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Caldwell HG, Carr JMJR, Minhas JS, Swenson ER, Ainslie PN. Acid-base balance and cerebrovascular regulation. J Physiol 2021; 599:5337-5359. [PMID: 34705265 DOI: 10.1113/jp281517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation and defence of intracellular pH is essential for homeostasis. Indeed, alterations in cerebrovascular acid-base balance directly affect cerebral blood flow (CBF) which has implications for human health and disease. For example, changes in CBF regulation during acid-base disturbances are evident in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetic ketoacidosis. The classic experimental studies from the past 75+ years are utilized to describe the integrative relationships between CBF, carbon dioxide tension (PCO2 ), bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) and pH. These factors interact to influence (1) the time course of acid-base compensatory changes and the respective cerebrovascular responses (due to rapid exchange kinetics between arterial blood, extracellular fluid and intracellular brain tissue). We propose that alterations in arterial [HCO3 - ] during acute respiratory acidosis/alkalosis contribute to cerebrovascular acid-base regulation; and (2) the regulation of CBF by direct changes in arterial vs. extravascular/interstitial PCO2 and pH - the latter recognized as the proximal compartment which alters vascular smooth muscle cell regulation of CBF. Taken together, these results substantiate two key ideas: first, that the regulation of CBF is affected by the severity of metabolic/respiratory disturbances, including the extent of partial/full acid-base compensation; and second, that the regulation of CBF is independent of arterial pH and that diffusion of CO2 across the blood-brain barrier is integral to altering perivascular extracellular pH. Overall, by realizing the integrative relationships between CBF, PCO2 , HCO3 - and pH, experimental studies may provide insights to improve CBF regulation in clinical practice with treatment of systemic acid-base disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Caldwell
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Jay M J R Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Jatinder S Minhas
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Erik R Swenson
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, University of Washington, and VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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102
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Design of novel radiotracer 99mTcN-tetrathiocarbamate as SPECT imaging agent: a preclinical study for GFR renal function. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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103
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Birk B, Haake V, Sperber S, Herold M, Wallisch SK, Huener HA, Verlohner A, Amma MM, Walk T, Hernandez TR, Hewitt NJ, Kamp H, van Ravenzwaay B. Use of in vitro metabolomics in NRK cells to help predicting nephrotoxicity and differentiating the MoA of nephrotoxicants. Toxicol Lett 2021; 353:43-59. [PMID: 34626816 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a strategy using an in vitro metabolomics assay with tubular rat NRK-52E cells to investigate the Modes of Action (MoAs) of nephrotoxic compounds. Chemicals were selected according to their MoAs based on literature information: acetaminophen, 4-aminophenol and S-(trichlorovinyl-)L-cysteine (TCVC), (covalent protein binding); gentamycin, vancomycin, polymycin B and CdCl2 (lysosomal overload) and tenofovir and cidofovir (mitochondrial DNA-interaction). After treatment and harvesting of the cells, intracellular endogenous metabolites were quantified relative to vehicle control. Metabolite patterns were evaluated in a purely data-driven pattern generation process excluding published information. This strategy confirmed the assignment of the chemicals to the respective MoA except for TCVC and CdCl2. Finally, TCVC was defined as unidentified and CdCl2 was reclassified to the MoA "covalent protein binding". Hierarchical cluster analysis of 58 distinct metabolites from the patterns enabled a clear visual separation of chemicals in each MoA. The assay reproducibility was very good and metabolic responses were consistent. These results support the use of metabolome analysis in NRK-52E cells as a suitable tool for understanding and investigating the MoA of nephrotoxicants. This assay could enable the early identification of nephrotoxic compounds and finally reduce animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Birk
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | | | - Saskia Sperber
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Meike M Amma
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hennicke Kamp
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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104
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Zhang X, Yang H, Li H, Chen T, Ruan Y, Ren C, Luo P, Wang Y, Liu B, Li H, Zhong P, Zhang J, Jiang X, Hu C. Molecular Identification of Anion Exchange Protein 3 in Pacific White Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei): mRNA Profiles for Tissues, Ontogeny, Molting, and Ovarian Development and Its Potential Role in Stress-Induced Gill Damage. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726600. [PMID: 34658912 PMCID: PMC8514663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicarbonate (HCO3 -) transport mechanisms play an essential role in the acid-base homeostasis of aquatic animals, and anion exchange protein 3 (AE3) is a membrane transport protein that exchanges Cl-/HCO3 - across the cell membrane to regulate the intracellular pH. In this study, the full-length cDNA of AE3 (Lv-AE3) was obtained from the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The Lv-AE3 cDNA is 4,943 bp in length, contains an open reading frame of 2,850 bp, coding for a protein of 949 amino acids with 12 transmembrane domains. Lv-AE3 shows high sequence homology with other AE3 at the protein level. Lv-AE3 mRNA was ubiquitously detected in all tissues selected, with the highest expression level in the gill, followed by the ovary, eyestalk and brain. By in situ hybridization, Lv-AE3-positive cells were shown predominant localization in the secondary gill filaments. The expression levels of Lv-AE3 were further investigated during the essential life processes of shrimp, including ontogeny, molting, and ovarian development. In this case, the spatiotemporal expression profiles of Lv-AE3 in L. vannamei were highly correlated with the activities of water and ion absorption; for example, increased mRNA levels were present after hatching, during embryonic development, after ecdysis during the molt cycle, and in the stage IV ovary during gonadal development. After low/high pH and low/high salinity challenges, the transcript levels of Lv-AE3 were reduced in the gill, while the cell apoptosis rate increased. In addition, knockdown of Lv-AE3 mRNA expression induced cell apoptosis in the gill, indicating a potential link between Lv-AE3 and gill damage. Altogether, this study thoroughly investigated the relationship between the mRNA expression profiles of Lv-AE3 and multiple developmental and physiological processes in L. vannamei, and it may benefit the protection of crustaceans from fluctuated aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huo Li
- Jinyang Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Maoming, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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105
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FLIM-Based Intracellular and Extracellular pH Measurements Using Genetically Encoded pH Sensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11090340. [PMID: 34562930 PMCID: PMC8468847 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The determination of pH in live cells and tissues is of high importance in physiology and cell biology. In this report, we outline the process of the creation of SypHerExtra, a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor that is capable of measuring extracellular media pH in a mildly alkaline range. SypHerExtra is a protein created by fusing the previously described pH sensor SypHer3s with the neurexin transmembrane domain that targets its expression to the cytoplasmic membrane. We showed that with excitation at 445 nm, the fluorescence lifetime of both SypHer3s and SypHerExtra strongly depend on pH. Using FLIM microscopy in live eukaryotic cells, we demonstrated that SypHerExtra can be successfully used to determine extracellular pH, while SypHer3s can be applied to measure intracellular pH. Thus, these two sensors are suitable for quantitative measurements using the FLIM method, to determine intracellular and extracellular pH in a range from pH 7.5 to 9.5 in different biological systems.
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106
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Dolan E, Warren DE, Harris RC, Sale C, Gualano B, Saunders B. Skeletal muscle histidine-containing dipeptide contents are increased in freshwater turtles (C. picta bellii) with cold-acclimation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 262:111071. [PMID: 34492385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater turtles found in higher latitudes can experience extreme challenges to acid-base homeostasis while overwintering, due to a combination of cold temperatures along with the potential for environmental hypoxia. Histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs; carnosine, anserine and balenine) may facilitate pH regulation in response to these challenges, through their role as pH buffers. We measured the HCD content of three tissues (liver, cardiac and skeletal muscle) from the anoxia-tolerant painted turtle (C. picta bellii) acclimated to either 3 or 20 °C. HCDs were detected in all tissues, with the highest content shown in the skeletal muscle. Turtles acclimated to 3 °C had more HCD in their skeletal muscle than those acclimated to 20 °C (carnosine = 20.8 ± 4.5 vs 12.5 ± 5.9 mmol·kg DM-1; ES = 1.59 (95%CI: 0.16-3.00), P = 0.013). The higher HCD content shown in the skeletal muscle of the cold-acclimated turtles suggests a role in acid-base regulation in response to physiological challenges associated with living in the cold, with the increase possibly related to the temperature sensitivity of carnosine's dissociation constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel E Warren
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, MO, United States.
| | | | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Food Research Centre, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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107
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Villasana K, Quintero W, Montero Y, Pino C, Uzcategui O, Torres G, Prada M, Pozo L, Bauta W, Jimenez W. Effect of an ionic antineoplastic agent Cytoreg on blood chemistry in a Wistar rat model. Med Gas Res 2021; 12:18-23. [PMID: 34472498 PMCID: PMC8447950 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.324592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoreg is an ionic therapeutic agent comprising a mixture of hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrofluoric, oxalic, and citric acids. In diluted form, it has demonstrated efficacy against human cancers in vitro and in vivo. Although Cytoreg is well tolerated in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs by oral and intravenous administration, its mechanism of action is not documented. The acidic nature of Cytoreg could potentially disrupt the pH and levels of ions and dissolved gases in the blood. Here, we report the effects of the intravenous administration of Cytoreg on the arterial pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures, and bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations. Our results demonstrate that Cytoreg does not disturb the normal blood pH, ion levels, or carbon dioxide content, but increases oxygen levels in rats. These data are consistent with the excellent tolerability of intravenous Cytoreg observed in rabbits, and dogs. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of the Andes, Venezuela (CEBIOULA) (approval No. 125) on November 3, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiusca Villasana
- Biochemistry Laboratories, Department of Pathology, University of the Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - William Quintero
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - Cristian Pino
- Department of Technical and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Oscar Uzcategui
- Department of Technical and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Geizon Torres
- Vitalis, Clinical Laboratory, Smart Health Laboratory, Merida, Venezuela
| | - Mariangel Prada
- Vitalis, Clinical Laboratory, Smart Health Laboratory, Merida, Venezuela
| | - Lewis Pozo
- Cytorex de Venezuela SA, Maracaibo, Venezuela
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108
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McCartan AJS, Curran DW, Mrsny RJ. Evaluating parameters affecting drug fate at the intramuscular injection site. J Control Release 2021; 336:322-335. [PMID: 34153375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular (IM) injections are a well-established method of delivering a variety of therapeutics formulated for parenteral administration. While the wide range of commercial IM pharmaceuticals provide a wealth of pharmacokinetic (PK) information following injection, there remains an inadequate understanding of drug fate at the IM injection site that could dictate these PK outcomes. An improved understanding of injection site events could improve approaches taken by formulation scientists to identify therapeutically effective and consistent drug PK outcomes. Interplay between the typically non-physiological aspects of drug formulations and the homeostatic IM environment may provide insights into the fate of drugs at the IM injection site, leading to predictions of how a drug will behave post-injection in vivo. Immune responses occur by design after e.g. vaccine administration, however immune responses post-injection are not in the scope of this article. Taking cues from existing in vitro modelling technologies, the purpose of this article is to propose "critical parameters" of the IM environment that could be examined in hypothesis-driven studies. Outcomes of such studies might ultimately be useful in predicting and improving in vivo PK performance of IM injected drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J S McCartan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David W Curran
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, UK.
