101
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Bourne JW, Shi L, Torzilli PA. Collagen peptide simulated bending after applied axial deformation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 108:103835. [PMID: 32469728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Structural proteins in the extracellular matrix are subjected to a range of mechanical loading conditions, including varied directions of force application. Molecular modeling suggests that these mechanical forces directly affect collagen's conformation and the subsequent mechanical response at the molecular level is complex. For example, tensile forces in the axial direction result in collagen triple helix elongation and unwinding, while perpendicular forces can cause local triple helix disruption. However, the effects of more complicated mechanical loading, such as the effect of axial pretension on collagen bending and triple helix microunfolding are unknown. In this study we used steered molecular dynamics to first model a collagen peptide under axial tension and then apply a perpendicular bending force. Axial tension causes molecular elongation and increased the subsequent perpendicular bending stiffness, but surprisingly did not increase the predicted collagen triple helix microunfolding threshold. We believe these results elucidate a key potential mechanism by which microscale mechanical loads translate from cellular and micro scales down to the nano and atomistic. Further, these data predict that cryptic force-induced collagen triple helix unwinding is axial-deformation independent, supporting the possibility that cell traction forces could be a key molecular mechanism to alter the cellular matrix microenvironment to facilitate collagen enzymatic degradation and subsequent cellular migration, such as in tumor extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Bourne
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E. 70(th) St., New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Lei Shi
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics (Box 75), Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Peter A Torzilli
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E. 70(th) St., New York, NY, 10021, USA; Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Program (Box 75), Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
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102
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Thankamony AP, Saxena K, Murali R, Jolly MK, Nair R. Cancer Stem Cell Plasticity - A Deadly Deal. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:79. [PMID: 32426371 PMCID: PMC7203492 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is a major ongoing challenge in the effective therapeutic targeting of cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that a fraction of cells within a tumor termed Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are primarily responsible for this diversity resulting in therapeutic resistance and metastasis. Adding to this complexity, recent studies have shown that there can be different subpopulations of CSCs with varying biochemical and biophysical traits resulting in varied dissemination and drug-resistance potential. Moreover, cancer cells can exhibit a high level of plasticity or the ability to dynamically switch between CSC and non-CSC states or among different subsets of CSCs. In addition, CSCs also display extensive metabolic plasticity. The molecular mechanisms underlying these different interconnected axes of plasticity has been under extensive investigation and the trans-differentiation process of Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been identified as a major contributing factor. Besides genetic and epigenetic factors, CSC plasticity is also shaped by non-cell-autonomous effects such as the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we discuss the latest developments in decoding mechanisms and implications of CSC plasticity in tumor progression at biochemical and biophysical levels, and the latest in silico approaches being taken for characterizing cancer cell plasticity. These efforts can help improve existing therapeutic approaches by taking into consideration the contribution of cellular plasticity/heterogeneity in enabling drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana P. Thankamony
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Kritika Saxena
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Radhika Nair
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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103
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Mechanophenotyping of 3D multicellular clusters using displacement arrays of rendered tractions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5655-5663. [PMID: 32123100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918296117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues mechanically deform the surrounding extracellular matrix during embryonic development, wound repair, and tumor invasion. Ex vivo measurements of such multicellular tractions within three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials could elucidate collective dissemination during disease progression and enable preclinical testing of targeted antimigration therapies. However, past 3D traction measurements have been low throughput due to the challenges of imaging and analyzing information-rich 3D material deformations. Here, we demonstrate a method to profile multicellular clusters in a 96-well-plate format based on spatially heterogeneous contractile, protrusive, and circumferential tractions. As a case study, we profile multicellular clusters across varying states of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, revealing a successive loss of protrusive and circumferential tractions, as well as the formation of localized contractile tractions with elongated cluster morphologies. These cluster phenotypes were biochemically perturbed by using drugs, biasing toward traction signatures of different epithelial or mesenchymal states. This higher-throughput analysis is promising to systematically interrogate and perturb aberrant mechanobiology, which could be utilized with human-patient samples to guide personalized therapies.
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104
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Deo KA, Singh KA, Peak CW, Alge DL, Gaharwar AK. Bioprinting 101: Design, Fabrication, and Evaluation of Cell-Laden 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:318-338. [PMID: 32079490 PMCID: PMC7480731 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3D bioprinting is an additive manufacturing technique that recapitulates the native architecture of tissues. This is accomplished through the precise deposition of cell-containing bioinks. The spatiotemporal control over bioink deposition permits for improved communication between cells and the extracellular matrix, facilitates fabrication of anatomically and physiologically relevant structures. The physiochemical properties of bioinks, before and after crosslinking, are crucial for bioprinting complex tissue structures. Specifically, the rheological properties of bioinks determines printability, structural fidelity, and cell viability during the printing process, whereas postcrosslinking of bioinks are critical for their mechanical integrity, physiological stability, cell survival, and cell functions. In this review, we critically evaluate bioink design criteria, specifically for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting techniques, to fabricate complex constructs. The effects of various processing parameters on the biophysical and biochemical characteristics of bioinks are discussed. Furthermore, emerging trends and future directions in the area of bioinks and bioprinting are also highlighted. Graphical abstract [Figure: see text] Impact statement Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting is an emerging additive manufacturing approach for fabricating cell-laden tissue engineered constructs. This review critically evaluates bioink design criteria to fabricate complex tissue constructs. Specifically, pre- and post-printing evaluation approaches are described, as well as new research directions in the field of bioink development and functional bioprinting are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaivalya A. Deo
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Kanwar Abhay Singh
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Charles W. Peak
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Daniel L. Alge
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Akhilesh K. Gaharwar
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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105
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Nguyen AV, Trompetto B, Tan XHM, Scott MB, Hu KHH, Deeds E, Butte MJ, Chiou PY, Rowat AC. Differential Contributions of Actin and Myosin to the Physical Phenotypes and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:27-44. [PMID: 32030106 PMCID: PMC6981337 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastasis is a fundamentally physical process in which cells deform through narrow gaps and generate forces to invade surrounding tissues. While it is commonly thought that increased cell deformability is an advantage for invading cells, we previously found that more invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells are stiffer than less invasive PDAC cells. Here we investigate potential mechanisms of the simultaneous increase in PDAC cell stiffness and invasion, focusing on the contributions of myosin II, Arp2/3, and formins. METHOD We measure cell invasion using a 3D scratch wound invasion assay and cell stiffness using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To determine the effects of actin- and myosin-mediated force generation on cell stiffness and invasion, we treat cells with pharmacologic inhibitors of myosin II (blebbistatin), Arp2/3 (CK-666), and formins (SMIFH2). RESULTS We find that the activity of myosin II, Arp2/3, and formins all contribute to the stiffness of PDAC cells. Interestingly, we find that the invasion of PDAC cell lines is differentially affected when the activity of myosin II, Arp2/3, or formins is inhibited, suggesting that despite having similar tissue origins, different PDAC cell lines may rely on different mechanisms for invasion. CONCLUSIONS These findings deepen our knowledge of the factors that regulate cancer cell mechanotype and invasion, and incite further studies to develop therapeutics that target multiple mechanisms of invasion for improved clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelyn V. Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Brittany Trompetto
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | | | - Michael B. Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Present Address: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, USA
| | | | - Eric Deeds
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Manish J. Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pei Yu Chiou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Amy C. Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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106
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Vaeyens MM, Jorge-Peñas A, Barrasa-Fano J, Steuwe C, Heck T, Carmeliet P, Roeffaers M, Van Oosterwyck H. Matrix deformations around angiogenic sprouts correlate to sprout dynamics and suggest pulling activity. Angiogenesis 2020; 23:315-324. [PMID: 31997048 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature. It is essential for normal tissue growth and regeneration, and also plays a key role in many diseases [Carmeliet in Nat Med 9:653-660, 2003]. Cytoskeletal components have been shown to be important for angiogenic sprout initiation and maintenance [Kniazeva and Putnam in Am J Physiol 297:C179-C187, 2009] as well as endothelial cell shape control during invasion [Elliott et al. in Nat Cell Biol 17:137-147, 2015]. The exact nature of cytoskeleton-mediated forces for sprout initiation and progression, however, remains poorly understood. Questions on the importance of tip cell pulling versus stalk cell pushing are to a large extent unanswered, which among others has to do with the difficulty of quantifying and resolving those forces in time and space. We developed methods based on time-lapse confocal microscopy and image processing-further termed 4D displacement microscopy-to acquire detailed, spatially and temporally resolved extracellular matrix (ECM) deformations, indicative of cell-ECM mechanical interactions around invading sprouts. We demonstrate that matrix deformations dependent on actin-mediated force generation are spatio-temporally correlated with sprout morphological dynamics. Furthermore, sprout tips were found to exert radially pulling forces on the extracellular matrix, which were quantified by means of a computational model of collagen ECM mechanics. Protrusions from extending sprouts mostly increase their pulling forces, while retracting protrusions mainly reduce their pulling forces. Displacement microscopy analysis further unveiled a characteristic dipole-like deformation pattern along the sprout direction that was consistent among seemingly very different sprout shapes-with oppositely oriented displacements at sprout tip versus sprout base and a transition zone of negligible displacements in between. These results demonstrate that sprout-ECM interactions are dominated by pulling forces and underline the key role of tip cell pulling for sprouting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Mo Vaeyens
