101
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Wang H, Arias EB, Pataky MW, Goodyear LJ, Cartee GD. Postexercise improvement in glucose uptake occurs concomitant with greater γ3-AMPK activation and AS160 phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E859-E871. [PMID: 30130149 PMCID: PMC6293165 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A single exercise session can increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) by skeletal muscle, concomitant with greater Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation on Akt-phosphosites (Thr642 and Ser588) that regulate insulin-stimulated GU. Recent research using mouse skeletal muscle suggested that ex vivo 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) or electrically stimulated contractile activity-inducing increased γ3-AMPK activity and AS160 phosphorylation on a consensus AMPK-motif (Ser704) resulted in greater AS160 Thr642 phosphorylation and GU by insulin-stimulated muscle. Our primary goal was to determine whether in vivo exercise that increases insulin-stimulated GU in rat skeletal muscle would also increase γ3-AMPK activity and AS160 site-selective phosphorylation (Ser588, Thr642, and Ser704) immediately postexercise (IPEX) and/or 3 h postexercise (3hPEX). Epitrochlearis muscles isolated from sedentary and exercised (2-h swim exercise; studied IPEX and 3hPEX) rats were incubated with 2-deoxyglucose to determine GU (without insulin at IPEX; without or with insulin at 3hPEX). Muscles were also assessed for γ1-AMPK activity, γ3-AMPK activity, phosphorylated AMPK (pAMPK), and phosphorylated AS160 (pAS160). IPEX versus sedentary had greater γ3-AMPK activity, pAS160 (Ser588, Thr642, Ser704), and GU with unaltered γ1-AMPK activity. 3hPEX versus sedentary had greater γ3-AMPK activity, pAS160 Ser704, and GU with or without insulin; greater pAS160 Thr642 only with insulin; and unaltered γ1-AMPK activity. These results using an in vivo exercise protocol that increased insulin-stimulated GU in rat skeletal muscle are consistent with the hypothesis that in vivo exercise-induced enhancement of γ3-AMPK activation and AS160 Ser704 IPEX and 3hPEX are important for greater pAS160 Thr642 and enhanced insulin-stimulated GU by skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark W Pataky
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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102
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Andersen MK, Hansen T. Genetics of metabolic traits in Greenlanders: lessons from an isolated population. J Intern Med 2018; 284:464-477. [PMID: 30101502 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the extraordinary population of Greenland, which differs from large outbred populations of Europe and Asia, both in terms of population history and living conditions. Many years in isolation, small population size and an extreme environment have shaped the genetic composition of the Greenlandic population. The unique genetic background combined with the transition from a traditional Inuit lifestyle and diet, to a more Westernized lifestyle, has led to an increase in the prevalence of metabolic conditions like obesity, where the prevalence from 1993 to 2010 has increased from 16.4% to 19.4% among men, and from 13.0% to 25.4% among women, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The genetic susceptibility to metabolic conditions has been explored in Greenlanders, as well as other isolated populations, taking advantage of population-genetic properties of these populations. During the last 10 years, these studies have provided examples of loci showing evidence of positive selection, due to adaption to Arctic climate and Inuit diet, including TBC1D4 and FADS/CPT1A, and have facilitated the discovery of several loci associated with metabolic phenotypes. Most recently, the c.2433-1G>A loss-of-function variant in ADCY3 associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes was described. This locus has provided novel biological insights, as it has been shown that reduced ADCY3 function causes obesity through disrupted function in primary cilia. Future studies of isolated populations will likely provide further genetic as well as biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Andersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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103
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Interactive Roles for AMPK and Glycogen from Cellular Energy Sensing to Exercise Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113344. [PMID: 30373152 PMCID: PMC6274970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric complex with central roles in cellular energy sensing and the regulation of metabolism and exercise adaptations. AMPK regulatory β subunits contain a conserved carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) that binds glycogen, the major tissue storage form of glucose. Research over the past two decades has revealed that the regulation of AMPK is impacted by glycogen availability, and glycogen storage dynamics are concurrently regulated by AMPK activity. This growing body of research has uncovered new evidence of physical and functional interactive roles for AMPK and glycogen ranging from cellular energy sensing to the regulation of whole-body metabolism and exercise-induced adaptations. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in the understanding of molecular, cellular, and physiological processes impacted by AMPK-glycogen interactions. In addition, we appraise how novel research technologies and experimental models will continue to expand the repertoire of biological processes known to be regulated by AMPK and glycogen. These multidisciplinary research advances will aid the discovery of novel pathways and regulatory mechanisms that are central to the AMPK signaling network, beneficial effects of exercise and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in health and disease.