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109
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Pai K, Buckley NA, Isoardi KZ, Isbister GK, Becker T, Chiew AL, Cairns R, Brown JA, Chan BS. Optimising alkalinisation and its effect on QRS narrowing in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:723-733. [PMID: 34312917 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objectives were to determine the effect of NaHCO3 and/or mechanical ventilation on the biochemical profile and serum alkalinisation in tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) poisoning and investigate the impact of effective alkalinisation therapy on the QRS interval in TCA poisoning. METHODS This was a retrospective review of TCA poisonings from three Australian toxicology units and a poisons information centre (Jan 2013 to Jan 2019). We included patients with TCA toxicity who ingested>10 mg/kg or had clinically significant toxicities consistent with TCA poisoning, and analysed patients' clinical, electrocardiogram and biochemical data. RESULTS Of 210 patients, 84 received NaHCO3 and ventilation (dual therapy), 12 NaHCO3 , 46 ventilation and 68 supportive care treatment. When compared with single/supportive groups, patients who received dual therapy had taken a significantly higher median dose of TCA (1.5 g vs1.3 g, P < .001), a longer median maximum QRS interval (124 ms, interquartile ranges [IQR] 108-138 vs106 ms, IQR 98-115, P < .001) and were more likely to have seizures (14% vs3%, P = .006) and arrhythmias (17% vs1%, P < .001). The dual therapy group demonstrated greater increases in serum pH (median 0.11, IQR 0.04-0.17) compared to the single/supportive therapy group (median 0.03, IQR -0.01-0.09, p < .001). A greater proportion of patients reached the target pH 7.45-7.55 in the dual therapy group (59%) compared to the single/supportive therapy group (10%) (P < .001). For each 100 mmol bolus of NaHCO3 given, the median increase in serum sodium was 2.5 mmol/L (IQR 1.5-4.0). QRS narrowing occurred twice as quickly in the dual therapy vs single/supportive therapy group. CONCLUSIONS A combination of NaHCO3 and mechanical ventilation was most effective in achieving serum alkalinisation and was associated with a more rapid narrowing of the QRS interval. We advise that the maximal dose of NaHCO3 should be <400 mmol (6 mmol/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Pai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Buckley
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Z Isoardi
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey K Isbister
- New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Mater Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Therese Becker
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela L Chiew
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rose Cairns
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jared A Brown
- New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Betty S Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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110
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Liu J, Tian J, Sodhi K, Shapiro JI. The Na/K-ATPase Signaling and SGLT2 Inhibitor-Mediated Cardiorenal Protection: A Crossed Road? J Membr Biol 2021; 254:513-529. [PMID: 34297135 PMCID: PMC8595165 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In different large-scale clinic outcome trials, sodium (Na+)/glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors showed profound cardiac- and renal-protective effects, making them revolutionary treatments for heart failure and kidney disease. Different theories are proposed according to the emerging protective effects other than the original purpose of glucose-lowering in diabetic patients. As the ATP-dependent primary ion transporter providing the Na+ gradient to drive other Na+-dependent transporters, the possible role of the sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na/K-ATPase) as the primary ion transporter and its signaling function is not explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, JCE School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
| | - Jiang Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, JCE School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Komal Sodhi
- Department of Surgery, JCE School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Departments of Medicine, JCE School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
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111
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Yamaguchi K, Kasai N, Hayashi N, Yatsutani H, Girard O, Goto K. Acute performance and physiological responses to repeated-sprint exercise in a combined hot and hypoxic environment. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14466. [PMID: 32592261 PMCID: PMC7319945 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated performance, energy metabolism, acid-base balance, and endocrine responses to repeated-sprint exercise in hot and/or hypoxic environment. In a single-blind, cross-over study, 10 male highly trained athletes completed a repeated cycle sprint exercise (3 sets of 3 × 10-s maximal sprints with 40-s passive recovery) under four conditions (control [CON; 20℃, 50% rH, FiO2 : 20.9%; sea level], hypoxia [HYP; 20℃, 50% rH, FiO2 : 14.5%; a simulated altitude of 3,000 m], hot [HOT; 35℃, 50% rH, FiO2 : 20.9%; sea level], and hot + hypoxia [HH; 35℃, 50% rH, FiO2 : 14.5%; a simulated altitude of 3,000 m]). Changes in power output, muscle and skin temperatures, and respiratory oxygen uptake were measured. Peak (CON: 912 ± 26 W, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 862-962 W, HYP: 915 ± 28 W [CI: 860-970 W], HOT: 937 ± 26 W [CI: 887-987 W], HH: 937 ± 26 W [CI: 886-987 W]) and mean (CON: 808 ± 22 W [CI: 765-851 W], HYP: 810 ± 23 W [CI: 765-855 W], HOT: 825 ± 22 W [CI: 781-868 W], HH: 824 ± 25 W [CI: 776-873 W]) power outputs were significantly greater when exercising in heat conditions (HOT and HH) during the first sprint (p < .05). Heat exposure (HOT and HH) elevated muscle and skin temperatures compared to other conditions (p < .05). Oxygen uptake and arterial oxygen saturation were significantly lower in hypoxic conditions (HYP and HH) versus the other conditions (p < .05). In summary, additional heat stress when sprinting repeatedly in hypoxia improved performance (early during exercise), while maintaining low arterial oxygen saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.,Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kitaku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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112
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Koppen A, Hunault CC, van Kleef RGDM, van Velzen AG, Westerink RHS, de Vries I, de Lange DW. Estimation of the risk of local and systemic effects in infants after ingestion of low-concentrated weak acids from descaling products. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 60:71-75. [PMID: 34121559 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1933511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accidental ingestion of diluted household descaling products by infants is a phenomenon that poison control centers regularly encounter. Feeding infants with baby milk prepared with water from electric kettles still containing descaler is a common way of exposure. This study aimed to determine the risks related to ingestion of (diluted) descalers by infants. METHODS pH measurements were performed using acetic acid and three different commercially available electric kettle descalers. The pH of different dilutions was measured in the absence or presence of baby milk powder. In addition, an overview was made of pH values of different electric kettle descalers as given by the product information of the manufacturer. Finally, a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model was used to predict changes in blood pH in infants after ingestion of acetic acid, which is the most commonly used descaler. RESULTS Several commercially available electric kettle descalers have a pH <2. Even after diluting such descalers up to 10 times the pH can remain low. The addition of milk powder increases the pH of descalers containing weaker acids, with a pH >1.5, while descalers with stronger acids and pH <1 show little pH increase after the addition of milk powder. Finally, a simple PBPK model for the ingestion of acetic acid predicted that the ingestion of larger amounts of acetic acid (>1000 mg) by an infant could result in relevant changes in blood pH. CONCLUSIONS Commercially available electric kettle descaling products may pose a health risk to infants in case of accidental ingestion since the pH of some of these products can be very low, even when diluted 10-times or in the presence of baby milk powder. Oral exposure of infants to the common descaler acetic acid, after accidental preparation of baby milk with cleaning vinegar, will probably not result in serious local effects, but changes in blood pH cannot be excluded when larger amounts of acetic acid are ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Koppen
- Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudine C Hunault
- Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Regina G D M van Kleef
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherland
| | - Agnes G van Velzen
- Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherland
| | - Irma de Vries
- Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan W de Lange
- Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jafari A, Ghanbari M, Shahinfar H, Bellissimo N, Azadbakht L. The association between dietary acid load with cardiometabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers amongst elderly men: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14109. [PMID: 33624383 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing epidemiological data on dietary acid load and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are controversial. There is no literature evaluating the association between dietary acid load (DAL) with cardiometabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers in elderly. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between DAL and cardiometabolic risk factors amongst Iranian elders. METHOD A cross-sectional study was completed using 357 Iranian elders above >60 years of age. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical measurements were performed. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire. DAL was estimated using the Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) score, Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP) and the Net Endogenous Acid Excretion (NAE) score. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the ATP-III criteria. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of CVD risk factors were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, a higher PRAL score was associated with higher odds of hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.15, 4.50). We also observed that the NEAP score was positively associated with MetS (OR: 17.2, 95% CI: 2.34, 127). Finally, there was a positive association between NAE and lipid accumulation product (LAP) (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.04, 3.17) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 2.46 95% CI: 1.22, 4.95). CONCLUSION Men with higher DAL scores had a higher risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia and LAP. Our findings suggest that further prospective studies are required to appraise DAL-CVD risk factors in populations with varying dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nutritional Health Team (NHT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Ghanbari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahinfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
