieved through repression of Foxg1 in layer 4 precursors by early growth response genes, the major targets of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway. These findings describe the earliest cortex-intrinsic program that restricts neuronal connectivity in sensory circuits, a fundamental step towards the acquisition of mammalian perceptual behavior. Layer 4 spiny stellate cells project locally while pyramidal neurons have long-range projections yet the molecular program that determines their specificity is not yet known. Here, the authors demonstrate that Egr, Foxg1 and COUP-TFI transcription factors play causal role in the specification of these cell types.
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123
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Pinson A, Namba T, Huttner WB. Malformations of Human Neocortex in Development - Their Progenitor Cell Basis and Experimental Model Systems. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:305. [PMID: 31338027 PMCID: PMC6629864 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of the human neocortex in development constitute a heterogeneous group of complex disorders, resulting in pathologies such as intellectual disability and abnormal neurological/psychiatric conditions such as epilepsy or autism. Advances in genomic sequencing and genetic techniques have allowed major breakthroughs in the field, revealing the molecular basis of several of these malformations. Here, we focus on those malformations of the human neocortex, notably microcephaly, and macrocephaly, where an underlying basis has been established at the level of the neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) from which neurons are directly or indirectly derived. Particular emphasis is placed on NPC cell biology and NPC markers. A second focus of this review is on experimental model systems used to dissect the underlying mechanisms of malformations of the human neocortex in development at the cellular and molecular level. The most commonly used model system have been genetically modified mice. However, although basic features of neocortical development are conserved across the various mammalian species, some important differences between mouse and human exist. These pertain to the abundance of specific NPC types and/or their proliferative capacity, as exemplified in the case of basal radial glia. These differences limit the ability of mouse models to fully recapitulate the phenotypes of malformations of the human neocortex. For this reason, additional experimental model systems, notably the ferret, non-human primates and cerebral organoids, have recently emerged as alternatives and shown to be of increasing relevance. It is therefore important to consider the benefits and limitations of each of these model systems for studying malformations of the human neocortex in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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124
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Lzts1 controls both neuronal delamination and outer radial glial-like cell generation during mammalian cerebral development. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2780. [PMID: 31239441 PMCID: PMC6592889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system, cell departure from the apical surface is the initial and fundamental step to form the 3D, organized architecture. Both delamination of differentiating cells and repositioning of progenitors to generate outer radial glial cells (oRGs) contribute to mammalian neocortical expansion; however, a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that Lzts1, a molecule associated with microtubule components, promotes both cell departure events. In neuronally committed cells, Lzts1 functions in apical delamination by altering apical junctional organization. In apical RGs (aRGs), Lzts1 expression is variable, depending on Hes1 expression levels. According to its differential levels, Lzts1 induces diverse RG behaviors: planar division, oblique divisions of aRGs that generate oRGs, and their mitotic somal translocation. Loss-of-function of lzts1 impairs all these cell departure processes. Thus, Lzts1 functions as a master modulator of cellular dynamics, contributing to increasing complexity of the cerebral architecture during evolution. Outer radial glial cells (oRGs) are undifferentiated cells that divide in the subventricular zone during neurodevelopment, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here the authors show that Lzts1 positively controls both neuronal delamination and generation of oRG-like cell types.
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125
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Suzuki IK. Molecular drivers of human cerebral cortical evolution. Neurosci Res 2019; 151:1-14. [PMID: 31175883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important questions in human evolutionary biology is how our ancestor has acquired an expanded volume of the cerebral cortex, which may have significantly impacted on improving our cognitive abilities. Recent comparative approaches have identified developmental features unique to the human or hominid cerebral cortex, not shared with other animals including conventional experimental models. In addition, genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic signatures associated with human- or hominid-specific processes of the cortical development are becoming identified by virtue of technical progress in the deep nucleotide sequencing. This review discusses ontogenic and phylogenetic processes of the human cerebral cortex, followed by the introduction of recent comprehensive approaches identifying molecular mechanisms potentially driving the evolutionary changes in the cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo K Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KULeuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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126
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Kyrousi C, Cappello S. Using brain organoids to study human neurodevelopment, evolution and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e347. [PMID: 31071759 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The brain is one of the most complex organs, responsible for the advanced intellectual and cognitive ability of humans. Although primates are to some extent capable of performing cognitive tasks, their abilities are less evolved. One of the reasons for this is the vast differences in the brain of humans compared to other mammals, in terms of shape, size and complexity. Such differences make the study of human brain development fascinating. Interestingly, the cerebral cortex is by far the most complex brain region resulting from its selective evolution within mammals over millions of years. Unraveling the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating brain development, as well as the evolutionary differences seen across species and the need to understand human brain disorders, are some of the reasons why scientists are interested in improving their current knowledge on human corticogenesis. Toward this end, several animal models including primates have been used, however, these models are limited in their extent to recapitulate human-specific features. Recent technological achievements in the field of stem cell research, which have enabled the generation of human models of corticogenesis, called brain or cerebral organoids, are of great importance. This review focuses on the main cellular and molecular features of human corticogenesis and the use of brain organoids to study it. We will discuss the key differences between cortical development in human and nonhuman mammals, the technological applications of brain organoids and the different aspects of cortical development in normal and pathological conditions, which can be modeled using brain organoids. This article is categorized under: Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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127