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104
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Basse AL, Dalbram E, Larsson L, Gerhart-Hines Z, Zierath JR, Treebak JT. Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity Show Circadian Rhythmicity Which Is Independent of Exercise Training Status. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1198. [PMID: 30210362 PMCID: PMC6121032 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms can be perturbed by shift work, travel across time zones, many occupational tasks, or genetic mutations. Perturbed circadian rhythms are associated with the increasing problem of obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle follows a circadian pattern and that this pattern is important for overall metabolic function. This hypothesis was verified using mice as a model system. We observed circadian rhythmicity in whole body insulin tolerance, as well as in signaling pathways regulating insulin- and exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, including AKT, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and TBC1 domain family member 4 (TBC1D4) phosphorylation. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues in vivo also differed between day- and nighttime. However, the rhythmicity of glucose uptake differed from the rhythm of whole-body insulin tolerance. These results indicate that neither skeletal muscle nor adipose tissue play a major role for the circadian rhythmicity in whole-body insulin tolerance. To study the circadian pattern of insulin sensitivity directly in skeletal muscle, we determined glucose uptake under basal and submaximal insulin-stimulated conditions ex vivo every sixth hour. Both insulin sensitivity and signaling of isolated skeletal muscle peaked during the dark period. We next examined the effect of exercise training on the circadian rhythmicity of insulin sensitivity. As expected, voluntary exercise training enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Nevertheless, exercise training did not affect the circadian rhythmicity of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Taken together, our results provide evidence that skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity exhibits circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid L Basse
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Dalbram
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Larsson
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zach Gerhart-Hines
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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105
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Lin X, Parker L, Mclennan E, Zhang X, Hayes A, McConell G, Brennan-Speranza TC, Levinger I. Uncarboxylated Osteocalcin Enhances Glucose Uptake Ex Vivo in Insulin-Stimulated Mouse Oxidative But Not Glycolytic Muscle. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:198-205. [PMID: 29427234 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) stimulates muscle glucose uptake in mice EDL and soleus muscles. However, whether ucOC also exerts a similar effect in insulin-stimulated muscles in a muscle type-specific manner is currently unclear. We aimed to test the hypothesis that, with insulin stimulation, ucOC per se has a greater effect on oxidative muscle compared with glycolytic muscle, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Mouse (C57BL6, male 9-12 weeks) extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles were isolated and longitudinally split into halves. Muscle samples were treated with varying doses of recombinant ucOC (0, 0.3, 1, 3, 30 ng/ml), followed by insulin addition. Muscle glucose uptake, protein phosphorylation and total expression of protein kinase B (Akt), Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), extracellular signal-regulated kinase isoform 2 (ERK2), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase subunit α (AMPKα) were assessed. ucOC treatment at 30 ng/ml enhanced muscle glucose uptake in insulin-stimulated soleus, a mainly oxidative muscle (17.5%, p < 0.05), but not in EDL-a mostly glycolytic muscle. In insulin-stimulated soleus only, ucOC treatment (3 and 30 ng/ml) increased phosphorylation of AS160 and ERK2, but not Akt or AMPKα. The ucOC-induced increase in ERK2 phosphorylation in soleus was not associated with the increase in glucose uptake or AS160 phosphorylation. ucOC enhances glucose uptake and AS160 phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated oxidative but not glycolytic muscle, via upstream mechanisms which appear to be independent of ERK or AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhu Lin
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Mclennan
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn McConell
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
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106
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Smith RL, Soeters MR, Wüst RCI, Houtkooper RH. Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:489-517. [PMID: 29697773 PMCID: PMC6093334 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently adapt metabolism by substrate sensing, trafficking, storage, and utilization, dependent on availability and requirement, is known as metabolic flexibility. In this review, we discuss the breadth and depth of metabolic flexibility and its impact on health and disease. Metabolic flexibility is essential to maintain energy homeostasis in times of either caloric excess or caloric restriction, and in times of either low or high energy demand, such as during exercise. The liver, adipose tissue, and muscle govern systemic metabolic flexibility and manage nutrient sensing, uptake, transport, storage, and expenditure by communication via endocrine cues. At a molecular level, metabolic flexibility relies on the configuration of metabolic pathways, which are regulated by key metabolic enzymes and transcription factors, many of which interact closely with the mitochondria. Disrupted metabolic flexibility, or metabolic inflexibility, however, is associated with many pathological conditions including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Multiple factors such as dietary composition and feeding frequency, exercise training, and use of pharmacological compounds, influence metabolic flexibility and will be discussed here. Last, we outline important advances in metabolic flexibility research and discuss medical horizons and translational aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben L Smith
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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107