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Bird JD, Leacy JK, Foster GE, Rickards CA, Wilson RJA, O'Halloran KD, Jendzjowsky NG, Pentz BA, Byman BRM, Thrall SF, Skalk AL, Hewitt SA, Steinback CD, Burns D, Ondrus P, Day TA. Time course and magnitude of ventilatory and renal acid-base acclimatization following rapid ascent to and residence at 3,800 m over nine days. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1705-1715. [PMID: 33703943 PMCID: PMC11025293 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid ascent to high altitude imposes an acute hypoxic and acid-base challenge, with ventilatory and renal acclimatization countering these perturbations. Specifically, ventilatory acclimatization improves oxygenation, but with concomitant hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis. A compensatory, renally mediated relative metabolic acidosis follows via bicarbonate elimination, normalizing arterial pH(a). The time course and magnitude of these integrated acclimatization processes are highly variable between individuals. Using a previously developed metric of renal reactivity (RR), indexing the change in arterial bicarbonate concentration (Δ[HCO3-]a; renal response) over the change in arterial pressure of CO2 (Δ[Formula: see text]; renal stimulus), we aimed to characterize changes in RR magnitude following rapid ascent and residence at altitude. Resident lowlanders (n = 16) were tested at 1,045 m (day [D]0) prior to ascent, on D2 within 24 h of arrival, and D9 during residence at 3,800 m. Radial artery blood draws were obtained to measure acid-base variables: [Formula: see text], [HCO3-]a, and pHa. Compared with D0, [Formula: see text] and [HCO3-]a were lower on D2 (P < 0.01) and D9 (P < 0.01), whereas significant changes in pHa (P = 0.072) and RR (P = 0.056) were not detected. As pHa appeared fully compensated on D2 and RR did not increase significantly from D2 to D9, these data demonstrate renal acid-base compensation within 24 h at moderate steady-state altitude. Moreover, RR was strongly and inversely correlated with ΔpHa on D2 and D9 (r≤ -0.95; P < 0.0001), suggesting that a high-gain renal response better protects pHa. Our study highlights the differential time course, magnitude, and variability of integrated ventilatory and renal acid-base acclimatization following rapid ascent and residence at high altitude.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We assessed the time course, magnitude, and variability of integrated ventilatory and renal acid-base acclimatization with rapid ascent and residence at 3,800 m. Despite reductions in [Formula: see text] upon ascent, pHa was normalized within 24 h of arrival at 3,800 m through renal compensation (i.e., bicarbonate elimination). Renal reactivity (RR) was unchanged between days 2 and 9, suggesting a lack of plasticity at moderate steady-state altitude. RR was strongly correlated with ΔpHa, suggesting that a high-gain renal response better protects pHa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Bird
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jack K Leacy
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glen E Foster
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caroline A Rickards
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Sciences Centre, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Richard J A Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicholas G Jendzjowsky
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Brandon A Pentz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Britta R M Byman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott F Thrall
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexandra L Skalk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hewitt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, & Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Burns
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Ondrus
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor A Day
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Huo J, Li D, McKay C, Hoke M, Worcester E, Coe F. Relative contributions of urine sulfate, titratable urine anion, and GI anion to net acid load and effects of age. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14870. [PMID: 34042292 PMCID: PMC8157790 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of acid–base balance include acid production from (1) oxidation of sulfur atoms on amino acids and (2) metabolically produced organic acid anions. Acid load is balanced by alkali from metabolism of GI anions; thus, net acid production is equivalent to the sum of urine sulfate and organic anion (measured by titration in urine), minus GI anion. However, the relative contributions of these three sources of acid production in people eating free choice diets, and presumably in acid–base balance, have not been well studied. We collected 26 urines from 18 normal subjects (10 male) and 43 urine samples from 34 stone formers (17 male) and measured sulfate, organic anion, and components of GI anion and acid excretion in each; values were expressed as mEq/mmol creatinine. Mean values of the urine components, except creatinine and pH, did not differ between the sexes or groups. Urine organic acid and acid production varied directly with age (p ≤ 0.03). In a general linear model of acid excretion, the coefficients for sulfate, organic anion, and GI anion were 0.34 ± 0.09, 0.49 ± 0.12, and −0.51 ± 0.06, respectively, p ≤ 0.005, and the model accounted for 54% of the variance. A model for urine ammonia gave similar results. Urine organic anion is a significant contributor to total acid production and may be responsible for an increase in acid production with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Huo
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles McKay
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Madeleine Hoke
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elaine Worcester
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fredric Coe
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Giusti S, Lin Y, Sogbetun F, Nakhoul N, Liu S, Shi L, Batuman V. The Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use on the Course of Kidney Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages G3a to G4. Am J Med Sci 2021; 362:453-461. [PMID: 34033809 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are widely used and implicated in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated the relation between chronic PPI use in veterans with CKD G3a to G4 and the rate of decline in renal function. METHODS We accessed the Veteran Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure national database to evaluate the relation between chronic PPI use and rate of decline in renal function in veterans with CKD (eGFR <60 ml/min1.73 m2). We applied Propensity Score Matching to match the PPI group and the no-PPI control group on age, sex, race, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. The final sample included 1406 patients (age: 62.07±7.82, 62.02% Caucasian) in the PPI cohort with a median 4.7 years follow-up and 1425 patients (age: 65.45±6.58, 71.16% Caucasian) in the control cohort with a median 3.9 years follow-up. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression were performed to analyze the associations of PPI use with dialysis, all-cause mortality, metabolic acidosis, and CKD progression. RESULTS The PPI group had a significantly increased risk of CKD progression, dialysis and all-cause mortality (aHR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.53 to 2.19; aHR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.26 to 2.67; and aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.65, respectively). The PPI cohort also had a trend for development of metabolic acidosis (aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.998 to 1.80), although the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that chronic PPI use accelerates progression of kidney disease and is associated with increased mortality in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixto Giusti
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, New Orleans, Louisiana; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, Medicine Service, Section of Nephrology, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Yilu Lin
- Tulane University School of Public Health Department of Global Health Management and Policy (GHMP) Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine (TUSPHTM), New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Folarin Sogbetun
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nazih Nakhoul
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Shuqian Liu
- Tulane University School of Public Health Department of Global Health Management and Policy (GHMP) Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine (TUSPHTM), New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lizheng Shi
- Tulane University School of Public Health Department of Global Health Management and Policy (GHMP) Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine (TUSPHTM), New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Vecihi Batuman
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, New Orleans, Louisiana; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, Medicine Service, Section of Nephrology, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Wesson DE. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for hyperkalemia: a collateral acid-base benefit? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:756-760. [PMID: 33179742 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Wesson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA
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Mizutani Y, Kinoshita M, Lin YC, Fukaya S, Kato S, Hisano T, Hida H, Iwata S, Saitoh S, Iwata O. Temporal inversion of the acid-base equilibrium in newborns: an observational study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11240. [PMID: 33954050 PMCID: PMC8052977 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A considerable fraction of newborn infants experience hypoxia-ischaemia and metabolic acidosis at birth. However, little is known regarding the biological response of newborn infants to the pH drift from the physiological equilibrium. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the pH drift at birth and postnatal acid-base regulation in newborn infants. Methods Clinical information of 200 spontaneously breathing newborn infants hospitalised at a neonatal intensive care centre were reviewed. Clinical variables associated with venous blood pH on days 5-7 were assessed. Results The higher blood pH on days 5-7 were explained by lower cord blood pH (-0.131, -0.210 to -0.052; regression coefficient, 95% confidence interval), greater gestational age (0.004, 0.002 to 0.005) and lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide on days 5-7 (-0.005, -0.006 to -0.004) (adjusted for sex, postnatal age and lactate on days 5-7). Conclusion In relatively stable newborn infants, blood pH drift from the physiological equilibrium at birth might trigger a system, which reverts and over-corrects blood pH within the first week of life. Given that the infants within the study cohort was spontaneously breathing, the observed phenomenon might be a common reaction of newborn infants to pH changes at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kinoshita
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yung-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Satoko Fukaya
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shin Kato
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hisano
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideki Hida
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iwata
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Osuke Iwata
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Sialoglycan recognition is a common connection linking acidosis, zinc, and HMGB1 in sepsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018090118. [PMID: 33658363 PMCID: PMC7958265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018090118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a condition wherein a microbial infection leads to life-threatening systemic hyperactivation of innate immunity. Blood pH is normally maintained tightly between 7.35 and 7.45, and lactic acidosis with a pH <7.3 indicates a poor prognosis in sepsis, also associated with low zinc levels. Release of HMGB1 from activated and/or necrotic tissues plays a pivotal role in triggering the proinflammatory cascade of late sepsis. Using an in vitro whole-blood assay, we observed that HMGB1 cannot mediate proinflammatory activity at physiological pH and zinc concentrations. This is due to zinc-dependent association of HMGB1 with sialoglycoproteins, thereby preventing its binding with proinflammatory receptors. Thus, a drop in pH and zinc concentration in sepsis can release sequestered HMGB1 and trigger the inflammatory cascade. Blood pH is tightly maintained between 7.35 and 7.45, and acidosis (pH <7.3) indicates poor prognosis in sepsis, wherein lactic acid from anoxic tissues overwhelms the buffering capacity of blood. Poor sepsis prognosis is also associated with low zinc levels and the release of High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from activated and/or necrotic cells. HMGB1 added to whole blood at physiological pH did not bind leukocyte receptors, but lowering pH with lactic acid to mimic sepsis conditions allowed binding, implying the presence of natural inhibitor(s) preventing binding at normal pH. Testing micromolar concentrations of divalent cations showed that zinc supported the robust binding of sialylated glycoproteins with HMGB1. Further characterizing HMGB1 as a sialic acid-binding lectin, we found that optimal binding takes place at normal blood pH and is markedly reduced when pH is adjusted with lactic acid to levels found in sepsis. Glycan array studies confirmed the binding of HMGB1 to sialylated glycan sequences typically found on plasma glycoproteins, with binding again being dependent on zinc and normal blood pH. Thus, HMGB1-mediated hyperactivation of innate immunity in sepsis requires acidosis, and micromolar zinc concentrations are protective. We suggest that the potent inflammatory effects of HMGB1 are kept in check via sequestration by plasma sialoglycoproteins at physiological pH and triggered when pH and zinc levels fall in late stages of sepsis. Current clinical trials independently studying zinc supplementation, HMGB1 inhibition, or pH normalization may be more successful if these approaches are combined and perhaps supplemented by infusions of heavily sialylated molecules.