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alvaro Jorge-Peñas
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorge Barrasa-Fano
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Steuwe
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tommy Heck
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roeffaers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Prometheus, Div. Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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107
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Bordeleau F, Wang W, Simmons A, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA, Reinhart-King CA. Tissue transglutaminase 2 regulates tumor cell tensional homeostasis by increasing contractility. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.231134. [PMID: 31822629 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal tensional cellular homeostasis is now considered a hallmark of cancer. Despite this, the origin of this abnormality remains unclear. In this work, we investigated the role of tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2, also known as TGM2), a protein associated with poor prognosis and increased metastatic potential, and its relationship to the EGF receptor in the regulation of the mechanical state of tumor cells. Remarkably, we observed a TG2-mediated modulation of focal adhesion composition as well as stiffness-induced FAK activation, which was linked with a distinctive increase in cell contractility, in experiments using both pharmacological and shRNA-based approaches. Additionally, the increased contractility could be reproduced in non-malignant cells upon TG2 expression. Moreover, the increased cell contractility mediated by TG2 was largely due to the loss of EGFR-mediated inhibition of cell contractility. These findings establish intracellular TG2 as a regulator of cellular tensional homeostasis and suggest the existence of signaling switches that control the contribution of growth factor receptors in determining the mechanical state of a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Bordeleau
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Alysha Simmons
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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108
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Wan Z, Zhang P, Liu Y, Lv L, Zhou Y. Four-dimensional bioprinting: Current developments and applications in bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:26-42. [PMID: 31672585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, in which the concept of time is integrated with three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting as the fourth dimension, has currently emerged as the next-generation solution of tissue engineering as it presents the possibility of constructing complex, functional structures. 4D bioprinting can be used to fabricate dynamic 3D-patterned biological architectures that will change their shapes under various stimuli by employing stimuli-responsive materials. The functional transformation and maturation of printed cell-laden constructs over time are also regarded as 4D bioprinting, providing unprecedented potential for bone tissue engineering. The shape memory properties of printed structures cater to the need for personalized bone defect repair and the functional maturation procedures promote the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. In this review, we introduce the application of different stimuli-responsive biomaterials in tissue engineering and a series of 4D bioprinting strategies based on functional transformation of printed structures. Furthermore, we discuss the application of 4D bioprinting in bone tissue engineering, as well as the current challenges and future perspectives. STATEMENTS OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we have demonstrated the 4D bioprinting technologies, which integrate the concept of time within the traditional 3D bioprinting technology as the fourth dimension and facilitate the fabrications of complex, functional biological architectures. These 4D bioprinting structures could go through shape or functional transformation over time via using different stimuli-responsive biomaterials and a series of 4D bioprinting strategies. Moreover, by summarizing potential applications of 4D bioprinting in the field of bone tissue engineering, these emerging technologies could fulfill unaddressed medical requirements. The further discussions about future challenges and perspectives will give us more inspirations about widespread applications of this emerging technology for tissue engineering in biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Wan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Longwei Lv
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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109
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Mechanics of actin filaments in cancer onset and progress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:205-243. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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110
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Alvarez-Elizondo MB, Li CW, Marom A, Tung YT, Drillich G, Horesh Y, Lin SC, Wang GJ, Weihs D. Micropatterned topographies reveal measurable differences between cancer and benign cells. Med Eng Phys 2020; 75:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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111
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Tabatabaei M, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Khani MM. Correlation of the cell mechanical behavior and quantified cytoskeletal parameters in normal and cancerous breast cell lines. Biorheology 2019; 56:207-219. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-190214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Mehdi Khani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
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112
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Beri P, Popravko A, Yeoman B, Kumar A, Chen K, Hodzic E, Chiang A, Banisadr A, Placone JK, Carter H, Fraley SI, Katira P, Engler AJ. Cell Adhesiveness Serves as a Biophysical Marker for Metastatic Potential. Cancer Res 2019; 80:901-911. [PMID: 31857292 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are heterogeneous and composed of cells with different dissemination abilities. Despite significant effort, there is no universal biological marker that serves as a metric for metastatic potential of solid tumors. Common to disseminating cells from such tumors, however, is the need to modulate their adhesion as they detach from the tumor and migrate through stroma to intravasate. Adhesion strength is heterogeneous even among cancer cells within a given population, and using a parallel plate flow chamber, we separated and sorted these populations into weakly and strongly adherent groups; when cultured under stromal conditions, this adhesion phenotype was stable over multiple days, sorting cycles, and common across all epithelial tumor lines investigated. Weakly adherent cells displayed increased migration in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional migration assays; this was maintained for several days in culture. Subpopulations did not show differences in expression of proteins involved in the focal adhesion complex but did exhibit intrinsic focal adhesion assembly as well as contractile differences that resulted from differential expression of genes involved in microtubules, cytoskeleton linkages, and motor activity. In human breast tumors, expression of genes associated with the weakly adherent population resulted in worse progression-free and disease-free intervals. These data suggest that adhesion strength could potentially serve as a stable marker for migration and metastatic potential within a given tumor population and that the fraction of weakly adherent cells present within a tumor could act as a physical marker for metastatic potential. SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer cells exhibit heterogeneity in adhesivity, which can be used to predict metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjali Beri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anna Popravko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Benjamin Yeoman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Enio Hodzic
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alyssa Chiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Afsheen Banisadr
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jesse K Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hannah Carter
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Medicine/Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephanie I Fraley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Parag Katira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California
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113
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McGrath JS, Honrado C, Moore JH, Adair SJ, Varhue WB, Salahi A, Farmehini V, Goudreau BJ, Nagdas S, Blais EM, Bauer TW, Swami NS. Electrophysiology-based stratification of pancreatic tumorigenicity by label-free single-cell impedance cytometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1101:90-98. [PMID: 32029124 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer lacking specific biomarkers that can be correlated to disease onset, promotion and progression. To assess whether tumor cell electrophysiology may serve as a marker for PDAC tumorigenicity, we use multi-frequency impedance cytometry at high throughput (∼350 cells/s) to measure the electrical phenotype of single PDAC tumor cells from xenografts, which are derived from primary pancreatic tumors versus those from liver metastases of different patients. A novel phase contrast metric based on variations in the high and low frequency impedance phase responses that is related to electrophysiology of the cell interior is found to be systematically altered as a function of tumorigenicity. PDAC cells of higher tumorigenicity exhibited lowered interior conductivity and enhanced permittivity, which is validated by the dielectrophoresis on the respective cell types. Using genetic analysis, we suggest the role of dysregulated Na+ transport and removal of Ca2+ ions from the cytoplasm on key oncogenic KRAS-driven processes that may be responsible for lowering of the interior cell conductivity. We envision that impedance cytometry can serve as a tool to quantify phenotypic heterogeneity for rapidly stratifying tumorigenicity. It can also aid in protocols for dielectrophoretic isolation of cells with a particular phenotype for prognostic studies on patient survival and to tailor therapy selection to specific patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S McGrath
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - C Honrado
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J H Moore
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S J Adair
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - W B Varhue
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A Salahi
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - V Farmehini
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - B J Goudreau
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S Nagdas
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - E M Blais
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - T W Bauer
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - N S Swami
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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114
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Zhang J, Chada NC, Reinhart-King CA. Microscale Interrogation of 3D Tissue Mechanics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:412. [PMID: 31921816 PMCID: PMC6927918 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells in vivo live in a complex microenvironment composed of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and other cells. Growing evidence suggests that the mechanical interaction between the cells and their microenvironment is of critical importance to their behaviors under both normal and diseased conditions, such as migration, differentiation, and proliferation. The study of tissue mechanics in the past two decades, including the assessment of both mechanical properties and mechanical stresses of the extracellular microenvironment, has greatly enriched our knowledge about how cells interact with their mechanical environment. Tissue mechanical properties are often heterogeneous and sometimes anisotropic, which makes them difficult to obtain from macroscale bulk measurements. Mechanical stresses were first measured for cells cultured on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces with well-defined mechanical properties. While 2D measurements are relatively straightforward and efficient, and they have provided us with valuable knowledge on cell-ECM interactions, that knowledge may not be directly applicable to in vivo systems. Hence, the measurement of tissue stresses in a more physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) environment is required. In this mini review, we will summarize and discuss recent developments in using optical, magnetic, genetic, and mechanical approaches to interrogate 3D tissue stresses and mechanical properties at the microscale.