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Hingst JR, Bruhn L, Hansen MB, Rosschou MF, Birk JB, Fentz J, Foretz M, Viollet B, Sakamoto K, Færgeman NJ, Havelund JF, Parker BL, James DE, Kiens B, Richter EA, Jensen J, Wojtaszewski JFP. Exercise-induced molecular mechanisms promoting glycogen supercompensation in human skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2018; 16:24-34. [PMID: 30093357 PMCID: PMC6158101 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A single bout of exercise followed by intake of carbohydrates leads to glycogen supercompensation in prior exercised muscle. Our objective was to illuminate molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in skeletal muscle of man. Methods We studied the temporal regulation of glycogen supercompensation in human skeletal muscle during a 5 day recovery period following a single bout of exercise. Nine healthy men depleted (day 1), normalized (day 2) and supercompensated (day 5) muscle glycogen in one leg while the contralateral leg served as a resting control. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps in combination with leg balance technique allowed for investigating insulin-stimulated leg glucose uptake under these 3 experimental conditions. Cellular signaling in muscle biopsies was investigated by global proteomic analyses and immunoblotting. We strengthened the validity of proposed molecular effectors by follow-up studies in muscle of transgenic mice. Results Sustained activation of glycogen synthase (GS) and AMPK in combination with elevated expression of proteins determining glucose uptake capacity were evident in the prior exercised muscle. We hypothesize that these alterations offset the otherwise tight feedback inhibition of glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake by glycogen. In line with key roles of AMPK and GS seen in the human experiments we observed abrogated ability for glycogen supercompensation in muscle with inducible AMPK deletion and in muscle carrying a G6P-insensitive form of GS in muscle. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that both AMPK and GS are key regulators of glycogen supercompensation following a single bout of glycogen-depleting exercise in skeletal muscle of both man and mouse. A single bout of exercise followed by carbohydrate intake leads to glycogen supersompensation in the prior exercised muscle. Skeletal muscle AMPK and glycogen synthase remain activated beyound normalized muscle glycogen content. Glycogen synthesis above resting levels is mediated independent of muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Bruhn
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads B Hansen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie F Rosschou
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Fentz
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper F Havelund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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108
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Wang T, Niu Y, Liu S, Yuan H, Liu X, Fu L. Exercise improves glucose uptake in murine myotubes through the AMPKα2-mediated induction of Sestrins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3368-3377. [PMID: 30048751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training increases insulin sensitivity. Over the past decades, considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis for this important effect of physical exercise. However, the underlying mechanism is still not fully described. Recent studies have revealed that the stress responsive protein family Sestrins (SESNs) may play an important role in improving insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle under exercise training. In this study, we aim to better understand the relationship between SESNs and AMPK in response to exercise training and the possible mechanism by which SESNs mediate glucose metabolism. We used wild type, AMPKα2+/- and AMPKα2-/- C57BL/6 mice to reveal the pathway by which 6 weeks of exercise training induced SESNs. We explored the mechanism through which SESNs regulated glucose metabolism in vitro by overexpressing or inhibiting SESNs, and inhibiting AMPK or autophagy in myotubes. We found that a 6-week exercise training regime improved oxidative metabolism, activated the insulin signaling pathway and increased the level of SESN2 and SESN3 in an AMPKα2-dependent manner. Overexpression of SESN3 or SESN2 and SESN3 together increased glucose uptake, activated the insulin signaling pathway, and promoted GLUT4 translocation in myotubes. Although inhibition of SESNs had no effect on glucose uptake, SESNs could reverse reduced glucose uptake following autophagy inhibition, and may be downstream effectors of AMPK responses in myotubes. Taken together our data show that SESNs are induced by AMPKα2 after exercise training, and SESNs, specifically SESN3, play a key role in exercise training-mediated glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yanmei Niu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Sujuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hairui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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109
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Kleinert M, Parker BL, Jensen TE, Raun SH, Pham P, Han X, James DE, Richter EA, Sylow L. Quantitative proteomic characterization of cellular pathways associated with altered insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle following high-fat diet feeding and exercise training. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10723. [PMID: 30013070 PMCID: PMC6048112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise elicits advantageous metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, such as improved insulin sensitivity. However, the underpinning molecular mechanisms and the effect of diet on muscle exercise training benefits are unclear. We therefore characterized the skeletal muscle proteome following exercise training (ET) in mice fed chow or high-fat diet (HFD). ET increased exercise performance, lowered body-weight, decreased fat mass and improved muscle insulin action in chow- and HFD-fed mice. At the molecular level, ET regulated 170 muscle proteins in chow-fed mice, but only 29 proteins in HFD-fed mice. HFD per se altered 56 proteins, most of which were regulated in a similar direction by ET. To identify proteins that might have particular health-related bearing on skeletal muscle metabolism, we filtered for differentially regulated proteins in response to ET and HFD. This yielded 15 proteins, including the major urinary protein 1 (MUP1), which was the protein most decreased after HFD, but increased with ET. The ET-induced Mup1 expression was absent in mouse muscle lacking functional AMPK. MUP1 also potentiated insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in cultured muscle cells. Collectively, we provide a resource of ET-regulated proteins in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. The identification of MUP1 as a diet-, ET- and AMPK-regulated skeletal muscle protein that improves insulin sensitivity in muscle cells demonstrates the usefulness of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kleinert
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen H Raun
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phung Pham
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xiuqing Han
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David E James
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erik A Richter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lykke Sylow
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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110
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Li Z, Rasmussen ML, Li J, Olguín CH, Knudsen JR, Søgaard O, Madsen AB, Jensen TE. Low- and high-protein diets do not alter ex vivo insulin action in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13798. [PMID: 29998629 PMCID: PMC6041700 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A low-protein high carbohydrate (LPHC) diet and a high-protein low carbohydrate (HPLC) diet have been reported to positively and negatively regulate whole-body glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, respectively. Skeletal muscle is quantitatively the most important tissue clearing glucose in the postprandial state, but it is unclear if LPHC and HPLC diets directly influence insulin action in skeletal muscle. To test this, mice were placed on control chow diet, LPHC and HPLC diets for 13.5 weeks at which time the submaximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport and insulin signaling were evaluated in ex vivo incubated oxidative soleus and glycolytic EDL muscle. At the whole-body level, the diets had the anticipated effects, with LPHC diet improving glucose tolerance and insulin-sensitivity whereas HPLC diet had the opposite effect. However, neither insulin-stimulated Akt/TBC1D4 signaling and glucose transport ex vivo, nor cell signaling in vivo were altered by the diets. These data imply that skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity does not contribute to the whole-body effects of LPHC and HPLC diets on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencheng Li