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Shukla V, Asthana S, Singh S. Role of anthraquinones in Cassia occidentalis induced hepato-myo-encephalopathy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113431. [PMID: 33011371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The different plant parts of Cassia occidentalis Linn, (CO) such as root, leaves, seeds and pods have traditionally been used in multifarious medicines for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, constipation, fever, eczema, cancer and venereal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search of literature has been done in books and scientific databases like Science Direct, Pubmed, Google Scholar and Scopus etc. These sources were used to compile, analyze and review the information regarding the phytochemistry, toxicology and mechanism of toxicity of CO. The various references on this subject are cited in our review ranging from 1956 to 2019. RESULTS Unintentional exposure of CO causes serious pathological condition in children, known as hepato-myo-encephalopathy (HME). The toxicity after CO consumption is associated with the presence of anthraquinones (AQs), a class of secondary plant metabolites. These AQs at high concentrations are known to cause detrimental effects on essential vital organs such as liver, kidney, spleen, brain, muscle and reproductive organs. The animal studies in rodent models as well as clinical investigations have clearly revealed that CO toxicity is associated with enhanced hepatotoxicity serum markers (ALT, AST, and LDH) and presence of necrotic lesions in liver. Furthermore, CO also causes vacuolization in muscle tissue and increases the level of CPK which is a prominent muscle damage marker. Apart from these target organs, CO consumption also causes neuronal damage via disturbing the levels of different proteins such as (GFAP and b-tubulin III). The mechanistic studies show that AQs present in CO have the potential to disturb the cellular homeostasis via binding to DNA, increasing the production ROS and showing inhibitory effects on essential enzymes etc. Therefore, AQs have been observed to be the primary culprit agents contributing to the toxicity of CO in children and animals. CONCLUSION Despite its therapeutic potential, CO consumption can be detrimental if consumed in high amounts. A thorough analysis of literature reveals that AQs are the primary factors contributing to toxicity of CO seeds. Exposure to CO seeds causes HME, which is a serious life threatening condition for the malnourished children from lower strata. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the CO induced HME in patients. Lack of appropriate diagnostic measures and a poor understanding of the CO toxicity mechanism in humans and animals complicate the clinical management of CO poisoning subjects. Therefore, development of point of care diagnostic kits shall help in early diagnosis & suitable management of CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Food Toxicology Division, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Somya Asthana
- Food Toxicology Division, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Food Toxicology Division, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Steininger F, Zieger SE, Koren K. Dynamic Sensor Concept Combining Electrochemical pH Manipulation and Optical Sensing of Buffer Capacity. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3822-3829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Steininger
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia E. Zieger
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Klaus Koren
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Palmer BF, Kelepouris E, Clegg DJ. Renal Tubular Acidosis and Management Strategies: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther 2021; 38:949-968. [PMID: 33367987 PMCID: PMC7889554 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) occurs when the kidneys are unable to maintain normal acid−base homeostasis because of tubular defects in acid excretion or bicarbonate ion reabsorption. Using illustrative clinical cases, this review describes the main types of RTA observed in clinical practice and provides an overview of their diagnosis and treatment. The three major forms of RTA are distal RTA (type 1; characterized by impaired acid excretion), proximal RTA (type 2; caused by defects in reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate), and hyperkalemic RTA (type 4; caused by abnormal excretion of acid and potassium in the collecting duct). Type 3 RTA is a rare form of the disease with features of both distal and proximal RTA. Accurate diagnosis of RTA plays an important role in optimal patient management. The diagnosis of distal versus proximal RTA involves assessment of urinary acid and bicarbonate secretion, while in hyperkalemic RTA, selective aldosterone deficiency or resistance to its effects is confirmed after exclusion of other causes of hyperkalemia. Treatment options include alkali therapy in patients with distal or proximal RTA and lowering of serum potassium concentrations through dietary modification and potential new pharmacotherapies in patients with hyperkalemic RTA including newer potassium binders.
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Trampert DC, van de Graaf SFJ, Jongejan A, Oude Elferink RPJ, Beuers U. Hepatobiliary acid-base homeostasis: Insights from analogous secretory epithelia. J Hepatol 2021; 74:428-441. [PMID: 33342564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many epithelia secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid to generate flow, alter viscosity, control pH and potentially protect luminal and intracellular structures from chemical stress. Bicarbonate is a key component of human bile and impaired biliary bicarbonate secretion is associated with liver damage. Major efforts have been undertaken to gain insight into acid-base homeostasis in cholangiocytes and more can be learned from analogous secretory epithelia. Extrahepatic examples include salivary and pancreatic duct cells, duodenocytes, airway and renal epithelial cells. The cellular machinery involved in acid-base homeostasis includes carbonic anhydrase enzymes, transporters of the solute carrier family, and intra- and extracellular pH sensors. This pH-regulatory system is orchestrated by protein-protein interactions, the establishment of an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane and bicarbonate sensing of the intra- and extracellular compartment. In this review, we discuss conserved principles identified in analogous secretory epithelia in the light of current knowledge on cholangiocyte physiology. We present a framework for cholangiocellular acid-base homeostasis supported by expression analysis of publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from human cholangiocytes, which provide insights into the molecular basis of pH homeostasis and dysregulation in the biliary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Trampert
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Metabolic alkalosis is an increase in blood pH to >7.45 due to a primary increase in serum bicarbonate (HCO3−). Metabolic alkalosis results from alkali accumulation or acid loss, and it is associated with a secondary increase in carbon dioxide arterial pressure (PaCO2). Metabolic alkalosis is a common acid-base disorder, especially in critically ill patients. The pathogenesis of chronic metabolic alkalosis includes two derangements, generation of metabolic alkalosis via gain of alkali or loss of acid and maintenance of metabolic alkalosis by increased tubular HCO3− reabsorption (failure of the kidneys to excrete excess alkali). Metabolic alkalosis is the most common acid-base disorder in hospitalized patients, particularly in the surgical critical care unit. Mortality increases as pH increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tinawi
- Nephrology, Nephrology Specialists, P.C, Munster, USA.,Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Northwest, Gary, USA
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125
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Guo C, Sedgwick AC, Hirao T, Sessler JL. Supramolecular Fluorescent Sensors: An Historical Overview and Update. Coord Chem Rev 2021; 427:213560. [PMID: 34108734 PMCID: PMC8184024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since as early as 1867, molecular sensors have been recognized as being intelligent "devices" capable of addressing a variety of issues related to our environment and health (e.g., the detection of toxic pollutants or disease-related biomarkers). In this review, we focus on fluorescence-based sensors that incorporate supramolecular chemistry to achieve a desired sensing outcome. The goal is to provide an illustrative overview, rather than a comprehensive listing of all that has been done in the field. We will thus summarize early work devoted to the development of supramolecular fluorescent sensors and provide an update on recent advances in the area (mostly from 2018 onward). A particular emphasis will be placed on design strategies that may be exploited for analyte sensing and corresponding molecular platforms. Supramolecular approaches considered include, inter alia, binding-based sensing (BBS) and indicator displacement assays (IDAs). Because it has traditionally received less treatment, many of the illustrative examples chosen will involve anion sensing. Finally, this review will also include our perspectives on the future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Adam C. Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Takehiro Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Tanhaian A, Mohammadi E, Vakili-Ghartavol R, Saberi MR, Mirzayi M, Jaafari MR. In silico and In vitro Investigation of a Likely Pathway for Anti-Cancerous Effect of Thrombocidin-1 as a Novel Anticancer Peptide. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:751-762. [PMID: 32072885 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200219115129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of Thrombocidin-1 (TC-1) is shown previously, however,.the anti-cancerous feature of this peptide is still uncovered. OBJECTIVE The objective is to evaluate anti-cancerous feature of recombinant TC-1. METHODS In this study, based on the significant similarity of rTC-1 and IL-8 in case of coding sequence, tertiary structure, and also docking and molecular dynamic simulation (MD) results with CXCR1, a receptor which has positive correlation with different cancers, a likely pathway for anticancerous effect of rTC-1 was proposed. In addition, the coding sequence of TC-1+6xhistidine (rTC-1) was inserted into the pET22b(+) vector and cloned and expressed by E. coli BL21 and finally purified through nickel affinity column. Afterward, the retrieved rTC-1 was used in MTT assay against mouse colon adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, mouse melanoma, and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines to investigate its probable anticancer application. RESULTS Docking and MD simulation results showed that rTC-1 and IL-8 share almost the same residues in the interaction with CXCR1 receptor. Besides, the stability of the rTC-1_CXCR11-38 complex was shown during 100ns MD simulation. In addition, the successful expression and purification of rTC-1 depict an 8kD peptide. The IC50 results of MTT assay revealed that rTC-1 has cytotoxic effect on C26-A and SW1353 cancerous cell lines. CONCLUSION Therefore, apart from probable anti-cancerous effect of rTC-1 on C26-A and SW1353 cell lines, this peptide may be able to mimic the anti-cancerous pathway of IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Tanhaian
- School of Medicine, Shahrood University of Medical Science, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Elyas Mohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Vakili-Ghartavol
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saberi
- Medical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzayi
- School of Medicine, Shahrood University of Medical Science, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Mosselhy DA, Assad M, Sironen T, Elbahri M. Nanotheranostics: A Possible Solution for Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their Biofilms? NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:E82. [PMID: 33401760 PMCID: PMC7824312 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious pathogen that colonizes implants (orthopedic and breast implants) and wounds with a vicious resistance to antibiotic therapy. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a catastrophe mainly restricted to hospitals and emerged to community reservoirs, acquiring resistance and forming biofilms. Treating biofilms is problematic except via implant removal or wound debridement. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers could combat superbugs and biofilms and rapidly diagnose MRSA. Nanotheranostics combine diagnostics and therapeutics into a single agent. This comprehensive review is interpretative, utilizing mainly recent literature (since 2016) besides the older remarkable studies sourced via Google Scholar and PubMed. We unravel the molecular S. aureus resistance and complex biofilm. The diagnostic properties and detailed antibacterial and antibiofilm NP mechanisms are elucidated in exciting stories. We highlight the challenges of bacterial infections nanotheranostics. Finally, we discuss the literature and provide "three action appraisals". (i) The first appraisal consists of preventive actions (two wings), avoiding unnecessary hospital visits, hand hygiene, and legislations against over-the-counter antibiotics as the general preventive wing. Our second recommended preventive wing includes preventing the adverse side effects of the NPs from resistance and toxicity by establishing standard testing procedures. These standard procedures should provide breakpoints of bacteria's susceptibility to NPs and a thorough toxicological examination of every single batch of synthesized NPs. (ii) The second appraisal includes theranostic actions, using nanotheranostics to diagnose and treat MRSA, such as what we call "multifunctional theranostic nanofibers. (iii) The third action appraisal consists of collaborative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Mosselhy
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
- Microbiological Unit, Fish Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mhd Assad
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mady Elbahri
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed District, Giza 12588, Egypt
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128
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Titanium Nitride Thin Film Based Low-Redox-Interference Potentiometric pH Sensing Electrodes. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010042. [PMID: 33374837 PMCID: PMC7795294 DOI: 10.3390/s21010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a solid-state potentiometric pH sensor is designed by incorporating a thin film of Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtered (RFMS) Titanium Nitride (TiN) working electrode and a commercial Ag|AgCl|KCl double junction reference electrode. The sensor shows a linear pH slope of −59.1 mV/pH, R2 = 0.9997, a hysteresis as low as 1.2 mV, and drift below 3.9 mV/h. In addition, the redox interference performance of TiN electrodes is compared with that of Iridium Oxide (IrO2) counterparts. Experimental results show −32 mV potential shift (E0 value) in 1 mM ascorbic acid (reducing agent) for TiN electrodes, and this is significantly lower than the −114 mV potential shift of IrO2 electrodes with sub-Nernstian sensitivity. These results are most encouraging and pave the way towards the development of miniaturized, cost-effective, and robust pH sensors for difficult matrices, such as wine and fresh orange juice.