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115
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Deville SS, Cordes N. The Extracellular, Cellular, and Nuclear Stiffness, a Trinity in the Cancer Resistome-A Review. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1376. [PMID: 31867279 PMCID: PMC6908495 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in mechano-physiological properties of a tissue instigate cancer burdens in parallel to common genetic and epigenetic alterations. The chronological and mechanistic interrelation between the various extra- and intracellular aspects remains largely elusive. Mechano-physiologically, integrins and other cell adhesion molecules present the main mediators for transferring and distributing forces between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). These cues are channeled via focal adhesion proteins, termed the focal adhesomes, to cytoskeleton and nucleus and vice versa thereby affecting the pathophysiology of multicellular cancer tissues. In combination with simultaneous activation of diverse downstream signaling pathways, the phenotypes of cancer cells are created and driven characterized by deregulated transcriptional and biochemical cues that elicit the hallmarks of cancer. It, however, remains unclear how elastostatic modifications, i.e., stiffness, in the extracellular, intracellular, and nuclear compartment contribute and control the resistance of cancer cells to therapy. In this review, we discuss how stiffness of unique tumor components dictates therapy response and what is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sofia Deville
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils Cordes
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- Germany German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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116
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Chang SS, Rape AD, Wong SA, Guo WH, Wang YL. Migration regulates cellular mechanical states. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:3104-3111. [PMID: 31693433 PMCID: PMC6938245 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-02-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that adherent cells are keenly sensitive to external physical environment, such as substrate rigidity and topography, and internal physical states, such as cell shape and spreading area. Many of these responses are believed to involve coupled output and input of mechanical forces, which may constitute the key sensing mechanism to generate downstream regulatory signals for cell growth and differentiation. Here, we show that the state of cell migration also plays a regulatory role. Compared with migrating cells, stationary cells generate stronger, less dynamic, and more peripherally localized traction forces. These changes are coupled to reduced focal adhesion turnover and enhanced paxillin phosphorylation. Further, using cells migrating along checkerboard micropatterns, we show that the appearance of new focal adhesions directly in front of existing focal adhesions is associated with the down-regulation of existing focal adhesions and associated traction forces. Together, our results imply a mechanism where cell migration regulates traction forces by promoting dynamic turnover of focal adhesions, which may then regulate processes such as wound healing and embryogenesis where cell differentiation must coordinate with migration state and proper localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Andrew D Rape
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Stephanie A Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Wei-Hui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yu-Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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117
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Characterization of 3D matrix conditions for cancer cell migration with elasticity/porosity-independent tunable microfiber gels. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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118
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Bajpai A, Tong J, Qian W, Peng Y, Chen W. The Interplay Between Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Forces Regulates Cell Migration Dynamics. Biophys J 2019; 117:1795-1804. [PMID: 31706566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in vivo encounter and exert forces as they interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring cells during migration. These mechanical forces play crucial roles in regulating cell migratory behaviors. Although a variety of studies have focused on describing single-cell or the collective cell migration behaviors, a fully mechanistic understanding of how the cell-cell (intercellular) and cell-ECM (extracellular) traction forces individually and cooperatively regulate single-cell migration and coordinate multicellular movement in a cellular monolayer is still lacking. Here, we developed an integrated experimental and analytical system to examine both the intercellular and extracellular traction forces acting on individual cells within an endothelial cell colony as well as their roles in guiding cell migratory behaviors (i.e., cell translation and rotation). Combined with force, multipole, and moment analysis, our results revealed that traction force dominates in regulating cell active translation, whereas intercellular force actively modulates cell rotation. Our findings advance the understanding of the intricacies of cell-cell and cell-ECM forces in regulating cellular migratory behaviors that occur during the monolayer development and may yield deeper insights into the single-cell dynamic behaviors during tissue development, embryogenesis, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - Yansong Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.
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119
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Dou X, Wu B, Liu J, Zhao C, Qin M, Wang Z, Schönherr H, Feng C. Effect of Chirality on Cell Spreading and Differentiation: From Chiral Molecules to Chiral Self-Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:38568-38577. [PMID: 31584794 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of chirality on cell behavior is closely related with relevant biological events; however, many recent studies only focus on the apparent chiral influence of supramolecular nanofibers and ignore the respective effects of molecular chirality and supramolecular chirality in biological processes. Herein, the inherent molecular and supramolecular chiral effects on cell spreading and differentiation are studied. Left-handed nanofibers (referring to supramolecular chirality) assembled from l-amino acid derivatives can enhance cell spreading and proliferation compared to flat l-surfaces (referring to molecular chirality). However, compared to the d-surfaces (referring to molecular chirality), right-handed nanofibers (referring to supramolecular chirality) derived from d-amino acid suppress cell spreading and proliferation, overturning the conventional view that a fibrous morphology generally enhances cell adhesion. The results directly suggest that the amplification of chirality from chiral molecules to chiral assemblies significantly enhances the effect on regulated cell behavior by supramolecular helical handedness. Moreover, cell differentiation is found to be chirality dependent. It suggests that both the l-amino acid derivatives and the left-handed fibers facilitate osteogenic differentiation. This study provides useful insight into understanding the origin of chiral expression from the molecular to the macroscopic level in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Dou
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Dongchuan Road 800 , 200240 Shanghai , China
- Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology , University of Siegen , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 , 57076 Siegen , Germany
| | - Beibei Wu
- Department of Biomedicine , Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute (SITI) , Keyuan Road 1278 , 201203 Shanghai , China
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics , Chinese National Human Genome Center , 201203 Shanghai , China
| | - Jinying Liu
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Dongchuan Road 800 , 200240 Shanghai , China
| | - Changli Zhao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Dongchuan Road 800 , 200240 Shanghai , China
| | - Minggao Qin
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Dongchuan Road 800 , 200240 Shanghai , China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics , Chinese National Human Genome Center , 201203 Shanghai , China
| | - Holger Schönherr
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Dongchuan Road 800 , 200240 Shanghai , China
- Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology , University of Siegen , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 , 57076 Siegen , Germany
| | - Chuanliang Feng
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Dongchuan Road 800 , 200240 Shanghai , China
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120
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Simon B, Uslu U. CAR-T cell therapy in melanoma: A future success story? Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:1315-1321. [PMID: 30288790 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are one of the impressive recent success stories of anti-cancer immunotherapy. Especially in haematological malignancies, this treatment strategy has shown promising results leading to the recent approval of two CAR-T cell constructs targeting CD19 in the United States and the European Union. After the huge success in haematological cancers, the next step will be the evaluation of its efficacy in different solid tumors, which is currently investigated in preclinical as well as clinical settings. A commonly examined tumor model in the context of immunotherapy is melanoma, since it is known for its immunogenic features. However, the first results of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors did not reveal the same impressive outcomes that were observed in haematological malignancies, as engineered cells need to cope with several challenges. Obstacles include the lack of migration of CAR-T cells from blood vessels to the tumor site as well as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment within solid tumors. Another hurdle is posed by the identification of an ideal target antigen to avoid on-target/off-tumor toxicities. Regarding immune escape mechanisms, which can be developed by tumor cells to bypass immune recognition, the observation of antigen loss should also be considered. This article gives an overview of the challenges displayed in CAR-T cell therapy for the use in solid tumors and discusses different new strategies and approaches that deal with these problems in order to improve CAR-T cell therapy, particularly for its use in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ugur Uslu
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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121
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Abstract
For many years, major differences in morphology, motility, and mechanical characteristics have been observed between transformed cancer and normal cells. In this review, we consider these differences as linked to different states of normal and transformed cells that involve distinct mechanosensing and motility pathways. There is a strong correlation between repeated tissue healing and/or inflammation and the probability of cancer, both of which involve growth in adult tissues. Many factors are likely needed to enable growth, including the loss of rigidity sensing, but recent evidence indicates that microRNAs have important roles in causing the depletion of growth-suppressing proteins. One microRNA, miR-21, is overexpressed in many different tissues during both healing and cancer. Normal cells can become transformed by the depletion of cytoskeletal proteins that results in the loss of mechanosensing, particularly rigidity sensing. Conversely, the transformed state can be reversed by the expression of cytoskeletal proteins-without direct alteration of hormone receptor levels. In this review, we consider the different stereotypical forms of motility and mechanosensory systems. A major difference between normal and transformed cells involves a sensitivity of transformed cells to mechanical perturbations. Thus, understanding the different mechanical characteristics of transformed cells may enable new approaches to treating wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
- Molecular MechanoMedicine Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA;
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122