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mette Line Rasmussen
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jingwen Li
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Carlos Henríquez Olguín
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jonas Roland Knudsen
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ole Søgaard
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Agnete B. Madsen
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thomas E. Jensen
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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111
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Schönke M, Massart J, Zierath JR. Effects of high-fat diet and AMP-activated protein kinase modulation on the regulation of whole-body lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1276-1282. [PMID: 29739863 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d082370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility, the capacity to adapt to fuel availability for energy production, is crucial for maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis. An inability to adequately promote FA utilization is associated with lipid accumulation in peripheral tissues and contributes to the development of insulin resistance. In vivo assays to quantify whole-body lipid oxidation in mouse models of insulin resistance are lacking. We describe a method for assessing whole-body FA oxidation in vivo, as well as tissue-specific lipid uptake in conscious mice. The method relies on intravenous administration of [9,10-3H(N)]palmitic acid combined with a non-β-oxidizable palmitate analog, [1-14C]2-bromopalmitic acid. Pretreatment with etomoxir, a CPT1 inhibitor that prevents the shuttling of FAs into mitochondria, markedly reduced the appearance of the β-oxidation product 3H2O in circulation and reduced lipid uptake by oxidative tissues including heart and soleus muscle. Whole-body fatty oxidation was unaltered between chow- or high-fat-fed WT and transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of the AMPK γ3 subunit (AMPKγ3R225Q) in skeletal muscle. High-fat feeding increased lipid oxidation in WT and AMPKγ3R225Q transgenic mice. In conclusion, this technique allows for the assessment of the effect of pharmaceutical agents, as well as gene mutations, on whole-body FA oxidation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Schönke
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Massart
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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112
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Serum Is Not Necessary for Prior Pharmacological Activation of AMPK to Increase Insulin Sensitivity of Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041201. [PMID: 29662023 PMCID: PMC5979416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, contraction, and pharmacological activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) have all been shown to increase muscle insulin sensitivity for glucose uptake. Intriguingly, improvements in insulin sensitivity following contraction of isolated rat and mouse skeletal muscle and prior AICAR stimulation of isolated rat skeletal muscle seem to depend on an unknown factor present in serum. One study recently questioned this requirement of a serum factor by showing serum-independency with muscle from old rats. Whether a serum factor is necessary for prior AICAR stimulation to increase insulin sensitivity of mouse skeletal muscle is not known. Therefore, we investigated the necessity of serum for this effect of AICAR in mouse skeletal muscle. We found that the ability of prior AICAR stimulation to improve insulin sensitivity of mouse skeletal muscle did not depend on the presence of serum during AICAR stimulation. Although prior AICAR stimulation did not enhance proximal insulin signaling, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Tre-2/BUB2/CDC16- domain family member 4 (TBC1D4) Ser711 was greater in prior AICAR-stimulated muscle compared to all other groups. These results imply that the presence of a serum factor is not necessary for prior AMPK activation by AICAR to enhance insulin sensitivity of mouse skeletal muscle.
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113
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Oki K, Arias EB, Kanzaki M, Cartee GD. Prior treatment with the AMPK activator AICAR induces subsequently enhanced glucose uptake in isolated skeletal muscles from 24-month-old rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018. [PMID: 29518344 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation may be part of the exercise-induced process that enhances insulin sensitivity. Independent of exercise, acute prior treatment of skeletal muscles isolated from young rats with a pharmacological AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR), causes subsequently improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU). However, efficacy of a single prior AICAR exposure on insulin-stimulated GU in muscles from old animals has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine whether brief, prior exposure to AICAR (3.5 h before GU assessment) leads to subsequently increased GU in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscles from old rats. Epitrochlearis muscles from 24-month-old male rats were isolated and initially incubated ±AICAR (60 min), followed by incubation without AICAR (3 h), then incubation ±insulin (50 min). Muscles were assessed for GU (via 3-O-methyl-[3H]-glucose accumulation) and site-specific phosphorylation of key proteins involved in enhanced GU, including AMPK, Akt, and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), via Western blotting. Prior ex vivo AICAR treatment resulted in greater GU by insulin-stimulated muscles from 24-month-old rats. Prior AICAR treatment also resulted in greater phosphorylation of AMPK (T172) and AS160 (S588, T642, and S704). Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) protein abundance was unaffected by prior AICAR and/or insulin treatment. These findings demonstrate that skeletal muscles from older rats are susceptible to enhanced insulin-stimulated GU after brief activation of AMPK by prior AICAR. Consistent with earlier research using muscles from young rodents, increased phosphorylation of AS160 is implicated in this effect, which was not attributable to altered GLUT4 glucose transporter protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oki
- a Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Edward B Arias
- a Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- b Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- a Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,c Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and The Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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114