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Nakagawa Y. Development of the thalamus: From early patterning to regulation of cortical functions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 8:e345. [PMID: 31034163 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus is a brain structure of the vertebrate diencephalon that plays a central role in regulating diverse functions of the cerebral cortex. In traditional view of vertebrate neuroanatomy, the thalamus includes three regions, dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, and epithalamus. Recent molecular embryological studies have redefined the thalamus and the associated axial nomenclature of the diencephalon in the context of forebrain patterning. This new view has provided a useful conceptual framework for studies on molecular mechanisms of patterning, neurogenesis and fate specification in the thalamus as well as the guidance mechanisms for thalamocortical axons. Additionally, the availability of genetic tools in mice has led to important findings on how thalamic development is linked to the development of other brain regions, particularly the cerebral cortex. This article will give an overview of the organization of the embryonic thalamus and how progenitor cells in the thalamus generate neurons that are organized into discrete nuclei. I will then discuss how thalamic development is orchestrated with the development of the cerebral cortex and other brain regions. This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Nakagawa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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128
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Takano T, Funahashi Y, Kaibuchi K. Neuronal Polarity: Positive and Negative Feedback Signals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:69. [PMID: 31069225 PMCID: PMC6491837 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity are critical for neuronal development and function. One of the fundamental questions in neurodevelopment is how neurons generate only one axon and several dendrites from multiple minor neurites. Over the past few decades, molecular and cell biological approaches have unveiled a large number of signaling networks regulating neuronal polarity in cultured hippocampal neurons and the developing cortex. Emerging evidence reveals that positive and negative feedback signals play a crucial role in axon and dendrite specification. Positive feedback signals are continuously activated in one of minor neurites and result in axon specification and elongation, whereas negative feedback signals are propagated from a nascent axon terminal to all minor neurites and inhibit the formation of multiple axon, thereby leading to dendrite specification, and maintaining neuronal polarity. This current insight provides a holistic picture of the signaling mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization during neuronal development. Here, our review highlights recent advancements in this fascinating field, with a focus on the positive, and negative feedback signals as key regulatory mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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129
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Kalebic N, Gilardi C, Stepien B, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Long KR, Namba T, Florio M, Langen B, Lombardot B, Shevchenko A, Kilimann MW, Kawasaki H, Wimberger P, Huttner WB. Neocortical Expansion Due to Increased Proliferation of Basal Progenitors Is Linked to Changes in Their Morphology. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:535-550.e9. [PMID: 30905618 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex (Ncx) is thought to be linked to increased proliferative capacity of basal progenitors (BPs) and their neurogenic capacity. Here, by quantifying BP morphology in the developing Ncx of mouse, ferret, and human, we show that increased BP proliferative capacity is linked to an increase in BP process number. We identify human membrane-bound PALMDELPHIN (PALMD-Caax) as an underlying factor, and we show that it drives BP process growth and proliferation when expressed in developing mouse and ferret Ncx. Conversely, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of PALMD or its binding partner ADDUCIN-γ in fetal human Ncx reduces BP process numbers and proliferation. We further show that PALMD-induced processes enable BPs to receive pro-proliferative integrin-dependent signals. These findings provide a link between BP morphology and proliferation, suggesting that changes in BP morphology may have contributed to the evolutionary expansion of the Ncx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereo Kalebic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carlotta Gilardi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Stepien
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Katherine R Long
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Florio
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Langen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benoit Lombardot
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Technische Universität Dresden, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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130
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Okado H. Regulation of brain development and brain function by the transcriptional repressor RP58. Brain Res 2019; 1705:15-23. [PMID: 29501651 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating the formation of the cerebral cortex have been well studied. In the developing cortex, (also known Znf238, Zfp238, and Zbtb18), which encodes a sequence-specific transcriptional repressor, is expressed in glutamatergic projection neurons and progenitor cells. Targeted deletion of Rp58 leads to dysplasia of the neocortex and hippocampus, a reduction in the number of mature cortical neurons, and defects in laminar organization due to abnormal neuronal migration within the cortical plate. During late embryogenesis, Rp58-deficient mice have larger numbers of progenitor cells due to a delay in cell cycle exit. RP58 represses all four Id genes (Id1-Id4), which regulate cell cycle exit in the developing cerebral cortex, and is essential for transcriptional repression of Ngn2 and Rnd2, which regulate the multipolar-to-bipolar transition during neuronal migration independently of its role in cell cycle exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Okado
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Brain Development and Neural Degeneration, Neural Development Project, Japan.