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Reinhardt JW, Gooch KJ. An Agent-Based Discrete Collagen Fiber Network Model of Dynamic Traction Force-Induced Remodeling. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2654976. [PMID: 28975252 DOI: 10.1115/1.4037947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microstructural properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) promote cell and tissue homeostasis as well as contribute to the formation and progression of disease. In order to understand how microstructural properties influence the mechanical properties and traction force-induced remodeling of ECM, we developed an agent-based model that incorporates repetitively applied traction force within a discrete fiber network. An important difference between our model and similar finite element models is that by implementing more biologically realistic dynamic traction, we can explore a greater range of matrix remodeling. Here, we validated our model by reproducing qualitative trends observed in three sets of experimental data reported by others: tensile and shear testing of cell-free collagen gels, collagen remodeling around a single isolated cell, and collagen remodeling between pairs of cells. In response to tensile and shear strain, simulated acellular networks with straight fibrils exhibited biphasic stress-strain curves indicative of strain-stiffening. When fibril curvature was introduced, stress-strain curves shifted to the right, delaying the onset of strain-stiffening. Our data support the notion that strain-stiffening might occur as individual fibrils successively align along the axis of strain and become engaged in tension. In simulations with a single, contractile cell, peak collagen displacement occurred closest to the cell and decreased with increasing distance. In simulations with two cells, compaction of collagen between cells appeared inversely related to the initial distance between cells. These results for cell-populated collagen networks match in vitro findings. A demonstrable benefit of modeling is that it allows for further analysis not feasible with experimentation. Within two-cell simulations, strain energy within the collagen network measured from the final state was relatively uniform around the outer surface of cells separated by 250 μm, but became increasingly nonuniform as the distance between cells decreased. For cells separated by 75 and 100 μm, strain energy peaked in the direction toward the other cell in the region in which fibrils become highly aligned and reached a minimum adjacent to this region, not on the opposite side of the cell as might be expected. This pattern of strain energy was partly attributable to the pattern of collagen compaction, but was still present when mapping strain energy divided by collagen density. Findings like these are of interest because fibril alignment, density, and strain energy may each contribute to contact guidance during tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 270 Bevis Hall, 1080 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210 e-mail:
| | - Keith J Gooch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 270 Bevis Hall, 1080 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 e-mail:
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123
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Olivares V, Cóndor M, Del Amo C, Asín J, Borau C, García-Aznar JM. Image-based Characterization of 3D Collagen Networks and the Effect of Embedded Cells. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:971-981. [PMID: 31210124 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619014570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Collagen microstructure is closely related to the mechanical properties of tissues and affects cell migration through the extracellular matrix. To study these structures, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro collagen-based gels are often used, attempting to mimic the natural environment of cells. Some key parameters of the microstructure of these gels are fiber orientation, fiber length, or pore size, which define the mechanical properties of the network and therefore condition cell behavior. In the present study, an automated tool to reconstruct 3D collagen networks is used to extract the aforementioned parameters of gels of different collagen concentration and determine how their microstructure is affected by the presence of cells. Two different experiments are presented to test the functionality of the method: first, collagen gels are embedded within a microfluidic device and collagen fibers are imaged by using confocal fluorescence microscopy; second, collagen gels are directly polymerized in a cell culture dish and collagen fibers are imaged by confocal reflection microscopy. Finally, we investigate and compare the collagen microstructure far from and in the vicinities of MDA-MB 23 cells, finding that cell activity during migration was able to strongly modify the orientation of the collagen fibers and the porosity-related values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Olivares
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (Department of Mechanical Engineering),University of Zaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
| | - Mar Cóndor
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (Department of Mechanical Engineering),University of Zaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
| | - Cristina Del Amo
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (Department of Mechanical Engineering),University of Zaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
| | - Jesús Asín
- Department of Statistical Methods,University of Zaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
| | - Carlos Borau
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (Department of Mechanical Engineering),University of Zaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (Department of Mechanical Engineering),University of Zaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
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124
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Chen MB, Kamm RD, Moeendarbary E. Engineered Models of Metastasis with Application to Study Cancer Biomechanics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1092:189-207. [PMID: 30368754 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95294-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional complex biomechanical interactions occur from the initial steps of tumor formation to the later phases of cancer metastasis. Conventional monolayer cultures cannot recapitulate the complex microenvironment and chemical and mechanical cues that tumor cells experience during their metastatic journey, nor the complexity of their interactions with other, noncancerous cells. As alternative approaches, various engineered models have been developed to recapitulate specific features of each step of metastasis with tunable microenvironments to test a variety of mechanistic hypotheses. Here the main recent advances in the technologies that provide deeper insight into the process of cancer dissemination are discussed, with an emphasis on three-dimensional and mechanical factors as well as interactions between multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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125
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Zanotelli MR, Reinhart-King CA. Mechanical Forces in Tumor Angiogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1092:91-112. [PMID: 30368750 PMCID: PMC6986816 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95294-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A defining hallmark of cancer and cancer development is upregulated angiogenesis. The vasculature formed in tumors is structurally abnormal, not organized in the conventional hierarchical arrangement, and more permeable than normal vasculature. These features contribute to leaky, tortuous, and dilated blood vessels, which act to create heterogeneous blood flow, compression of vessels, and elevated interstitial fluid pressure. As such, abnormalities in the tumor vasculature not only affect the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the tumor, but also contribute to creating an abnormal tumor microenvironment that further promotes tumorigenesis. The role of chemical signaling events in mediating tumor angiogenesis has been well researched; however, the relative contribution of physical cues and mechanical regulation of tumor angiogenesis is less understood. Growing research indicates that the physical microenvironment plays a significant role in tumor progression and promoting abnormal tumor vasculature. Here, we review how mechanical cues found in the tumor microenvironment promote aberrant tumor angiogenesis. Specifically, we discuss the influence of matrix stiffness and mechanical stresses in tumor tissue on tumor vasculature, as well as the mechanosensory pathways utilized by endothelial cells to respond to the physical cues found in the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the impact of the resulting aberrant tumor vasculature on tumor progression and therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Zanotelli
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia A Reinhart-King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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126
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Schwager SC, Bordeleau F, Zhang J, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA, Reinhart-King CA. Matrix stiffness regulates microvesicle-induced fibroblast activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C82-C92. [PMID: 31017799 PMCID: PMC6689748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00418.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles released by cancer cells have recently been implicated in the differentiation of stromal cells to their activated, cancer-supporting states. Microvesicles, a subset of extracellular vesicles released from the plasma membrane of cancer cells, contain biologically active cargo, including DNA, mRNA, and miRNA, which are transferred to recipient cells and induce a phenotypic change in behavior. While it is known that microvesicles can alter recipient cell phenotype, little is known about how the physical properties of the tumor microenvironment affect fibroblast response to microvesicles. Here, we utilized cancer cell-derived microvesicles and synthetic substrates designed to mimic the stiffness of the tumor and tumor stroma to investigate the effects of microvesicles on fibroblast phenotype as a function of the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. We show that microvesicles released by highly malignant breast cancer cells cause an increase in fibroblast spreading, α-smooth muscle actin expression, proliferation, cell-generated traction force, and collagen gel compaction. Notably, our data indicate that these phenotypic changes occur only on stiff matrices mimicking the stiffness of the tumor periphery and are dependent on the cell type from which the microvesicles are shed. Overall, these results show that the effects of cancer cell-derived microvesicles on fibroblast activation are regulated by the physical properties of the microenvironment, and these data suggest that microvesicles may have a more robust effect on fibroblasts located at the tumor periphery to influence cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Schwager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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127
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Millet M, Ben Messaoud R, Luthold C, Bordeleau F. Coupling Microfluidic Platforms, Microfabrication, and Tissue Engineered Scaffolds to Investigate Tumor Cells Mechanobiology. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E418. [PMID: 31234497 PMCID: PMC6630383 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of dynamic and complex networks composed of matrix substrates, extracellular matrix (ECM), non-malignant cells, and tumor cells. The TME is in constant evolution during the disease progression, most notably through gradual stiffening of the stroma. Within the tumor, increased ECM stiffness drives tumor growth and metastatic events. However, classic in vitro strategies to study the TME in cancer lack the complexity to fully replicate the TME. The quest to understand how the mechanical, geometrical, and biochemical environment of cells impacts their behavior and fate has been a major force driving the recent development of new technologies in cell biology research. Despite rapid advances in this field, many challenges remain in order to bridge the gap between the classical culture dish and the biological reality of actual tissue. Microfabrication coupled with microfluidic approaches aim to engineer the actual complexity of the TME. Moreover, TME bioengineering allows artificial modulations with single or multiple cues to study different phenomena occurring in vivo. Some innovative cutting-edge tools and new microfluidic approaches could have an important impact on the fields of biology and medicine by bringing deeper understanding of the TME, cell behavior, and drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Millet
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada.
