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Novel small-molecule SIRT1 inhibitors induce cell death in adult T-cell leukaemia cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11345. [PMID: 26091232 PMCID: PMC4473680 DOI: 10.1038/srep11345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell malignancy that develops after long-term infection with human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV)-1. The identification of new molecular targets for ATL prevention and treatment is desired. SIRT1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(+) -dependent histone/protein deacetylase, plays crucial roles in various physiological processes, including aging and apoptosis. We previously reported that ATL patients had significantly higher SIRT1 protein levels than healthy controls. Here, we demonstrate that two novel small-molecule SIRT1 inhibitors, NCO-01/04, reduced cell viability and enhanced apoptotic cells in peripheral blood monocyte cells of patients with acute ATL, which has a poor prognosis. NCO-01/04 also reduced the cell viability with DNA fragmentation, Annexin V-positive cells, and caspase activation. However, a caspase inhibitor did not inhibit this caspase-dependent cell death. NCO-01/04 enhanced the endonuclease G level in the nucleus with loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which can promote caspase-independent death. Interestingly, NCO-01/04 increased the LC3-II-enriched protein fraction, indicating autophagosome accumulation as well as autophagy. Thus, NCO-01/04 simultaneously caused caspase activation and autophagy. These results suggest that NCO-01/04 is highly effective against ATL cells in caspase-dependent or -independent manners with autophagy, and that its clinical application might improve the prognosis of patients with this fatal disease.
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Yang CC, LaBaff A, Wei Y, Nie L, Xia W, Huo L, Yamaguchi H, Hsu YH, Hsu JL, Liu D, Lang J, Du Y, Lien HC, Li LY, Deng R, Chan LC, Yao J, Kleer CG, Hortobagyi GN, Hung MC. Phosphorylation of EZH2 at T416 by CDK2 contributes to the malignancy of triple negative breast cancers. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:1009-1020. [PMID: 26279746 PMCID: PMC4532735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is closely related to basal-like breast cancer, is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer that initially responds to chemotherapy but eventually develops resistance. This presents a major clinical challenge as there are currently no effective targeted therapies available due to its lack of HER2 and estrogen receptor expression. Here, we show that cyclin E and the enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) are closely co-expressed in TNBC patients, and cyclin E/CDK2 phosphorylates EZH2 at T416 (pT416-EZH2) in vivo. Phosphorylation of EZH2 at T416 enhances the ability of EZH2 to promote TNBC cell migration/invasion, tumorsphere formation, and in vivo tumor growth. In addition, high pT416-EZH2 correlates with poorer survival in TNBC patients. These findings suggest that pT416 has the potential to serve as a therapeutic biomarker for the aggressive forms of breast cancer and provide a rationale for the use of CDK2 inhibitors to treat TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chieh Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Adam LaBaff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Yongkun Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Lei Nie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Weiya Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Longfei Huo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Yi-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
- Center for Molecular Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Dongping Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Jingyu Lang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Huang-Chun Lien
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Long-Yuan Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Li-Chuan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gabriel N Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, Texas 77030
- Center for Molecular Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung 413, Taiwan
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103
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De Angelis A, Piegari E, Cappetta D, Russo R, Esposito G, Ciuffreda LP, Ferraiolo FAV, Frati C, Fagnoni F, Berrino L, Quaini F, Rossi F, Urbanek K. SIRT1 activation rescues doxorubicin-induced loss of functional competence of human cardiac progenitor cells. Int J Cardiol 2015; 189:30-44. [PMID: 25889431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for compounds able to counteract chemotherapy-induced heart failure is extremely important at the age of global cancer epidemic. The role of SIRT1 in the maintenance of progenitor cell homeostasis may contribute to its cardioprotective effects. SIRT1 activators, by preserving progenitor cells, could have a clinical relevance for the prevention of doxorubicin (DOXO)-cardiotoxicity. METHODS To determine whether SIRT1 activator, resveratrol (RES), interferes with adverse effects of DOXO on cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs): 1) human CPCs (hCPCs) were exposed in vitro to DOXO or DOXO+RES and their regenerative potential was tested in vivo in an animal model of DOXO-induced heart failure; 2) the in vivo effects of DOXO+RES co-treatment on CPCs were studied in a rat model. RESULTS In contrast to healthy cells, DOXO-exposed hCPCs were ineffective in a model of anthracycline cardiomyopathy. The in vitro activation of SIRT1 decreased p53 acetylation, overcame suppression of the IGF-1/Akt pro-survival and anti-apoptotic signaling, enhanced oxidative stress defense and prevented senescence and growth arrest of hCPCs. Priming with RES counterbalanced the onset of dysfunctional phenotype in DOXO-exposed hCPCs, partly restoring their ability to repair the damage with improvement in cardiac function and animal survival. The in vivo co-treatment DOXO+RES prevented the anthracycline-induced alterations in CPCs, partly preserving cardiac function. CONCLUSION SIRT1 activation protects DOXO-exposed CPCs and re-establishes their proper function. Pharmacological intervention at the level of tissue-specific progenitor cells may provide cardiac benefits for the growing population of long-term cancer survivors that are at risk of chemotherapy-induced cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Elena Piegari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Donato Cappetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Russo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Loreta Pia Ciuffreda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Frati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Fagnoni
- Immunohematology and Transfusional Medicine Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Italy
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
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104
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The N-Terminal Domain of SIRT1 Is a Positive Regulator of Endogenous SIRT1-Dependent Deacetylation and Transcriptional Outputs. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1665-1673. [PMID: 25772354 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase SIRT1 regulates energy metabolism, responses to stress, and aging by deacetylating many different proteins, including histones and transcription factors. The mechanisms controlling SIRT1 enzymatic activity are complex and incompletely characterized, yet essential for understanding how to develop therapeutics that target SIRT1. Here, we demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of SIRT1 (NTERM) can trans-activate deacetylation activity by physically interacting with endogenous SIRT1 and promoting its association with the deacetylation substrate NF-κB p65. Two motifs within the NTERM domain contribute to activation of SIRT1-dependent activities, and expression of one of these motifs in mice is sufficient to lower fasting glucose levels and improve glucose tolerance in a manner similar to overexpression of SIRT1. Our results provide insights into the regulation of SIRT1 activity and a rationale for pharmacological control of SIRT1-dependent activities.