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131
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Hevner RF. Intermediate progenitors and Tbr2 in cortical development. J Anat 2019; 235:616-625. [PMID: 30677129 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing cerebral cortex, intermediate progenitors (IPs) are transit amplifying cells that specifically express Tbr2 (gene: Eomes), a T-box transcription factor. IPs are derived from radial glia (RG) progenitors, the neural stem cells of developing cortex. In turn, IPs generate glutamatergic projection neurons (PNs) exclusively. IPs are found in ventricular and subventricular zones, where they differentiate as distinct ventricular IP (vIP) and outer IP (oIP) subtypes. Morphologically, IPs have short processes, resembling filopodia or neurites, that transiently contact other cells, most importantly dividing RG cells to mediate Delta-Notch signaling. Also, IPs secrete a chemokine, Cxcl12, which guides interneuron and microglia migrations and promotes thalamocortical axon growth. In mice, IPs produce clones of 1-12 PNs, sometimes spanning multiple layers. After mitosis, IP daughter cells undergo asymmetric cell death in the majority of instances. In mice, Tbr2 is necessary for PN differentiation and subtype specification, and to repress IP-genic transcription factors. Tbr2 directly represses Insm1, an IP-genic transcription factor gene, as well as Pax6, a key activator of Tbr2 transcription. Without Tbr2, abnormal IPs transiently accumulate in elevated numbers. More broadly, Tbr2 regulates the transcriptome by activating or repressing hundreds of direct target genes. Notably, Tbr2 'unlocks' and activates PN-specific genes, such as Tbr1, by recruiting Jmjd3, a histone H3K27me3 demethylase that removes repressive epigenetic marks placed by polycomb repressive complex 2. IPs have played an important role in the evolution and gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex, and TBR2 is essential for human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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132
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Gharbaran R, Somenarain L. Putative Cellular and Molecular Roles of Zika Virus in Fetal and Pediatric Neuropathologies. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2019; 22:5-21. [PMID: 30149771 DOI: 10.1177/1093526618790742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the World Health Organization declared an end to the recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak and its association with adverse fetal and pediatric outcome, on November 18, 2016, the virus still remains a severe public health threat. Laboratory experiments thus far supported the suspicions that ZIKV is a teratogenic agent. Evidence indicated that ZIKV infection cripples the host cells' innate immune responses, allowing productive replication and potential dissemination of the virus. In addition, studies suggest potential transplacental passage of the virus and subsequent selective targeting of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Depletion of NPCs by ZIKV is associated with restricted brain growth. And while microcephaly can result from infection at any gestational stages, the risk is greater during the first trimester. Although a number of recent studies revealed some of specific molecular and cellular roles of ZIKV proteins of this mosquito-borne flavivirus, the mechanisms by which it produces it suspected pathophysiological effects are not completely understood. Thus, this review highlights the cellular and molecular evidence that implicate ZIKV in fetal and pediatric neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Gharbaran
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York
| | - Latchman Somenarain
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York
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133
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Tong K, Wagle M, Guo S. Antibody Uptake Assay in the Embryonic Zebrafish Forebrain to Study Notch Signaling Dynamics in Neural Progenitor Cells In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:273-281. [PMID: 28434166 PMCID: PMC5653460 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells can generate cell fate heterogeneity through asymmetric cell division (ACD). ACD derives from the asymmetric segregation of fate-determining molecules and/or organelles in the dividing cell. Radial glia in the embryonic zebrafish forebrain are an excellent model for studying the molecular mechanisms regulating ACD of stem cells in vertebrates, especially for live imaging concerning in vivo molecular and cellular dynamics. Due to the current difficulty in expressing fluorescent reporter-tagged proteins at physiological levels in zebrafish for live imaging, we have developed an antibody uptake assay to label proteins in live embryonic zebrafish forebrain with high specificity. DeltaD is a transmembrane ligand in Notch signaling pathway in the context of ACD of radial glia in zebrafish. By using this assay, we have successfully observed the in vivo dynamics of DeltaD for studying ACD of radial glia in the embryonic zebrafish forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Programs in Human Genetics and Biological Sciences, ELi and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mahendra Wagle
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Programs in Human Genetics and Biological Sciences, ELi and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Su Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Programs in Human Genetics and Biological Sciences, ELi and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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134
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Pacitti D, Privolizzi R, Bax BE. Organs to Cells and Cells to Organoids: The Evolution of in vitro Central Nervous System Modelling. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:129. [PMID: 31024259 PMCID: PMC6465581 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, the human brain is not just the most complex organ in the human body, but has also been described as "the most complex thing in the universe." The limited availability of human living brain tissue for the study of neurogenesis, neural processes and neurological disorders has resulted in more than a century-long strive from researchers worldwide to model the central nervous system (CNS) and dissect both its striking physiology and enigmatic pathophysiology. The invaluable knowledge gained with the use of animal models and post mortem human tissue remains limited to cross-species similarities and structural features, respectively. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) and 3-D organoid technologies has revolutionised the approach to the study of human brain and CNS in vitro, presenting great potential for disease modelling and translational adoption in drug screening and regenerative medicine, also contributing beneficially to clinical research. We have surveyed more than 100 years of research in CNS modelling and provide in this review an historical excursus of its evolution, from early neural tissue explants and organotypic cultures, to 2-D patient-derived cell monolayers, to the latest development of 3-D cerebral organoids. We have generated a comprehensive summary of CNS modelling techniques and approaches, protocol refinements throughout the course of decades and developments in the study of specific neuropathologies. Current limitations and caveats such as clonal variation, developmental stage, validation of pluripotency and chromosomal stability, functional assessment, reproducibility, accuracy and scalability of these models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pacitti