| | - Raoua Ben Messaoud
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada.
| | - Carole Luthold
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada.
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada.
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128
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Yoshie H, Koushki N, Molter C, Siegel PM, Krishnan R, Ehrlicher AJ. High Throughput Traction Force Microscopy Using PDMS Reveals Dose-Dependent Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β on the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31205302 DOI: 10.3791/59364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular contractility is essential in diverse aspects of biology, driving processes that range from motility and division, to tissue contraction and mechanical stability, and represents a core element of multi-cellular animal life. In adherent cells, acto-myosin contraction is seen in traction forces that cells exert on their substrate. Dysregulation of cellular contractility appears in a myriad of pathologies, making contractility a promising target in diverse diagnostic approaches using biophysics as a metric. Moreover, novel therapeutic strategies can be based on correcting the apparent malfunction of cell contractility. These applications, however, require direct quantification of these forces. We have developed silicone elastomer-based traction force microscopy (TFM) in a parallelized multi-well format. Our use of a silicone rubber, specifically polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), rather than the commonly employed hydrogel polyacrylamide (PAA) enables us to make robust and inert substrates with indefinite shelf-lives requiring no specialized storage conditions. Unlike pillar-PDMS based approaches that have a modulus in the GPa range, the PDMS used here is very compliant, ranging from approximately 0.4 kPa to 100 kPa. We create a high-throughput platform for TFM by partitioning these large monolithic substrates spatially into biochemically independent wells, creating a multi-well platform for traction force screening that is compatible with existing multi-well systems. In this manuscript, we use this multi-well traction force system to examine the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT); we induce EMT in NMuMG cells by exposing them to TGF-β, and to quantify the biophysical changes during EMT. We measure the contractility as a function of concentration and duration of TGF-β exposure. Our findings here demonstrate the utility of parallelized TFM in the context of disease biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; Department of Medicine, McGill University
| | | | - Allen J Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University; Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University;
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129
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Mierke CT. The matrix environmental and cell mechanical properties regulate cell migration and contribute to the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:064602. [PMID: 30947151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The minimal structural unit of a solid tumor is a single cell or a cellular compartment such as the nucleus. A closer look inside the cells reveals that there are functional compartments or even structural domains determining the overall properties of a cell such as the mechanical phenotype. The mechanical interaction of these living cells leads to the complex organization such as compartments, tissues and organs of organisms including mammals. In contrast to passive non-living materials, living cells actively respond to the mechanical perturbations occurring in their microenvironment during diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. The transformation of single cancer cells in highly aggressive and hence malignant cancer cells during malignant cancer progression encompasses the basement membrane crossing, the invasion of connective tissue, the stroma microenvironments and transbarrier migration, which all require the immediate interaction of the aggressive and invasive cancer cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix environment including normal embedded neighboring cells. All these steps of the metastatic pathway seem to involve mechanical interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The pathology of cancer due to a broad heterogeneity of cancer types is still not fully understood. Hence it is necessary to reveal the signaling pathways such as mechanotransduction pathways that seem to be commonly involved in the development and establishment of the metastatic and mechanical phenotype in several carcinoma cells. We still do not know whether there exist distinct metastatic genes regulating the progression of tumors. These metastatic genes may then be activated either during the progression of cancer by themselves on their migration path or in earlier stages of oncogenesis through activated oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes, both of which promote the metastatic phenotype. In more detail, the adhesion of cancer cells to their surrounding stroma induces the generation of intracellular contraction forces that deform their microenvironments by alignment of fibers. The amplitude of these forces can adapt to the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. Moreover, the adhesion strength of cancer cells seems to determine whether a cancer cell is able to migrate through connective tissue or across barriers such as the basement membrane or endothelial cell linings of blood or lymph vessels in order to metastasize. In turn, exposure of adherent cancer cells to physical forces, such as shear flow in vessels or compression forces around tumors, reinforces cell adhesion, regulates cell contractility and restructures the ordering of the local stroma matrix that leads subsequently to secretion of crosslinking proteins or matrix degrading enzymes. Hence invasive cancer cells alter the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. From a mechanobiological point-of-view, the recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses such as cancer progression after the malignant transition of cancer cells from an epithelial and non-motile phenotype to a mesenchymal and motile (invasive) phenotype providing cellular motility. This transition can also be described as the physical attempt to relate this cancer cell transitional behavior to a T1 phase transition such as the jamming to unjamming transition. During the invasion of cancer cells, cell adaptation occurs to mechanical alterations of the local stroma, such as enhanced stroma upon fibrosis, and therefore we need to uncover underlying mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functional processes that reinforce the invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, these mechanisms may also be responsible for the awakening of dormant residual cancer cells within the microenvironment. Physicists were initially tempted to consider the steps of the cancer metastasis cascade as single events caused by a single mechanical alteration of the overall properties of the cancer cell. However, this general and simple view has been challenged by the finding that several mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment influence each other and continuously contribute to tumor growth and cancer progression. In addition, basement membrane crossing, cell invasion and transbarrier migration during cancer progression is explained in physical terms by applying physical principles on living cells regardless of their complexity and individual differences of cancer types. As a novel approach, the impact of the individual microenvironment surrounding cancer cells is also included. Moreover, new theories and models are still needed to understand why certain cancers are malignant and aggressive, while others stay still benign. However, due to the broad variety of cancer types, there may be various pathways solely suitable for specific cancer types and distinct steps in the process of cancer progression. In this review, physical concepts and hypotheses of cancer initiation and progression including cancer cell basement membrane crossing, invasion and transbarrier migration are presented and discussed from a biophysical point-of-view. In addition, the crosstalk between cancer cells and a chronically altered microenvironment, such as fibrosis, is discussed including the basic physical concepts of fibrosis and the cellular responses to mechanical stress caused by the mechanically altered microenvironment. Here, is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimentally and theoretically, have an impact on classical hallmarks of cancer and fibrosis and how they contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer and its progression by sensing and responding to the physical environmental properties through mechanotransduction processes. Finally, this review discusses various physical models of cell migration such as blebbing, nuclear piston, protrusive force and unjamming transition migration modes and how they contribute to cancer progression. Moreover, these cellular migration modes are influenced by microenvironmental perturbances such as fibrosis that can induce mechanical alterations in cancer cells, which in turn may impact the environment. Hence, the classical hallmarks of cancer need to be refined by including biomechanical properties of cells, cell clusters and tissues and their microenvironment to understand mechano-regulatory processes within cancer cells and the entire organism.
