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Cha BH, Shin SR, Leijten J, Li YC, Singh S, Liu JC, Annabi N, Abdi R, Dokmeci MR, Vrana NE, Ghaemmaghami AM, Khademhosseini A. Integrin-Mediated Interactions Control Macrophage Polarization in 3D Hydrogels. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700289. [PMID: 28782184 PMCID: PMC5677560 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adverse immune reactions prevent clinical translation of numerous implantable devices and materials. Although inflammation is an essential part of tissue regeneration, chronic inflammation ultimately leads to implant failure. In particular, macrophage polarity steers the microenvironment toward inflammation or wound healing via the induction of M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. Here, this paper demonstrates that macrophage polarity within biomaterials can be controlled through integrin-mediated interactions between human monocytic THP-1 cells and collagen-derived matrix. Surface marker, gene expression, biochemical, and cytokine profiling consistently indicate that THP-1 cells within a biomaterial lacking cell attachment motifs yield proinflammatory M1 macrophages, whereas biomaterials with attachment sites in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) induce an anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype and propagate the effect of IL-4 in induction of M2-like macrophages. Importantly, integrin α2β1 plays a pivotal role as its inhibition blocks the induction of M2 macrophages. The influence of the microenvironment of the biomaterial over macrophage polarity is further confirmed by its ability to modulate the effect of IL-4 and lipopolysaccharide, which are potent inducers of M2 or M1 phenotypes, respectively. Thus, this study represents a novel, versatile, and effective strategy to steer macrophage polarity through integrin-mediated 3D microenvironment for biomaterial-based programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hyun Cha
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sonali Singh
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Julie C Liu
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Transplant Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nihal Engin Vrana
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Fundamental Research Unit, Protip Medical, 8 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1121, "Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie", 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Nanotechnology Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21569, Saudi Arabia
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Myeloid P2Y2 receptor promotes acute inflammation but is dispensable for chronic high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction. Purinergic Signal 2017; 14:19-26. [PMID: 29086245 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic receptor P2Y2 binds ATP to control chemotaxis of myeloid cells, and global P2Y2 receptor knockout mice are protected in models of acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation mediated by macrophages and other immune cells in adipose tissue contributes to the development of insulin resistance. Here, we investigate whether mice lacking P2Y2 receptors on myeloid cells are protected against acute and chronic inflammation. Wild-type mice were transplanted with either wild-type or P2Y2 receptor null bone marrow and treated with a sublethal dose of endotoxin as a model of acute inflammation, or fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity and insulin resistance as a model of chronic inflammation. P2Y2-/- chimeric mice were protected against acute inflammation. However, high-fat diet feeding induced comparable inflammation and insulin resistance in both WT and P2Y2-/- chimeric mice. Of note, confocal microscopy revealed significantly fewer crown-like structures, assemblies of macrophages around adipocytes, in P2Y2-/- chimeric mice compared to WT chimeric mice. We conclude that P2Y2 receptors on myeloid cells are important in mediating acute inflammation but are dispensable for the development of whole body insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice.
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103
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The macrophage marker translocator protein (TSPO) is down-regulated on pro-inflammatory 'M1' human macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185767. [PMID: 28968465 PMCID: PMC5624624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is a mitochondrial membrane protein, of as yet uncertain function. Its purported high expression on activated macrophages, has lent utility to TSPO targeted molecular imaging in the form of positron emission tomography (PET), as a means to detect and quantify inflammation in vivo. However, existing literature regarding TSPO expression on human activated macrophages is lacking, mostly deriving from brain tissue studies, including studies of brain malignancy, and inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Here, we utilized three human sources of monocyte derived macrophages (MDM), from THP-1 monocytes, healthy peripheral blood monocytes and synovial fluid monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, to undertake a detailed investigation of TSPO expression in activated macrophages. In this work, we demonstrate a consistent down-regulation of TSPO mRNA and protein in macrophages activated to a pro-inflammatory, or ‘M1’ phenotype. Conversely, stimulation of macrophages to an M2 phenotype with IL-4, dexamethasone or TGF-β1 did not alter TSPO expression, regardless of MDM source. The reasons for this are uncertain, but our study findings add some supporting evidence for recent investigations concluding that TSPO may be involved in negative regulation of inflammatory responses in macrophages.