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine and Health, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Privolizzi
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget E. Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Bridget E. Bax,
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135
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Martínez-Cerdeño V, Noctor SC. Neural Progenitor Cell Terminology. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:104. [PMID: 30574073 PMCID: PMC6291443 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since descriptions of neural precursor cells (NPCs) were published in the late 19th century, neuroanatomists have used a variety of terms to describe these cells, each term reflecting contemporary understanding of cellular characteristics and function. As the field gained knowledge through a combination of technical advance and individual insight, the terminology describing NPCs changed to incorporate new information. While there is a trend toward consensus and streamlining of terminology over time, to this day scientists use different terms for NPCs that reflect their field and perspective, i.e., terms arising from molecular, cellular, or anatomical sciences. Here we review past and current terminology used to refer to NPCs, including embryonic and adult precursor cells of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States.,UC Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- UC Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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136
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Arimura N, Dewa KI, Okada M, Yanagawa Y, Taya SI, Hoshino M. Comprehensive and cell-type-based characterization of the dorsal midbrain during development. Genes Cells 2018; 24:41-59. [PMID: 30422377 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The layer structure has been intensively characterized in the developing neocortex and cerebellum based on the various molecular markers. However, as to the developing dorsal midbrain, comprehensive analyses have not been intensely carried out, and thus, the name as well as the definition of each layer is not commonly shared. Here, we redefined the three layers, such as the ventricular zone, intermediate zone and marginal zone, based on various markers for proliferation and differentiation in embryonic dorsal midbrain. Biphasic Ki67 expression defines the classical VZ, in which there is clear separation of the mitotic and interphase zones. Next, we mapped the distribution of immature neurons to the defined layers, based on markers for glutamatergic and GABAergic lineage. Interestingly, Tbr2 and Neurog2 were expressed in the postmitotic neurons. We also report that active (phosphorylated) JNK is a useful marker to demarcate layers during the embryonic stage. Finally, we validated the final arrival layers of the migratory glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. These results form a foundation for analyses of brain development, especially in the proliferation and migration of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the dorsal midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariko Arimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Dewa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mako Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Taya
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
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137
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Embryonic Neocortical Microglia Express Toll-Like Receptor 9 and Respond to Plasmid DNA Injected into the Ventricle: Technical Considerations Regarding Microglial Distribution in Electroporated Brain Walls. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-MNT-0312-18. [PMID: 30627652 PMCID: PMC6325556 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0312-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the CNS, play multiple roles during development. In the embryonic cerebral wall, microglia modulate the functions of neural stem/progenitor cells through their distribution in regions undergoing cell proliferation and/or differentiation. Previous studies using CX3CR1-GFP transgenic mice demonstrated that microglia extensively survey these regions. To simultaneously visualize microglia and neural-lineage cells that interact with each other, we applied the in utero electroporation (IUE) technique, which has been widely used for gene-transfer in neurodevelopmental studies, to CX3CR1-GFP mice (males and females). However, we unexpectedly faced a technical problem: although microglia are normally distributed homogeneously throughout the mid-embryonic cortical wall with only limited luminal entry, the intraventricular presence of exogenously derived plasmid DNAs induced microglia to accumulate along the apical surface of the cortex and aggregate in the choroid plexus. This effect was independent of capillary needle puncture of the brain wall or application of electrical pulses. The microglial response occurred at plasmid DNA concentrations lower than those routinely used for IUE, and was mediated by activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), an innate immune sensor that recognizes unmethylated cytosine-phosphate guanosine motifs abundant in microbial DNA. Administration of plasmid DNA together with oligonucleotide 2088, the antagonist of TLR9, partially restored the dispersed intramural localization of microglia and significantly decreased luminal accumulation of these cells. Thus, via TLR9, intraventricular plasmid DNA administration causes aberrant distribution of embryonic microglia, suggesting that the behavior of microglia in brain primordia subjected to IUE should be carefully interpreted.