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Kubicskó K, Farkas Ö. Quantum chemical (QM:MM) investigation of the mechanism of enzymatic reaction of tryptamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine with monoamine oxidase A. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9660-9674. [PMID: 33215182 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous psychedelic (mind-altering) N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) molecule has an important role in tissue protection, regeneration, and immunity via sigma-1 receptor activation as its natural ligand. The immunologic properties of DMT suggest this biogenic compound should be investigated thoroughly in other aspects as well. In our in silico project, we examined the metabolism of DMT and its primary analogue, the tryptamine (T), by the monoamine oxidase (MAO) flavoenzyme. MAO has two isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B. MAOs perform the oxidation of various monoamines by their flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. Two-layer QM:MM calculations at the ONIOM(M06-2X/6-31++G(d,p):UFF=QEq) level were performed including the whole enzyme to explore the potential energy surface (PES) of the reactions. Our findings reinforced that a hybrid mechanism, a mixture of pure H+ and H- transfer pathways, describes precisely the rate-determining step of amine oxidation as suggested by earlier works. Additionally, our results show that the oxidation of tertiary amine DMT requires a lower activation barrier than the primary amine T. This may reflect a general rule, thus we recommend further investigations. Furthermore, we demonstrated that at pH 7.4 the protonated form of these substrates enter the enzyme. As the deprotonation of substrates is crucial, we presumed protonated cofactor, FADH+, may form. Surprisingly, the activation barriers are much lower compared to FAD with both substrates. Therefore, we suggest further investigations in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Kubicskó
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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130
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Lee KW, Shin D. Positive association between dietary acid load and future insulin resistance risk: findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Nutr J 2020; 19:137. [PMID: 33292308 PMCID: PMC7724722 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acid-base homeostasis is increasingly being recognized to play an important role in normal metabolic function. However, prospective studies on the relationship between diet-induced acid-base imbalance and insulin resistance among Asian populations have been limited. Thus, we investigated whether diet-induced metabolic acidosis was prospectively associated with insulin resistance risk in middle-aged and older Korean adults. Methods In total, 5406 participants from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study without type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, cancer, or renal diseases at baseline examination were included in this study. To estimate diet-induced metabolic acidosis, we used potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) scores calculated from the usual dietary intake assessed by a validated 103-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of insulin resistance incidence. Results During a mean follow-up period of 7.4 years, we documented 3449 insulin resistance cases. In the fully adjusted model, the future insulin resistance risk was significantly higher among participants in the highest quartiles of PRAL (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13–1.48, Ptrend = 0.0002) and NEAP (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.14–1.49, Ptrend = 0.0008) than among those in the lowest quartiles. Associations were slightly strengthened among men, adults < 50 years old, obese participants, or those with low physical activity levels. Conclusions Our findings suggested that diet-dependent acid load was positively associated with the future development of insulin resistance, suggesting effect modification by sex, age, the presence of obesity, and physical activity levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12937-020-00653-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Lee
- Department of Home Economics Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, 28173, South Korea
| | - Dayeon Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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131
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Rabboh FM, O'Neil GD. Voltammetric pH Measurements in Unadulterated Foodstuffs, Urine, and Serum with 3D-Printed Graphene/Poly(Lactic Acid) Electrodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14999-15006. [PMID: 33140638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The pH of a system is a critical descriptor of its chemistry-impacting reaction rates, solubility, chemical speciation, and homeostasis. As a result, pH is one of the most commonly measured parameters in food safety, clinical, and environmental laboratories. Glass pH probes are the gold standard for pH measurements but suffer drawbacks including frequent recalibration, wet storage of the glass membrane, difficulty in miniaturization, and interferences from alkali metals. In this work, we describe a voltammetric pH sensor that uses a three-dimensional (3D)-printed graphene/poly(lactic acid) filament electrode that is pretreated to introduce quinone functional groups to the graphene surface. After thoroughly characterizing the pretreatment parameters using outer-sphere and inner-sphere redox couples, we measured pH by reducing the surface-bound quinones, which undergo a pH-dependent 2e-/2H+ reduction. The position of the redox peak was found to shift -60 ± 2 mV pH-1 at 25 °C, which is in excellent agreement with the theoretical value predicted by the Nernst Equation (-59.2 mV pH-1). Importantly, the sensors did not require the removal of dissolved oxygen prior to successful pH measurements. We investigated the impact of common interfering species (Pb2+ and Cu2+) and found that there was no impact on the measured pH. We subsequently challenged the sensors to measure the pH of unadulterated complex samples, including cola, vinegar, an antacid tablet slurry, serum, and urine, and obtained excellent agreement compared to a glass pH electrode. In addition to the positive analytical characteristics, the sensors are extremely cheap and easy to fabricate, making them highly accessible to a wide range of researchers. These results pave the way for customizable pH sensors that can be fabricated in (nearly) any geometry for targeted applications using 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakher M Rabboh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Glen D O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
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132
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Mannon EC, O'Connor PM. Alkali supplementation as a therapeutic in chronic kidney disease: what mediates protection? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F1090-F1104. [PMID: 33166183 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00343.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been recognized as a possible therapy to target chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Several small clinical trials have demonstrated that supplementation with NaHCO3 or other alkalizing agents slows renal functional decline in patients with CKD. While the benefits of NaHCO3 treatment have been thought to result from restoring pH homeostasis, a number of studies have now indicated that NaHCO3 or other alkalis may provide benefit regardless of the presence of metabolic acidosis. These data have raised questions as to how NaHCO3 protects the kidneys. To date, the physiological mechanism(s) that mediates the reported protective effect of NaHCO3 in CKD remain unclear. In this review, we first examine the evidence from clinical trials in support of a beneficial effect of NaHCO3 and other alkali in slowing kidney disease progression and their relationship to acid-base status. Then, we discuss the physiological pathways that have been proposed to underlie these renoprotective effects and highlight strengths and weaknesses in the data supporting each pathway. Finally, we discuss how answering key questions regarding the physiological mechanism(s) mediating the beneficial actions of NaHCO3 therapy in CKD is likely to be important in the design of future clinical trials. We conclude that basic research in animal models is likely to be critical in identifying the physiological mechanisms underlying the benefits of NaHCO3 treatment in CKD. Gaining an understanding of these pathways may lead to the improved implementation of NaHCO3 as a therapy in CKD and perhaps other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor C Mannon
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Paul M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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Ojowu JO, Agi AP, Etim EE, Adikwu JO, Avan ED. Investigating the Protective Effect of Lawsonia inermis Extract on Liver and Kidney Function in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Rats. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.32527/2020/101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John O. Ojowu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Alfred P. Agi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Etim E. Etim
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Joseph O. Adikwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria
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Klaerner G, Shao J, Biyani K, Kade M, Kierstead P, Gbur R, Tabakman S, Nguyen S, Buysse J. Mechanism of Action of Veverimer: A Novel, Orally Administered, Nonabsorbed, Counterion-Free, Hydrochloric Acid Binder under Development for the Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:439-450. [PMID: 33033169 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current management of metabolic acidosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) relies on dietary intervention to reduce daily endogenous acid production or neutralization of retained acid with oral alkali (sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate). Veverimer is being developed as a novel oral treatment for metabolic acidosis through removal of intestinal acid, resulting in an increase in serum bicarbonate. Veverimer is a free-amine polymer that combines high capacity and selectivity to bind and remove hydrochloric acid (HCl) from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In vitro studies demonstrated that veverimer had a binding capacity of 10.7 ± 0.4 mmol HCl per gram of polymer with significant binding capacity (>5 mmol/g) across the range of pH values found in the human GI tract (1.5-7). Upon protonation, veverimer bound chloride with high specificity but showed little or no binding of phosphate, citrate, or taurocholate (<1.5 mmol/g), which are all anions commonly found in the human GI tract. Administration of veverimer to rats with adenine-induced CKD and metabolic acidosis resulted in a significant increase in fecal chloride excretion and a dose-dependent increase in serum bicarbonate to within the normal range compared with untreated controls. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies in rats and dogs dosed with 14C-labeled veverimer showed that the polymer was not absorbed from the GI tract and was quantitatively eliminated in the feces. Acid removal by veverimer, an orally administered, nonabsorbed polymer, may provide a potential new treatment for metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Metabolic acidosis is a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as a cause of CKD progression. Veverimer is a high-capacity, selective, nonabsorbed, hydrochloric acid-binding polymer being developed as a treatment for metabolic acidosis. Veverimer binds and removes hydrochloric acid from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in increased serum bicarbonate and the correction of metabolic acidosis. Veverimer is not an ion-exchange resin and does not deliver sodium or other counterions, and so it may be appropriate for patients with CKD with and without sodium-sensitive comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Klaerner
- Tricida, Inc., South San Francisco, California (G.K., J.S., K.B., M.K., P.K., R.G., S.T., S.N.) and FFV Consulting, Los Altos, California (J.B.)