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Rivas E, Herndon DN, Porter C, Meyer W, Suman OE. Short-term metformin and exercise training effects on strength, aerobic capacity, glycemic control, and mitochondrial function in children with burn injury. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E232-E240. [PMID: 29138224 PMCID: PMC5899215 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00194.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Severely burned children experience a chronic state of sympathetic nervous system activation that is associated with hypermetabolic/cardiac stress and muscle wasting. Metformin, a diabetes medication, helps control hyperglycemia in obese diabetic populations, and exercise has been shown to improve exercise strength and aerobic exercise capacity after severe burns. However, whether exercise improves glycemic control in burned children and whether combining exercise and metformin improves outcomes to a greater degree than exercise alone are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a 6-wk exercise program combined with short-term metformin administration (E + M) improves aerobic and strength exercise capacity to a greater degree than exercise and placebo (E), while improving glucose tolerance and muscle metabolic function. We found that, before exercise training, the metformin group compared with the placebo group had attenuated mitochondrial respiration (pmol·s-1·mg-1) for each state: state 2 (-22.5 ± 3), state 3 (-42.4 ± 13), and oxphos (-58.9 ± 19) ( P ≤ 0.02, M vs. E + M group for each state). However, in the E + M group, exercise increased mitochondrial respiration in each state ( P ≤ 0.05), with respiration being comparable to that in the E group (each P > 0.05). In both groups, exercise induced comparable improvements in strength (change from preexercise, Δ1.6 ± 0.6 N-M·kgLBM) and V̇o2peak (Δ9 ± 7 mlO2·kgLBM) as well as fasting glucose (Δ19.3 ± 13 mg·dl) and glucose AUC (Δ3402 ± 3674 mg·dl-1·min-1), as measured by a 75-g OGTT (all P ≤ 0.03). Exercise reduced resting energy expenditure in E + M (Δ539 ± 480 kcal/24 h, P < 0.01) but not E subjects ( P = 0.68). Both groups exhibited reduced resting heart rate (Δ30 ± 23 beats/min, P ≤ 0.02). These data indicate that short-term metformin combined with exercise provides no further improvement beyond that of exercise alone for strength, exercise capacity, and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivas
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| | - David N Herndon
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Craig Porter
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Walter Meyer
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Oscar E Suman
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
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115
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Steinberg GR. Cellular Energy Sensing and Metabolism-Implications for Treating Diabetes: The 2017 Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award Lecture. Diabetes 2018; 67:169-179. [PMID: 29358486 DOI: 10.2337/dbi17-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award recognizes distinguished scientific achievement in the field of diabetes, taking into consideration independence of thought and originality. Gregory R. Steinberg, PhD, professor of medicine, Canada Research Chair, J. Bruce Duncan Endowed Chair in Metabolic Diseases, and codirector of the Metabolism and Childhood Obesity Research Program at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, received the prestigious award at the American Diabetes Association's 77th Scientific Sessions, 9-13 June 2017, in San Diego, CA. He presented the Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award Lecture, "Cellular Energy Sensing and Metabolism-Implications for Treating Diabetes," on Monday, 12 June 2017.The survival of all cells is dependent on the constant challenge to match energetic demands with nutrient availability, a task that is mediated through a highly conserved network of metabolic fuel sensors that orchestrate both cellular and whole-organism energy balance. A mismatch between cellular energy demand and nutrient availability is a key factor contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes; thus, understanding the fundamental mechanisms by which cells sense nutrient availability and demand may lead to the development of new treatments. Glucose-lowering therapies, such as caloric restriction, exercise, and metformin, all induce an energetic challenge that results in the activation of the cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Activation of AMPK in turn suppresses lipid synthesis and inflammation while increasing glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial function. In contrast, high levels of nutrient availability suppress AMPK activity while also increasing the production of peripheral serotonin, a gut-derived endocrine factor that suppresses β-adrenergic-induced activation of brown adipose tissue. Identifying new ways to manipulate these two ancient fuel gauges by activating AMPK and inhibiting peripheral serotonin may lead to the development of new therapies for treating type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Animals
- Awards and Prizes
- Caloric Restriction
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Endocrinology
- Energy Intake/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Exercise
- Feedback, Physiological/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin Resistance
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Models, Biological
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Serotonin/blood
- Serotonin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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116
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Exercise Protects Against Olanzapine-Induced Hyperglycemia in Male C57BL/6J Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:772. [PMID: 29335597 PMCID: PMC5768692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine is a widely prescribed antipsychotic drug. While effective in reducing psychoses, treatment with olanzapine causes rapid increases in blood glucose. We wanted to determine if a single bout of exercise, immediately prior to treatment, would attenuate the olanzapine-induced rise in blood glucose and if this occurred in an IL-6 dependent manner. We found that exhaustive, but not moderate exercise, immediately prior to treatment, prevented olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia and this occurred in parallel with increases in serum IL-6. To determine if IL-6 was involved in the mechanisms through which exhaustive exercise protected against olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia several additional experiments were completed. Treatment with IL-6 (3 ng/g bw, IP) alone did not protect against olanzapine-induced increases in blood glucose. The protective effects of exhaustive exercise against olanzapine-induced increases in blood glucose were intact in whole body IL-6 knockout mice. Similarly, treating mice with an IL-6 neutralizing antibody prior to exhaustive exercise did not negate the protective effect of exercise against olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia. Our findings provide evidence that a single bout of exhaustive exercise protects against acute olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia and that IL-6 is neither sufficient, nor required for exercise to protect against increases in blood glucose with olanzapine treatment.