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105
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Zhang X, Chen S, Cheng M, Cao F, Cheng Y. The expression and correlation of SIRT1 and Phospho-SIRT1 in colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:809-817. [PMID: 25785061 PMCID: PMC4358516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
SIRT1 is the homologue of sir2 in mammals, which is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) dependent histone deacetylase. SIRT1 is involved in many physiological processes, such as metabolism, senescence, inflammatory response, neuroprotection, and tumorigenesis by acetylating histones and multiple transcription factors. However, the exact role of SIRT1 in tumor is still under controversial. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were performed to investigate the expressions and subcellular localizations of SIRT1 and Phospho-SIRT1 in colorectal cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The relationship between SIRT1 or Phospho-SIRT1 and clinicopathological characteristics was also analyzed. Real-Time PCR was performed to investigate the transcriptional level of SIRT1 mRNA in colorectal cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues. SIRT1 and Phospho-SIRT1 were both localized in the nucleus. The expressions of SIRT1 and Phospho-SIRT1 were higher in colorectal cancer tissues than normal tissues. SIRT1 expression in cancer tissues was associated with patient age, TNM stage and mutant P53 loss. Phospho-SIRT1 expression in cancer tissues was associated with Ki67. SIRT1 and Phospho-SIRT1 were highly correlated in cancer tissues and normal tissues. The ratios of Phospho-SIRT1 and SIRT1 expression in cancer tissues were higher than normal tissues. SIRT1 mRNA level was no significant difference in cancer tissues and normal tissues. SIRT1 have a dual character in colorectal cancer, and Phospho-SIRT1 may determine the role of SIRT1 in colorectal cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University107#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology, Liaocheng People’s HospitalLiaocheng, China
| | - Suiqin Chen
- Department of Examination Center, Liaocheng People’s HospitalLiaocheng, China
| | - Meili Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Liaocheng People’s HospitalLiaocheng, China
| | - Fangli Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University107#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology, Liaocheng People’s HospitalLiaocheng, China
| | - Yufeng Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University107#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China
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106
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Park JH, Lee SW, Yang SW, Yoo HM, Park JM, Seong MW, Ka SH, Oh KH, Jeon YJ, Chung CH. Modification of DBC1 by SUMO2/3 is crucial for p53-mediated apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5483. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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107
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Traboulsi H, Davoli S, Catez P, Egly JM, Compe E. Dynamic partnership between TFIIH, PGC-1α and SIRT1 is impaired in trichothiodystrophy. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004732. [PMID: 25340339 PMCID: PMC4207666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of protein-coding genes requires the selective role of many transcription factors, whose coordinated actions remain poorly understood. To further grasp the molecular mechanisms that govern transcription, we focused our attention on the general transcription factor TFIIH, which gives rise, once mutated, to Trichothiodystrophy (TTD), a rare autosomal premature-ageing disease causing inter alia, metabolic dysfunctions. Since this syndrome could be connected to transcriptional defects, we investigated the ability of a TTD mouse model to cope with food deprivation, knowing that energy homeostasis during fasting involves an accurate regulation of the gluconeogenic genes in the liver. Abnormal amounts of gluconeogenic enzymes were thus observed in TTD hepatic parenchyma, which was related to the dysregulation of the corresponding genes. Strikingly, such gene expression defects resulted from the inability of PGC1-α to fulfill its role of coactivator. Indeed, extensive molecular analyses unveiled that wild-type TFIIH cooperated in an ATP-dependent manner with PGC1-α as well as with the deacetylase SIRT1, thereby contributing to the PGC1-α deacetylation by SIRT1. Such dynamic partnership was, however, impaired when TFIIH was mutated, having as a consequence the disruption of PGC1-α recruitment to the promoter of target genes. Therefore, besides a better understanding of the etiology of TFIIH-related disease, our results shed light on the synergistic relationship that exist between different types of transcription factors, which is necessary to properly regulate the expression of protein coding genes. In eukaryotes, the expression of genes encoding proteins requires the action of hundreds of factors, together with the RNA polymerase II. While these factors are timely and selectively required for the expression of a given gene, little is known about their partnership upon gene expression. Our results reveal a cooperation between different types of transcription factors, namely the general transcription factor TFIIH, the cofactor PGC-1α and the deacetylase SIRT1. Such partnership is however impaired when TFIIH is mutated, as observed in Trichothiodystrophy patients that develop premature ageing. These results thus shed light on the coordinated action of factors during transcription and allow us to better understand molecular deficiencies observed in many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Traboulsi
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Serena Davoli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Catez
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Egly
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (JME); (EC)
| | - Emmanuel Compe
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (JME); (EC)
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108
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P53 and Sirt1: routes of metabolism and genome stability. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:149-56. [PMID: 25218422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that regulates key processes. But, the outcomes of the p53 response go beyond its role as a nuclear transcription factor. Sirtuin (SIRT1) regulates p53 functions as transcription factor. At the same time, SIRT1 protects the genome under stress conditions. The link between p53 and SIRT1 responses is unique. Both regulate metabolism, stress signaling, cell survival, cell cycle control and genome stability. Recent studies have proposed cancer as a metabolic disease. This is due to the switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during tumor development. Yet, the complex molecular circuits (in and out of the nucleus) of tumor progression remain elusive. In this review, we will focus on the interplay between p53 and SIRT1. We will discuss their roles as nodes for possible therapeutic intervention.
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109
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Dong YW, Han GD, Huang XW. Stress modulation of cellular metabolic sensors: interaction of stress from temperature and rainfall on the intertidal limpet Cellana toreuma. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4541-54. [PMID: 25130589 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the natural environment, organisms are exposed to large variations in physical conditions. Quantifying such physiological responses is, however, often performed in laboratory acclimation studies, in which usually only a single factor is varied. In contrast, field acclimatization may expose organisms to concurrent changes in several environmental variables. The interactions of these factors may have strong effects on organismal function. In particular, rare events that occur stochastically and have relatively short duration may have strong effects. The present experiments studied levels of expression of several genes associated with cellular stress and metabolic regulation in a field population of limpet Cellana toreuma that encountered a wide range of temperatures plus periodic rain events. Physiological responses to these variable conditions were quantified by measuring levels of mRNA of genes encoding heat-shock proteins (Hsps) and metabolic sensors (AMPKs and Sirtuin 1). Our results reveal high ratios of individuals in upregulation group of stress-related gene expression at high temperature and rainy days, indicating the occurrence of stress from both prevailing high summer temperatures and occasional rainfall during periods of emersion. At high temperature, stress due to exposure to rainfall may be more challenging than heat stress alone. The highly variable physiological performances of limpets in their natural habitats indicate the possible differences in capability for physiological regulation among individuals. Our results emphasize the importance of studies of field acclimatization in unravelling the effects of environmental change on organisms, notably in the context of multiple changes in abiotic factors that are accompanying global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Marine and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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110
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Toorie AM, Nillni EA. Minireview: Central Sirt1 regulates energy balance via the melanocortin system and alternate pathways. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1423-34. [PMID: 24947673 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In developed nations, the prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities continue to prevail despite the availability of numerous treatment strategies. Accumulating evidence suggests that multiple inputs from the periphery and within the brain act in concert to maintain energy metabolism at a constant rate. At the central level, the hypothalamus is the primary component of the nervous system that interprets adiposity or nutrient-related inputs; it delivers hormonal and behavioral responses with the ultimate purpose of regulating energy intake and energy consumption. At the molecular level, enzymes called nutrient energy sensors mediate metabolic responses of those tissues involved in energy balance ( 1 ). Two key energy/nutrient sensors, mammalian target of rapamycin and AMP-activated kinase, are involved in the control of food intake in the hypothalamus as well as in peripheral tissues ( 2 , 3 ). The third more recently discovered nutrient sensor, Sirtuin1 (Sirt1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase, functions to maintain whole-body energy homeostasis. Several studies have highlighted a role for both peripheral and central Sirt1 in regulating body metabolism, but its central role is still heavily debated. Owing to the opaqueness of central Sirt1's role in energy balance are its cell-specific functions. Because of its robust central expression, targeting cell-specific downstream mediators of Sirt1 signaling may help to combat obesity. However, when placed in the context of a physiologically relevant model, there is compelling evidence that central Sirt1 inhibition in itself is sufficient to promote negative energy balance in both the lean and diet-induced obese state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika M Toorie