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104
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Lam D, Lively S, Schlichter LC. Responses of rat and mouse primary microglia to pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli: molecular profiles, K + channels and migration. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:166. [PMID: 28830445 PMCID: PMC5567442 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute CNS damage is commonly studied using rat and mouse models, but increasingly, molecular analysis is finding species differences that might affect the ability to translate findings to humans. Microglia can undergo complex molecular and functional changes, often studied by in vitro responses to discrete activating stimuli. There is considerable evidence that pro-inflammatory (M1) activation can exacerbate tissue damage, while anti-inflammatory (M2) states help resolve inflammation and promote tissue repair. However, in assessing potential therapeutic targets for controlling inflammation, it is crucial to determine whether rat and mouse microglia respond the same. METHODS Primary microglia from Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice were cultured, then stimulated with interferon-γ + tumor necrosis factor-α (I + T; M1 activation), interleukin (IL)-4 (M2a, alternative activation), or IL-10 (M2c, acquired deactivation). To profile their activation responses, NanoString was used to monitor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of numerous pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, microglial markers, immunomodulators, and other molecules. Western analysis was used to measure selected proteins. Two potential targets for controlling inflammation-inward- and outward-rectifier K+ channels (Kir2.1, Kv1.3)-were examined (mRNA, currents) and specific channel blockers were applied to determine their contributions to microglial migration in the different activation states. RESULTS Pro-inflammatory molecules increased after I + T treatment but there were several qualitative and quantitative differences between the species (e.g., iNOS and nitric oxide, COX-2). Several molecules commonly associated with an M2a state differed between species or they were induced in additional activation states (e.g., CD206, ARG1). Resting levels and/or responses of several microglial markers (Iba1, CD11b, CD68) differed with the activation state, species, or both. Transcripts for several Kir2 and Kv1 family members were detected in both species. However, the current amplitudes (mainly Kir2.1 and Kv1.3) depended on activation state and species. Treatment-induced changes in morphology and migratory capacity were similar between the species (migration reduced by I + T, increased by IL-4 or IL-10). In both species, Kir2.1 block reduced migration and Kv1.3 block increased it, regardless of activation state; thus, these channels might affect microglial migration to damage sites. CONCLUSIONS Caution is recommended in generalizing molecular and functional responses of microglia to activating stimuli between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lam
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, Room 7KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Starlee Lively
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, Room 7KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, Room 7KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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105
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Dai X, Mao C, Lan X, Chen H, Li M, Bai J, Deng J, Liang Q, Zhang J, Zhong X, Liang Y, Fan J, Luo H, He Z. Acute Penicillium marneffei infection stimulates host M1/M2a macrophages polarization in BALB/C mice. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:177. [PMID: 28821221 PMCID: PMC5563047 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Penicillium marneffei (P. marneffei) is a thermally dimorphic fungus pathogen that causes fatal infection. Alveolar macrophages are innate immune cells that have critical roles in protection against pulmonary fungal pathogens and the macrophage polarization state has the potential to be a deciding factor in disease progression or resolution. The aim of this study was to investigate mouse alveolar macrophage polarization states during P. marneffei infection. Results We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Griess, arginase activity to evaluate the phenotypic markers of alveolar macrophages from BALB/C mice infected with P. marneffei. We then treated alveolar macrophages from infected mice with P. marneffei cytoplasmic yeast antigen (CYA) and investigated alveolar macrophage phenotypic markers in order to identify macrophage polarization in response to P. marneffei antigens. Our results showed: i) P. marneffei infection significantly enhanced the expression of classically activated macrophage (M1)-phenotypic markers (inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS] mRNA, nitric oxide [NO], interleukin-12 [IL-12], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) and alternatively activated macrophage (M2a)-phenotypic markers (arginase1 [Arg1] mRNA, urea) during the second week post-infection. This significantly decreased during the fourth week post-infection. ii) During P. marneffei infection, CYA stimulation also significantly enhanced the expression of M1 and M2a-phenotypic markers, consistent with the results for P. marneffei infection and CYA stimulation preferentially induced M1 subtype. Conclusions The data from the current study demonstrated that alveolar macrophage M1/M2a subtypes were present in host defense against acute P. marneffei infection and that CYA could mimic P. marneffei to induce a host immune response with enhanced M1 subtype. This could be useful for investigating the enhancement of host anti-P. marneffei immune responses and to provide novel ideas for prevention of P. marneffei-infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1086-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Dai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Congzheng Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Xiuwan Lan
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Preclinical Medicine Research, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jingmin Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Qiuli Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jiangtao Fan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Honglin Luo
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
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Xu K, Liu H, Bai M, Gao J, Wu X, Yin Y. Redox Properties of Tryptophan Metabolism and the Concept of Tryptophan Use in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1595. [PMID: 28737706 PMCID: PMC5536082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, tryptophan (Trp) is required for several purposes, and Trp metabolism varies over time in the mother and fetus. Increased oxidative stress (OS) with high metabolic, energy and oxygen demands during normal pregnancy or in pregnancy-associated disorders has been reported. Taking the antioxidant properties of Trp and its metabolites into consideration, we made four hypotheses. First, the use of Trp and its metabolites is optional based on their antioxidant properties during pregnancy. Second, dynamic Trp metabolism is an accommodation mechanism in response to OS. Third, regulation of Trp metabolism could be used to control/attenuate OS according to variations in Trp metabolism during pregnancy. Fourth, OS-mediated injury could be alleviated by regulation of Trp metabolism in pregnancy-associated disorders. Future studies in normal/abnormal pregnancies and in associated disorders should include measurements of free Trp, total Trp, Trp metabolites, and activities of Trp-degrading enzymes in plasma. Abnormal pregnancies and some associated disorders may be associated with disordered Trp metabolism related to OS. Mounting evidence suggests that the investigation of the use of Trp and its metabolites in pregnancy will be meanful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Miaomiao Bai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Jing Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
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Buscher K, Ehinger E, Gupta P, Pramod AB, Wolf D, Tweet G, Pan C, Mills CD, Lusis AJ, Ley K. Natural variation of macrophage activation as disease-relevant phenotype predictive of inflammation and cancer survival. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16041. [PMID: 28737175 PMCID: PMC5527282 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mouse models exist for many immune-based diseases, the clinical translation remains challenging. Most basic and translational studies utilize only a single inbred mouse strain. However, basal and diseased immune states in humans show vast inter-individual variability. Here, focusing on macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we use the hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP) of 83 inbred strains as a surrogate for human natural immune variation. Since conventional bioinformatics fail to analyse a population spectrum, we highlight how gene signatures for LPS responsiveness can be derived based on an Interleukin-12β and arginase expression ratio. Compared to published signatures, these gene markers are more robust to identify susceptibility or resilience to several macrophage-related disorders in humans, including survival prediction across many tumours. This study highlights natural activation diversity as a disease-relevant dimension in macrophage biology, and suggests the HMDP as a viable tool to increase translatability of mouse data to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Buscher