| | - Jun Shao
- Tricida, Inc., South San Francisco, California (G.K., J.S., K.B., M.K., P.K., R.G., S.T., S.N.) and FFV Consulting, Los Altos, California (J.B.)
| | - Kalpesh Biyani
- Tricida, Inc., South San Francisco, California (G.K., J.S., K.B., M.K., P.K., R.G., S.T., S.N.) and FFV Consulting, Los Altos, California (J.B.)
| | - Matthew Kade
- Tricida, Inc., South San Francisco, California (G.K., J.S., K.B., M.K., P.K., R.G., S.T., S.N.) and FFV Consulting, Los Altos, California (J.B.)
| | - Paul Kierstead
- Tricida, Inc., South San Francisco, California (G.K., J.S., K.B., M.K., P.K., R.G., S.T., S.N.) and FFV Consulting, Los Altos, California (J.B.)
| | - Randi Gbur
- Tricida, Inc., South San Francisco, California (G.K., J.S., K.B., M.K., P.K., R.G., S.T., S.N.) and FFV Consulting, Los Altos, California (J.B.)
| | - Scott Tabakman
- Tricida, Inc., South San Francisco, California (G.K., J.S., K.B., M.K., P.K., R.G., S.T., S.N.) and FFV Consulting, Los Altos, California (J.B.)
| | - Son Nguyen
- Tricida, Inc., South San Francisco, California (G.K., J.S., K.B., M.K., P.K., R.G., S.T., S.N.) and FFV Consulting, Los Altos, California (J.B.)
| | - Jerry Buysse
- Tricida, Inc., South San Francisco, California (G.K., J.S., K.B., M.K., P.K., R.G., S.T., S.N.) and FFV Consulting, Los Altos, California (J.B.)
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Steele AR, Tymko MM, Meah VL, Simpson LL, Gasho C, Dawkins TG, Villafuerte FC, Ainslie PN, Stembridge M, Moore JP, Steinback CD. Global REACH 2018: renal oxygen delivery is maintained during early acclimatization to 4,330 m. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F1081-F1089. [PMID: 32996319 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00372.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early acclimatization to high altitude is characterized by various respiratory, hematological, and cardiovascular adaptations that serve to restore oxygen delivery to tissue. However, less is understood about renal function and the role of renal oxygen delivery (RDO2) during high altitude acclimatization. We hypothesized that 1) RDO2 would be reduced after 12 h of high altitude exposure (high altitude day 1) but restored to sea level values after 1 wk (high altitude day 7) and 2) RDO2 would be associated with renal reactivity, an index of acid-base compensation at high altitude. Twenty-four healthy lowlander participants were tested at sea level (344 m, Kelowna, BC, Canada) and on day 1 and day 7 at high altitude (4,330 m, Cerro de Pasco, Peru). Cardiac output, renal blood flow, and arterial and venous blood sampling for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system hormones and NH2-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptides were collected at each time point. Renal reactivity was calculated as follows: (Δarterial bicarbonate)/(Δarterial Pco2) between sea level and high altitude day 1 and sea level and high altitude day 7. The main findings were that 1) RDO2 was initially decreased at high altitude compared with sea level (ΔRDO2: -22 ± 17%, P < 0.001) but was restored to sea level values on high altitude day 7 (ΔRDO2: -6 ± 14%, P = 0.36). The observed improvements in RDO2 resulted from both changes in renal blood flow (Δ from high altitude day 1: +12 ± 11%, P = 0.008) and arterial oxygen content (Δ from high altitude day 1: +44.8 ± 17.7%, P = 0.006) and 2) renal reactivity was positively correlated with RDO2 on high altitude day 7 (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) but not high altitude day 1 (r = 0.26, P = 0.29). These findings characterize the temporal responses of renal function during early high altitude acclimatization and the influence of RDO2 in the regulation of acid-base balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Steele
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victoria L Meah
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- Extremes Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Gasho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco C Villafuerte
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Moore
- Extremes Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Zhang Q, Murray GP, Hill JE, Harvey SL, Rojas-Pena A, Choi J, Zhou Y, Bartlett RH, Meyerhoff ME. Enhanced Hemocompatibility and In Vivo Analytical Accuracy of Intravascular Potentiometric Carbon Dioxide Sensors via Nitric Oxide Release. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13641-13646. [PMID: 32955253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this letter, the innate ability of nitric oxide (NO) to inhibit platelet activation/adhesion/thrombus formation is employed to improve the hemocompatibility and in vivo accuracy of an intravascular (IV) potentiometric PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) sensor. The catheter-type sensor is fabricated by impregnating a segment of dual lumen silicone tubing with a proton ionophore, plasticizer, and lipophilic cation-exchanger. Subsequent filling of bicarbonate and strong buffer solutions and placement of Ag/AgCl reference electrode wires within each lumen, respectively, enables measurement of the membrane potential difference across the inner wall of the tube, with this potential changing as a function of the logarithm of sample PCO2. The dual lumen device is further encapsulated within a S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP)-doped silicone tube that releases physiological levels of NO. The NO releasing sensor exhibits near-Nernstian sensitivity toward PCO2 (slope = 59.31 ± 0.78 mV/decade) and low drift rates (<2 mV/24 h after initial equilibration). In vivo evaluation of the NO releasing sensors, performed in the arteries and veins of anesthetized pigs for 20 h, shows enhanced accuracy (vs non-NO releasing sensors) when benchmarked to measurements of discrete blood samples made with a commercial blood gas analyzer. The accurate, continuous monitoring of blood PCO2 levels achieved with this new IV NO releasing PCO2 sensor configuration could help better manage hospitalized patients in critical care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Griffin P Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph E Hill
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen L Harvey
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alvaro Rojas-Pena
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jonathan Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Robert H Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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137
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Ryan LS, Gerberich J, Haris U, Nguyen D, Mason RP, Lippert AR. Ratiometric pH Imaging Using a 1,2-Dioxetane Chemiluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Sensor in Live Animals. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2925-2932. [PMID: 32829636 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of physiological pH is integral for proper whole body and cellular function, and disruptions in pH homeostasis can be both a cause and effect of disease. In light of this, many methods have been developed to monitor pH in cells and animals. In this study, we report a chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) probe Ratio-pHCL-1, composed of an acrylamide 1,2-dioxetane chemiluminescent scaffold with an appended pH-sensitive carbofluorescein fluorophore. The probe provides an accurate measurement of pH between 6.8 and 8.4, making it a viable tool for measuring pH in biological systems. Further, its ratiometric output is independent of confounding variables. Quantification of pH can be accomplished using both common luminescence spectroscopy and advanced optical imaging methods. Using an IVIS Spectrum, pH can be measured through tissue with Ratio-pHCL-1, which is shown in vitro and calibrated in sacrificed mouse models. Intraperitoneal injections of Ratio-pHCL-1 into live mice show high photon outputs and consistent increases in the flux ratio when measured at pH 6, 7, and 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Jeni Gerberich
- Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory (PIRL), Pre-clinical Imaging Section, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, United States
| | - Uroob Haris
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Daphne Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory (PIRL), Pre-clinical Imaging Section, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, United States
| | - Alexander R. Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
- Center for Global Health Impact (CGHI), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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138
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Apps A, Valkovič L, Peterzan M, Lau JYC, Hundertmark M, Clarke W, Tunnicliffe EM, Ellis J, Tyler DJ, Neubauer S, Rider OJ, Rodgers CT, Schmid AI. Quantifying the effect of dobutamine stress on myocardial Pi and pH in healthy volunteers: A 31 P MRS study at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:1147-1159. [PMID: 32929770 PMCID: PMC8239988 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Phosphorus spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) is a proven method to probe cardiac energetics. Studies typically report the phosphocreatine (PCr) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio. We focus on another 31P signal: inorganic phosphate (Pi), whose chemical shift allows computation of myocardial pH, with Pi/PCr providing additional insight into cardiac energetics. Pi is often obscured by signals from blood 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG). We introduce a method to quantify Pi in 14 min without hindrance from 2,3‐DPG. Methods Using a 31P stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence at 7 Tesla that inherently suppresses signal from 2,3‐DPG, the Pi peak was cleanly resolved. Resting state UTE‐chemical shift imaging (PCr/ATP) and STEAM 31P‐MRS (Pi/PCr, pH) were undertaken in 23 healthy controls; pH and Pi/PCr were subsequently recorded during dobutamine infusion. Results We achieved a clean Pi signal both at rest and stress with good 2,3‐DPG suppression. Repeatability coefficient (8 subjects) for Pi/PCr was 0.036 and 0.12 for pH. We report myocardial Pi/PCr and pH at rest and during catecholamine stress in healthy controls. Pi/PCr was maintained during stress (0.098 ± 0.031 [rest] vs. 0.098 ± 0.031 [stress] P = .95); similarly, pH did not change (7.09 ± 0.07 [rest] vs. 7.08 ± 0.11 [stress] P = .81). Feasibility for patient studies was subsequently successfully demonstrated in a patient with cardiomyopathy. Conclusion We introduced a method that can resolve Pi using 7 Tesla STEAM 31P‐MRS. We demonstrate the stability of Pi/PCr and myocardial pH in volunteers at rest and during catecholamine stress. This protocol is feasible in patients and potentially of use for studying pathological myocardial energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Apps
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ladislav Valkovič
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mark Peterzan
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Y C Lau
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz Hundertmark
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William Clarke
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M Tunnicliffe
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Ellis
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Rider
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher T Rodgers
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Albrecht Ingo Schmid
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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139
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Alam P, Amlal S, Thakar CV, Amlal H. Acetazolamide causes renal [Formula: see text] wasting but inhibits ammoniagenesis and prevents the correction of metabolic acidosis by the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F366-F379. [PMID: 32657159 PMCID: PMC7509283 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00501.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CAII) binds to the electrogenic basolateral Na+-[Formula: see text] cotransporter (NBCe1) and facilitates [Formula: see text] reabsorption across the proximal tubule. However, whether the inhibition of CAII with acetazolamide (ACTZ) alters NBCe1 activity and interferes with the ammoniagenesis pathway remains elusive. To address this issue, we compared the renal adaptation of rats treated with ACTZ to NH4Cl loading for up to 2 wk. The results indicated that ACTZ-treated rats exhibited a sustained metabolic acidosis for up to 2 wk, whereas in NH4Cl-loaded rats, metabolic acidosis was corrected within 2 wk of treatment. [Formula: see text] excretion increased by 10-fold in NH4Cl-loaded rats but only slightly (1.7-fold) in ACTZ-treated rats during the first week despite a similar degree of acidosis. Immunoblot experiments showed that the protein abundance of glutaminase (4-fold), glutamate dehydrogenase (6-fold), and SN1 (8-fold) increased significantly in NH4Cl-loaded rats but remained unchanged in ACTZ-treated rats. Na+/H+ exchanger 3 and NBCe1 proteins were upregulated in response to NH4Cl loading but not ACTZ treatment and were rather sharply downregulated after 2 wk of ACTZ treatment. ACTZ causes renal [Formula: see text] wasting and induces metabolic acidosis but inhibits the upregulation of glutamine transporter and ammoniagenic enzymes and thus suppresses ammonia synthesis and secretion in the proximal tubule, which prevented the correction of acidosis. This effect is likely mediated through the inhibition of the CA-NBCe1 metabolon complex, which results in cell alkalinization. During chronic ACTZ treatment, the downregulation of both NBCe1 and Na+/H+ exchanger 3, along with the inhibition of ammoniagenesis and [Formula: see text] generation, contributes to the maintenance of metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perwez Alam
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney C.A.R.E, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sihame Amlal