- Division of Endocrinology (A.M.T., E.A.N.), Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903; and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry (E.A.N.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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111
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Yokozawa T, Park CH, Noh JS, Roh SS. Role of oligomeric proanthocyanidins derived from an extract of persimmon fruits in the oxidative stress-related aging process. Molecules 2014; 19:6707-26. [PMID: 24858102 PMCID: PMC6271875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many researchers have focused on the oligomeric form of proanthocyanidins with a lower level of polymerization found in foodstuffs such as grape seeds and blackberries. The present study indicated that the oral administration of oligomers isolated from persimmon fruits extended the lifespan of senescence-accelerated mouse prone/8 (SAMP8), a murine model of accelerated senescence. On the other hand, oligomer-treated SAMP8 did not show stereotypical behavior. We also revealed that the oral administration of oligomers improved spatial and object recognition memory in SAMP8. The density of axons in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased by oligomer administration. Moreover, the administration of oligomers increased the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 in the hippocampal CA3, hypothalamus, and choroid plexus. We speculate that memory improvement accompanied by histological changes may be induced directly in the hippocampus and indirectly in the hypothalamus and choroid plexus through VEGFR-2 signaling. In the present study, we elucidated the protective effect of oligomers against memory impairment with aging. VEGFR-2 signaling may provide a new insight into ways to protect against memory deficit in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yokozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Chan Hum Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Suseong-gu, Daegu 706-060, Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Noh
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Tongmyong University, Nam-gu, Busan 608-711, Korea
| | - Seong Soo Roh
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Suseong-gu, Daegu 706-060, Korea
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112
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Abstract
SIRT1 is an important regulator of cellular stress response and genomic integrity. Its role in tumorigenesis is controversial. Whereas sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) can act as a tumor suppressor in some solid tumors, increased expression has been demonstrated in many cancers, including hematologic malignancies. In chronic myeloid leukemia, SIRT1 promoted leukemia development, and targeting SIRT1 sensitized chronic myeloid leukemia progenitors to tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. In this study, we investigated the role of SIRT1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We show that SIRT1 protein, but not RNA levels, is overexpressed in AML samples harboring activating mutations in signaling pathways. In FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD)(+)-cells protein, expression of SIRT1 is regulated by FLT3 kinase activity. In addition, SIRT1 function is modulated via the ATM-DBC1-SIRT1 axis in a FLT3-ITD-dependent manner. In murine leukemia models driven by MLL-AF9 or AML1-ETO coexpressing FLT3-ITD, SIRT1 acts as a safeguard to counteract oncogene-induced stress, and leukemic blasts become dependent on SIRT1 activity. Pharmacologic targeting or RNAi-mediated knockdown of SIRT1 inhibited cell growth and sensitized AML cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment and chemotherapy. This effect was a result of the restoration of p53 activity. Our data suggest that targeting SIRT1 represents an attractive therapeutic strategy to overcome primary resistance in defined subsets of patients with AML.
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113
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Seto E, Yoshida M. Erasers of histone acetylation: the histone deacetylase enzymes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a018713. [PMID: 24691964 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1262] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that catalyze the removal of acetyl functional groups from the lysine residues of both histone and nonhistone proteins. In humans, there are 18 HDAC enzymes that use either zinc- or NAD(+)-dependent mechanisms to deacetylate acetyl lysine substrates. Although removal of histone acetyl epigenetic modification by HDACs regulates chromatin structure and transcription, deacetylation of nonhistones controls diverse cellular processes. HDAC inhibitors are already known potential anticancer agents and show promise for the treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Seto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
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114
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Tegla CA, Azimzadeh P, Andrian-Albescu M, Martin A, Cudrici CD, Trippe R, Sugarman A, Chen H, Boodhoo D, Vlaicu SI, Royal W, Bever C, Rus V, Rus H. SIRT1 is decreased during relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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115
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Kokkola T, Suuronen T, Molnár F, Määttä J, Salminen A, Jarho EM, Lahtela-Kakkonen M. AROS has a context-dependent effect on SIRT1. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1523-8. [PMID: 24681097 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of protein deacetylase SIRT1 has a vast therapeutic potential in treatment of several aging-associated diseases. Active regulator of SIRT1 (AROS) is a small endogenous protein which was originally reported to activate SIRT1 through a direct interaction in cancer cells. We show that the interaction between the two proteins is weak and does not alter the activity of SIRT1 in non-cancerous human cells. The results of different in vitro SIRT1 activity assays disclosed AROS as an inhibitor of SIRT1. The functional relationship between AROS and SIRT1 proved to be dependent on the biological context and experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Kokkola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tiina Suuronen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Määttä
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elina M Jarho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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116
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Hubbard BP, Loh C, Gomes AP, Li J, Lu Q, Doyle TL, Disch JS, Armour SM, Ellis JL, Vlasuk GP, Sinclair DA. Carboxamide SIRT1 inhibitors block DBC1 binding via an acetylation-independent mechanism. Cell Cycle 2014; 12:2233-40. [PMID: 23892437 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 is an NAD (+) -dependent deacetylase that counteracts multiple disease states associated with aging and may underlie some of the health benefits of calorie restriction. Understanding how SIRT1 is regulated in vivo could therefore lead to new strategies to treat age-related diseases. SIRT1 forms a stable complex with DBC1, an endogenous inhibitor. Little is known regarding the biochemical nature of SIRT1-DBC1 complex formation, how it is regulated and whether or not it is possible to block this interaction pharmacologically. In this study, we show that critical residues within the catalytic core of SIRT1 mediate binding to DBC1 via its N-terminal region, and that several carboxamide SIRT1 inhibitors, including EX-527, can completely block this interaction. We identify two acetylation sites on DBC1 that regulate its ability to bind SIRT1 and suppress its activity. Furthermore, we show that DBC1 itself is a substrate for SIRT1. Surprisingly, the effect of EX-527 on SIRT1-DBC1 binding is independent of DBC1 acetylation. Together, these data show that protein acetylation serves as an endogenous regulatory mechanism for SIRT1-DBC1 binding and illuminate a new path to developing small-molecule modulators of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil P Hubbard
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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117
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Van Dyke MW. Lysine deacetylase (KDAC) regulatory pathways: an alternative approach to selective modulation. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:511-22. [PMID: 24449617 PMCID: PMC4105970 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein lysine deacetylases (KDACs), including the classic Zn(2+) -dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+) )-requiring sirtuins, are enzymes that play critical roles in numerous biological processes, particularly the epigenetic regulation of global gene expression programs in response to internal and external cues. Dysregulation of KDACs is characteristic of several human diseases, including chronic metabolic, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases and many cancers. This has led to the development of KDAC modulators, two of which (HDAC inhibitors vorinostat and romidepsin) have been approved for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. By their nature, existing KDAC modulators are relatively nonspecific, leading to pan-KDAC changes and undesired side effects. Given that KDACs are regulated at many levels, including transcriptional, post-translational, subcellular localization, and through their complexation with other proteins, it should be possible to affect specific KDAC activity through manipulation of endogenous signaling pathways. In this Minireview, we discuss our present knowledge of the cellular controls of KDAC activity and examples of their pharmacologic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Van Dyke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, 1000 Chastain Road, MD# 1203, Kennesaw, GA 30144 (USA).