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138
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Kalebic N, Gilardi C, Albert M, Namba T, Long KR, Kostic M, Langen B, Huttner WB. Human-specific ARHGAP11B induces hallmarks of neocortical expansion in developing ferret neocortex. eLife 2018; 7:e41241. [PMID: 30484771 PMCID: PMC6303107 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary increase in size and complexity of the primate neocortex is thought to underlie the higher cognitive abilities of humans. ARHGAP11B is a human-specific gene that, based on its expression pattern in fetal human neocortex and progenitor effects in embryonic mouse neocortex, has been proposed to have a key function in the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. Here, we study the effects of ARHGAP11B expression in the developing neocortex of the gyrencephalic ferret. In contrast to its effects in mouse, ARHGAP11B markedly increases proliferative basal radial glia, a progenitor cell type thought to be instrumental for neocortical expansion, and results in extension of the neurogenic period and an increase in upper-layer neurons. Consequently, the postnatal ferret neocortex exhibits increased neuron density in the upper cortical layers and expands in both the radial and tangential dimensions. Thus, human-specific ARHGAP11B can elicit hallmarks of neocortical expansion in the developing ferret neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereo Kalebic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Carlotta Gilardi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Mareike Albert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Katherine R Long
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Milos Kostic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Barbara Langen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
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139
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Guidolin D, Fede C, Tortorella C. Nerve cells developmental processes and the dynamic role of cytokine signaling. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 77:3-17. [PMID: 30465872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The stunning diversity of neurons and glial cells makes possible the higher functions of the central nervous system (CNS), allowing the organism to sense, interpret and respond appropriately to the external environment. This cellular diversity derives from a single primary progenitor cell type initiating lineage leading to the formation of both differentiated neurons and glial cells. The processes governing the differentiation of the progenitor pool of cells into mature nerve cells will be here briefly reviewed. They involve morphological transformations, specialized modes of cell division, migration, and controlled cell death, and are regulated through cell-cell interactions and cues provided by the extracellular matrix, as well as by humoral factors from the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood system. In this respect, a quite large body of studies have been focused on cytokines, proteins representing the main signaling network that coordinates immune defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. At the same time, they are deeply involved in CNS development as regulatory factors. This dual role in the nervous system appears of particular relevance for CNS pathology, since cytokine dysregulation (occurring as a consequence of maternal infection, exposure to environmental factors or prenatal hypoxia) can profoundly impact on neurodevelopment and likely influence the response of the adult tissue during neuroinflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Fede
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
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140
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Martínez-Cerdeño V, Camacho J, Ariza J, Rogers H, Horton-Sparks K, Kreutz A, Behringer R, Rasweiler JJ, Noctor SC. The Bat as a New Model of Cortical Development. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:3880-3893. [PMID: 29136119 PMCID: PMC6454483 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex shares fundamental features across species. However, while the radial thickness of grey matter varies within one order of magnitude, the tangential spread of the cortical sheet varies by orders of magnitude across species. A broader sample of model species may provide additional clues for understanding mechanisms that drive cortical expansion. Here, we introduce the bat Carollia perspicillata as a new model species. The brain of C. perspicillata is similar in size to that of mouse but has a cortical neurogenic period at least 5 times longer than mouse, and nearly as long as that of the rhesus macaque, whose brain is 100 times larger. We describe the development of laminar and regional structures, neural precursor cell identity and distribution, immune cell distribution, and a novel population of Tbr2+ cells in the caudal ganglionic eminence of the developing neocortex of C. perspicillata. Our data indicate that unique mechanisms guide bat cortical development, particularly concerning cell cycle length. The bat model provides new perspective on the evolution of developmental programs that regulate neurogenesis in mammalian cerebral cortex, and offers insight into mechanisms that contribute to tangential expansion and gyri formation in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jasmin Camacho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jeanelle Ariza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hailee Rogers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kayla Horton-Sparks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anna Kreutz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Richard Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John J Rasweiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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141