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney C.A.R.E, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charuhas V Thakar
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney C.A.R.E, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hassane Amlal
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney C.A.R.E, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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140
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Anion Gap Was Associated with Inhospital Mortality and Adverse Clinical Outcomes of Coronary Care Unit Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4598462. [PMID: 32908890 PMCID: PMC7474740 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4598462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Anion gap (AG) has been proved to be associated with prognosis of many cardiovascular diseases. This study is aimed at exploring the association of AG with inhospital all-cause mortality and adverse clinical outcomes in coronary care unit (CCU) patients. Method All data of this study was extracted from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III, version 1.4) database. All patients were divided into four groups according to AG quartiles. Primary outcome was inhospital all-cause mortality. Lowess smoothing curve was drawn to describe the overall trend of inhospital mortality. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent effect of AG on inhospital mortality. Result A total of 3593 patients were enrolled in this study. In unadjusted model, as AG quartiles increased, inhospital mortality increased significantly, OR increased stepwise from quartile 2 (OR, 95% CI: 1.01, 0.74-1.38, P = 0.958) to quartile 4 (OR, 95% CI: 2.72, 2.08-3.55, P < 0.001). After adjusting for possible confounding variables, this association was attenuated, but still remained statistically significant (quartile 1 vs. quartile 4: OR, 95% CI: 1.02, 0.72-1.45 vs. 1.49, 1.07-2.09, P = 0.019). Moreover, CCU mortality (P < 0.001) and rate of acute kidney injury (P < 0.001) were proved to be higher in the highest AG quartiles. Length of CCU (P < 0.001) and hospital stay (P < 0.001) prolonged significantly in higher AG quartiles. Maximum sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA) (P < 0.001) and simplified acute physiology score II (SAPSII) (P < 0.001) increased significantly as AG quartiles increased. Moderate predictive ability of AG on inhospital (AUC: 0.6291), CCU mortality (AUC: 0.6355), and acute kidney injury (AUC: 0.6096) was confirmed. The interactions were proved to be significant in hypercholesterolemia, congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, respiratory failure, oral anticoagulants, Beta-blocks, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and vasopressin treatment subgroups. Conclusion AG was an independent risk factor of inhospital all-cause mortality and was associated with adverse clinical outcomes in CCU patients.
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Palozi RAC, Lorençone BR, Guarnier LP, Romão PVM, Marques AAM, Hulsmeyer APCR, Lourenço ELB, Tolouei SEL, da Silva GN, Curi TZ, Passoni MT, Dalsenter PR, de Araújo FHS, Oesterreich SA, Souza RIC, Dos Santos AC, de Castilho PF, de Oliveira KMP, Nocchi SR, Silva DB, Gasparotto Junior A. From general toxicology to DNA disruption: A safety assessment of Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112916. [PMID: 32360045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel (Myrtaceae) is popularly known as "jaboticaba" or "jaboticaba". The fruit is appreciated for both fresh consumption and the manufacture of jelly, juice, ice cream, fermented beverages, and liqueurs. The more widespread traditional use of the plant involves the treatment of diarrhea, which utilizes all parts of the plant, including the fruit peels. AIM OF THE STUDY We sought to elucidate possible risks of the administration of an ethanol-soluble fraction that was obtained from an infusion of P. cauliflora fruit peels (SEIPC). We performed a series of experiments to evaluate possible toxicity, in which we administered SEIPC orally both acutely and repeatedly for 28 days. We also evaluated possible endocrine-disruptive and genotoxic effects in eukaryotic cells. The possible mutagenic activity of SEIPC was evaluated using reverse mutation (Ames) assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS SEIPC was produced and chemically characterized by LC-DAD-MS. Acute toxicity and behavioral and physiological alterations were evaluated in the modified Irwin test. Respiratory rate, arterial blood gas, electrocardiography, respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure were evaluated, and hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses were performed after 28 days of oral treatment. The comet assay, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, uterotrophic test, Hershberger bioassay, and AMES test were performed using appropriate protocols. RESULTS From SEIPC, ellagic acid and derivatives, flavonols and anthocyanidins, as well as citric acid and gallic acid, were annotated by LC-DAD-MS. We did not observed any significant toxic effects after acute or prolonged SEIPC treatment. No endocrine-disruptive or mutagenic effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS The present study found that SEIPC did not cause any significant alterations of various corporeal systems, including cardiac electrical activity, body temperature, respiratory rate, and arterial pressure. No alterations of biochemical, hematological, or blood gas parameters were observed. SEIPC did not cause any perturbations of the endocrine system or mutagenic, cytotoxic, or genotoxic effects. These findings substantiate the safe clinical use of P. cauliflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhanany Alan Calloi Palozi
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Bethânia Rosa Lorençone
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pires Guarnier
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vitor Moreira Romão
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida Macedo Marques
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Tatiana Zauer Curi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flávio Henrique Souza de Araújo
- Laboratory of Toxicological Assays - LETOX, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Aparecida Oesterreich
- Laboratory of Toxicological Assays - LETOX, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Roosevelt Isaias Carvalho Souza
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Ariany Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Pamella Fukuda de Castilho
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Kelly Mari Pires de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Samara Requena Nocchi
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LaPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LaPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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Tanemoto M, Kamachi R, Kimura T, Yamada S, Yokoyama T, Okazaki Y. Hyperchloremic acidosis develops at the stage G4 and shifts to high anion gap acidosis at the stage G5 in chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2020; 24:1140-1143. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-020-01949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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143
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Wu T, Hsu FC, Pierce JP. Increased Acid-Producing Diet and Past Smoking Intensity Are Associated with Worse Prognoses Among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061817. [PMID: 32545214 PMCID: PMC7355548 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current dietary guidelines do not consider cancer survivors’ and past smokers’ low capacity to regulate their acid–base balance. People with a low capacity to regulate their acid–base balance are more susceptible to acid-producing diets. We studied a cohort of 2950 early stage breast cancer survivors who provided dietary information at baseline and during follow-up. We assessed the intakes of acid-producing diets via two commonly used dietary acid load scores: potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP). We assessed past smoking intensity by pack-years of smoking. After an average of 7.3 years of follow-up, there were 295 total deaths, 249 breast cancer-specific deaths, and 490 cases of recurrent breast cancer. Increased intakes of dietary acid load and pack-years of smoking were each independently and jointly associated with increased total mortality and breast cancer-specific mortality; tests for trends and overall associations were statistically significant for NEAP and marginally significant for PRAL. Compared to women in the lowest tertile of NEAP and pack-year of smoking = 0, women in the highest tertile of NEAP and pack-years of smoking >15 had the greatest increased risk of total mortality (HR = 3.23, 95%CI 1.99–5.26). Further, dietary acid scores were associated with increased breast cancer recurrence among women with pack-years of smoking >0 but not in those with pack-years of smoking = 0 (p values for interactions <0.05). Our study provides valuable evidence for adding dietary acid load scores to dietary guidelines for breast cancer survivors and developing specific guidelines for past smokers among these survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Wu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - John P. Pierce
- Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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Higashiura Y, Tanaka M, Furuhashi M, Koyama M, Ohnishi H, Numata K, Hisasue T, Hanawa N, Moniwa N, Miura T. Low urine pH predicts new onset of diabetes mellitus during a 10-year period in men: BOREAS-DM1 study. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1490-1497. [PMID: 32351012 PMCID: PMC7610131 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction A low level of urine pH (U‐pH) has been reported to be associated with metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between the incidence of diabetes mellitus and U‐pH has not yet been fully addressed. Materials and Methods We investigated the relationship between U‐pH and the development of diabetes mellitus during a 10‐year period in a general population of individuals who received annual health examinations in 2006 (n = 28,990). After exclusion of individuals with missing data, and those with diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease at baseline, a total of 12,476 individuals (men/women: 8,027/4,449) who received health examinations at least once during the period from 2007 to 2016 were recruited. The recruited individuals were divided into four groups according to their U‐pH levels: groups of U‐pH ≤5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and ≥6.5. Results During a 10‐year period, 521 men (6.5%) and 132 women (3.0%) had new onset of diabetes mellitus. The cumulative incidence of diabetes mellitus was 7.5% (men/women: 9.3%/4.4%) per 100 person‐years. The hazard ratios (HRs) in the U‐pH ≤5.0 (HR 1.93) and U‐pH 5.5 groups (HR 1.46) were significantly higher than that in the U‐pH ≥6.5 group as a reference for men, but not for women. After adjustment of age, obesity, fasting glucose, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, family history of diabetes mellitus, and use of drugs for hypertension and dyslipidemia, HR in the U‐pH ≤5.0 group (HR 1.39) was significantly higher than that in the U‐pH ≥6.5 group for men, but not for women. Conclusions Low U‐pH predicts new onset of diabetes mellitus in a general population of men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimura Higashiura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marenao Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Tanaka Medical Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohnishi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keita Numata
- Department of Health Checkup and Promotion, Keijinkai Maruyama Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hisasue
- Department of Health Checkup and Promotion, Keijinkai Maruyama Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nagisa Hanawa
- Department of Health Checkup and Promotion, Keijinkai Maruyama Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norihito Moniwa
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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145
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Advances in management of chronic metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 28:409-416. [PMID: 31232712 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic metabolic acidosis is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with adverse consequences, such as CKD progression and muscle wasting. We review the findings from recent clinical trials that have examined the effects of sodium bicarbonate therapy and veverimer in patients with CKD and chronic metabolic acidosis. RECENT FINDINGS There are four recent clinical trials on chronic metabolic acidosis of CKD. In a pilot, cross-over study, 6 weeks of sodium bicarbonate therapy improved vascular endothelial function, measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. In a single-center, randomized, open-label study, 6 months of sodium bicarbonate therapy increased muscle mass and lean body mass, and preserved kidney function. The other two clinical trials (phase 1/2 and phase 3 studies) examined the effects of veverimer, which is a hydrochloric acid binder. The phase 3 study showed that 12-weeks of veverimer increased serum bicarbonate levels and might improve physical function. The effects of veverimer on CKD progression, physical function and cardiovascular endpoints as well as its long-term safety are yet to be determined. SUMMARY Recent studies suggest that sodium bicarbonate therapy may improve vascular endothelial function and muscle mass, and preserve renal function. Veverimer increases serum bicarbonate level and could be a potential new therapeutic option for treating chronic metabolic acidosis.