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118
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Pumroy RA, Cingolani G. Jamming up the "β-staple": regulation of SIRT1 activity by its C-terminal regulatory segment (CTR). J Mol Biol 2014; 426:507-9. [PMID: 24269770 PMCID: PMC4405232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Anne Pumroy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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119
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Fiorino E, Giudici M, Ferrari A, Mitro N, Caruso D, De Fabiani E, Crestani M. The sirtuin class of histone deacetylases: regulation and roles in lipid metabolism. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:89-99. [PMID: 24488813 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After the completion of the human genome sequence and that from many other organisms, last decade has witnessed a spectacular gain of knowledge on gene functions. These studies provided new insights on the roles of genes in physiology and disease. Nonetheless, the availability of genetically modified models and of "omics" technologies such as next generation sequencing unveiled clear evidences on epigenetic regulation of many cellular functions. At this regard, sirtuins, belonging to class III histone deacetylase family, have emerged as regulators of metabolism as well as other cellular processes and seem ideally suited as targets of future therapeutical interventions. This review deals on general aspects of the biology of sirtuins and focuses on their relevance in lipid metabolism in different tissues, pointing to their exploitation as potential pharmacological targets of compounds that could be used as new therapeutic alternatives in several disorders ranging from type 2 diabetes and obesity to age-related cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fiorino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
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120
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Oppenheimer H, Kumar A, Meir H, Schwartz I, Zini A, Haze A, Kandel L, Mattan Y, Liebergall M, Dvir-Ginzberg M. Set7/9 impacts COL2A1 expression through binding and repression of SirT1 histone deacetylation. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:348-60. [PMID: 23873758 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type II collagen is a key cartilaginous extracellular protein required for normal endochondral development and cartilage homeostasis. COL2A1 gene expression is positively regulated by the NAD-dependent protein deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SirT1), through its ability to bind chromatin regions of the COL2A1 promoter and enhancer. Although SirT1/Sox9 binding on the enhancer site of COL2A1 was previously demonstrated, little is known about its functional role on the gene promoter site. Here, we examined the mechanism by which promoter-associated SirT1 governs COL2A1 expression. Human chondrocytes were encapsulated in three-dimensional (3D) alginate beads where they exhibited upregulated COL2A1 mRNA expression and increased levels of SirT1 occupancy on the promoter and enhancer regions, when compared to monolayer controls. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses of 3D cultures showed augmented levels of the DNA-binding transcription factor SP1, and the histone methyltransferase Set7/9, on the COL2A1 promoter site. ChIP reChIP assays revealed that SirT1 and Set7/9 form a protein complex on the COL2A1 promoter region of 3D-cultured chondrocytes, which also demonstrated elevated trimethylated lysine 4 on histone 3 (3MeH3K4), a hallmark of Set7/9 methyltransferase activity. Advanced passaging of chondrocytes yielded a decrease in 3MeH3K4 and Set7/9 levels on the COL2A1 promoter and reduced COL2A1 expression, suggesting that the SirT1/Set7/9 complex is preferentially formed on the COL2A1 promoter and required for gene activation. Interestingly, despite SirT1 occupancy, its deacetylation targets (ie, H3K9/14 and H4K16) were found acetylated on the COL2A1 promoter of 3D-cultured chondrocytes. A possible explanation for this phenotype is the enrichment of the histone acetyltransferases P300 and GCN5 on the COL2A1 promoter of3 D-cultured chondrocytes. Our study indicates that Set7/9 prevents the histone deacetylase activity of SirT1, potentiating euchromatin formation on the promoter site of COL2A1 and resulting in morphology-dependent COL2A1 gene transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Oppenheimer
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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121
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Shao D, Fry JL, Han J, Hou X, Pimentel DR, Matsui R, Cohen RA, Bachschmid MM. A redox-resistant sirtuin-1 mutant protects against hepatic metabolic and oxidant stress. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7293-306. [PMID: 24451382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.520403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin-1 (SirT1), a member of the NAD(+)-dependent class III histone deacetylase family, is inactivated in vitro by oxidation of critical cysteine thiols. In a model of metabolic syndrome, SirT1 activation attenuated apoptosis of hepatocytes and improved liver function including lipid metabolism. We show in SirT1-overexpressing HepG2 cells that oxidants (nitrosocysteine and hydrogen peroxide) or metabolic stress (high palmitate and high glucose) inactivated SirT1 by reversible oxidative post-translational modifications (OPTMs) on three cysteines. Mutating these oxidation-sensitive cysteines to serine preserved SirT1 activity and abolished reversible OPTMs. Overexpressed mutant SirT1 maintained deacetylase activity and attenuated proapoptotic signaling, whereas overexpressed wild type SirT1 was less protective in metabolically or oxidant-stressed cells. To prove that OPTMs of SirT1 are glutathione (GSH) adducts, glutaredoxin-1 was overexpressed to remove this modification. Glutaredoxin-1 overexpression maintained endogenous SirT1 activity and prevented proapoptotic signaling in metabolically stressed HepG2 cells. The in vivo significance of oxidative inactivation of SirT1 was investigated in livers of high fat diet-fed C57/B6J mice. SirT1 deacetylase activity was decreased in the absence of changes in SirT1 expression and associated with a marked increase in OPTMs. These results indicate that glutathione adducts on specific SirT1 thiols may be responsible for dysfunctional SirT1 associated with liver disease in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shao
- From the Vascular Biology Section and
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122
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Lattanzio F, Carboni L, Carretta D, Rimondini R, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. Human apolipoprotein E4 modulates the expression of Pin1, Sirtuin 1, and Presenilin 1 in brain regions of targeted replacement apoE mice. Neuroscience 2014; 256:360-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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123
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Uittenbogaard M, Chiaramello A. Mitochondrial biogenesis: a therapeutic target for neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20:5574-93. [PMID: 24606804 PMCID: PMC4823001 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140305224906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the developing and mature brain, mitochondria act as central hubs for distinct but interwined pathways, necessary for neural development, survival, activity, connectivity and plasticity. In neurons, mitochondria assume diverse functions, such as energy production in the form of ATP, calcium buffering and generation of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to a range of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, making mitochondria a potential target for pharmacological-based therapies. Pathogenesis associated with these diseases is accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial mass, a quantitative increase to overcome a qualitative deficiency due to mutated mitochondrial proteins that are either nuclear- or mitochondrial-encoded. This compensatory biological response is maladaptive, as it fails to sufficiently augment the bioenergetically functional mitochondrial mass and correct for the ATP deficit. Since regulation of neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis has been scantily investigated, our current understanding on the network of transcriptional regulators, co-activators and signaling regulators mainly derives from other cellular systems. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of our knowledge and understanding of the transcriptional and signaling cascades controlling neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis and the various therapeutic approaches to enhance the functional mitochondrial mass in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders and adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Chiaramello
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, 2300 I Street N.W., Washington DC 20037.