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Erik Ehinger
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Pritha Gupta
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Akula Bala Pramod
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - George Tweet
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Charles D. Mills
- BioMedical Consultants, Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota 55047, USA
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Leukocytes and especially macrophages are a major cellular constituent of the tumor mass. The tumor microenvironment not only determines their activity but in turn these cells also contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Recent Advances: Proinflammatory stimulated macrophages upregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and produce high steady-state NO concentrations. NO provokes tumor cell death by initiating apoptosis and/or necrosis. Mechanisms may comprise p53 accumulation, immunestimulatory activities, and an increased efficacy of chemo- and/or radiotherapy. However, the potential cytotoxic activity of macrophages often is compromised in the tumor microenvironment and instead a protumor activity of macrophages dominates. Contributing factors are signals generated by viable and dying tumor cells, attraction and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and hypoxia. Limited oxygen availability not only attenuates NOS2 activity but also causes accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2 (HIF-1/HIF-2). Activation of the HIF system is tightly linked to NO formation and affects the expression of macrophage phenotype markers that in turn add to tumor progression. CRITICAL ISSUES To make use of the cytotoxic arsenal of activated macrophages directed against tumor cells, it will be critical to understand how, when, and where these innate immune responses are blocked and whether it will be possible to reinstall their full capacity to kill tumor cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Low-dose irradiation or proinflammatory activation of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment may open options to boost NOS2 expression and activity and to initiate immunestimulatory features of NO that may help to restrict tumor growth. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 1023-1043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nadine Courtial
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathalie Dehne
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Shahzad N Syed
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
In this review, Levy et al. highlight examples of how microbiota-modulated metabolites control the development, differentiation, and activity of the immune system and classify them into functional categories that illustrate the spectrum of ways by which microbial metabolites influence host physiology. The mammalian intestine harbors one of the largest microbial densities on Earth, necessitating the implementation of control mechanisms by which the host evaluates the state of microbial colonization and reacts to deviations from homeostasis. While microbial recognition by the innate immune system has been firmly established as an efficient means by which the host evaluates microbial presence, recent work has uncovered a central role for bacterial metabolites in the orchestration of the host immune response. In this review, we highlight examples of how microbiota-modulated metabolites control the development, differentiation, and activity of the immune system and classify them into functional categories that illustrate the spectrum of ways by which microbial metabolites influence host physiology. A comprehensive understanding of how microbiota-derived metabolites shape the human immune system is critical for the rational design of therapies for microbiota-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Levy
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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110
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Van den Bossche J, O'Neill LA, Menon D. Macrophage Immunometabolism: Where Are We (Going)? Trends Immunol 2017; 38:395-406. [PMID: 28396078 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of findings highlight the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage activation. Metabolic pathways are closely interconnected and recent literature demonstrates the need for glucose metabolism in anti-inflammatory as well as inflammatory macrophages. Moreover, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) not only supports anti-inflammatory responses as described formerly but also drives inflammasome activation in inflammatory macrophages. Hence, defining glycolysis as proinflammatory and FAO as anti-inflammatory may be an oversimplification. Here we review how the rapid growth of the immunometabolism field has improved our understanding of macrophage activation and at the same time has led to an increase in the appearance of contradictory observations. To conclude we discuss current challenges in immunometabolism and present crucial areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van den Bossche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luke A O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deepthi Menon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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111
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Bilham K, Boyd AC, Preston SG, Buesching CD, Newman C, Macdonald DW, Smith AL. Badger macrophages fail to produce nitric oxide, a key anti-mycobacterial effector molecule. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45470. [PMID: 28382943 PMCID: PMC5382539 DOI: 10.1038/srep45470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The European badger is recognised as a wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (bTB); the control of which is complex, costly and controversial. Despite the importance of badgers in bTB and the well-documented role for macrophages as anti-mycobacterial effector cells, badger macrophage (bdMφ) responses remain uncharacterised. Here, we demonstrate that bdMφ fail to produce nitric oxide (NO) or upregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA following Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist treatment. BdMφ also failed to make NO after stimulation with recombinant badger interferon gamma (bdIFNγ) or a combination of bdIFNγ and lipopolysaccharide. Exposure of bdMφ to TLR agonists and/or bdIFNγ resulted in upregulated cytokine (IL1β, IL6, IL12 and TNFα) mRNA levels indicating that these critical pathways were otherwise intact. Although stimulation with most TLR agonists resulted in strong cytokine mRNA responses, weaker responses were evident after exposure to TLR9 agonists, potentially due to very low expression of TLR9 in bdMφ. Both NO and TLR9 are important elements of innate immunity to mycobacteria, and these features of bdMφ biology would impair their capacity to resist bTB infection. These findings have significant implications for the development of bTB management strategies, and support the use of vaccination to reduce bTB infection in badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Bilham
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.,Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Amy C Boyd
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G Preston
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Christina D Buesching
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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112