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117
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Kjøbsted R, Hingst JR, Fentz J, Foretz M, Sanz MN, Pehmøller C, Shum M, Marette A, Mounier R, Treebak JT, Wojtaszewski JFP, Viollet B, Lantier L. AMPK in skeletal muscle function and metabolism. FASEB J 2018; 32:1741-1777. [PMID: 29242278 PMCID: PMC5945561 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700442r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses a remarkable ability to adapt to various physiologic conditions. AMPK is a sensor of intracellular energy status that maintains energy stores by fine-tuning anabolic and catabolic pathways. AMPK’s role as an energy sensor is particularly critical in tissues displaying highly changeable energy turnover. Due to the drastic changes in energy demand that occur between the resting and exercising state, skeletal muscle is one such tissue. Here, we review the complex regulation of AMPK in skeletal muscle and its consequences on metabolism (e.g., substrate uptake, oxidation, and storage as well as mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle fibers). We focus on the role of AMPK in skeletal muscle during exercise and in exercise recovery. We also address adaptations to exercise training, including skeletal muscle plasticity, highlighting novel concepts and future perspectives that need to be investigated. Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of AMPK as a therapeutic target as well as different AMPK activators and their potential for future drug development.—Kjøbsted, R., Hingst, J. R., Fentz, J., Foretz, M., Sanz, M.-N., Pehmøller, C., Shum, M., Marette, A., Mounier, R., Treebak, J. T., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., Viollet, B., Lantier, L. AMPK in skeletal muscle function and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Fentz
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Nieves Sanz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, and.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Pehmøller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Shum
- Axe Cardiologie, Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Axe Cardiologie, Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Remi Mounier
- Institute NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM Unité 1217, CNRS UMR, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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118
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Zhang X, Hiam D, Hong YH, Zulli A, Hayes A, Rattigan S, McConell GK. Nitric oxide is required for the insulin sensitizing effects of contraction in mouse skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2017; 595:7427-7439. [PMID: 29071734 DOI: 10.1113/jp275133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS People with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes can substantially increase their skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise and insulin sensitivity after exercise. Skeletal muscle nitric oxide (NO) is important for glucose uptake during exercise, although how prior exercise increases insulin sensitivity is unclear. In the present study, we examined whether NO is necessary for normal increases in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity after contraction ex vivo in mouse muscle. The present study uncovers, for the first time, a novel role for NO in the insulin sensitizing effects of ex vivo contraction, which is independent of blood flow. ABSTRACT The factors regulating the increase in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity after exercise are unclear. We examined whether nitric oxide (NO) is required for the increase in insulin sensitivity after ex vivo contractions. Isolated C57BL/6J mouse EDL muscles were contracted for 10 min or remained at rest (basal) with or without the NO synthase (NOS) inhibition (NG -monomethyl-l-arginine; l-NMMA; 100 μm). Then, 3.5 h post contraction/basal, muscles were exposed to saline or insulin (120 μU ml-1 ) with or without l-NMMA during the last 30 min. l-NMMA had no effect on basal skeletal muscle glucose uptake. The increase in muscle glucose uptake with insulin (57%) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater after prior contraction (140% increase). NOS inhibition during the contractions had no effect on this insulin-sensitizing effect of contraction, whereas NOS inhibition during insulin prevented the increase in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity post-contraction. Soluble guanylate cyclase inhibition, protein kinase G (PKG) inhibition or cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibition each had no effect on the insulin-sensitizing effect of prior contraction. In conclusion, NO is required for increases in insulin sensitivity several hours after contraction of mouse skeletal muscle via a cGMP/PKG independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Zhang
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yet-Hoi Hong
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Rattigan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Glenn K McConell
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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119
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Morales-Alamo D, Guerra B, Ponce-González JG, Guadalupe-Grau A, Santana A, Martin-Rincon M, Gelabert-Rebato M, Cadefau JA, Cusso R, Dorado C, Calbet JAL. Skeletal muscle signaling, metabolism, and performance during sprint exercise in severe acute hypoxia after the ingestion of antioxidants. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1235-1245. [PMID: 28819003 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00384.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if reactive oxygen species (ROS) could play a role in blunting Thr172-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle after sprint exercise in hypoxia and to elucidate the potential signaling mechanisms responsible for this response. Nine volunteers performed a single 30-s sprint (Wingate test) in two occasions while breathing hypoxic gas ([Formula: see text] = 75 mmHg): one after the ingestion of placebo and another following the intake of antioxidants (α-lipoic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin E), with a randomized double-blind design. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained before, immediately after, and 30- and 120-min postsprint. Compared with the control condition, the ingestion of antioxidants resulted in lower plasma carbonylated proteins, attenuated elevation of the AMP-to-ATP molar ratio, and reduced glycolytic rate (P < 0.05) without significant effects on performance or V̇o2 The ingestion of antioxidants did not alter the basal muscle signaling. Thr172-AMPKα and Thr184/187-transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) phosphorylation were not increased after the sprint regardless of the ingestion of antioxidants. Thr286-CaMKII phosphorylation was increased after the sprint, but this response was blunted by the antioxidants. Ser485-AMPKα1/Ser491-AMPKα2 phosphorylation increased immediately after the sprints coincident with increased Akt phosphorylation. In summary, antioxidants attenuate the glycolytic response to sprint exercise in severe acute hypoxia and modify the muscle signaling response to exercise. Ser485-AMPKα1/Ser491-AMPKα2 phosphorylation, a known mechanism of Thr172-AMPKα phosphorylation inhibition, is increased immediately after sprint exercise in hypoxia, probably by a mechanism independent of ROS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The glycolytic rate is increased during sprint exercise in severe acute hypoxia. This study showed that the ingestion of antioxidants before sprint exercise in severe acute hypoxia reduced the glycolytic rate and attenuated the increases of the AMP-to-ATP and the reduction of the NAD+-to-NADH.H+ ratios. This resulted in a modified muscle signaling response with a blunted Thr286-CaMKII but similar AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation responses in the sprints preceded by the ingestion of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Borja Guerra