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124
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Luna A, Aladjem MI, Kohn KW. SIRT1/PARP1 crosstalk: connecting DNA damage and metabolism. Genome Integr 2013; 4:6. [PMID: 24360018 PMCID: PMC3898398 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An intricate network regulates the activities of SIRT1 and PARP1 proteins and continues to be uncovered. Both SIRT1 and PARP1 share a common co-factor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and several common substrates, including regulators of DNA damage response and circadian rhythms. We review this complex network using an interactive Molecular Interaction Map (MIM) to explore the interplay between these two proteins. Here we discuss how NAD + competition and post-transcriptional/translational feedback mechanisms create a regulatory network sensitive to environmental cues, such as genotoxic stress and metabolic states, and examine the role of those interactions in DNA repair and ultimately, cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Luna
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kurt W Kohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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125
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Suzuki M, Bartlett JD. Sirtuin1 and autophagy protect cells from fluoride-induced cell stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:245-55. [PMID: 24296261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent deacetylase functioning in the regulation of metabolism, cell survival and organismal lifespan. Active SIRT1 regulates autophagy during cell stress, including calorie restriction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. Previously, we reported that fluoride induces ER-stress in ameloblasts responsible for enamel formation, suggesting that ER-stress plays a role in dental fluorosis. However, the molecular mechanism of how cells respond to fluoride-induced cell stress is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that fluoride activates SIRT1 and initiates autophagy to protect cells from fluoride exposure. Fluoride treatment of ameloblast-derived cells (LS8) significantly increased Sirt1 expression and induced SIRT1 phosphorylation resulting in the augmentation of SIRT1 deacetylase activity. To demonstrate that fluoride exposure initiates autophagy, we characterized the expression of autophagy related genes (Atg); Atg5, Atg7 and Atg8/LC3 and showed that both their transcript and protein levels were significantly increased following fluoride treatment. To confirm that SIRT1 plays a protective role in fluoride toxicity, we used resveratrol (RES) to augment SIRT1 activity in fluoride treated LS8 cells. RES increased autophagy, inhibited apoptosis, and decreased fluoride cytotoxicity. Rats treated with fluoride (0, 50, 100 and 125ppm) in drinking water for 6weeks had significantly elevated expression levels of Sirt1, Atg5, Atg7 and Atg8/LC3 in their maturation stage enamel organs. Increased protein levels of p-SIRT1, ATG5 and ATG8/LC3 were present in fluoride-treated rat maturation stage ameloblasts. Therefore, the SIRT1/autophagy pathway may play a critical role as a protective response to help prevent dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Suzuki
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John D Bartlett
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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126
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New role of silent information regulator 1 in cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2879-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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127
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Glutaredoxin regulates vascular development by reversible glutathionylation of sirtuin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20057-62. [PMID: 24277839 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313753110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development depends on complex and precisely orchestrated signaling pathways including specific reduction/oxidation cascades. Oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin family are key players conveying redox signals through reversible posttranslational modifications of protein thiols. The importance of this protein family during embryogenesis has recently been exemplified for glutaredoxin 2, a vertebrate-specific glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase with a critical role for embryonic brain development. Here, we discovered an essential function of glutaredoxin 2 during vascular development. Confocal microscopy and time-lapse studies based on two-photon microscopy revealed that morpholino-based knockdown of glutaredoxin 2 in zebrafish, a model organism to study vertebrate embryogenesis, resulted in a delayed and disordered blood vessel network. We were able to show that formation of a functional vascular system requires glutaredoxin 2-dependent reversible S-glutathionylation of the NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin 1. Using mass spectrometry, we identified a cysteine residue in the conserved catalytic region of sirtuin 1 as target for glutaredoxin 2-specific deglutathionylation. Thereby, glutaredoxin 2-mediated redox regulation controls enzymatic activity of sirtuin 1, a mechanism we found to be conserved between zebrafish and humans. These results link S-glutathionylation to vertebrate development and successful embryonic angiogenesis.
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128
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Chen Z, Shentu TP, Wen L, Johnson DA, Shyy JYJ. Regulation of SIRT1 by oxidative stress-responsive miRNAs and a systematic approach to identify its role in the endothelium. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1522-38. [PMID: 23477488 PMCID: PMC3797452 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress is a common denominator of various risk factors contributing to endothelial dysfunction and vascular diseases. Accumulated evidence suggests that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression and/or activity is impaired by supraphysiological levels of oxidative stress, which in turn disrupts endothelial homeostasis. RECENT ADVANCES Several microRNAs (miRNAs) are induced by oxidative stress and termed as oxidative stress-responsive miRNAs. They may play a role linking the imbalanced redox state with dysregulated SIRT1. CRITICAL ISSUES This review summarizes recent findings on oxidative stress-responsive miRNAs and their involvement in SIRT1 regulation. Because of the unique characteristics of miRNAs, research in this new area requires an integrative approach that combines bioinformatics and experimental validation. Thus, a research strategy is discussed to identify the SIRT1-regulating miRNAs under oxidative stress and their functional outcomes in relation to endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, the miRNAs implicated in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms are discussed along with the translational potential and challenges of using miRNAs and its analogs as therapeutic agents. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although at its infancy, research on oxidative stress-responsive miRNAs and their regulation of SIRT1 may provide new insights in understanding vascular disorders. Moreover, systematic approaches integrating in silico, in vitro, and in vivo observations can be useful tools in revealing the pathways modulating endothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- 1 Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California
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129
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Miteva YV, Cristea IM. A proteomic perspective of Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) phosphorylation and interactions and their dependence on its catalytic activity. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:168-83. [PMID: 24163442 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.032847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a member of the mammalian sirtuin family, is a nuclear deacetylase with substrate-specific NAD(+)-dependent activity. SIRT6 has emerged as a critical regulator of diverse processes, including DNA repair, gene expression, telomere maintenance, and metabolism. However, our knowledge regarding its interactions and regulation remains limited. Here, we present a comprehensive proteomics-based analysis of SIRT6 protein interactions and their dependence on SIRT6 catalytic activity. We also identify evolutionarily conserved SIRT6 phosphorylations, including four within a proline-rich disordered region, and show that the conserved S338 phosphorylation can modulate selected SIRT6 interactions. By integrating molecular biology tools, microscopy, immunoaffinity purifications, label-free quantitative mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic analyses, we have established the first large-scale SIRT6 interaction network. Relative protein abundances and gene ontology functional assessment highlighted proteins involved in transcription regulation, chromatin organization, nuclear transport, telomerase function, and RNA processing. Independent immunoisolations under increased stringency distinguished the most stable SIRT6 interactions. One prominent interaction with Ras-GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) was further validated by microscopy, reciprocal purifications, and isolations in different cell types and of endogenous SIRT6. Interestingly, a subset of specific interactions, including G3BP1, were significantly reduced or abolished in isolations of catalytically deficient SIRT6 mutant, revealing previously unknown interplay between SIRT6 activity and its associations. Overall, our study reveals putative means of regulation of SIRT6 functions via interactions and modifications, providing an important resource for future studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying sirtuin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana V Miteva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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130