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130
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Alvarado-Kristensson M, Rosselló CA. The Biology of the Nuclear Envelope and Its Implications in Cancer Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2586. [PMID: 31137762 PMCID: PMC6566445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the nuclear envelope and the subsequent compartmentalization of the genome is a defining feature of eukaryotes. Traditionally, the nuclear envelope was purely viewed as a physical barrier to preserve genetic material in eukaryotic cells. However, in the last few decades, it has been revealed to be a critical cellular component in controlling gene expression and has been implicated in several human diseases. In cancer, the relevance of the cell nucleus was first reported in the mid-1800s when an altered nuclear morphology was observed in tumor cells. This review aims to give a current and comprehensive view of the role of the nuclear envelope on cancer first by recapitulating the changes of the nuclear envelope during cell division, second, by reviewing the role of the nuclear envelope in cell cycle regulation, signaling, and the regulation of the genome, and finally, by addressing the nuclear envelope link to cell migration and metastasis and its use in cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Catalina Ana Rosselló
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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131
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Ramovs V, Secades P, Song JY, Thijssen B, Kreft M, Sonnenberg A. Absence of integrin α3β1 promotes the progression of HER2-driven breast cancer in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:63. [PMID: 31101121 PMCID: PMC6525362 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HER2-driven breast cancer is correlated with poor prognosis, especially during its later stages. Numerous studies have shown the importance of the integrin α3β1 during the initiation and progression of breast cancer; however, its role in this disease is complex and often opposite during different stages and in different types of tumors. In this study, we aim to elucidate the role of integrin α3β1 in a genetically engineered mouse model of HER2-driven mammary tumorigenesis. METHODS To investigate the role of α3β1 in HER2-driven tumorigenesis in vivo, we generated a HER2-driven MMTV-cNeu mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis with targeted deletion of Itga3 (Itga3 KO mice). We have further used several established triple-negative and HER2-overexpressing human mammary carcinoma cell lines and generated ITGA3-knockout cells to investigate the role of α3β1 in vitro. Invasion of cells was assessed using Matrigel- and Matrigel/collagen I-coated Transwell assays under static or interstitial fluid flow conditions. The role of α3β1 in initial adhesion to laminin and collagen was assessed using adhesion assays and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Tumor onset in mice was independent of the presence of α3β1. In contrast, the depletion of α3β1 reduced the survival of mice and increased tumor growth and vascularization. Furthermore, Itga3 KO mice were significantly more likely to develop lung metastases and had an increased metastatic burden compared to WT mice. In vitro, the deletion of ITGA3 caused a significant increase in the cellular invasion of HER2-overexpressing SKBR3, AU565, and BT474 cells, but not of triple-negative MDA-MB-231. This invasion suppressing function of α3β1 in HER2-driven cells depended on the composition of the extracellular matrix and the interstitial fluid flow. CONCLUSION Downregulation of α3β1 in a HER2-driven mouse model and in HER2-overexpressing human mammary carcinoma cells promotes progression and invasiveness of tumors. The invasion-suppressive role of α3β1 was not observed in triple-negative mammary carcinoma cells, illustrating the tumor type-specific and complex function of α3β1 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ramovs
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Secades
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Department of Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Thijssen
- Oncode Institute and Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kreft
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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132
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Calhoun MA, Bentil SA, Elliott E, Otero JJ, Winter JO, Dupaix RB. Beyond Linear Elastic Modulus: Viscoelastic Models for Brain and Brain Mimetic Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3964-3973. [PMID: 33443419 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With their high degree of specificity and investigator control, in vitro disease models provide a natural complement to in vivo models. Especially in organs such as the brain, where anatomical limitations make in vivo experiments challenging, in vitro models have been increasingly used to mimic disease pathology. However, brain mimetic models may not fully replicate the mechanical environment in vivo, which has been shown to influence a variety of cell behaviors. Specifically, many disease models consider only the linear elastic modulus of brain, which describes the stiffness of a material with the assumption that mechanical behavior is independent of loading rate. Here, we characterized porcine brain tissue using a modified stress relaxation test, and across a panel of viscoelastic models, showed that stiffness depends on loading rate. As such, the linear elastic modulus does not accurately reflect the viscoelastic properties of native brain. Among viscoelastic models, the Maxwell model was selected for further analysis because of its simplicity and excellent curve fit (R2 = 0.99 ± 0.0006). Thus, mechanical response of native brain and hydrogel mimetic models was analyzed using the Maxwell model and the linear elastic model to evaluate the effects of strain rate, time post mortem, region, tissue type (i.e., bulk brain vs white matter), and in brain mimetic models, hydrogel composition, on observed mechanical properties. In comparing the Maxwell and linear elastic models, linear elastic modulus is consistently lower than the Maxwell elastic modulus across all brain regions. Additionally, the Maxwell model is sensitive to changes in viscosity and small changes in elasticity, demonstrating improved fidelity. These findings demonstrate the insufficiency of linear elastic modulus as a primary mechanical characterization for brain mimetic materials and provide quantitative information toward the future design of materials that more closely mimic mechanical features of brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah A Bentil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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133
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Azadi S, Tafazzoli‐Shadpour M, Soleimani M, Warkiani ME. Modulating cancer cell mechanics and actin cytoskeleton structure by chemical and mechanical stimulations. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1569-1581. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Azadi
- Faculty of Biomedical EngineeringAmirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) Tehran Iran
| | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical scienceTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
- Institute of Molecular MedicineSechenov University Moscow, 119991 Russia
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134
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Malandrino A, Trepat X, Kamm RD, Mak M. Dynamic filopodial forces induce accumulation, damage, and plastic remodeling of 3D extracellular matrices. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006684. [PMID: 30958816 PMCID: PMC6472805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM)–a complex, 3D, fibrillar scaffold of cells in physiological environments–modulate cell behavior and can drive tissue morphogenesis, regeneration, and disease progression. For simplicity, it is often convenient to assume these properties to be time-invariant. In living systems, however, cells dynamically remodel the ECM and create time-dependent local microenvironments. Here, we show how cell-generated contractile forces produce substantial irreversible changes to the density and architecture of physiologically relevant ECMs–collagen I and fibrin–in a matter of minutes. We measure the 3D deformation profiles of the ECM surrounding cancer and endothelial cells during stages when force generation is active or inactive. We further correlate these ECM measurements to both discrete fiber simulations that incorporate fiber crosslink unbinding kinetics and continuum-scale simulations that account for viscoplastic and damage features. Our findings further confirm that plasticity, as a mechanical law to capture remodeling in these networks, is fundamentally tied to material damage via force-driven unbinding of fiber crosslinks. These results characterize in a multiscale manner the dynamic nature of the mechanical environment of physiologically mimicking cell-in-gel systems. Many cells in the body are surrounded by a 3D extracellular matrix of interconnected protein fibers. The density and architecture of this protein fiber network can play important roles in controlling cell behavior. Deregulated biophysical properties of the extracellular environment are observed in diseases such as cancer. We demonstrate, through an integrated computational and experimental study, that cell-generated dynamic local forces rapidly and mechanically remodel the matrix, creating a non-homogeneous, densified region around the cell. This substantially increases extracellular matrix protein concentration in the vicinity of cells and alters matrix mechanical properties over time, creating a new microenvironment. Cells are known to respond to both biochemical and biomechanical properties of their surroundings. Our findings show that for mechanically active cells that exert dynamic forces onto the extracellular matrix, the physical properties of the surrounding environment that they sense are dynamic, and these dynamic properties should be taken into consideration in studies involving cell-matrix interactions, such as 3D traction force microscopy experiments in physiologically relevant environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Malandrino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (AM); (RDK); (MM)
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AM); (RDK); (MM)
| | - Michael Mak
- Yale University, Biomedical Engineering Department, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AM); (RDK); (MM)
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135
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Kim JE, Reynolds DS, Zaman MH, Mak M. Characterization of the mechanical properties of cancer cells in 3D matrices in response to collagen concentration and cytoskeletal inhibitors. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:232-241. [PMID: 29620778 DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular processes, such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation depend on the interaction between the intracellular environment and the extracellular matrix (ECM). While many studies have explored the role of the microenvironment on cell behavior, the influence of 3D matrix mechanics on intracellular activity is not completely understood. To characterize the relationship between the mechanical components of the microenvironment and intracellular behavior, we use particle-tracking microrheology of metastatic breast cancer cells embedded in 3D collagen gels to quantify the intracellular activity from which the molecular motor activity and stiffness can be determined. Our results show that increasing collagen concentration of the 3D environments leads to an increase in intracellular stiffness and motor activity. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that intracellular fluctuations depend on collagen concentration, even in the presence of a number of frontline chemotherapeutic and anti-MMP drugs, indicating that ECM concentration is an important and indispensable parameter to consider in drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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136
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Nyberg KD, Bruce SL, Nguyen AV, Chan CK, Gill NK, Kim TH, Sloan EK, Rowat AC. Predicting cancer cell invasion by single-cell physical phenotyping. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:218-231. [PMID: 29589844 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physical properties of cells are promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Here we determine the physical phenotypes that best distinguish human cancer cell lines, and their relationship to cell invasion. We use the high throughput, single-cell microfluidic method, quantitative deformability cytometry (q-DC), to measure six physical phenotypes including elastic modulus, cell fluidity, transit time, entry time, cell size, and maximum strain at rates of 102 cells per second. By training a k-nearest neighbor machine learning algorithm, we demonstrate that multiparameter analysis of physical phenotypes enhances the accuracy of classifying cancer cell lines compared to single parameters alone. We also discover a set of four physical phenotypes that predict invasion; using these four parameters, we generate the physical phenotype model of invasion by training a multiple linear regression model with experimental data from a set of human ovarian cancer cells that overexpress a panel of tumor suppressor microRNAs. We validate the model by predicting invasion based on measured physical phenotypes of breast and ovarian human cancer cell lines that are subject to genetic or pharmacologic perturbations. Taken together, our results highlight how physical phenotypes of single cells provide a biomarker to predict the invasion of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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137