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santana
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.,Genetic Unit, Chilhood Hospital-Materno Infantil de Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; and
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Joan A Cadefau
- Department of Biomedicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Cusso
- Department of Biomedicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; .,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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120
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Smith BK, Steinberg GR. AMP-activated protein kinase, fatty acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017; 20:248-253. [PMID: 28375880 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Insulin resistance is an important risk factor for metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. A common characteristic of strategies that improve insulin sensitivity involves the activation of the energy sensing enzyme of the cell, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms associated with AMPK activation to improve insulin sensitivity with a focus on fatty acid metabolism. We will also discuss the literature surrounding direct AMPK activators to improve insulin resistance and important considerations for the design of direct AMPK activators. RECENT FINDINGS AMPK activation can decrease de novo lipogenesis, increase fatty acid oxidation and promote mitochondrial integrity to improve insulin sensitivity. Drugs targeted to directly activate AMPK show therapeutic promise, yet in vivo data is lacking. SUMMARY Designing a drug to directly activate AMPK may improve insulin resistance by reducing liver de novo lipogenesis and increasing brown and white adipose tissue mitochondrial function. However, in vivo experimental procedures to support this notion are not extensive and more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan K Smith
- aDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine bDepartment of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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121
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Sylow L, Møller LLV, Kleinert M, D'Hulst G, De Groote E, Schjerling P, Steinberg GR, Jensen TE, Richter EA. Rac1 and AMPK Account for the Majority of Muscle Glucose Uptake Stimulated by Ex Vivo Contraction but Not In Vivo Exercise. Diabetes 2017; 66:1548-1559. [PMID: 28389470 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise bypasses insulin resistance to increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and therefore represents an important alternative to stimulate glucose uptake in insulin-resistant muscle. Both Rac1 and AMPK have been shown to partly regulate contraction-stimulated muscle glucose uptake, but whether those two signaling pathways jointly account for the entire signal to glucose transport is unknown. We therefore studied the ability of contraction and exercise to stimulate glucose transport in isolated muscles with AMPK loss of function combined with either pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of Rac1.Muscle-specific knockout (mKO) of Rac1, a kinase-dead α2 AMPK (α2KD), and double knockout (KO) of β1 and β2 AMPK subunits (β1β2 KO) each partially decreased contraction-stimulated glucose transport in mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Interestingly, when pharmacological Rac1 inhibition was combined with either AMPK β1β2 KO or α2KD, contraction-stimulated glucose transport was almost completely inhibited. Importantly, α2KD+Rac1 mKO double-transgenic mice also displayed severely impaired contraction-stimulated glucose transport, whereas exercise-stimulated glucose uptake in vivo was only partially reduced by Rac1 mKO with no additive effect of α2KD. It is concluded that Rac1 and AMPK together account for almost the entire ex vivo contraction response in muscle glucose transport, whereas only Rac1, but not α2 AMPK, regulates muscle glucose uptake during submaximal exercise in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Sylow
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth L V Møller
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gommaar D'Hulst
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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122
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Cokorinos EC, Delmore J, Reyes AR, Albuquerque B, Kjøbsted R, Jørgensen NO, Tran JL, Jatkar A, Cialdea K, Esquejo RM, Meissen J, Calabrese MF, Cordes J, Moccia R, Tess D, Salatto CT, Coskran TM, Opsahl AC, Flynn D, Blatnik M, Li W, Kindt E, Foretz M, Viollet B, Ward J, Kurumbail RG, Kalgutkar AS, Wojtaszewski JFP, Cameron KO, Miller RA. Activation of Skeletal Muscle AMPK Promotes Glucose Disposal and Glucose Lowering in Non-human Primates and Mice. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1147-1159.e10. [PMID: 28467931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a potential therapeutic target for metabolic diseases based on its reported actions in the liver and skeletal muscle. We evaluated two distinct direct activators of AMPK: a non-selective activator of all AMPK complexes, PF-739, and an activator selective for AMPK β1-containing complexes, PF-249. In cells and animals, both compounds were effective at activating AMPK in hepatocytes, but only PF-739 was capable of activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. In diabetic mice, PF-739, but not PF-249, caused a rapid lowering of plasma glucose levels that was diminished in the absence of skeletal muscle, but not liver, AMPK heterotrimers and was the result of an increase in systemic glucose disposal with no impact on hepatic glucose production. Studies of PF-739 in cynomolgus monkeys confirmed translation of the glucose lowering and established activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle as a potential therapeutic approach to treat diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Cokorinos
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jake Delmore
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allan R Reyes
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bina Albuquerque
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen 1017, Denmark
| | - Nicolas O Jørgensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen 1017, Denmark
| | - Jean-Luc Tran
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aditi Jatkar
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katherine Cialdea
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ryan M Esquejo
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Meissen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Matthew F Calabrese
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jason Cordes
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Robert Moccia
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher T Salatto
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy M Coskran