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Lerner TR, Borel S, Greenwood DJ, Repnik U, Russell MRG, Herbst S, Jones ML, Collinson LM, Griffiths G, Gutierrez MG. Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicates within necrotic human macrophages. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:583-594. [PMID: 28242744 PMCID: PMC5350509 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis triggers macrophage cell death by necrosis, but it is unclear how this affects bacterial replication. Lerner et al. show that this pathogen replicates within necrotic human macrophages before disseminating to other cells upon loss of plasma membrane integrity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulation of macrophage cell death is a well-documented phenomenon, but its role during bacterial replication is less characterized. In this study, we investigate the impact of plasma membrane (PM) integrity on bacterial replication in different functional populations of human primary macrophages. We discovered that IFN-γ enhanced bacterial replication in macrophage colony-stimulating factor–differentiated macrophages more than in granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor–differentiated macrophages. We show that permissiveness in the different populations of macrophages to bacterial growth is the result of a differential ability to preserve PM integrity. By combining live-cell imaging, correlative light electron microscopy, and single-cell analysis, we found that after infection, a population of macrophages became necrotic, providing a niche for M. tuberculosis replication before escaping into the extracellular milieu. Thus, in addition to bacterial dissemination, necrotic cells provide first a niche for bacterial replication. Our results are relevant to understanding the environment of M. tuberculosis replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Lerner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Sophie Borel
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Daniel J Greenwood
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew R G Russell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Susanne Herbst
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Martin L Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Lucy M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
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113
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Yamane K, Leung KP. Rabbit M1 and M2 macrophages can be induced by human recombinant GM-CSF and M-CSF. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:945-53. [PMID: 27642558 PMCID: PMC5011493 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can change their phenotype in response to environmental cues. Polarized macrophages are broadly classified into two groups: classical activated M1 and alternative activated M2. Characterization of human macrophages has been widely studied, but polarized macrophages in rabbits have not been characterized. We characterized rabbit macrophages that were polarized using human recombinant GM-CSF and M-CSF. GM-CSF-treated macrophages had higher mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (M1 phenotype) than did the M-CSF-treated counterpart. By contrast, high levels of TGF-β and IL-10 expression (M2 phenotype) were found in M-CSF-treated macrophages. The present study may be useful to understand roles of polarized macrophages in rabbit disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Yamane
- US Army Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Institute of Surgical Research Fort Sam Houston TX USA; Department of Bacteriology Osaka Dental University Hirakata-shi Osaka Japan
| | - Kai-Poon Leung
- US Army Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Institute of Surgical Research Fort Sam Houston TX USA
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114
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Triner D, Shah YM. Hypoxia-inducible factors: a central link between inflammation and cancer. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3689-3698. [PMID: 27525434 DOI: 10.1172/jci84430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune response is in a dynamic balance between antitumor mechanisms, which serve to decrease cancer growth, and the protumor inflammatory response, which increases immune tolerance, cell survival, and proliferation. Hypoxia and expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α are characteristic features of all solid tumors. HIF signaling serves as a major adaptive mechanism in tumor growth in a hypoxic microenvironment. HIFs represent a critical signaling node in the switch to protumorigenic inflammatory responses through recruitment of protumor immune cells and altered immune cell effector functions to suppress antitumor immune responses and promote tumor growth through direct growth-promoting cytokine production, angiogenesis, and ROS production. Modulating HIF function will be an important mechanism to dampen the tumor-promoting inflammatory response and inhibit cancer growth.
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115
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Weinberg JB, Volkheimer AD, Rubach MP, Florence SM, Mukemba JP, Kalingonji AR, Langelier C, Chen Y, Bush M, Yeo TW, Granger DL, Anstey NM, Mwaikambo ED. Monocyte polarization in children with falciparum malaria: relationship to nitric oxide insufficiency and disease severity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29151. [PMID: 27385484 PMCID: PMC4935839 DOI: 10.1038/srep29151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We earlier established that nitric oxide (NO) is protective against severe malaria and that arginine and NO levels are reduced in malaria patients. We now show that an M2-like blood monocyte phenotype is significantly associated with hypoargininemia, NO insufficiency, and disease severity in Tanzanian children with falciparum malaria. Compared to control children (n = 106), children with moderately severe (n = 77) and severe falciparum malaria (n = 129) had significantly higher mononuclear cell arginase 1 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity; lower NOS2 mRNA; lower plasma arginine; and higher plasma IL-10, IL-13, and IL-4. In addition, monocyte CD206 and CD163 and plasma soluble CD163 were elevated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant correlation of risk of severe malaria with both plasma IL-10 and soluble CD163 levels. Monocyte M2 skewing likely contributes to NO bioinsufficiency in falciparum malaria in children. Treatments that reverse the M2 polarization may have potential as adjunctive treatment for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brice Weinberg
- Duke University and V.A. Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Matthew P Rubach
- Duke University and V.A. Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Youwei Chen
- Duke University and V.A. Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret Bush
- Duke University and V.A. Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tsin W Yeo
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Donald L Granger
- University of Utah and V.A. Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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116
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Lindsey ML, Saucerman JJ, DeLeon-Pennell KY. Knowledge gaps to understanding cardiac macrophage polarization following myocardial infarction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:2288-2292. [PMID: 27240543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction (MI), macrophages coordinate both pro-inflammatory and reparative responses of the left ventricle (LV) by reacting to and secreting cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors and by stimulating endothelial cells and fibroblasts to modulate neovascularization and scar formation. Healing of the infarcted LV can be divided into three distinct, but overlapping phases: inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation. Macrophages are involved in all phases. Despite macrophages being a major leukocyte cell type in the post-MI LV, how this cell type regulates LV remodeling over the post-MI time continuum is not completely understood. In this review, we summarize the current literature as a foundation to discuss the major knowledge gaps that remain. Defining the post-MI temporal macrophage phenotypes to establish a classification system is the first step in exploring how macrophage phenotypes are regulated, how temporal stimulation and secretion profiles evolve, and how best to modify stimuli to yield predictable cell responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of post-translational protein modifications on heart and vascular metabolism edited by Jason R.B. Dyck & Jan F.C. Glatz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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117
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Arginase 1 is an innate lymphoid-cell-intrinsic metabolic checkpoint controlling type 2 inflammation. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:656-65. [PMID: 27043409 PMCID: PMC4873382 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) regulate tissue inflammation and repair following activation by cell-extrinsic factors including host-derived cytokines. However, the cell-intrinsic metabolic pathways that control ILC2 function are undefined. Here we demonstrate that expression of the enzyme Arginase 1 (Arg1) is a conserved trait of murine and human ILC2s during acute or chronic lung inflammation. Deletion of murine ILC-intrinsic Arg1 abrogated type 2 lung inflammation by restraining ILC2 proliferation and dampening cytokine production. Mechanistically, inhibition of Arg1 enzymatic activity disrupted multiple components of ILC2 metabolic programming by altering arginine catabolism, impairing polyamine biosynthesis and reducing aerobic glycolysis. These data identify Arg1 as a key regulator of ILC2 bioenergetics, controlling proliferative capacity and pro-inflammatory functions that promote type 2 inflammation.