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Mulligan JA, Feng X, Adie SG. Quantitative reconstruction of time-varying 3D cell forces with traction force optical coherence microscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4086. [PMID: 30858424 PMCID: PMC6411852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular traction forces (CTFs) play an integral role in both physiological processes and disease, and are a topic of interest in mechanobiology. Traction force microscopy (TFM) is a family of methods used to quantify CTFs in a variety of settings. State-of-the-art 3D TFM methods typically rely on confocal fluorescence microscopy, which can impose limitations on acquisition speed, volumetric coverage, and temporal sampling or coverage. In this report, we present the first quantitative implementation of a new TFM technique: traction force optical coherence microscopy (TF-OCM). TF-OCM leverages the capabilities of optical coherence microscopy and computational adaptive optics (CAO) to enable the quantitative reconstruction of 3D CTFs in scattering media with minute-scale temporal sampling. We applied TF-OCM to quantify CTFs exerted by isolated NIH-3T3 fibroblasts embedded in Matrigel, with five-minute temporal sampling, using images spanning a 500 × 500 × 500 μm3 field-of-view. Due to the reliance of TF-OCM on computational imaging methods, we have provided extensive discussion of the equations, assumptions, and failure modes of these methods. By providing high-throughput, label-free, volumetric imaging in scattering media, TF-OCM is well-suited to the study of 3D CTF dynamics, and may prove advantageous for the study of large cell collectives, such as the spheroid models prevalent in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Mulligan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Xinzeng Feng
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Steven G Adie
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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138
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Holenstein CN, Horvath A, Schär B, Schoenenberger AD, Bollhalder M, Goedecke N, Bartalena G, Otto O, Herbig M, Guck J, Müller DA, Snedeker JG, Silvan U. The relationship between metastatic potential and in vitro mechanical properties of osteosarcoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:887-898. [PMID: 30785850 PMCID: PMC6589788 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-08-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary tumor of bone and is characterized by its high tendency to metastasize in lungs. Although treatment in cases of early diagnosis results in a 5-yr survival rate of nearly 60%, the prognosis for patients with secondary lesions at diagnosis is poor, and their 5-yr survival rate remains below 30%. In the present work, we have used a number of analytical methods to investigate the impact of increased metastatic potential on the biophysical properties and force generation of osteosarcoma cells. With that aim, we used two paired osteosarcoma cell lines, with each one comprising a parental line with low metastatic potential and its experimentally selected, highly metastatic form. Mechanical characterization was performed by means of atomic force microscopy, tensile biaxial deformation, and real-time deformability, and cell traction was measured using two-dimensional and micropost-based traction force microscopy. Our results reveal that the low metastatic osteosarcoma cells display larger spreading sizes and generate higher forces than the experimentally selected, highly malignant variants. In turn, the outcome of cell stiffness measurements strongly depends on the method used and the state of the probed cell, indicating that only a set of phenotyping methods provides the full picture of cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude N Holenstein
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aron Horvath
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Schär
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Angelina D Schoenenberger
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Bollhalder
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Goedecke
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Bartalena
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz, Universität Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maik Herbig
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel A Müller
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jess G Snedeker
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Unai Silvan
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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139
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Chen W, Allen SG, Qian W, Peng Z, Han S, Li X, Sun Y, Fournier C, Bao L, Lam RH, Merajver SD, Fu J. Biophysical Phenotyping and Modulation of ALDH+ Inflammatory Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1802891. [PMID: 30632269 PMCID: PMC6486377 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have been shown to initiate tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis in many cancer types. Although identification of CSCs through specific marker expression helps define the CSC compartment, it does not directly provide information on how or why this cancer cell subpopulation is more metastatic or tumorigenic. In this study, the functional and biophysical characteristics of aggressive and lethal inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) CSCs at the single-cell level are comprehensively profiled using multiple microengineered tools. Distinct functional (cell migration, growth, adhesion, invasion and self-renewal) and biophysical (cell deformability, adhesion strength and contractility) properties of ALDH+ SUM149 IBC CSCs are found as compared to their ALDH- non-CSC counterpart, providing biophysical insights into why CSCs has an enhanced propensity to metastasize. It is further shown that the cellular biophysical phenotype can predict and determine IBC cells' tumorigenic ability. SUM149 and SUM159 IBC cells selected and modulated through biophysical attributes-adhesion and stiffness-show characteristics of CSCs in vitro and enhance tumorigenicity in in vivo murine models of primary tumor growth. Overall, the multiparametric cellular biophysical phenotyping and modulation of IBC CSCs yields a new understanding of IBC's metastatic properties and how they might develop and be targeted for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA,
| | - Steven G. Allen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,
| | - Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Zifeng Peng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yubing Sun
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Chelsea Fournier
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Liwei Bao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Raymond H.W. Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sofia D. Merajver
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,
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140
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Schwager SC, Taufalele PV, Reinhart-King CA. Cell-Cell Mechanical Communication in Cancer. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:1-14. [PMID: 31565083 PMCID: PMC6764766 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-00564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cancer cells enables cancer progression and metastasis. While cell-cell communication in cancer has primarily been examined through chemical mechanisms, recent evidence suggests that mechanical communication through cell-cell junctions and cell-ECM linkages is also an important mediator of cancer progression. Cancer and stromal cells remodel the ECM through a variety of mechanisms, including matrix degradation, cross-linking, deposition, and physical remodeling. Cancer cells sense these mechanical environmental changes through cell-matrix adhesion complexes and subsequently alter their tension between both neighboring cells and the surrounding matrix, thereby altering the force landscape within the microenvironment. This communication not only allows cancer cells to communicate with each other, but allows stromal cells to communicate with cancer cells through matrix remodeling. Here, we review the mechanisms of intercellular force transmission, the subsequent matrix remodeling, and the implications of this mechanical communication on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Schwager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Paul V. Taufalele
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Cynthia A. Reinhart-King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
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141
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Lee G, Han SB, Lee JH, Kim HW, Kim DH. Cancer Mechanobiology: Microenvironmental Sensing and Metastasis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3735-3752. [PMID: 33405888 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment plays an important role in regulating cancer progress. Cancer can physically and chemically remodel its surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Critical cellular behaviors such as recognition of matrix geometry and rigidity, cell polarization and motility, cytoskeletal reorganization, and proliferation can be changed as a consequence of these ECM alternations. Here, we present an overview of cancer mechanobiology in detail, focusing on cancer microenvironmental sensing of exogenous cues and quantification of cancer-substrate interactions. In addition, mechanics of metastasis classified with tumor progression will be discussed. The mechanism underlying cancer mechanosensation and tumor progression may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies to alleviate cancer malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- GeonHui Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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142
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Chen YQ, Kuo JC, Wei MT, Chen YC, Yang MH, Chiou A. Early stage mechanical remodeling of collagen surrounding head and neck squamous cell carcinoma spheroids correlates strongly with their invasion capability. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:280-292. [PMID: 30500449 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical remodeling of stromal collagen, such as reorientation and deformation of collagen matrix, generated by invading cancer cells, plays an important role in the progression of cancer invasion and metastasis. In this study, we applied time-lapse microscopy in conjunction with particle displacement mapping to analyze time-dependent contraction and expansion deformations of collagen surrounding individual spheroids of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells (HNSCC), OECM-1 & SAS, as the cancer cells detached from the spheroid and invaded into the surrounding 3D collagen matrix. Our results revealed that highly-invasive HNSCC spheroids, stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), generated a strong contraction deformation of the surrounding collagen in the very early stage, and aligned the collagen fibers radially with respect to the center of the spheroid. This initial collagen contraction deformation generated by the HNSCC spheroid bears a strong positive correlation with the overall extent of subsequent cancer cells invasion; hence, it may serve as an early indicator of the invasion capability of the HNSCC spheroids. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mechanical remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) generated by cancer cells plays an important role in the progression of cancer invasion and metastasis. We observed that the extent of initial contraction deformation of collagen surrounding a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell (HNSCC) spheroid played an indispensable role in early stage to promote cancer cells invasion into the surrounding ECM. Our results revealed that more invasive HNSCC spheroids generated a larger extent of initial collagen contraction to align the surrounding collagen and to promote cancer cells invasion. This initial collagen contraction deformation generated by the HNSCC spheroids bears a strong positive correlation with the overall extent of cancer cells invasion; hence, it may serve as an early indicator of the invasion capability of the HNSCC spheroids.