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Kuo HY, DeLuca TA, Miller WM, Mrksich M. Profiling deacetylase activities in cell lysates with peptide arrays and SAMDI mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10635-10642. [PMID: 24088168 DOI: 10.1021/ac402614x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of arrays that can profile molecular activities in cells is important to understanding signaling pathways in normal and pathological settings. While oligonucleotide arrays are now routinely used to profile global gene expression, there is still a lack of tools for profiling enzyme activities in cell lysates. This paper describes the combination of peptide arrays formed on self-assembled monolayers and mass spectrometry to provide a label-free approach for identifying patterns of enzyme activities in cell lysates. The approach is demonstrated by profiling lysine deacetylase (KDAC) activities in cell lysates of the CHRF megakaryocytic (Mk) cell line. Class-specific deacetylase inhibitors were used to show that terminal Mk differentiation of CHRF cells is marked by a pronounced decrease in sirtuin activity and by little change in activity of KDACs 1-11. This work establishes a platform that can be used to identify changes in global activity profiles of cell lysates for a wide variety of enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Kuo
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Teresa A DeLuca
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - William M Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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131
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Abstract
Innate resistance to various therapeutic interventions is a hallmark of cancer. In recent years, acquired resistance has emerged as a daunting challenge to targeted cancer therapy, which abolishes the efficacy of otherwise successful targeting drugs. Cancer cells gain the resistance property through a variety of mechanisms in primary and metastatic cancers, involving cellular intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Increasing evidence suggests that the mammalian stress response gene sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) plays a critical role in multiple aspects of cancer drug resistance. SIRT1 decreases drug penetration, confers proliferation and antiapoptotic survival advantages to cancer cells, facilitates acquired resistance through genetic mutations, promotes the survival of cancer stem cells, and changes the tumor microenvironment for resistance in cell-autonomous and -nonautonomous manners. This article provides an overview of research advances in the roles of SIRT1 in cancer drug resistance and highlights the prospect of targeting SIRT1 as a new strategy to overcome cancer drug resistance and improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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132
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Raynes R, Brunquell J, Westerheide SD. Stress Inducibility of SIRT1 and Its Role in Cytoprotection and Cancer. Genes Cancer 2013; 4:172-82. [PMID: 24020008 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913484497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells must continuously respond to stressful insults via the upregulation of cytoprotective pathways. The longevity factor and deacetylase SIRT1 plays a critical role in coordinating this cellular response to stress. SIRT1 activity and levels are regulated by cellular stressors, including metabolic, genotoxic, oxidative, and proteotoxic stress. As a stress sensor, SIRT1 impacts cell survival by deacetylating substrate proteins to drive the cell towards a cytoprotective pathway. Extreme stress conditions, however, can cause SIRT1 to lead cells down an apoptotic pathway instead. SIRT1 is frequently dysregulated in cancer cells and has been characterized to have a dual role as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor, likely due to its pivotal function in regulating cytoprotection. Recently, the ability of SIRT1 to regulate HSF1-dependent induction of the heat shock response has highlighted another pathway through which SIRT1 can modulate cytoprotection. Activation of HSF1 results in the production of cytoprotective chaperones that can facilitate the transformed phenotype of cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the stress-dependent regulation of SIRT1. We highlight the role of SIRT1 in stress management and cytoprotection and emphasize SIRT1-dependent activation of HSF1 as a potential mechanism for cancer promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Raynes
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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133
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Abstract
The cellular NAD(+)/NADH level controls Sir2 (silent information regulator 2) deacetylase activity in regulating aging in lower species. Much work has been put forth to identify ways to activate SIRT1, the mammalian ortholog of Sir2. The identification of p53 as a bona fide substrate of SIRT1 deacetylation has linked SIRT1 to a role in tumorigenesis. Here, we review the various SIRT1 endogenous and small molecular activators and inhibitors that regulate p53 acetylation and subsequent activation of p53 tumor suppression activity.
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134
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The circadian clock and cell cycle: interconnected biological circuits. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:730-4. [PMID: 23969329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock governs biological timekeeping on a systemic level, helping to regulate and maintain physiological processes, including endocrine and metabolic pathways with a periodicity of 24-hours. Disruption within the circadian clock machinery has been linked to numerous pathological conditions, including cancer, suggesting that clock-dependent regulation of the cell cycle is an essential control mechanism. This review will highlight recent advances on the 'gating' controls of the circadian clock at various checkpoints of the cell cycle and also how the cell cycle can influence biological rhythms. The reciprocal influence that the circadian clock and cell cycle exert on each other suggests that these intertwined biological circuits are essential and multiple regulatory/control steps have been instated to ensure proper timekeeping.
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135
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Hwang JW, Yao H, Caito S, Sundar IK, Rahman I. Redox regulation of SIRT1 in inflammation and cellular senescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:95-110. [PMID: 23542362 PMCID: PMC3762912 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates inflammation, aging (life span and health span), calorie restriction/energetics, mitochondrial biogenesis, stress resistance, cellular senescence, endothelial functions, apoptosis/autophagy, and circadian rhythms through deacetylation of transcription factors and histones. SIRT1 level and activity are decreased in chronic inflammatory conditions and aging, in which oxidative stress occurs. SIRT1 is regulated by a NAD(+)-dependent DNA repair enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), and subsequent NAD(+) depletion by oxidative stress may have consequent effects on inflammatory and stress responses as well as cellular senescence. SIRT1 has been shown to undergo covalent oxidative modifications by cigarette smoke-derived oxidants/aldehydes, leading to posttranslational modifications, inactivation, and protein degradation. Furthermore, oxidant/carbonyl stress-mediated reduction of SIRT1 leads to the loss of its control on acetylation of target proteins including p53, RelA/p65, and FOXO3, thereby enhancing the inflammatory, prosenescent, and apoptotic responses, as well as endothelial dysfunction. In this review, the mechanisms of cigarette smoke/oxidant-mediated redox posttranslational modifications of SIRT1 and its roles in PARP1 and NF-κB activation, and FOXO3 and eNOS regulation, as well as chromatin remodeling/histone modifications during inflammaging, are discussed. Furthermore, we have also discussed various novel ways to activate SIRT1 either directly or indirectly, which may have therapeutic potential in attenuating inflammation and premature senescence involved in chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-woong Hwang
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Samuel Caito
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Isaac K Sundar
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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136
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Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β phosphorylation of Sirtuin 1 in endothelium is atheroprotective. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2420-7. [PMID: 23754392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309354110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atheroprotective flow exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on vascular endothelial cells (ECs), in part through the induction of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a class III histone deacetylase. The role of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK)β in flow induction of SIRT1 both in vitro and in vivo was investigated. Pulsatile shear stress mimicking atheroprotective flow increased the level of SIRT1 in cultured ECs by enhancing its stability, and this effect was abolished by inhibition or knockdown of CaMKKβ. Flow-enhanced SIRT1 stability was primarily mediated by CaMKKβ phosphorylation of SIRT1 at Ser-27 and Ser-47, as evidenced by in vitro kinase assay, mass spectrometry, and experiments using loss- or gain-of-function SIRT1 mutants. Flow-induced CaMKKβ phosphorylation of SIRT1 Ser-27 and Ser-47 increased antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacities. Ablation of CaMKKβ or SIRT1 in mice with an apolipoprotein E-null background showed increased atherosclerosis both in athero-prone and in athero-protective areas. The results suggest that the CaMKKβ-SIRT1 axis in ECs is mechanosensitive, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory.