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Seto Y, Eiraku M. Human brain development and its in vitro recapitulation. Neurosci Res 2018; 138:33-42. [PMID: 30326251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humans have a large and gyrencephalic brain. The higher intellectual ability of humans is dependent on the proper development of the brain. Brain malformation is often associated with cognitive dysfunction. It is thus important to know how our brain grows during development. Several animal species have been used as models to understand the mechanisms of brain development, and have provided us with basic information in this regard. It has been revealed that mammalian brain development basically proceeds through a similar process by common mechanisms, including neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis. However, humans also display species-specific features in these processes. These differences seem to be important for building the proper human brain structure. Analysis of these human-specific features requires human brain samples, which are difficult to obtain due to both ethical and practical reasons. Nevertheless, brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells can be used as models to study human brain development and pathology because such organoids can partly recapitulate human fetal developmental processes. In this review, we will review some human-specific features during brain development and discuss brain organoid technology as a model system. We will especially focusing on neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Seto
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
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142
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Han S, Dennis DJ, Balakrishnan A, Dixit R, Britz O, Zinyk D, Touahri Y, Olender T, Brand M, Guillemot F, Kurrasch D, Schuurmans C. A non-canonical role for the proneural gene Neurog1 as a negative regulator of neocortical neurogenesis. Development 2018; 145:dev157719. [PMID: 30201687 PMCID: PMC6198467 DOI: 10.1242/dev.157719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitors undergo temporal identity transitions to sequentially generate the neuronal and glial cells that make up the mature brain. Proneural genes have well-characterised roles in promoting neural cell differentiation and subtype specification, but they also regulate the timing of identity transitions through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we investigated how the highly related proneural genes Neurog1 and Neurog2 interact to control the timing of neocortical neurogenesis. We found that Neurog1 acts in an atypical fashion as it is required to suppress rather than promote neuronal differentiation in early corticogenesis. In Neurog1-/- neocortices, early born neurons differentiate in excess, whereas, in vitro, Neurog1-/- progenitors have a decreased propensity to proliferate and form neurospheres. Instead, Neurog1-/- progenitors preferentially generate neurons, a phenotype restricted to the Neurog2+ progenitor pool. Mechanistically, Neurog1 and Neurog2 heterodimerise, and while Neurog1 and Neurog2 individually promote neurogenesis, misexpression together blocks this effect. Finally, Neurog1 is also required to induce the expression of neurogenic factors (Dll1 and Hes5) and to repress the expression of neuronal differentiation genes (Fezf2 and Neurod6). Neurog1 thus employs different mechanisms to temper the pace of early neocortical neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisu Han
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daniel J Dennis
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anjali Balakrishnan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rajiv Dixit
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Olivier Britz
- The Francis Crick Institute-Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Dawn Zinyk
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Yacine Touahri
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Thomas Olender
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Marjorie Brand
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Kurrasch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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143
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Hattori Y, Miyata T. Microglia extensively survey the developing cortex via the CXCL12/CXCR4 system to help neural progenitors to acquire differentiated properties. Genes Cells 2018; 23:915-922. [PMID: 30144249 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neocortical development proceeds through the formation of new zones in which neural-lineage cells are organized based on their differentiation status. Although microglia initially distribute homogeneously throughout the growing cerebral wall, they accumulate in the inner cytogenic zone, the ventricular zone (VZ) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the mid-embryonic stage. However, the roles of these cells remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found that microglia, despite being only a minor population of the cells that constitute the cerebral wall, promote the differentiation of neural progenitor cells by frequently moving throughout the cortex; their migration is mediated by the CXCL12/CXCR4 system. Pulse-chase experiments confirmed that microglia help Pax6+ stem-like cells to differentiate into Tbr2+ intermediate progenitors. Further, monitoring of microglia by live imaging showed that administration of AMD3100, an antagonist of CXCR4, dampened microglial movement and decreased microglial surveillance throughout the cortex. In particular, arrest of microglial motion led to a prominent decrease in the abundance of Tbr2+ cells in the SVZ. Based on our findings, we propose that extensive surveillance by microglia contributes to the efficient functioning of these cells, thereby regulating the differentiation of neural stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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144
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Hasenpusch-Theil K, West S, Kelman A, Kozic Z, Horrocks S, McMahon AP, Price DJ, Mason JO, Theil T. Gli3 controls the onset of cortical neurogenesis by regulating the radial glial cell cycle through Cdk6 expression. Development 2018; 145:dev.163147. [PMID: 30093555 PMCID: PMC6141774 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains an enormous number of neurons, allowing it to perform highly complex neural tasks. Understanding how these neurons develop at the correct time and place and in accurate numbers constitutes a major challenge. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for Gli3, a key regulator of cortical development, in cortical neurogenesis. We show that the onset of neuron formation is delayed in Gli3 conditional mouse mutants. Gene expression profiling and cell cycle measurements indicate that shortening of the G1 and S phases in radial glial cells precedes this delay. Reduced G1 length correlates with an upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase gene Cdk6, which is directly regulated by Gli3. Moreover, pharmacological interference with Cdk6 function rescues the delayed neurogenesis in Gli3 mutant embryos. Overall, our data indicate that Gli3 controls the onset of cortical neurogenesis by determining the levels of Cdk6 expression, thereby regulating neuronal output and cortical size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Stephen West
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Alexandra Kelman