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118
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Qualls JE, Murray PJ. Immunometabolism within the tuberculosis granuloma: amino acids, hypoxia, and cellular respiration. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:139-52. [PMID: 26490974 PMCID: PMC4779414 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) granulomas are compact, organized agglomerations of infected and uninfected macrophages, T cells, neutrophils, and other immune cells. Within the granuloma, several unique metabolic adaptations occur to modify the behavior of immune cells, potentially favoring bacterial persistence balanced with protection against immunopathology. These include the induction of arginase-1 in macrophages to temper nitric oxide (NO) production and block T cell proliferation, inhibition of oxygen-requiring NO production in hypoxic regions, and induction of tryptophan-degrading enzymes that modify T cell proliferation and function. The spatial and time-dependent organization of granulomas further influences immunometabolism, for example through lactate production by activated macrophages, which can induce arginase-1. Although complex, the metabolic changes in and around TB granulomas can be potentially modified by host-directed therapies. While elimination of the TB bacilli is often the goal of any anti-TB therapy, host-directed approaches must also account for the possibility of immunopathologic damage to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Peter J Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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119
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Sandoz KM, Popham DL, Beare PA, Sturdevant DE, Hansen B, Nair V, Heinzen RA. Transcriptional Profiling of Coxiella burnetii Reveals Extensive Cell Wall Remodeling in the Small Cell Variant Developmental Form. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149957. [PMID: 26909555 PMCID: PMC4766238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Coxiella burnetii, the bacterial cause of human Q fever, is a biphasic developmental cycle that generates biologically, ultrastructurally, and compositionally distinct large cell variant (LCV) and small cell variant (SCV) forms. LCVs are replicating, exponential phase forms while SCVs are non-replicating, stationary phase forms. The SCV has several properties, such as a condensed nucleoid and an unusual cell envelope, suspected of conferring enhanced environmental stability. To identify genetic determinants of the LCV to SCV transition, we profiled the C. burnetii transcriptome at 3 (early LCV), 5 (late LCV), 7 (intermediate forms), 14 (early SCV), and 21 days (late SCV) post-infection of Vero epithelial cells. Relative to early LCV, genes downregulated in the SCV were primarily involved in intermediary metabolism. Upregulated SCV genes included those involved in oxidative stress responses, arginine acquisition, and cell wall remodeling. A striking transcriptional signature of the SCV was induction (>7-fold) of five genes encoding predicted L,D transpeptidases that catalyze nonclassical 3-3 peptide cross-links in peptidoglycan (PG), a modification that can influence several biological traits in bacteria. Accordingly, of cross-links identified, muropeptide analysis showed PG of SCV with 46% 3-3 cross-links as opposed to 16% 3-3 cross-links for LCV. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed SCV with an unusually dense cell wall/outer membrane complex as compared to LCV with its clearly distinguishable periplasm and inner and outer membranes. Collectively, these results indicate the SCV produces a unique transcriptome with a major component directed towards remodeling a PG layer that likely contributes to Coxiella's environmental resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi M. Sandoz
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - David L. Popham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Sturdevant
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bryan Hansen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Vinod Nair
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Heinzen
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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120
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Fuchs AK, Syrovets T, Haas KA, Loos C, Musyanovych A, Mailänder V, Landfester K, Simmet T. Carboxyl- and amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles differentially affect the polarization profile of M1 and M2 macrophage subsets. Biomaterials 2016; 85:78-87. [PMID: 26854393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Exposure to microenvironmental stimuli determines their polarization into proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. M1 exhibit high expression of proinflammatory TNF-α and IL-1β, and M2 promote tissue repair, but likewise support tumor growth and cause immune suppression by expressing IL-10. Thus, the M1/M2 balance critically determines tissue homeostasis. By using carboxyl- (PS-COOH) and amino-functionalized (PS-NH2) polystyrene nanoparticles, the effects of surface decoration on the polarization of human macrophages were investigated. The nanoparticles did not compromise macrophage viability nor did they affect the expression of the M1 markers CD86, NOS2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. By contrast, in M2, both nanoparticles impaired expression of scavenger receptor CD163 and CD200R, and the release of IL-10. PS-NH2 also inhibited phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by both, M1 and M2. PS-COOH did not impair phagocytosis by M2, but increased protein mass in M1 and M2, TGF-β1 release by M1, and ATP levels in M2. Thus, nanoparticles skew the M2 macrophage polarization without affecting M1 markers. Given the critical role of the M1 and M2 polarization for the immunological balance in patients with cancer or chronic inflammation, functionalized nanoparticles might serve as tools for reprogramming the M1/M2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Fuchs
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karina A Haas
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Loos
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Musyanovych
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, D-55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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121