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137
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Endo H, Niioka M, Kobayashi N, Tanaka M, Watanabe T. Butyrate-producing probiotics reduce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression in rats: new insight into the probiotics for the gut-liver axis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63388. [PMID: 23696823 PMCID: PMC3656030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes simple steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The gut-derived endotoxin plays an essential role in the pathophysiological development and progression of NAFLD. By using rat models of choline-deficient/L-amino acid-defined (CDAA)-diet-induced NAFLD, we examined whether MIYAIRI 588–a butyrate-producing probiotic – prevents the progression of pathophysiological changes from steatosis to hepatocarcinogenesis. In vivo experiments showed that treatment with MIYAIRI 588 reduced CDAA-diet-induced hepatic lipid deposition and significantly improved the triglyceride content, insulin resistance, serum endotoxin levels, and hepatic inflammatory indexes. We also found that MIYAIRI 588 substantially increased the activation of hepatic adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AKT and the expression of lipogenesis- or lipolysis-related proteins. MIYAIRI 588 also improved CDAA-diet-induced delocalization and substantially decreased the expression of the tight-junction proteins intestinal zonula occluden-1 and occludin in CDAA-diet-fed rats. Further, the MIYAIRI 588-treated rats also showed remarkable induction of nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its targeted antioxidative enzymes, which suppressed hepatic oxidative stress. In vitro studies revealed that treatment with sodium butyrate (NaB) also activated AMPK and AKT and enhanced Nrf2 expression by precluding ubiquitination, thereby increasing the half-life of the Nrf2 protein. Pharmacological studies and siRNA knockdown experiments showed that NaB-mediated AMPK activation induced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Sirtuin 1, leading to the increased assembly of mammalian TOR complex 2 and phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473 and subsequent induction of Nrf2 expression and activation. These favorable changes caused an obvious decrease in hepatic fibrous deposition, GST-P-positive foci development, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Our data clearly established that the probiotic MIYAIRI 588 has beneficial effects in the prevention of NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Endo
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Community Health, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
- * E-mail: (HE); (TW)
| | - Maki Niioka
- Teaching and Research Support Center, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | | | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co. Research Laboratory, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tetsu Watanabe
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Community Health, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
- * E-mail: (HE); (TW)
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138
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Sorting out functions of sirtuins in cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:1609-20. [PMID: 23604120 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sirtuins (SIRT 1-7) comprise a family of NAD⁺-dependent protein-modifying enzymes with activities in lysine deacetylation, adenosinediphospho(ADP)-ribosylation, and/or deacylation. These enzymes are involved in the cell's stress response systems and in regulating gene expression, DNA damage repair, metabolism and survival. Sirtuins have complex roles in both promoting and/or suppressing tumorigenesis. This review presents recent research progress concerning sirtuins and cancer. On one hand, functional loss of sirtuin genes, particularly SIRT1, involved in maintaining genome integrity and DNA repair will promote tumorigenesis because of genomic instability upon their loss. On the other hand, cancer cells tend to require sirtuins for these same processes to allow them to survive, proliferate, repair the otherwise catastrophic genomic events and evolve. The bifurcated roles of SIRT1, and perhaps several other sirtuins, in cancer may be in part a result of the nature of the genes that are involved in the cell's genome maintenance systems. The in-depth understanding of sirtuin functions may have significant implication in designing precise modulation of selective sirtuin members to aid cancer prevention or treatment under defined conditions.
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139
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Costantini S, Sharma A, Raucci R, Costantini M, Autiero I, Colonna G. Genealogy of an ancient protein family: the Sirtuins, a family of disordered members. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:60. [PMID: 23497088 PMCID: PMC3599600 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sirtuins genes are widely distributed by evolution and have been found in eubacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. While prokaryotic and archeal species usually have one or two sirtuin homologs, in humans as well as in eukaryotes we found multiple versions and in mammals this family is comprised of seven different homologous proteins being all NAD-dependent de-acylases. 3D structures of human SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT5 revealed the overall conformation of the conserved core domain but they were unable to give a structural information about the presence of very flexible and dynamically disordered regions, the role of which is still structurally and functionally unclear. Recently, we modeled the 3D-structure of human SIRT1, the most studied member of this family, that unexpectedly emerged as a member of the intrinsically disordered proteins with its long disordered terminal arms. Despite clear similarities in catalytic cores between the human sirtuins little is known of the general structural characteristics of these proteins. The presence of disorder in human SIRT1 and the propensity of these proteins in promoting molecular interactions make it important to understand the underlying mechanisms of molecular recognition that reasonably should involve terminal segments. The mechanism of recognition, in turn, is a prerequisite for the understanding of any functional activity. Aim of this work is to understand what structural properties are shared among members of this family in humans as well as in other organisms. Results We have studied the distribution of the structural features of N- and C-terminal segments of sirtuins in all known organisms to draw their evolutionary histories by taking into account average length of terminal segments, amino acid composition, intrinsic disorder, presence of charged stretches, presence of putative phosphorylation sites, flexibility, and GC content of genes. Finally, we have carried out a comprehensive analysis of the putative phosphorylation sites in human sirtuins confirming those sites already known experimentally for human SIRT1 and 2 as well as extending their topology to all the family to get feedback of their physiological functions and cellular localization. Conclusions Our results highlight that the terminal segments of the majority of sirtuins possess a number of structural features and chemical and physical properties that strongly support their involvement in activities of recognition and interaction with other protein molecules. We also suggest how a multisite phosphorylation provides a possible mechanism by which flexible and intrinsically disordered segments of a sirtuin supported by the presence of positively or negatively charged stretches might enhance the strength and specificity of interaction with a particular molecular partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Costantini
- "Pascale Foundation" National Cancer Institute - Cancer Research Center (CROM), via Ammiraglio Bianco, 83013, Mercogliano, Italy.
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140
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Morris BJ. Seven sirtuins for seven deadly diseases of aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 56:133-71. [PMID: 23104101 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a class of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases having beneficial health effects. This extensive review describes the numerous intracellular actions of the seven mammalian sirtuins, their protein targets, intracellular localization, the pathways they modulate, and their role in common diseases of aging. Selective pharmacological targeting of sirtuins is of current interest in helping to alleviate global disease burden. Since all sirtuins are activated by NAD(+), strategies that boost NAD(+) in cells are of interest. While most is known about SIRT1, the functions of the six other sirtuins are now emerging. Best known is the involvement of sirtuins in helping cells adapt energy output to match energy requirements. SIRT1 and some of the other sirtuins enhance fat metabolism and modulate mitochondrial respiration to optimize energy harvesting. The AMP kinase/SIRT1-PGC-1α-PPAR axis and mitochondrial sirtuins appear pivotal to maintaining mitochondrial function. Downregulation with aging explains much of the pathophysiology that accumulates with aging. Posttranslational modifications of sirtuins and their substrates affect specificity. Although SIRT1 activation seems not to affect life span, activation of some of the other sirtuins might. Since sirtuins are crucial to pathways that counter the decline in health that accompanies aging, pharmacological agents that boost sirtuin activity have clinical potential in treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, osteoporosis, arthritis, and other conditions. In cancer, however, SIRT1 inhibitors could have therapeutic value. Nutraceuticals such as resveratrol have a multiplicity of actions besides sirtuin activation. Their net health benefit and relative safety may have originated from the ability of animals to survive environmental changes by utilizing these stress resistance chemicals in the diet during evolution. Each sirtuin forms a key hub to the intracellular pathways affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Building F13, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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141
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Bartke T, Borgel J, DiMaggio PA. Proteomics in epigenetics: new perspectives for cancer research. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 12:205-18. [PMID: 23401080 PMCID: PMC3662889 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of epigenetic processes in the origin and progression of cancer is now widely appreciated. Consequently, targeting the enzymatic machinery that controls the epigenetic regulation of the genome has emerged as an attractive new strategy for therapeutic intervention. The development of epigenetic drugs requires a detailed knowledge of the processes that govern chromatin regulation. Over the recent years, mass spectrometry (MS) has become an indispensable tool in epigenetics research. In this review, we will give an overview of the applications of MS-based proteomics in studying various aspects of chromatin biology. We will focus on the use of MS in the discovery and mapping of histone modifications and how novel proteomic approaches are being utilized to identify and study chromatin-associated proteins and multi-subunit complexes. Finally, we will discuss the application of proteomic methods in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer based on epigenetic biomarkers and comment on their future impact on cancer epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Bartke