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Zrinko Kozic
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sophie Horrocks
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David J Price
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - John O Mason
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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145
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Wu Y, Qi F, Song D, He Z, Zuo Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Hu S, Wang X, Zheng X, Yang J, Yuan Q, Zou J, Guo K, Yao Z. Prenatal influenza vaccination rescues impairments of social behavior and lamination in a mouse model of autism. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:228. [PMID: 30103815 PMCID: PMC6090662 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal infection is a substantial risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism in offspring. We have previously reported that influenza vaccination (VAC) during early pregnancy contributes to neurogenesis and behavioral function in offspring. Results Here, we probe the efficacy of VAC pretreatment on autism-like behaviors in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maternal immune activation (MIA) mouse model. We show that VAC improves abnormal fetal brain cytoarchitecture and lamination, an effect associated with promotion of intermediate progenitor cell differentiation in MIA fetal brain. These beneficial effects are sufficient to prevent social deficits in adult MIA offspring. Furthermore, whole-genome analysis suggests a strong interaction between Ikzf1 (IKAROS family zinc-finger 1) and neuronal differentiation. Intriguingly, VAC rescues excessive microglial Ikzf1 expression and attenuates microglial inflammatory responses in the MIA fetal brain. Conclusions Our study implies that a preprocessed influenza vaccination prevents maternal bacterial infection from causing neocortical lamination impairments and autism-related behaviors in offspring. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1252-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fangfang Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zitian He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zejie Zuo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yunjie Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiongliang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Saisai Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaona Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qunfang Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Juntao Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Kaihua Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhibin Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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146
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Sauerland C, Menzies BR, Glatzle M, Seeger J, Renfree MB, Fietz SA. The Basal Radial Glia Occurs in Marsupials and Underlies the Evolution of an Expanded Neocortex in Therian Mammals. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:145-157. [PMID: 29253253 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of mammalian brain evolution is the emergence of the neocortex, which has expanded in all mammalian infraclasses (Eutheria, Marsupialia, Monotremata). In eutherians, neocortical neurons derive from distinct neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs). However, precise data on the presence and abundance of the NPCs, especially of basal radial glia (bRG), in the neocortex of marsupials are lacking. This study characterized and quantified the NPCs in the developing neocortex of a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Our data demonstrate that its neocortex is characterized by high NPC diversity. Importantly, we show that bRG exist at high relative abundance in the tammar indicating that this cell type is not specific to the eutherian neocortex and that similar mechanisms may underlie the formation of an expanded neocortex in eutherian and marsupial mammals. We also show that bRG are likely to have been present in the therian ancestor, so did not emerge independently in the eutherian and marsupial lineages. Moreover, our data support the concept that changes in multiple parameters contribute to neocortex expansion and demonstrate the importance of bRG and other NPCs for the development and expansion of the mammalian neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sauerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brandon R Menzies
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan Glatzle
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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147
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Cárdenas A, Villalba A, de Juan Romero C, Picó E, Kyrousi C, Tzika AC, Tessier-Lavigne M, Ma L, Drukker M, Cappello S, Borrell V. Evolution of Cortical Neurogenesis in Amniotes Controlled by Robo Signaling Levels. Cell 2018; 174:590-606.e21. [PMID: 29961574 PMCID: PMC6063992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cortex size differs dramatically between reptiles, birds, and mammals, owing to developmental differences in neuron production. In mammals, signaling pathways regulating neurogenesis have been identified, but genetic differences behind their evolution across amniotes remain unknown. We show that direct neurogenesis from radial glia cells, with limited neuron production, dominates the avian, reptilian, and mammalian paleocortex, whereas in the evolutionarily recent mammalian neocortex, most neurogenesis is indirect via basal progenitors. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in mouse, chick, and snake embryos and in human cerebral organoids demonstrate that high Slit/Robo and low Dll1 signaling, via Jag1 and Jag2, are necessary and sufficient to drive direct neurogenesis. Attenuating Robo signaling and enhancing Dll1 in snakes and birds recapitulates the formation of basal progenitors and promotes indirect neurogenesis. Our study identifies modulation in activity levels of conserved signaling pathways as a primary mechanism driving the expansion and increased complexity of the mammalian neocortex during amniote evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cárdenas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Ana Villalba
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Camino de Juan Romero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Esther Picó
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Athanasia C Tzika
- Department Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Le Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research and the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain.