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Loi F, Córdova LA, Zhang R, Pajarinen J, Lin TH, Goodman SB, Yao Z. The effects of immunomodulation by macrophage subsets on osteogenesis in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:15. [PMID: 26801095 PMCID: PMC4724110 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone formation and remodeling are influenced by the inflammatory state of the local microenvironment. In this regard, macrophages are postulated to play a crucial role in modulating osteogenesis. However, the differential effects of macrophage subsets and their plasticity on bone formation are currently unknown. Methods Polarized primary murine macrophages and preosteoblastic MC3T3 cells were co-cultured to investigate the effect of non-activated M0, pro-inflammatory M1, and tissue-regenerative M2 macrophages on the osteogenic ability of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Furthermore, to model the physiological transition from inflammation to tissue regeneration, M1-MC3T3 co-cultures were treated with interleukin-4 (IL-4) at different time points to modulate the M1 phenotype towards M2. Macrophage phenotypic markers were assessed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A time course study of osteogenic markers at different time points was conducted: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA levels were evaluated at week 1, ALP activity and osteocalcin and osteopontin mRNA levels at week 2, and matrix mineralization and osteocalcin and osteopontin protein concentrations at week 3. Supernatant collected 72 hours after seeding or IL-4 treatment, whichever was later, was analyzed for oncostatin M, a cytokine released by macrophages that has been recognized to enhance osteogenesis. Unpaired t test or one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s or Dunnett’s post hoc tests were used for statistical comparison of the groups. Results Co-culture with any of the macrophage subtypes increased the osteogenic ability of MC3T3 cells as indicated by increases in ALP activity and matrix mineralization. Increased ALP activity, osteocalcin concentration, and matrix mineralization demonstrated that osteogenesis by M1-MC3T3 co-cultures was further enhanced by macrophage phenotype modulation to M2 via IL-4 treatment 72 hours after seeding. Increased oncostatin M protein concentration in untreated M1-MC3T3 co-cultures and M1-MC3T3 co-cultures treated with IL-4 at 72 hours correlated with greater ALP activity and matrix mineralization. Conclusions These results suggest that a transient inflammatory phase is crucial for enhanced bone formation. Macrophage plasticity may offer new strategies for modulating the local inflammatory microenvironment with the aim of potentially enhancing bone repair. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0276-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Loi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Luis A Córdova
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ruth Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Tzu-hua Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R114, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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122
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Teresa Pinto A, Laranjeiro Pinto M, Patrícia Cardoso A, Monteiro C, Teixeira Pinto M, Filipe Maia A, Castro P, Figueira R, Monteiro A, Marques M, Mareel M, Dos Santos SG, Seruca R, Adolfo Barbosa M, Rocha S, José Oliveira M. Ionizing radiation modulates human macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype preserving their pro-invasive and pro-angiogenic capacities. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18765. [PMID: 26735768 PMCID: PMC4702523 DOI: 10.1038/srep18765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the efficacy of conventional radiotherapy, attention has been paid to immune cells, which not only modulate cancer cell response to therapy but are also highly recruited to tumours after irradiation. Particularly, the effect of ionizing radiation on macrophages, using therapeutically relevant doses, is not well understood. To evaluate how radiotherapy affects macrophage behaviour and macrophage-mediated cancer cell activity, human monocyte derived-macrophages were subjected, for a week, to cumulative ionizing radiation doses, as used during cancer treatment (2 Gy/fraction/day). Irradiated macrophages remained viable and metabolically active, despite DNA damage. NF-kappaB transcription activation and increased Bcl-xL expression evidenced the promotion of pro-survival activity. A significant increase of pro-inflammatory macrophage markers CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR, but not CCR7, TNF and IL1B was observed after 10 Gy cumulative doses, while anti-inflammatory markers CD163, MRC1, VCAN and IL-10 expression decreased, suggesting the modulation towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, ionizing radiation induced macrophage morphological alterations and increased their phagocytic rate, without affecting matrix metalloproteases (MMP)2 and MMP9 activity. Importantly, irradiated macrophages promoted cancer cell-invasion and cancer cell-induced angiogenesis. Our work highlights macrophage ability to sustain cancer cell activities as a major concern that needs to be addressed to improve radiotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Pinto
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.,FEUP-Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Marta Laranjeiro Pinto
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.,ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Cardoso
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.,FEUP-Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Cátia Monteiro
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Marta Teixeira Pinto
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - André Filipe Maia
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Castro
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Rita Figueira
- Radiotherapy Service, Centro Hospitalar S. João, EPE, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Armanda Monteiro
- Radiotherapy Service, Centro Hospitalar S. João, EPE, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Margarida Marques
- Radiotherapy Service, Centro Hospitalar S. João, EPE, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Marc Mareel
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Susana Gomes Dos Santos
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.,ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seruca
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Mário Adolfo Barbosa
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.,ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
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123