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146
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Rao R, Bhalla V, Pastor-Soler NM. Intercalated Cells of the Kidney Collecting Duct in Kidney Physiology. Semin Nephrol 2020; 39:353-367. [PMID: 31300091 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the kidney collecting duct (CD) is composed mainly of two different types of cells with distinct and complementary functions. CD principal cells traditionally have been considered to have a major role in Na+ and water regulation, while intercalated cells (ICs) were thought to largely modulate acid-base homeostasis. In recent years, our understanding of IC function has improved significantly owing to new research findings. Thus, we now have a new model for CD transport that integrates mechanisms of salt and water reabsorption, K+ homeostasis, and acid-base status between principal cells and ICs. There are three main types of ICs (type A, type B, and non-A, non-B), which first appear in the late distal convoluted tubule or in the connecting segment in a species-dependent manner. ICs can be detected in CD from cortex to the initial part of the inner medulla, although some transport proteins that are key components of ICs also are present in medullary CD, cells considered inner medullary. Of the three types of ICs, each has a distinct morphology and expresses different complements of membrane transport proteins that translate into very different functions in homeostasis and contributions to CD luminal pro-urine composition. This review includes recent discoveries in IC intracellular and paracrine signaling that contributes to acid-base regulation as well as Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ homeostasis. Thus, these new findings highlight the potential role of ICs as targets for potential hypertension treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Rao
- University of Southern California/University Kidney Research Organization, Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vivek Bhalla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Núria M Pastor-Soler
- University of Southern California/University Kidney Research Organization, Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
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147
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Abstract
A large body of work in animals and human beings supports the hypothesis that metabolic acidosis has a deleterious effect on the progression of kidney disease. Alkali therapy, whether pharmacologically or through dietary intervention, appears to slow CKD progression, but an appropriately powered randomized controlled trial with a low risk of bias is required to reach a more definitive conclusion. Recent work on urinary ammonium excretion has shown that the development of prognostic tools related to acidosis is not straightforward, and that application of urine markers such as ammonium may require more nuance than would be predicted based on our understanding of the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.
| | - David S Levy
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Matthew K Abramowitz
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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148
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Cottrell JJ, Furness JB, Wijesiriwardana UA, Ringuet M, Liu F, DiGiacomo K, Leury BJ, Clarke IJ, Dunshea FR. The Effect of Heat Stress on Respiratory Alkalosis and Insulin Sensitivity in Cinnamon Supplemented Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E690. [PMID: 32326633 PMCID: PMC7222789 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With increases in the frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves forecast plus expansion of tropical agriculture, heat stress (HS) is both a current and an emerging problem. As cinnamon has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity, which is part of the adaptive response to HS, the aim of this experiment was to determine if cinnamon could improve insulin sensitivity and ameliorate HS in grower pigs. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 36 female Large White × Landrace pigs were fed control (0%) vs. cinnamon (1.5%) diets and housed for 7 day under thermoneutral (20 °C, TN) vs. HS conditions (8 h 35 °C/16 h 28 °C, 35% relative humidity). At the completion of the challenge, insulin sensitivity was assessed by an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Heat stress increased parameters such as respiration rate and rectal temperature. Furthermore, biochemical changes in blood and urine indicated the pigs were experiencing respiratory alkalosis. Minimal modelling of parameters of insulin sensitivity showed that HS pigs had a lower insulin response to the IVGTT and improved insulin sensitivity. Cinnamon had additive effects with heat stress, reflected in lowering the insulin area under curve (AUC) and elevated insulin sensitivity compared to TN. However, this apparent improvement in insulin sensitivity did not ameliorate any of the other physiological symptoms of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia; (J.B.F.); (U.A.W.); (F.L.); (K.D.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
| | - John B. Furness
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia; (J.B.F.); (U.A.W.); (F.L.); (K.D.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia;
| | - Udani A. Wijesiriwardana
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia; (J.B.F.); (U.A.W.); (F.L.); (K.D.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Mitchell Ringuet
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia;
| | - Fan Liu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia; (J.B.F.); (U.A.W.); (F.L.); (K.D.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Kristy DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia; (J.B.F.); (U.A.W.); (F.L.); (K.D.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Brian J. Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia; (J.B.F.); (U.A.W.); (F.L.); (K.D.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Iain J. Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3168, Monash, Australia;
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia; (J.B.F.); (U.A.W.); (F.L.); (K.D.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
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149
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Pausch TM, Mitzscherling C, Abbasi S, Cui J, Liu X, Aubert O, Weissenberger M, Johansson H, Schuisky P, Büsch C, Bruckner T, Golriz M, Mehrabi A, Hackert T. SmartPAN: A novel polysaccharide-microsphere-based surgical indicator of pancreatic leakage. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:123-134. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328220913057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative pancreatic fistula is a major surgical complication that can follow pancreatic resection. Postoperative pancreatic fistula can develop as a consequence of leaking pancreatic fluid, which calls for an intraoperative indicator of leakage. But suitable indicators of pancreatic leakage have yet to be found. This study details the evidence-based development and early efficacy assessments of a novel pancreatic leakage indicator (SmartPAN), following the IDEAL framework of product development. We developed 41 SmartPAN prototypes by combining indicators of pancreatic fluid with a polysaccharide-microsphere matrix. The prototypes were assessed in vitro using porcine ( Sus scrofa domesticus) pancreatic tissue and ex vivo with human pancreatic fluid. From these initial tests, we chose a hydrogel-based compound that uses the pH indicator bromothymol blue to detect alkali pancreatic fluid. This prototype was then assessed in vivo for usability, effectiveness and reliability using a porcine model. Treatment groups were defined by SmartPAN-reaction at initial pancreatic resection: indicator-positive or negative. Indicator-positive individuals randomly received either targeted closure of leakage sites or no further closure. We assessed SmartPAN’s reliability and effectiveness by monitoring abdominal drainage for amylase and with relaparotomy after 48 h. SmartPAN responses were consistent between both surgical procedures and conformed to amylase measurements. In conclusion, we have developed the first surgery-ready indicator for predicting the occurrence of pancreatic leakage during pancreatic resection. SmartPAN can enable targeted prophylactic closure in a simple and reliable way, and thus may reduce the impact of postoperative pancreatic fistula by guiding peri- and post-operative management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sepehr Abbasi
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jiaqu Cui
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ophelia Aubert
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Bruckner
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Golriz
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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150
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Tseng YC, Yan JJ, Furukawa F, Hwang PP. Did Acidic Stress Resistance in Vertebrates Evolve as Na + /H + Exchanger-Mediated Ammonia Excretion in Fish? Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900161. [PMID: 32163625 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How vertebrates evolved different traits for acid excretion to maintain body fluid pH homeostasis is largely unknown. The evolution of Na+ /H+ exchanger (NHE)-mediated NH4 + excretion in fishes is reported, and the coevolution with increased ammoniagenesis and accompanying gluconeogenesis is speculated to benefit vertebrates in terms of both internal homeostasis and energy metabolism response to acidic stress. The findings provide new insights into our understanding of the possible adaptation of fishes to progressing global environmental acidification. In human kidney, titratable H+ and NH4 + comprise the two main components of net acid excretion. V-type H+ -ATPase-mediated H+ excretion may have developed in stenohaline lampreys when they initially invaded freshwater from marine habitats, but this trait is lost in most fishes. Instead, increased reliance on NHE-mediated NH4 + excretion is gradually developed and intensified during fish evolution. Further investigations on more species will be needed to support the hypothesis. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/vZuObtfm-34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jiun Yan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fumiya Furukawa
- Kitasato University, School of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo, 2520373, Japan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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