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148
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Study of pallial neurogenesis in shark embryos and the evolutionary origin of the subventricular zone. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3593-3612. [PMID: 29980930 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal part of the developing telencephalon is one of the brain areas that has suffered most drastic changes throughout vertebrate evolution. Its evolutionary increase in complexity was thought to be partly achieved by the appearance of a new neurogenic niche in the embryonic subventricular zone (SVZ). Here, a new kind of amplifying progenitors (basal progenitors) expressing Tbr2, undergo a second round of divisions, which is believed to have contributed to the expansion of the neocortex. Accordingly, the existence of a pallial SVZ has been classically considered exclusive of mammals. However, the lack of studies in ancient vertebrates precludes any clear conclusion about the evolutionary origin of the SVZ and the neurogenic mechanisms that rule pallial development. In this work, we explore pallial neurogenesis in a basal vertebrate, the shark Scyliorhinus canicula, through the study of the expression patterns of several neurogenic markers. We found that apical progenitors and radial migration are present in sharks, and therefore, their presence must be highly conserved throughout evolution. Surprisingly, we detected a subventricular band of ScTbr2-expressing cells, some of which also expressed mitotic markers, indicating that the existence of basal progenitors should be considered an ancestral condition rather than a novelty of mammals or amniotes. Finally, we report that the transcriptional program for the specification of glutamatergic pallial cells (Pax6, Tbr2, NeuroD, Tbr1) is also present in sharks. However, the segregation of these markers into different cell types is not clear yet, which may be linked to the lack of layering in anamniotes.
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149
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Uzquiano A, Gladwyn-Ng I, Nguyen L, Reiner O, Götz M, Matsuzaki F, Francis F. Cortical progenitor biology: key features mediating proliferation versus differentiation. J Neurochem 2018; 146:500-525. [PMID: 29570795 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a highly organized structure whose development depends on diverse progenitor cell types, namely apical radial glia, intermediate progenitors, and basal radial glia cells, which are responsible for the production of the correct neuronal output. In recent years, these progenitor cell types have been deeply studied, particularly basal radial glia and their role in cortical expansion and gyrification. We review here a broad series of factors that regulate progenitor behavior and daughter cell fate. We first describe the different neuronal progenitor types, emphasizing the differences between lissencephalic and gyrencephalic species. We then review key factors shown to influence progenitor proliferation versus differentiation, discussing their roles in progenitor dynamics, neuronal production, and potentially brain size and complexity. Although spindle orientation has been considered a critical factor for mode of division and daughter cell output, we discuss other features that are emerging as crucial for these processes such as organelle and cell cycle dynamics. Additionally, we highlight the importance of adhesion molecules and the polarity complex for correct cortical development. Finally, we briefly discuss studies assessing progenitor multipotency and its possible contribution to the production of specific neuronal populations. This review hence summarizes recent aspects of cortical progenitor cell biology, and pinpoints emerging features critical for their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Gladwyn-Ng
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg/Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Planegg/Munich, Germany
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe Institute, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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150
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Freret-Hodara B, Cui Y, Griveau A, Vigier L, Arai Y, Touboul J, Pierani A. Enhanced Abventricular Proliferation Compensates Cell Death in the Embryonic Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4701-4718. [PMID: 27620979 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of neurons in the neocortex is generally thought to result in a final reduction of cerebral volume. Yet, little is known on how the developing cerebral cortex copes with death of early-born neurons. Here, we tackled this issue by taking advantage of a transgenic mouse model in which, from early embryonic stages to mid-corticogenesis, abundant apoptosis is induced in the postmitotic compartment. Unexpectedly, the thickness of the mutant cortical plate at E18.5 was normal, due to an overproduction of upper layer neurons at E14.5. We developed and simulated a mathematical model to investigate theoretically the recovering capacity of the system and found that a minor increase in the probability of proliferative divisions of intermediate progenitors (IPs) is a powerful compensation lever. We confirmed experimentally that mutant mice showed an enhanced number of abventricular progenitors including basal radial glia-like cells and IPs. The latter displayed increased proliferation rate, sustained Pax6 expression and shorter cell cycle duration. Altogether, these results demonstrate the remarkable plasticity of neocortical progenitors to adapt to major embryonic insults via the modulation of abventricular divisions thereby ensuring the production of an appropriate number of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Freret-Hodara
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Yi Cui
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex, France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)-Collège de France and INRIA Paris, EPI MYCENAE, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement (ED3C, ED n°158), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amélie Griveau
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Vigier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Yoko Arai
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Touboul
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)-Collège de France and INRIA Paris, EPI MYCENAE, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot , 75005Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
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