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Alan C Opsahl
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Declan Flynn
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Matthew Blatnik
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wenlin Li
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Erick Kindt
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75016, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75016, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Jessica Ward
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen 1017, Denmark
| | - Kimberly O Cameron
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Russell A Miller
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Sardinha LB, Magalhães JP, Santos DA, Júdice PB. Sedentary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Association to Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Front Physiol 2017; 8:262. [PMID: 28503154 PMCID: PMC5409266 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sedentary behavior has been considered an independent risk factor for type-2 diabetes (T2D), with a negative impact on several physiological outcomes, whereas breaks in sedentary time (BST) have been proposed as a viable solution to mitigate some of these effects. However, little is known about the independent associations of sedentary pursuits, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) variables with glycemic control. We investigated the independent associations of total sedentary time, BST, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and CRF with glycemic outcomes in patients with T2D. Methods: Total sedentary time, BST, and MVPA were assessed in 66 participants (29 women) with T2D, using accelerometry. Glucose and insulin were measured during a mixed meal tolerance test, with the respective calculations of HOMA-IR and Matsuda index. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was also analyzed. CRF was measured in a maximal treadmill test with breath-by-breath gases analysis. Multiple regressions were used for data analysis. Results: Regardless of CRF, total sedentary time was positively associated with HbA1c (β = 0.25, p = 0.044). Adjusting for MVPA, total sedentary time was related to fasting glucose (β = 0.32, p = 0.037). No associations between total sedentary time and the remaining glycemic outcomes, after adjusting for MVPA. BST had favorable associations with HOMA-IR (β = -0.28, p = 0.047) and fasting glucose (β = -0.25, p = 0.046), when adjusted for MVPA, and with HOMA-IR (β = -0.25, p = 0.036), Matsuda index (β = 0.26, p = 0.036), and fasting glucose (β = -0.22, p = 0.038), following adjustment for CRF. When adjusting for total sedentary time, only CRF yielded favorable associations with HOMA-IR (β = -0.29, p = 0.039), fasting glucose (β = -0.32, p = 0.012), and glucose at 120-min (β = -0.26, p = 0.035), and no associations were found for MVPA with none of the metabolic outcomes. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that sedentary time and patterns are relevant for the glycemic control in patients with T2D. Still, MVPA and CRF counteracted most of the associations for total sedentary time but not for the BST. MVPA was not associated with metabolic outcomes, and CRF lost some of the associations with glycemic indicators when adjusted for total sedentary time. Future interventions aiming to control/improve T2D must consider reducing and breaking up sedentary time as a viable strategy to improve glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís B. Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de LisboaCruz-Quebrada, Portugal
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124
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Jensen J, O'Rahilly S. AMPK is required for exercise to enhance insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles. Mol Metab 2017; 6:315-316. [PMID: 28377870 PMCID: PMC5369262 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway.
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Welcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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125
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Lew JKS, Pearson JT, Schwenke DO, Katare R. Exercise mediated protection of diabetic heart through modulation of microRNA mediated molecular pathways. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28086863 PMCID: PMC5237289 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance collectively impact on the myocardium of people with diabetes, triggering molecular, structural and myocardial abnormalities. These have been suggested to aggravate oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, myocardial lipotoxicity and impaired myocardial substrate utilization. As a consequence, this leads to the development of a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases, which may include but not limited to coronary endothelial dysfunction, and left ventricular remodelling and dysfunction. Diabetic heart disease (DHD) is the term used to describe the presence of heart disease specifically in diabetic patients. Despite significant advances in medical research and long clinical history of anti-diabetic medications, the risk of heart failure in people with diabetes never declines. Interestingly, sustainable and long-term exercise regimen has emerged as an effective synergistic therapy to combat the cardiovascular complications in people with diabetes, although the precise molecular mechanism(s) underlying this protection remain unclear. This review provides an overview of the underlying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia- and insulin resistance-mediated DHD with a detailed discussion on the role of different intensities of exercise in mitigating these molecular alterations in diabetic heart. In particular, we provide the possible role of exercise on microRNAs, the key molecular regulators of several pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kar Sheng Lew
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand.
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand.
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Parker L, Shaw CS, Stepto NK, Levinger I. Exercise and Glycemic Control: Focus on Redox Homeostasis and Redox-Sensitive Protein Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:87. [PMID: 28529499 PMCID: PMC5418238 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity, excess energy consumption, and obesity are associated with elevated systemic oxidative stress and the sustained activation of redox-sensitive stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Sustained SAPK activation leads to aberrant insulin signaling, impaired glycemic control, and the development and progression of cardiometabolic disease. Paradoxically, acute exercise transiently increases oxidative stress and SAPK signaling, yet postexercise glycemic control and skeletal muscle function are enhanced. Furthermore, regular exercise leads to the upregulation of antioxidant defense, which likely assists in the mitigation of chronic oxidative stress-associated disease. In this review, we explore the complex spatiotemporal interplay between exercise, oxidative stress, and glycemic control, and highlight exercise-induced reactive oxygen species and redox-sensitive protein signaling as important regulators of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewan Parker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lewan Parker, ,
| | - Christopher S. Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
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