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Grishin A, Bowling J, Bell B, Wang J, Ford HR. Roles of nitric oxide and intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:13-7. [PMID: 26577908 PMCID: PMC4894644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis remains one of the most vexing problems in the neonatal intensive care unit. Risk factors for NEC include prematurity, formula feeding, and inappropriate microbial colonization of the GI tract. The pathogenesis of NEC is believed to involve weakening of the intestinal barrier by perinatal insults, translocation of luminal bacteria across the weakened barrier, an exuberant inflammatory response, and exacerbation of the barrier damage by inflammatory factors, leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation-inflicted epithelial damage. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and reactive NO oxidation intermediates play a prominent role in the intestinal barrier damage by inducing enterocyte apoptosis and inhibiting the epithelial restitution processes, namely enterocyte proliferation and migration. The factors that govern iNOS upregulation in the intestine are not well understood, which hampers efforts in developing NO/iNOS-targeted therapies. Similarly, efforts to identify bacteria or bacterial colonization patterns associated with NEC have met with limited success, because the same bacterial species can be found in NEC and in non-NEC subjects. However, microbiome studies have identified the three important characteristics of early bacterial populations of the GI tract: high diversity, low complexity, and fluidity. Whether NEC is caused by specific bacteria remains a matter of debate, but data from hospital outbreaks of NEC strongly argue in favor of the infectious nature of this disease. Studies in Cronobacter muytjensii have established that the ability to induce NEC is the property of specific strains rather than the species as a whole. Progress in our understanding of the roles of bacteria in NEC will require microbiological experiments and genome-wide analysis of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Grishin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027; Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027.
| | - Jordan Bowling
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027.
| | - Brandon Bell
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027.
| | - Jin Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027.
| | - Henri R. Ford
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027
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124
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Polarization of immune responses in fish: The ‘macrophages first’ point of view. Mol Immunol 2016; 69:146-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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125
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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa F, Fischer U, Dijkstra JM. Along the Axis between Type 1 and Type 2 Immunity; Principles Conserved in Evolution from Fish to Mammals. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:814-59. [PMID: 26593954 PMCID: PMC4690019 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A phenomenon already discovered more than 25 years ago is the possibility of naïve helper T cells to polarize into TH1 or TH2 populations. In a simplified model, these polarizations occur at opposite ends of an "immune 1-2 axis" (i1-i2 axis) of possible conditions. Additional polarizations of helper/regulatory T cells were discovered later, such as for example TH17 and Treg phenotypes; although these polarizations are not selected by the axis-end conditions, they are affected by i1-i2 axis factors, and may retain more potential for change than the relatively stable TH1 and TH2 phenotypes. I1-i2 axis conditions are also relevant for polarizations of other types of leukocytes, such as for example macrophages. Tissue milieus with "type 1 immunity" ("i1") are biased towards cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while the term "type 2 immunity" ("i2") is used for a variety of conditions which have in common that they inhibit type 1 immunity. The immune milieus of some tissues, like the gills in fish and the uterus in pregnant mammals, probably are skewed towards type 2 immunity. An i2-skewed milieu is also created by many tumors, which allows them to escape eradication by type 1 immunity. In this review we compare a number of i1-i2 axis factors between fish and mammals, and conclude that several principles of the i1-i2 axis system seem to be ancient and shared between all classes of jawed vertebrates. Furthermore, the present study is the first to identify a canonical TH2 cytokine locus in a bony fish, namely spotted gar, in the sense that it includes RAD50 and bona fide genes of both IL-4/13 and IL-3/ IL-5/GM-CSF families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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126
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Rapovy SM, Zhao J, Bricker RL, Schmidt SM, Setchell KDR, Qualls JE. Differential Requirements for L-Citrulline and L-Arginine during Antimycobacterial Macrophage Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3293-300. [PMID: 26311904 PMCID: PMC6432794 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbicidal NO production is reliant on inducible NO synthase-mediated L-arginine metabolism in macrophages (MΦs). However, L-arginine supply can be restricted by arginase activity, resulting in inefficient NO output and inhibition of antimicrobial MΦ function. MΦs circumvent this by converting L-citrulline to L-arginine, thereby resupplying substrate for NO production. In this article, we define the metabolic signature of mycobacteria-infected murine MΦs supplied L-arginine, L-citrulline, or both amino acids. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we determined that L-arginine synthesized from L-citrulline was less effective as a substrate for arginase-mediated L-ornithine production compared with L-arginine directly imported from the extracellular milieu. Following Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection and costimulation with IFN-γ, we observed that MΦ arginase activity did not inhibit production of NO derived from L-citrulline, contrary to NO inhibition witnessed when MΦs were cultured in L-arginine. Furthermore, we found that arginase-expressing MΦs preferred L-citrulline over L-arginine for the promotion of antimycobacterial activity. We expect that defining the consequences of L-citrulline metabolism in MΦs will provide novel approaches for enhancing immunity, especially in the context of mycobacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Rapovy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Junfang Zhao
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Rebecca L Bricker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Stephanie M Schmidt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
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127
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Nguyen-Chi M, Laplace-Builhe B, Travnickova J, Luz-Crawford P, Tejedor G, Phan QT, Duroux-Richard I, Levraud JP, Kissa K, Lutfalla G, Jorgensen C, Djouad F. Identification of polarized macrophage subsets in zebrafish. eLife 2015; 4:e07288. [PMID: 26154973 PMCID: PMC4521581 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the mammalian macrophage phenotypes have been intensively studied in vitro, the dynamic of their phenotypic polarization has never been investigated in live vertebrates. We used the zebrafish as a live model to identify and trail macrophage subtypes. We generated a transgenic line whose macrophages expressing tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnfa), a key feature of classically activated (M1) macrophages, express fluorescent proteins Tg(mpeg1:mCherryF/tnfa:eGFP-F). Using 4D-confocal microscopy, we showed that both aseptic wounding and Escherichia coli inoculation triggered macrophage recruitment, some of which started to express tnfa. RT-qPCR on Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-sorted tnfa+ and tnfa− macrophages showed that they, respectively, expressed M1 and alternatively activated (M2) mammalian markers. Fate tracing of tnfa+ macrophages during the time-course of inflammation demonstrated that pro-inflammatory macrophages converted into M2-like phenotype during the resolution step. Our results reveal the diversity and plasticity of zebrafish macrophage subsets and underline the similarities with mammalian macrophages proposing a new system to study macrophage functional dynamic. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07288.001 Inflammation plays an important role in helping the body to heal wounds and fight off certain diseases. Immune cells called macrophages—which are perhaps best known for their ability to engulf and digest microbes and cell debris—help to control inflammation. In mammals, different types of macrophage exist; the most functionally extreme of which are the M1 macrophages that stimulate inflammation and M2 macrophages that reduce the inflammatory response. Macrophages acquire different abilities through a process called polarization, which is controlled by signals produced by a macrophage's environment. Polarization has been well investigated in human and mouse cells grown in the laboratory, but less is understood about how this process occurs in live animals. Nguyen Chi, Laplace-Builhe et al. investigated whether zebrafish larvae (which are naturally transparent) could form an experimental model in which to investigate macrophage polarization in living animals. Zebrafish were first genetically engineered to produce two fluorescent proteins: one that marks macrophages and one that marks M1 macrophages. These fluorescent proteins allow the movement and polarization of macrophages to be tracked in real time in living larvae using a technique called confocal microscopy. Nguyen Chi, Laplace-Builhe et al. also isolated macrophage cells from these zebrafish at different times during the inflammatory process to identify which macrophage subtypes form and when. The results show that unpolarized macrophages move to the sites of inflammation (caused by wounds or bacterial infection), where they become polarized into M1 cells. Over time, these M1 macrophages progressively convert into an M2-like macrophage subtype, presumably to help clear up the inflammation. Furthermore, Nguyen Chi, Laplace-Builhe et al. show that the M1 and M2 macrophage subtypes in zebrafish are similar to those found in mammals. Therefore, genetically engineered zebrafish larvae are likely to prove useful for studying macrophage activity and polarization in living animals. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07288.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nguyen-Chi
- Institut de Médecine Régénérative et Biothérapies, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Béryl Laplace-Builhe
- Institut de Médecine Régénérative et Biothérapies, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Institut de Médecine Régénérative et Biothérapies, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Gautier Tejedor
- Institut de Médecine Régénérative et Biothérapies, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Quang Tien Phan
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Duroux-Richard
- Institut de Médecine Régénérative et Biothérapies, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Christian Jorgensen
- Institut de Médecine Régénérative et Biothérapies, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Farida Djouad
- Institut de Médecine Régénérative et Biothérapies, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
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128
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Caldwell RB, Toque HA, Narayanan SP, Caldwell RW. Arginase: an old enzyme with new tricks. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:395-405. [PMID: 25930708 PMCID: PMC4461463 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Arginase has roots in early life-forms. It converts L-arginine to urea and ornithine. The former provides protection against NH3; the latter serves to stimulate cell growth and other physiological functions. Excessive arginase activity in mammals has been associated with cardiovascular and nervous system dysfunction and disease. Two relevant aspects of this elevated activity may be involved in these disease states. First, excessive arginase activity reduces the supply of L-arginine needed by nitric oxide (NO) synthase to produce NO. Second, excessive production of ornithine leads to vascular structural problems and neural toxicity. Recent research has identified inflammatory agents and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as drivers of this pathologic elevation of arginase activity and expression. We review the involvement of arginase in cardiovascular and nervous system dysfunction, and discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting excess arginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B. Caldwell
- VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - Haroldo A. Toque
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - R. William Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
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129
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Mills CD, Lenz LL, Ley K. Macrophages at the fork in the road to health or disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:59. [PMID: 25762997 PMCID: PMC4329822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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130
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Bogdan C. Nitric oxide synthase in innate and adaptive immunity: an update. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:161-78. [PMID: 25687683 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years after the discovery of its production by activated macrophages, our appreciation of the diverse roles of nitric oxide (NO) continues to grow. Recent findings have not only expanded our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the expression of NO synthases (NOS) in innate and adaptive immune cells, but have also revealed new functions and modes of action of NO in the control and escape of infectious pathogens, in T and B cell differentiation, and in tumor defense. I discuss these findings, in the context of a comprehensive overview of the various sources and multiple reaction partners of NO, and of the regulation of NOS2 by micromilieu factors, antisense RNAs, and 'unexpected' cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie, und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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131
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Mills CD, Thomas AC, Lenz LL, Munder M. Macrophage: SHIP of Immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:620. [PMID: 25538705 PMCID: PMC4255611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita C Thomas
- Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol CardioVascular, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Markus Munder
- Third Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
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