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
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142
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Andersen JL, Kornbluth S. The tangled circuitry of metabolism and apoptosis. Mol Cell 2013; 49:399-410. [PMID: 23395270 PMCID: PMC3801185 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For single-cell organisms, nutrient uptake and metabolism are central to the fundamental decision of whether to grow or divide. In metazoans, cell fate decisions are more complex: organismal homeostasis must be strictly maintained by balancing cell proliferation and death. Despite this increased complexity, cell fate within multicellular organisms is also influenced by metabolism; recent studies, triggered in part by an interest in tumor metabolism, are beginning to illuminate the mechanisms through which proliferation, death, and metabolism are intertwined. In particular, work on Bcl-2 family proteins suggests that the signaling pathways governing metabolism and apoptosis are inextricably linked. Here we review the crosstalk between these pathways, emphasizing recent work that illustrates the emerging dual nature of several core apoptotic proteins in regulating both metabolism and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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143
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Revollo JR, Li X. The ways and means that fine tune Sirt1 activity. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:160-7. [PMID: 23394938 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sirt1 is the most evolutionarily conserved mammalian sirtuin. It plays a vital role in the regulation of metabolism, stress responses, genome stability, and ultimately aging. Although much attention has focused on the identification of the cellular targets and functional networks controlled by Sirt1, the mechanisms that regulate Sirt1 activity by biological stimuli have only recently begun to emerge. As an enzyme, the activity of Sirt1 can be controlled by the availability of its substrates, post-translational modifications, interactions with other proteins, or changes in its expression levels. In this review, we briefly discuss the ways and means by which the activity of Sirt1 is fine-tuned under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier R Revollo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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144
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A high-confidence interaction map identifies SIRT1 as a mediator of acetylation of USP22 and the SAGA coactivator complex. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1487-502. [PMID: 23382074 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00971-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many functions and targets have been attributed to the histone and protein deacetylase SIRT1, a comprehensive analysis of SIRT1 binding proteins yielding a high-confidence interaction map has not been established. Using a comparative statistical analysis of binding partners, we have assembled a high-confidence SIRT1 interactome. Employing this method, we identified the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22), a component of the deubiquitinating module (DUBm) of the SAGA transcriptional coactivating complex, as a SIRT1-interacting partner. We found that this interaction is highly specific, requires the ZnF-UBP domain of USP22, and is disrupted by the inactivating H363Y mutation within SIRT1. Moreover, we show that USP22 is acetylated on multiple lysine residues and that alteration of a single lysine (K129) within the ZnF-UBP domain is sufficient to alter interaction of the DUBm with the core SAGA complex. Furthermore, USP22-mediated recruitment of SIRT1 activity promotes the deacetylation of individual SAGA complex components. Our results indicate an important role of SIRT1-mediated deacetylation in regulating the formation of DUBm subcomplexes within the larger SAGA complex.
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145
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The 2.5 Å crystal structure of the SIRT1 catalytic domain bound to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and an indole (EX527 analogue) reveals a novel mechanism of histone deacetylase inhibition. J Med Chem 2013; 56:963-9. [PMID: 23311358 DOI: 10.1021/jm301431y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The sirtuin SIRT1 is a NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase, a Sir2 family member, and one of seven human sirtuins. Sirtuins are conserved from archaea to mammals and regulate transcription, genome stability, longevity, and metabolism. SIRT1 regulates transcription via deacetylation of transcription factors such as PPARγ, NFκB, and the tumor suppressor protein p53. EX527 (27) is a nanomolar SIRT1 inhibitor and a micromolar SIRT2 inhibitor. To elucidate the mechanism of SIRT inhibition by 27, we determined the 2.5 Å crystal structure of the SIRT1 catalytic domain (residues 241-516) bound to NAD(+) and the 27 analogue compound 35. 35 binds deep in the catalytic cleft, displacing the NAD(+) nicotinamide and forcing the cofactor into an extended conformation. The extended NAD(+) conformation sterically prevents substrate binding. The SIRT1/NAD(+)/35 crystal structure defines a novel mechanism of histone deacetylase inhibition and provides a basis for understanding, and rationally improving, inhibition of this therapeutically important target by drug-like molecules.
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146
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Abstract
Silent mating type information regulation 1 (Sirtuin 1; SIRT1) has been reported to regulate various physiological events, such as aging and metabolism, via deacetylation of histone and nonhistone proteins. Notably, cumulative evidence supports the notion that SIRT1 has a Janus-faced role in tumorigenesis. SIRT1 contributes to anti-inflammation, genomic stability, and cancer cell death, and hence it has tumor-suppressor properties. On the other hand, SIRT1 can stimulate oncogenic signaling pathways and can create a tumor microenvironment favorable to growth and survival of cancer cells. Such dual functions of SIRT1 may be determined, at least in part, by its subcellular localization. Interestingly, SIRT1 displays differential localization in normal cells and cancer cells, which in turn may affect the substrate specificity for its deacetylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Song
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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147
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Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is the most conserved mammalian NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase that has emerged as a key metabolic sensor in various metabolic tissues. In response to different environmental stimuli, SIRT1 directly links the cellular metabolic status to the chromatin structure and the regulation of gene expression, thereby modulating a variety of cellular processes such as energy metabolism and stress response. Recent studies have shown that SIRT1 controls both glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, promotes fat mobilization and stimulates brown remodeling of the white fat in white adipose tissue, controls insulin secretion in the pancreas, senses nutrient availability in the hypothalamus, influences obesity-induced inflammation in macrophages, and modulates the activity of circadian clock in metabolic tissues. This review focuses on the role of SIRT1 in regulating energy metabolism at different metabolic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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148
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Abstract
The maintenance of metabolic homeostasis requires the well-orchestrated network of several pathways of glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Mitochondria integrate these pathways and serve not only as the prime site of cellular energy harvesting but also as the producer of many key metabolic intermediates. The sirtuins are a family of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes, which have a crucial role in the cellular adaptation to metabolic stress. The mitochondrial sirtuins SIRT3, SIRT4 and SIRT5 together with the nuclear SIRT1 regulate several aspects of mitochondrial physiology by controlling post-translational modifications of mitochondrial protein and transcription of mitochondrial genes. Here we discuss current knowledge how mitochondrial sirtuins and SIRT1 govern mitochondrial processes involved in different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Pirinen
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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149
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Feldman JL, Dittenhafer-Reed KE, Denu JM. Sirtuin catalysis and regulation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42419-27. [PMID: 23086947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.378877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are a family of NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases/deacylases that dynamically regulate transcription, metabolism, and cellular stress response. Their general positive link with improved health span in mammals, potential regulation of pathways mediated by caloric restriction, and growing links to human disease have spurred interest in therapeutics that target their functions. Here, we review the current understanding of the chemistry of catalysis, biological targets, and endogenous regulation of sirtuin activity. We discuss recent efforts to generate small-molecule regulators of sirtuin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Feldman
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA.
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150
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Ling H, Peng L, Seto E, Fukasawa K. Suppression of centrosome duplication and amplification by deacetylases. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3779-91. [PMID: 23022877 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome duplication is controlled both negatively and positively by a number of proteins. The activities and stabilities of those regulatory proteins are in many cases controlled by posttranslational modifications. Although acetylation and deacetylation are highly common posttranslational modifications, their roles in the regulation of centrosome duplication had not been closely examined. Here, through focusing on the deacetylases, we investigated the role of acetylation/deacetylation in the regulation of centrosome duplication and induction of abnormal amplification of centrosomes. We found that the deacetylation event negatively controls centrosome duplication and amplification. Of the 18 total known deacetylases (HDAC1-11, SIRT1-7), ten deacetylases possess the activity to suppress centrosome amplification, and their centrosome amplification suppressing activities are strongly associated with their abilities to localize to centrosomes. Among them, HDAC1, HDAC5 and SIRT1 show the highest suppressing activities, but each of them suppresses centrosome duplication and/or amplification with its unique mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Ling
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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