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143
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Dispersible hydrogel force sensors reveal patterns of solid mechanical stress in multicellular spheroid cultures. Nat Commun 2019; 10:144. [PMID: 30635553 PMCID: PMC6329783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how forces orchestrate tissue formation requires technologies to map internal tissue stress at cellular length scales. Here, we develop ultrasoft mechanosensors that visibly deform under less than 10 Pascals of cell-generated stress. By incorporating these mechanosensors into multicellular spheroids, we capture the patterns of internal stress that arise during spheroid formation. We experimentally demonstrate the spontaneous generation of a tensional 'skin', only a few cell layers thick, at the spheroid surface, which correlates with activation of mechanobiological signalling pathways, and balances a compressive stress profile within the tissue. These stresses develop through cell-driven mechanical compaction at the tissue periphery, and suggest that the tissue formation process plays a critically important role in specifying mechanobiological function. The broad applicability of this technique should ultimately provide a quantitative basis to design tissues that leverage the mechanical activity of constituent cells to evolve towards a desired form and function.
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144
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Chen L, Huang T, Qiao Y, Jiang F, Lan J, Zhou Y, Yang C, Yan S, Luo K, Su L, Li J. Perspective into
the regulation of cell‐generated forces toward stem cell migration and differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8884-8890. [PMID: 30536423 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Tu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yini Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Fulin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jingxiang Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yimei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Shanyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Kaihui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Liping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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145
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Beri P, Matte BF, Fattet L, Kim D, Yang J, Engler AJ. Biomaterials to model and measure epithelial cancers. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2018; 3:418-430. [PMID: 30416759 PMCID: PMC6224155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of biomaterials has substantially contributed to both our understanding of tumorigenesis and our ability to identify and capture tumour cells in vitro and in vivo. Natural and synthetic biomaterials can be applied as models to recapitulate key features of the tumour microenvironment in vitro, including architectural, mechanical and biological functions. Engineered biomaterials can further mimic the spatial and temporal properties of the surrounding tumour niche to investigate the specific effects of the environment on disease progression, offering an alternative to animal models for the testing of cancer cell behaviour. Biomaterials can also be used to capture and detect cancer cells in vitro and in vivo to monitor tumour progression. In this Review, we discuss the natural and synthetic biomaterials that can be used to recreate specific features of tumour microenvironments. We examine how biomaterials can be applied to capture circulating tumour cells in blood samples for the early detection of metastasis. We highlight biomaterial-based strategies to investigate local regions adjacent to the tumour and survey potential applications of biomaterial-based devices for diagnosis and prognosis, such as the detection of cellular deformability and the non-invasive surveillance of tumour-adjacent stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjali Beri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bibiana F. Matte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laurent Fattet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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146
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Wang W, Miller JP, Pannullo SC, Reinhart-King CA, Bordeleau F. Quantitative assessment of cell contractility using polarized light microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800008. [PMID: 29931742 PMCID: PMC6226342 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell contractility regulates multiple cell behaviors which contribute to both normal and pathological processes. However, measuring cell contractility remains a technical challenge in complex biological samples. The current state of the art technologies employed to measure cell contractility have inherent limitations that greatly limit the experimental conditions under which they can be used. Here, we use quantitative polarization microscopy to extract information about cell contractility. We show that the optical retardance signal measured from the cell body is proportional to cell contractility in 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional platforms, and as such can be used as a straightforward, tractable methodology to assess cell contractility in a variety of systems. This label-free optical method provides a novel and flexible way to assess cellular forces of single cells and monolayers in several cell types, fixed or live, in addition to cells present in situ in mouse tumor tissue samples. This easily implementable and experimentally versatile method will significantly contribute to the cell mechanics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Joseph P. Miller
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Susan C. Pannullo
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Cynthia A. Reinhart-King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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147
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Biomechanical interplay between anisotropic re-organization of cells and the surrounding matrix underlies transition to invasive cancer spread. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14210. [PMID: 30242256 PMCID: PMC6155084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The root cause of cancer mortality and morbidity is the metastatic spread of the primary tumor, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we investigate biomechanical interactions that may accompany invasive spread of melanoma cells. We find that metastatic cells can exert considerable traction forces and modify local collagen organization within a 3D matrix. When this re-organization is mimicked using a nano-fabricated model of aligned extracellular matrix fibers, metastatic cells, including less invasive melanoma cells, were in turn induced to align, elongate and migrate, guided by the local ridge orientations. Strikingly, we found that this aligned migration of melanoma cells was accompanied by long-range regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling that show anisotropic stiffening in the direction of fiber orientation suggestive of a positive feedback between ECM fiber alignment and forces exerted by cancer cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that the invasive spread of cancer cells can be defined by complex interplay with the surrounding matrix, during which they both modify the matrix and use the matrix alignment as a persistent migration cue, leading to more extensive and rapid invasive spread.
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148
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Liu Z, Chen R, Li Y, Liu J, Wang P, Xia X, Qin L. Integrated Microfluidic Chip for Efficient Isolation and Deformability Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongbin Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Nanomedicine; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; New York NY 10065 USA
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510150 China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nanomedicine; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510150 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine; Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510150 China
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; New York NY 10065 USA
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149
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Schwartz AD, Hall CL, Barney LE, Babbitt CC, Peyton SR. Integrin α 6 and EGFR signaling converge at mechanosensitive calpain 2. Biomaterials 2018; 178:73-82. [PMID: 29909039 PMCID: PMC6211197 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cells sense and respond to mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) via integrins. ECM stiffness is known to enhance integrin clustering and response to epidermal growth factor (EGF), but we lack information on when or if these mechanosensitive growth factor receptors and integrins converge intracellularly. Towards closing this knowledge gap, we combined a biomaterial platform with transcriptomics, molecular biology, and functional assays to link integrin-mediated mechanosensing and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. We found that high integrin α6 expression controlled breast cancer cell adhesion and motility on soft, laminin-coated substrates, and this mimicked the response of cells to EGF stimulation. The mechanisms that drove both mechanosensitive cell adhesion and motility converged on calpain 2, an intracellular protease important for talin cleavage and focal adhesion turnover. EGF stimulation enhanced adhesion and motility on soft substrates, but required integrin α6 and calpain 2 signaling. In sum, we identified a new role for integrin α6 mechanosensing in breast cancer, wherein cell adhesion to laminin on soft substrates mimicked EGF stimulation. We identified calpain 2, downstream of both integrin α6 engagement and EGFR phosphorylation, as a common intracellular signaling node, and implicate integrin α6 and calpain 2 as potential targets to inhibit the migration of cancer cells in stiff tumor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Schwartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - C L Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - L E Barney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - C C Babbitt
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - S R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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150
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Ansardamavandi A, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Shokrgozar MA. Behavioral remodeling of normal and cancerous epithelial cell lines with differing invasion potential induced by substrate elastic modulus. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 12:472-488. [PMID: 29969940 PMCID: PMC6363025 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1475803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The micro-environment of cancer cells in the body is mechanically stiffer than that of normal cells. We cultured three breast cell lines of MCF10A-normal, MCF7-noninvasive, and MDA-MB-231-invasive on PDMS substrates with different elastic moduli and different cellular features were examined.Effects of substrate stiffness on cell behavior were evident among all cell lines. Cancerous cells were more sensitive to substrate stiffness for cell behaviors related to cell motility and migration which are necessary for invasion. The invasive cancerous cells were the most motile on substrates with moderate stiffness followed by non-invasive cancerous cells. Gene markers alterations were generally according to the analyzed cell movement parameters. Results suggest that alterations in matrix stiffness may be related to cancer disease and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Ansardamavandi
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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